Species. Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya DISCOVERY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY. SPECIES l RESEARCH ARTICLE

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1 Page204 Species 22(70), 2021 Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya Naser OI Omar¹, Naser G El-Mghrbi², Rebeh O Rahil¹, Mohamed A Alaib³, Abdul Hamid K Alzerbi⁴ To Cite: Naser OI Omar, Naser G El-Mghrbi, Rebeh OR, Mohamed A Alaib, Abdul Hamid K Alzerbi. Floristic Composition and Plant Diversity of Western Part of Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya. Species, 2021, 22(70), Author Affiliation: ¹Department of Botany, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Benghazi- Alabear Branch, Libya. ²Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ajdabiya, Ajdabiya, Libya. ³Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya. ⁴Department of Botany, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Benghazi, Tocra Branch, Libya. Corresponding author: Department of Botany, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Benghazi- Alabear Branch, Libya; address: naser.omar@uob.edu.ly Peer-Review History Received: 27 May 2021 Reviewed & Revised: 29/May/2021 to 03/July/2021 Accepted: 04 July 2021 Published: July 2021 Peer-Review Model External peer-review was done through double-blind method Discovery Scientific Society. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. DISCOVERY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY ABSTRACT The piece of work has been designed to study the present-day vegetation and document the flora of wild plants of the Wadi El- Enaghar region eastern part of Libya. The study was carried out in the period from October 2018 to June 2020, with two trips per month at least. The plant specimens were collected in flowering or in fruiting condition. Data inventory has been documented in the form of family, Botanical name, vernacular name, life form, and habit. The study revealed the presence of 207 species within 151 genera of vascular plants belonging to 46 families, of which 17 species are belonging to monocotyledons and 190 belonging to dicotyledons. The family Asteraceae was the richest (35 species) followed by Fabaceae (33 species), then Brassicaceae (17 species). In this study, there are four endemic species have been collected. The most dominant life form was Therophytes having 119 species (57.5%) followed by Hemicryptophytes having 34 species (16.4%) Chamaephytes 21 species (10.1%) Geophytes 18 species (8.69%) Phanerophytes 15 species (7.2%). Finally, most of the species were herbs (87.5%). Keywords: Floristic diversity, life forms, Wadi El- Enaghar, Libya. 1. INTRODUCTION A various floristic study has been conducted on the Flora of Libya, e. g. [1]. reported some observations on Sylphium which was one of the most important extinct plant species in Cyrenaica. [2]. had conducted the first taxonomic study on Flora of Libya and collected about 260 species from the coastal belt of Libya. [3] published Flora Libycae specimen and reported 1200 plant samples. [4] provided the most comprehensive information on the vegetation of Tripolitania, Fezzan, Ghadames, Kufra, Aoujila, and Cyrenaica as well as a list of vernacular names of plants. [5] had published Florae Libycae Prodromus and listed 1026 species. Floristically, Cyrenaica is relatively well known, and all records up to 1930 are contained in the comprehensive "Prodrmo Della Flora Cyrenaica" [6]. In his work Pampanini dealt with all plant groups of Libya. He described species and provided keys for their identification. [7] made observations on the pastures of Cyrenaica. The vegetation of these pastures is represented by 35 families of flowering

2 Page205 plants. The members of the family Poaceae most dominant followed by these of Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Apiaceae. [8] published A Preliminary Check List of the Flora of Libya, provided their local names and uses. [9] published a bibliography about the flora and vegetation of Libya. The University of Tripoli and the Arab Development Institute adopted the flora of Libya projects and have published [10-12] between 1976 to through last three decades, Numerous researchers have worked on floristic composition and ecological studies on regional or local floras of certain parts of the country; examples include the studies of [13] on Wadi Al-Asrah, [14] on Wadi Al-Agar, [15] on Tobruk province, [16] on Wadi Al-Hamar Region, [17] when studied weed flora of agriculture Project of Sirte. Moreover, floristic studies are not only important to know the variety of plants present in an area, but also socio-economically significant. They provide shelter, food, medicine and everything for the human being and other species of that area [18]. The specific goals of the study were to analyse the vegetation, prepare preliminary list of the species of flowering plants, life-form and the diversity in the Wadi El- Enaghar. Study Area The study area lies south of Benghazi city and the eastern part of the study area is situated in the southwestern edge of Al-Jabal Al- Akhdar at about 200 m above the sea-level, whereas the western part is situated in Benghazi Plain at about 50 m (M asl). It extends approximately 30 Km. It lies between 20 24'49" and 20 08'45" E longitude and " and 31 47'08" N latitude (Figure 1). Figure 1. A map of the study area Climate The climate of Libya is generally semi-arid to arid [19]. Within Libya, five different climatic zones have been recognized, but the dominant climatic influences are the Mediterranean and Saharan. The weather system in study area is general semi-arid. According to the records of Benghazi meteorological station for the period , the study area is characterized by a mean minimum temperature of 8.8 ºC in January and a mean maximum temperature of 32 ºC in July with an annual mean temperature of 20 ºC. The rainfall in the study area is markedly seasonal and irregular in amount. The annual rainfall at the area varies considerably around the mean from one month to another, year to year. Most of the rainfall occurs in late autumn and early spring (during the period between Octobers a March). The peak rainy months are December, January and February. In general the rainfall starts in the month of October sometime in September and extends up to March sometime up to April. It was low as 80 mm and as high as 240 mm. The average annual rainfall is 135 mm. The mean monthly relative humidity ranges between 55.3% in June and 75.4% in January. The average wind speed of the study area varies from 8.5 Km/h in November to 11 Km/h in April. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study area was regularly visited from October 2018 to June During this period at least one field trip per month was done for sample collection and vegetative observations. The plant specimens were collected in flowering or in fruiting condition.for drying, the presser containing the specimens was placed in the sun. After that, the specimens were examined individually, rearranged, transferred to a fresh sheet and again tightly bonded in the presser. The specimens were changed to dry sheet every 24 or 48 hours until they were completely dry.

3 Page206 When specimens were completely dry they were mounted on herbarium sheet with stander size (27 x 42 cm) with the aid of adhesives. On the lower right-hand corner of the herbarium sheet, a label was glued and all information from the field notebook was transferred to it. First, the family of the plant was determined by the use of an artificial key to the families. The genus and species were identified by the utilization of available taxonomic literature [8, 10-12, 20-21]. After drying, specimens were flooded with poisoning solution (Mercuric chloride 15 gm, Ammonium chloride 35 gm, in 1000 ml ethanol 96%) to protect them from fungi and pests [22]. Or placed in an oven at 60º C for 4-6 hours, which is enough to kill eggs of insects [23]. All plant species studied, were classified according to their growth habits, and Raunkiaer's life forms system [24] was used. The percentage composition of each of these life form categories was calculated. The generic coefficient was calculated following Jacord's Generic Coefficient [25] as under:- Generic Coefficient (G) % = Total no. of genera x 100 Total no. of species 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Enumeration of species: Taxa collected from the study area are enumerated here. The arrangement of families, genera, and species are alphabetical. Table 1: List of species recorded in the study area with their families, Vernacular name, life form and Growth form (Th. = Therophytes, Ch. = Chaemophytes, H. = Hemi-cryptophytes, Ph. = Phanerophytes, and G. = Geophytes.) Scientific name Vernacular name Life Growth form form Aizoaceae Aizoon hispanicum L. Malha Th. Herb Alliaceae Allium erdelii Zuec. Korath G. Herb Allium subhirsutum L. Ghazul. G. Herb Allium nigrum L. G. Herb Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. Buzinzir Th. Herb Anacardiaceae Rhus tripartita (Ucria.) Grande. Ijdari Ph. Shrub Apiaceae Ammi majus L. Sfinnari-Hameer, Khalla, Sfinnari Th. Herb el ma'iz Ammoides pusilla (Brot.) Breist. Th. Herb Bupleurum lanciofolium Hornem. Th. Herb Bupleurum odontites L. Th. Herb Ferula tingitana L. Kalakh H. Herb Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Kammun H. Herb Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC. Syns. Pituranthos Gazzah. Ch. Subshrub tortuosus (Desf.) Benth Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Gramde Th. Herb Araceae Arisarum vulgare Targ.Tozz Weden Essaloqi G. Herb Arum cyrenaicum Hruby Wednish, Gedri G. Herb Asteraceae Achillea santolina L. Zefrah, El Batharan Th. Herb Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell. Tagrefta, Serat elkabesh. Th. Herb Anthemis secundiramea Biv. Th. Herb

4 Page207 Atractylis cancellata L. Th. Herb Bellis sylvestris Cirillo. var. cyrenaiaca H. Herb. Beguinout Calendula arvensis L. Ain Al Baghra Th. Herb Calendula tripterocarpa Rupr. Th. Herb Carduus getulus Pomel Th. Herb Centurea alexandrina Delile Mrrier. Th. Herb Centurea dimorpha Viv. Bla ala Th. Herb Centaurea sphaerocephala L. Shebrem Th. Herb Chamomilla aurea (Loefl.) Gay Komilla Th. Herb Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Gahwan Th. Herb Cichorium spinosum L. Shikorea Th. Herb Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cornq. Ashbet Zamora Th. Herb Crepis senecioides Delile Th. Herb Cynara cornigera L. Kharshofe, Gaamool H. Herb Echinops galalensis Schweinf Shembet Elgatoos H. Herb Filago contracta (Boiss.) Chrtek & Holub Syns. Th. Herb Evax contracta Boiss Filago desertorum Pomel Th. Herb Hypochaeris achyrophorus L. Th. Herb Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hooker, fil. Adeeda, Aara, Orreem Th. Herb Launaea resedifolia (L.) O.Kuntze Adeeda. Th. Herb Onopordum cyrenaicum Maire & weiller Libid H. Herb Onopordum espinae Cosson ex Bonnet Libid H. Herb Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. H. Herb Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. Ch. Subshrub Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth. Sahani. Th. Herb Rhantterium suaveolens Desf. Ch. Herb Scorzonera undulata vahl. Dhabeeh, Tumare H. Herb Senecio gallicus Chiax Daraita, Mourare. Th. Herb Senecio vulgaris L. Kraa Eddjaja Th. Herb Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner. Shobrum Th. Herb Sonchus oleraceus L. Tefaf. Th. Herb Volutaria tubuliflora (Murb.) Sennen: Syns. Th. Herb Amberboa tubuliflora Murb. Boraginaceae Echium angustifolium Mill. Henna alagrab, abat elgula Ch. Subshrub Echium horridum Batt Ch. Subshrub Anchusa aegyptiaca (L.) A.DC. Th. Herb Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk. Ramram Ch. Subshrub Heliotropium ramosissimum (Lehm.) De. Tahaunna, tahenna Ch. Herb Brassicaceae Biscutella didyma L. Ain Al Hanash Th. Herb Brassica tournefortii Gouan Shultam Th. Herb Capsella bursa-pastoris var. rubella (Reut.) Kees El Rai Th. Herb Rapin Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Th. Herb Carrichtera annua (L.) DC. Th. Herb Didesmus bipinnatus (Desv)DC. Lessless Th. Herb

5 Page208 Didesmus aegyptius (L.) Desv. Lessless Th. Herb Diplotaxis muralis (L.) Dc. ssp. Muralis Al harra Th. Herb Enarthrocarpus clavatus Del.ex Goder. Shultam Th. Herb Enarthrocarpus pterocarpus (Pers.) var. Shultam Th. Herb pterocarpus. Eruca sative Mill. Gargeer Barry Th. Herb Lobularia libyca (Viv.) Meisner Auinet El Hanash Th. Herb Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire Eshegara Th. Herb Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) Dc. ssp. Eshegara Th. Herb Longipetala Sinapis alba L. Khardal, Harra Th. Herb Sinapis flexuosa Poir. Khardal, Harra Th. Herb Sisymbrium irio L. Fegeela Th. Herb Caryophyllaceae Silene apetala Willd. Th. Herb Silene cerastioides L. Th. Herb Spergula fallax (Lowe.) Krause Th. Herb Vaccaria pyramidata Medik. Ful el Arab Th. Herb Chenopodiaceae Anabasis articulata (Forssk.) Moq. Ageram, Bagel Ch. Subshrub Atriplex glauca L. Syns. Atriplex stylosa Viv. Kataff Ph. Subshrub Atriplex halimus L. Kataff Ph. Subshrub Bassia muricata (L.) Aschers. Chouleta, Ghabbir Th. Herb Beta vulgaris L. Seleg Th. Herb Chenopodium murale L. Effena Th. Herb Haloxylon scoparium Pomel. Syns. Hammada Hdidat, Rehsal, Shenin Ch. Subshrub scoparia (Pomel) Iljin. Haloxylon scoparium Pomel Rimth Ch. Subshrub Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. Souida, Essabata Ch. Subshrub Convolvulaceae Convolvulus althaeoides L. Ullak G. Herb Convolvulus arvensis L. Ullak G. Herb Convolvulus dorycnium L. Ullak H. Herb Convolvulus humilus Jacq. Ullak Th. Herb Convolvulus althaeoides L. Ullak G. Herb Crassulaceae Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) Dc. Surrat Al'ard G. Herb Cucurbitaceae Bryonia cretica L. Fachira H. Herb Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Handel H. Herb Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich. Cyperaceae Cyper laevigatus L. Al Saad H. Herb Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia falcata L Lebbena H. Herb Euphorbia helioscopia L. Lebbena H. Herb Euphorbia peplus L. Lebbena H. Herb Ricinus communis L. Kharwa Ph. Shrub

6 Page209 Fabaceae Alhagi graecorum Boiss. Agol H. subshrub Argyrolobium uniflorum (Dence.) Jaub. & Ergah, Kerta Ch. Herb Sapach Astragalus asterias Hohen Th. Herb Astragalus boeticus L. Grambushia Th. Herb Astragalus cabrinus L. Shaewit Erraie H. Herb Astragalus hamosus L. Katai, kedad H. Herb Astragalus haurensis Boiss Th. Herb Astragalus peregrinus Vahl. Th. Herb Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L. Th. Herb Hymenocarpus circinnatus (L.) Savi. Th. Herb Lathyrus aphaca L Th. Herb Lathyrus annuus L. Th. Herb Lathyrus clymenum L. Th. Herb Lotus cytisoides L. Qart Ch. Herb Lotus halophilus Boiss & Spruner. Nafel, Gurn al Ghazzal Th. Herb Medicago disciformis Dc. Nafal Th. Herb Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois Nafal Th. Herb Medicago minima (L.) Bart. Nafal Th. Herb Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal Nafal Th. Herb Medicago sativa L. Gadb, safsafa Th. Herb Medicago polymorpha L. Nafal Th. Herb Melilotus indicus (L.) All Handagog, Qart Th. Herb Onobrychis crista-galli (L.) Lam Th. Herb Ononis serrata Forsk. Th. Herb Retama raetam (Forsk.) webb. Ratam Ph. Subshrub Scorpiurus muricatus L. Th. Herb Trigonella marititma Delile ex poiret Kherta, Garat Th. Herb Trifolium dasyurum C.Presl Th. Herb Trifolium purpureum Loisel. Th. Herb Trifolium tomentosum L. Th. Herb Vicia monantha Retz. Th. Herb Vicia sativa L. Jilban. Th. Herb Vicia villosa Roth Jelbana Hmam Th. Herb Fumariaceae Fumaria officinalis L. Sfinari el homar Th. Herb Geraniaceae Erodium cicutarium (L.) L Herit Dahmiyet el-ghazl. Th. Herb Erodium crassifolium L'Her Khlala El-Gula, Temeer G. Herb Erodium malacoides (L.) L'Her. Rogma Th. Herb Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Her. Missaykah Th. Herb Geranium molle L. Th. Herb Illecebraceae Paronychia arabica (Linn.) Dc. Tifun H. Herb Iridaceae Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker-Gawler Syns. Iris sisyrinchium L. Sawsan G. Herb Lamiaceae

7 Page210 Ajuga iva (L.) Shreber Shandgura Th. Herb Marrubium alysson L. Robia Th. Herb Phlomis floccosa D.Don. Zahira Ch. Subshrub Rosmarinus officinalis L. Kleel Ch. Subshrub Salvia lanigera Poir. Sag en naga Ch. Herb Stachys aegyptiaca Pers. Lahiat Alshshayib H. Subshrub Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffm. Zater Ch. Subshrub Liliaceae Asphodelus fistulosus L. Lehiat ettaes H. Herb Asphodelus ramosus L. Syns. Asphodelus Onsail, Balloose G. Herb microcarpus Salzm. Bellevalia mauritanica Pomel. G. Herb Urginea autumnalis (L.) El-Gadi Faraon G. Herb Linaceae Linum decumbens Desf. Khadd El Arous Th. Herb Malvaceae Malva aegyptia L. Khobaiz Th. Herb Malva parviflora L. Var microcarpa (Pers.) Khobaiz Th. Herb Loscos Malva parviflora L. var parviflora Khobaiz Th. Herb Malva sylvestris L. Khobaiz H. Herb Mimosaceae *Acacia cyanophylla Lindley Sunt Ph. Tree *Acacia karoo Hayne Sunt Shawki, Talha Ph. Tree Myrtaceae *Eucalyptus cosmophylla F. Serwel, Kafoor Ph. Tree *Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Serwel, Kafoor Ph. Tree Oleaceae Olea europaea L. Zaitoon Ph. Tree Orobanchaceae Orobanche schultzii Mutel. P. Herb Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae L. Hummdha G. Herb Papaveraceae Glaucium flavum Crantz Gurn- aljadian H. Herb Papaver hybridum L. Bugraun, Garaun Th. Herb Papaver rhoeas L. Bugraun Th. Herb Roemeria hybrid (L) DC. var. Hybrid Mungar el gharab Th. Herb Plantaginaceae Plantago albicans L. Aenm. H. Herb Plantago crypsoides Boiss. H. Herb Plantago cyrenaica Durand & Barratte Degghis H. Herb Plantago lagopus L. H. Herb Plantago ovata Forssk. H. Herb Plumbaginaceae Limonium lobatum (L.f.).Syns. Limonium zita Th. Herb thouinii (Viv.) O.Kuntze Poaceae Avena barbata Pott ex Link Shofan barry, Gussiba Th. Herb

8 Page211 Bromus rigidus Roth. Summa Th. Herb Cutandia dichotoma (Forssk.) Trabut Zewahn, bu rukba Th. Herb Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Najem, Najieel G. Herb Hordeum murinm L. ssp. Leporinum (link.) Bu sharenta, Bu Shterta Th. Herb Arcang. Lolium rigidum Gaud. Bomanjor. Th. Herb Phalaris minor Retz. Zewan Th. Herb Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Gaspa G. Subshrub Stipa capensis Thunb. Behma Th. Herb Polygonaceae Emex spinosus (L). Campd Dors el-azouz and el-henzab Th. Herb Polygonum aviculare L. Gurdab H. Subshrub Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. and Sm. Gurdab H. Subshrub Rumex vesicarius L. Hommadet Hmam Th. Herb Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea (L.) Gouan Ain Algatuus Th. Herb Ranunculaceae Adonis dentata Delile Zeghalil Th. Herb Ranunculus paludosus Poiret. G. Herb Resedaceae Reseda alba L.spp. decursiva (Forssk.) Maire m sawiyah, Fattolet El Holi Th. Herb Rhamnaceae Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. Sedra Ph. Shrub Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. Dibbaykah Th. Herb Rutaceae Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk) Juss. Sezeret er rih Ch. Herb Scrophulariaceae Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek Amekchin Ch. Herb Linaria laxiflora Desf. Th. Herb Linaria virgata (Poir) Desf. Th. Herb Solanaceae Hyoscyamus muticus L. Vathim, Flazlez, Sajran Ch. Herb Lycium europaeum L. Awsaj Ph. Shrub Nicotiana glauca R.C. Graham Akkuzemusa. Ph. Shrub Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. Th. Herb Solanum nigrum L. var. nigrum Anab ed. Deeb H. Herb Thymelaeaceae Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl. Metnan Ph. Subshrub Urticaceae Urtica pilulifera L. Horregh H. Herb Zygophyllaceae Fagonia cretica L Tlaha, Zerga Ch. Shrub Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch Atazzim, Dumuc, Rhordog Ph. Shrub Peganum harmala L. Harmal H. Shrub (*) cultivated plant At the end of the survey a total of 207 species of flowering plants 151 representing genera belong to 46 families have been collected and identified, of which 190 taxa belonging to 135 genera are belong to Dicotyledones which distributing in 42 families;

9 Page212 whereas 17 taxa belonging to 16 genera and 4 families are belonging to monocotyledons (Table 2). The ratio of Dicotyledons to Monocotyledons is roughly 10.5 : 1. Table 2: Different taxonomic groups present in the study area. Plant group No. of families No. of Genera Dicotyledons Monocotyledons 4 16 Total No. Species From floristic analysis were carried out which showed the most highly represented families were Asteraceae was the richest with (35 species, about 17% of the total species) followed by Fabaceae with 33 species (ca. 16%), Brassicaceae with 17 species (ca. 8.2%), Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae with 9 species each (ca. 4.3%). A comparison of families in term of the largest number of species recorded in this study is similar studies in different region of A comparison of families in term of the largest number of species recorded in this study is similar studies in different regions of Libya by [13, 15, 26] in different regions of Libya. From the data of the present study, it was shown the Wadi El- Enaghar region had relatively high plant diversity (Table 3). The percentage of plant families reported in this study contributed to almost 30% of the total plant families recorded from Libya [27]. The recorded species represented about 10.1 % of the total flora recorded in the entire country, this cannot be considered a very rich flora as compared to the large area of the country [27]. A striking features in Libyan flora is a large number of genera in proportion to that of the species (about 2.5 species per genus). This is considered a very low figure compared with the global average, which amounts to 13.6 [28]. The present study indicated that the flora of the Wadi El- Enaghar region went below the average level of the Libyan flora where the number of species per genus was That means that the flora of the study area is relatively rich as the region that has a certain number of species, each of which belongs to a different genus, is relatively more diverse than a region that has the same number of species but belongs to a few numbers of genera. Table 3. Comparison of floristic diversity in Wadi El- Enaghar region in the present study to the floristic diversity in the entire country of Libya. Location Family Genera Species Generic coefficient Study area Flora of libya [27] Percentage (%) According to the number of species in each genus in the study area, Astragalus and Medicago were the only two genera represented by six species each. Two genera, Convolvulus and Plantago have five species each. Two genera with four species namely, Erodium and Malva. Five genera were represented by three species each namely, Allium, Centurea, Lathyrus, Trifolium and Vicia. Plant life forms were categorized as Therophytes with 118 species (57%), Hemicryptophytes with 35 species (17%), Chamaephytes with 21 species (10.1%), Geophytes with 18 species (8.69%), Phanerophytes with 15 species (7.2%) (Figure 2). Therophytes was dominated in Wadi El- Enaghar. The present findings are in the line with other related studies such as [15, 29-30], who reported the dominance of therophytes over the other life forms. Based on the study of [27], the dominance of therophytes is due to the long dry periods during the year in Libya. The study showed that the growth habits of species were distributed as herbs 173 species (83.5%), subshrubs to shrubs 29 species (14%) and trees 5 species (2.4%). The dominance of herbs over the other growth habits can be attributed to the short life cycle that enables them to resist the instability of the ecosystem [31].

10 Page213 Figure 2. Life form spectrum of the recorded species in Wadi El- Enaghar. PH: Phanerophytes, CH: Chamaephytes, HE: Hemicryptophytes, GE: Geophytes, TH: Therophytes. In this study only four taxa considered as endemic to Libya. These taxa namely, Plantago cyrenaica, Bellis sylvestris Cyr. var. Cyrenaiaca, Onopordum cyrenaicum and Arum cyrenaicum. This number is considered low (ca. 2 % of the recorded species in the study area) were recorded. These findings agree with [32] in their comprehensive analysis of the flora of Libya in which they reveal that number of endemic species in the flora of Libya not exceeding 4%. Only two species namely, Centurea alexandrina and Echinops galalensis considered as near-endemic where known only in Libya and Egypt, according to study of [27]. The study area as in all parts of the country suffers from the pressures of multiple forces, including extreme weather conditions, particularly drought. It is also caused by overgrazing, unorganized randomness, and human activities that pollute or reduce the quality of the soil and therefore, the impact on biological diversity. [33] pointed out that land degradation begins with a decrease in the palatable pastoral species completely removed from the vegetation cover, and with the continuous loss of species from the plant populations in these lands their productivity also decreases due to the imbalance which in turn the leading cause of a decrease in capacity. Linum decumbens (Linaceae) Erodium crassifolium (Geraniaceae)

11 Page214 Scorzonera undulata (Asteraceae) Trifolium tomentosum (Fabaceae) Chamomilla aurea (Asteraceae) Volutaria tubuliflora (Asteraceae) Allium nigrum (Alliaceae) Geranium molle (Geraniaceae)

12 Page215 Biscutella didyma (Brassicaceae) Arum cyrenaicum (Araceae) Roemeria hybrida (Papaveraceae) Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae) Convolvulus althaeoides (Convolvulaceae) Convolvulus arvensis (Convolvulaceae)

13 Page216 Anchusa aegyptiaca (Boraginaceae) Moraea sisyrinchium (Iridaceae) 4. CONCLUSION The present study reported 207 species in this region which can be considered to be one of the relatively high diverse areas of Libya. This may be due to that the region is considered an ecotone between two plant communities, which are Al Jabal Al-Akhdar and the Sahara. Further ecological studies should be carried out in the future to better understand the ecological interaction between plant species and environmental conditions variables in the Wadi. Moreover, conservation programs should be designed and implemented to protect the natural biodiversity of this region. Data and materials availability All data associated with this study are present in the paper. REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Lemaire, (1703) Les antiquites de la cyrenaiqne ouil est aussi question du seltion que M. Bonnet areconnu etra le Phlomis floccosa. France. 2. Della-Cella, P.(1819). Viaggio da Tripoli di Barberia alle frontier occidental del. 1,Egitto. 222 P., 2plates and 1map Geneva. 3. Viviani, D.(1824). Flora Libyacae Specimen Sive Plantarum Eneumaratio. Gnuae. I-XII tables. 4. Rohlfs, G. (1881). Reise nash Kurta and baschrei Bung der Oase, Miltlg Africa-ges. Deutsch land, 2: Durand, E. and Barratte, G. (1910) Avec la collaboration de Ascherson P, Muschler, B.W. and Apercn Geolg R. Sur la tripdilaira par meunier Florae Libcae prodromus, on catalogue Raiaonne des plantes de Tripoli 6. Pampanini, R. (1931) Prodomo della Crenaica Minstero Dello Colonie, Forli. 7. Maugini, A. (1931) Flora ed economia agrarian degli indigeni. Minist Colon, Uff study e prop Keith H. G. (1965) A Preliminary Check-list of Libyan Flora. The Government of the Libyan Arab Republic, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Tripoli, Libya Boulos, L. (1972) Our present knowledge on the flora and vegetation of Libya Webbia 26, pp Ali, S.I. and Jafri, S.M.H. ( ) Flora of Libya, Vols Department of Botany, University of Tripoli, Tripoli. 11. Jafri, S.M. H. and El-Gadi, A.A. ( ) Flora of Libya Department of Botany, Tripoli University, Tripoli. 12. El-Gadi, A. ( ). Flora of Libya. Vols Department of Botany, Al-faateh Univ., Tripoli. 13. Asker A. M. (1998). Vegetation and Flora of Wadi Al-Asrha. M.Sc. Thesis, Benghazi University, Libya. 14. Al-Hamedi R. (1999). Floristic and Ecological Study of Wadi Al-Agar. M.Sc. Thesis. Benghazi University, Libya. 15. Al-Habony M. E. (1999). Vegetation and Flora of a Sector along the Mediterranean Coast of Libya from Tobruk to Egyptian Border. M.Sc. Thesis. Benghazi University, Libya. 16. Naser O. I. O., Alaib, M. A., El-Mghrbi, N. G and Alzerbi, A.K. (2020). Checklist of Flora and Floristic Study of Wadi Al-Hamar Region in Libya. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2): Alaib, M. A. & Ihsaeen, N. O Weed Flora of Great Man-Made River agriculture Project (Sirte). Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development. 102(3):

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