Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.

Accepted

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her. ex Vent. Location: Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia, US.

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her. ex Vent.

Location Created: Mt. Wilhelm, east slopes, New Guinea, New Guinea Group, Eastern Highlands, Papua New Guinea.

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her. ex Vent. Location Created: Bulgaria, Kardžali.

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Her. ex Vent.

🗒 Synonyms

synonym	Broussonetia billardii Carr.
synonym	Broussonetia cordata Hort. ex C. Koch
synonym	Broussonetia cucullata Hort. ex Steud.
synonym	Broussonetia dissecta Hort. ex Bur.
synonym	Broussonetia elegans Hort. ex C. Koch
synonym	Broussonetia kasii Hort. ex Dippel
synonym	Broussonetia kazi Sieb. ex Bl.
synonym	Broussonetia maculata Hort. ex Steud.
synonym	Broussonetia nana Hort. ex Bur.
synonym	Broussonetia navicularis Lodd. ex Bur.
synonym	Broussonetia navifolia Hort. ex Steud.
synonym	Broussonetia spathulata Hort. ex Steud.
synonym	Broussonetia tricolor Hort. ex C. Koch
synonym	Morus papyrifera L.
synonym	Papyrius japonica Lam.
synonym	Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze
synonym	Papyrius polimorphus Cav.
synonym	Smithiodendron artocarpoideum Hu
synonym	Trophis cordata Poir.

🗒 Common Names

English	Paper mulberry Tapa cloth tree Tapacloth tree
Hindi	जंगली तूत Jangli Toot
Kannada	Kaagada Uppu Naerale Kaagda
Other	Halibun Kalivon Kozo Paper Mulberry Tapacloth Tree

📚 Overview

Overview

Summary

Economically important plant species.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Brief

Flowering class: Dicot Habit: Tree Distribution notes: Exotic

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Diagnostic

Diagnostic Keys

Description

Deciduous trees, to 18 m high, bark smooth, grey, fibrous; latex white; young parts tomentose. Leaves alternate; stipules 6-7 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, membranous, denticulate; petiole 3-10 cm long, slender, tomentose; lamina 4-20 x 1.5-11 cm, ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, base oblique, cordate or truncate, apex acuminate, margin serrate or dentate, scabrous above and hirsute beneath, membranous; 3-ribbed from the base, lateral nerves 4-15 pairs, pinnate, prominent, intercostae scalariform, prominent. Flowers unisexual; male flowers: in 20-60 mm long spikes with sterile tip on one side; bracts 1-1.3 mm long, ovate, acute; tepals 4, joined in the lower half; stamens 4, inflexed in bud; pistillode spicate, minute; female flowers : in axillary globose heads to 5-8 mm wide; peduncle 2-5 mm long; bracts 1-1.3 mm long, subpeltate-clavate, with minutely hooked hairs; perianth saccate with 4 short lobes; ovary superior, sessile; style 1, puberulous. Sorosis 10-25 mm wide, orange-red, more or less pulpy; achenes 1.7-2.5 mm long, ovoid-compressed, smooth.

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Habit: Tree

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu D. Narasimhan Sanjana Julias Thilakar
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

SubSpecies Varieties Races

Diagnostic Keys

Description

No Data

📚 Nomenclature and Classification

Nomenclature and Classification

Taxon Record Name

References

Tabl. Regn. Vég. 3: 547. 1799

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Type Information

No Data

📚 Natural History

Natural History

Life Cycle

Cyclicity

Flowering/fruiting: April-August.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Flowering and fruiting: November-January

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Reproduction

These shrubs are dioecious, i.e., male (staminate) flowers on one plant, and female (pistillate) flowers on another plant. Pollinated by honey bees.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Migration

Dispersal

Seeds are passed through the alimentary canals of birds and other animals that feed on the fruits.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Fast growing medium tree. Bark grayish-smooth. Young parts pubescent. Leaves alternate, some opposite, very variable, obovate or ovate-elliptic, 7-12 x 2.5-5 cm long, simple or 3-6 lobed, crenate, dentate, rather membranous, scabrid above, tomentose beneath, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate, base 3 veined, sometimes oblique, cordate or rounded, secondary veins 6-8 on either side of the mid-vein, petiole 3-10 cm long, stipules lateral, lanceolate, about 2 cm long, caducous. Inflorescence axillary, dioecious. Male inflorescence yellowish spicate, perianth 4-fid, segments valvate. Stamens 4, inflexed in bud. Female inflorescence reddish in globose pedunculate heads, perianth ovoid, 2-4 lobed, bracts clavate, style filiform, pinkish, ovary stalked, ovules pendulous, Fruit a head of achenes, reddish when ripe.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

: Susceptible to insect pests and bug infestations.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Miscellaneous Details

Notes: Western Ghats, High Altitude, Cultivated, Native of Malaysian Region

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu Sanjana Julias Thilakar D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

No Data

📚 Habitat and Distribution

Habitat and Distribution

General Habitat

Deciduous forests and cultivated.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Cultivated

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Roadside, riversides

Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.

Attributions	Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
Contributors	admin
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Distribution

Description

Global Distribution:

Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam; Oceanic Islands; North America: United States of America; South America: Argentina, Chile.

Local Distribution:

Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Global Distribution

Malesia, China and Japan; introduced in India

Indian distribution

State - Kerala, District/s: Palakkad, Malappuram, Wayanad, Thrissur

Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi

Attributions	Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Contributors	D. Narasimhan
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Maharashtra: Pune Karnataka: Belgaum, Shimoga Kerala: Malapuram, Palakkad, Wynad Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri

G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram

Attributions	G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Contributors	G Renu D. Narasimhan Sanjana Julias Thilakar
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Global Distribution

India: Assam, Meghalaya, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh; Cambodia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Pacific Island

Local Distribution

Assam

Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.

Attributions	Dr. Chandra Barooah & Iftikher Ahmed (2014) Assam Science Technology and Environment Council.
Contributors	admin
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Endemic Distribution

No Data

📚 Occurrence

Occurrence

No Data

📚 Demography and Conservation

Demography and Conservation

Not evaluated by the IUCN Redlist.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Threats

Legislation

Protection Legal Status

No Data

📚 Uses and Management

Uses and Management

Uses

System of Medicines Used In

Folk medicine

Traditional chinese medicine

Used to make good quality paper and clothes. Fruits are edible and used as medicine. Leaves used in indigestion, diaphoretic, seeds diuretic, tonic. Cultivated as ornamental.

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

System Of Medicines Used In

Folk medicine, Traditional chinese medicine

FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4629

Attributions	FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4629
Contributors	FRLHT-ENVIS
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

Folklore

Management

No Data

📚 Information Listing

Information Listing

Species Resources

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19107

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)

Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)

http://eol.org/pages/594938/overview

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=172644

Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. | Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.

Attributions	Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. \| Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
Contributors	Kailash B R
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY_NC_SA
References

References

Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987
5. Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
1. Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/21300005
2. The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F64A542073F5BC0D8BBCF54223FC7A9C?find_wholeName=Broussonetia+papyrifera&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
9. Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012.
10. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 12 February 2012.
4. Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
8. K. Haridasan & R. R. Rao, (1987) Forest Flora of Meghalaya. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 2: 814.
6. Hooker, J. D., (1888) Flora of British India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 5: 490.
3. The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2683772
7. Kanjilal, U. N., (1940) Flora of Assam. Omsons Publications, New Delhi. Vol. 4: 275.

D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4629

Ficus palmata Forssk. ssp. virgata sensu Abdul Kader, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 33: 339. 2009, non (Roxb.) Browcz 1982.
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., Table Regne Veg. 3: 547. 1799; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 490. 1888; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 458. 1990; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 662. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 308. 2002.

IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 12 February 2012.
The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F64A542073F5BC0D8BBCF54223FC7A9C?find_wholeName=Broussonetia+papyrifera&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/21300005
Kanjilal, U. N., (1940) Flora of Assam. Omsons Publications, New Delhi. Vol. 4: 275.
Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
K. Haridasan & R. R. Rao, (1987) Forest Flora of Meghalaya. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 2: 814.
Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012.
Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
Hooker, J. D., (1888) Flora of British India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 5: 490.
The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2683772

Information Listing > References

Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987
5. Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
1. Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/21300005
2. The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F64A542073F5BC0D8BBCF54223FC7A9C?find_wholeName=Broussonetia+papyrifera&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
9. Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012.
10. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 12 February 2012.
4. Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
8. K. Haridasan & R. R. Rao, (1987) Forest Flora of Meghalaya. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 2: 814.
6. Hooker, J. D., (1888) Flora of British India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 5: 490.
3. The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2683772
7. Kanjilal, U. N., (1940) Flora of Assam. Omsons Publications, New Delhi. Vol. 4: 275.
D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4629
Ficus palmata Forssk. ssp. virgata sensu Abdul Kader, J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 33: 339. 2009, non (Roxb.) Browcz 1982.
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., Table Regne Veg. 3: 547. 1799; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 5: 490. 1888; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 458. 1990; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 662. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 308. 2002.
IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 12 February 2012.
The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F64A542073F5BC0D8BBCF54223FC7A9C?find_wholeName=Broussonetia+papyrifera&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/21300005
Kanjilal, U. N., (1940) Flora of Assam. Omsons Publications, New Delhi. Vol. 4: 275.
Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
K. Haridasan & R. R. Rao, (1987) Forest Flora of Meghalaya. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 2: 814.
Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012.
Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
Hooker, J. D., (1888) Flora of British India. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. Vol. 5: 490.
The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2683772