Polycarpon species are annual or perennial herbs, stem erect or prostrate, diffuse, branched dichotomously, ridged or terete, rootstock slender, long taproots. Leaves simple, opposite or in whorls of 4, obovate-oblong to orbicular, base not connate, margin entire, apex acute to obtuse with mucronate tip, not succulent, glabrous or pubescent, 1-veined, petiolate, stipules 2 per node, triangular-lanceolate, margins entire or irregularly cut, apex acuminate. Inflorescence in terminal, dense or lax, dichasial compound condensed cymes. Flowers bisexual, hypogynous, pedicel erect or sessile, bracts paired, margins scarious, similar to stipules or absent, sepals 5, keeled, hooded, distinct, lanceolate-ovate, margins scarious, apex acute, green with white margins, about 1-2.5 mm long, petals 5, free, white, narrow, margins entire, apex emarginate. Stamens 1-5, filaments somewhat united near the base, anthers 2-locular, dorsifixed, nectarines present. Ovary superior, unilocular, about 0.4 mm long, ovules many, staminodes absent, style 1, trifid up to the middle, stigmas 3. Fruit capsule, ovoid-globose, tri valved, incurved, twisting spirally into tubes, carpophore present. Seeds 8-15, ovoid, whitish, compressed laterally, embryo marginal wings absent.
Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L.
🗒 Synonyms
synonym | Alsine polycarpa Crantz |
synonym | Holosteum tetraphyllum Thunb. |
synonym | Mollugo tetraphylla L. |
synonym | Polycarpaea tetraphylla (L.) E. H. L. Krause |
synonym | Polycarpon floribundum Willk. |
🗒 Common Names
Eng |
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📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Habit: Herb
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Annual, slender, much branched, herbs, suberect or ascending, 3-15 cm high, glabrous with rough angles. Leaves usually in whorls of 4, shortly petiolate, obovate to spathulate, cuneate at base, obtuse at apex, 8-13 x 4-6 mm, glabrous, green; stipules ovate to triangular, 2.5-3 mm long, scarious. Cymes dichotomous, compact. Flowers 2-3 mm across. Sepals 1.5-2.5 x 1 mm, green, broadly scarious-margined. Petals narrowly oblong, emarginate, deciduous, white. Stamens 3-5. Capsules ovoid, ca 1.5 mm long; seeds minute, brownish, finely papillose.
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 881. 1759 (as "tetraphyl")
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Polycarpon species flowers are complete, bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels and ovary; rarely unisexual. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects, or cleistogamy i.e., by self or allogamy i.e., by cross pollination. Flowering/Fruiting: March-June.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Dispersal
Seeds may be dispersed by autochory i.e., self dispersal, anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds or animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Morphology
Annual herbs, about 3-15 cm tall, stem suberect or ascending, diffusely branched dichotomously, ridged, glabrous, rootstock slender, long taproots. Leaves simple, opposite or in whorls of 4, obovate-oblong to spathulate, about 8-13 x 4-6 mm across, base not connate, margin entire, apex obtuse with mucronate tip, not succulent, glabrous, 1-veined, petiole very short, stipules 2 per node, lanceolate-triangular, margins entire or irregularly cut, apex acuminate, about 2.5-3 mm long. Inflorescence in terminal, dense or lax, dichasial compound compact cymes. Flowers bisexual, hypogynous, about 2-3 mm across pedicel erect or sessile, bracts paired, margins scarious, similar to stipules or absent, sepals 5, keeled, hooded, distinct, lanceolate-ovate, midrib raised above, margins scarious, apex acute, about 1.5-2.5 x 1 mm across, petals 5 or less, free, white, narrow oblong, margins entire, apex emarginated, half as long as sepals, deciduous. Stamens 3-5, filaments somewhat united near the base, anthers 2-locular, dorsifixed, nectarines present. Ovary superior, unilocular, about 0.4 mm long, ovules many, staminodes absent, style 1, trifid up to the middle, stigmas 3. Fruit capsule, ovoid-globose, about 1.5 mm long, tri valved, incurved, twisting spirally into tubes, carpophore present. Seeds many, minute, whitish brown, compressed laterally, embryo marginal wings absent, finely papillose.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Diseases
Polycarpon species are susceptible to various insect pests, viruses, root rots, powdery mildews and moulds.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Western Ghats, Naturalized, Native of Mediterranean Region
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Growing as a weed in tea plantations and roadsides in the High Ranges
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Nilgiri, pulney and Anamalais mountains at high altitude.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
Description
Global Distribution
Native of Central Europe and Mediteranean. Now a cosmopolitan weed.
Indian distribution
State - Kerala, District/s: Idukki
Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi
Attributions | Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Dindigul, Nilgiri
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Global Distribution
Asia: India; Europe; North America.
Local Distribution
Tamil Nadu.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Conservation Status
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
Used in folk medicine.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India.; Kailash, B. R., ATREE, Bangalore, India.; Royal Norwegian Embassy grants. Indian Bioresource Information Network (IBIN), Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
References
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/6300413
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=753ADD075A83A386DE26E85D89EBAF67?find_wholeName=Polycarpon+tetraphyllum&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2409666
- Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/325a07b9b17c592d0d2d0671a79c85e6/synonym/16894f9f498e84b9324bfdea20506457
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of North America, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220010818
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 124.
- Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 245.
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 553.
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 29 January 2016.
- Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Mollugo tetraphylla L., Sp. Pl. 89. 1753.
- Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L., Syst. Nat. ed. 20. 881. 1759; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 65(46). 1915.
Information Listing > References
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. I, 1983
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/6300413
- The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=753ADD075A83A386DE26E85D89EBAF67?find_wholeName=Polycarpon+tetraphyllum&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html
- The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2409666
- Catalogue of Life: 2015 Annual Checklist. URL: http://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/details/species/id/325a07b9b17c592d0d2d0671a79c85e6/synonym/16894f9f498e84b9324bfdea20506457
- Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) A© 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.Flora of North America, 'eFloras (2008). Published on the Internet http://www.efloras.org [accessed 12 April 2014]*' Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. URL: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220010818
- Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121.
- Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127.
- Saxena, N. B. & Shamindra Saxena (2001) Plant Taxonomy. Reprint by Pragati Prakashan, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. 124.
- Hooker, J. D., (1872) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 1: 245.
- Sharma, B. D., Balakrishnan, N. P., Rao, R. R., & Hajra, P. K. (1993), Flora of India, Botanical Survey of India. Deep Printers, New Delhi. Vol. 2: 553.
- Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 29 January 2016.
- Plant reproductive morphology. (2014, November 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:57, April 9, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400Seed dispersal. (2015, March 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:59, April 9, 2015, from, URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seed_dispersal&oldid=572442927License*:
- Mollugo tetraphylla L., Sp. Pl. 89. 1753.
- Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L., Syst. Nat. ed. 20. 881. 1759; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 65(46). 1915.
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Equisetopsida C. Agardh |
Order | Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J. Presl |
Family | Caryophyllaceae |
Genus | Polycarpon |
Species | Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations