Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 14: 623-631 (2014)
www.trjfas.org
ISSN 1303-2712
DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v14_3_04
Reproduction Biology of the Garfish, Belone euxini Günther, 1866
(Belonidae: Belone) in the Southeast Black Sea
Sabri Bilgin1,*, Burak Taşçı1, Hatice Bal1
1
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Faculty of Fisheries, 53100, Rize, Turkey.
* Corresponding Author: Tel.: +90.464 2233385/1424; Fax: +90.464 2234118;
E-mail: sbrbilgin@hotmail.com
Received 18 February 2014
Accepted 7 July 2014
Abstract
To describe the reproduction biology of the garfish, Belone euxini and differences in parameters from other populations,
monthly sampling were conducted between December 2011 and July 2013 in the southeast Black Sea. Absolute fecundity
ranged between 4015 and 32453 (mean: 14365±1049) and mature eggs that was left for each spawning portion (batch
fecundity) ranged between 560 and 9713 (mean: 2338±243). Correlation coefficient of fecundity and total length relationships
were significantly different from zero. Mean diameter of immature eggs in ovary was significantly lower than mature eggs (ttest: P = 1.54E-230). The proportion of mature eggs in the ovary ranged between 8% and 34% (mean: 16%±0.7) and the
number of batches was obtained between 3 and 12 (mean: 6.8±0.3) times in a year. Monthly proportion of gonad maturity
stages and monthly GSI values showed that the spawning period of garfish was between May and September. The size at first
sexual maturity (TL50) was estimated as 34.4 cm TL for females and 33.3 cm TL for males. The results of this study were
offered as biological input parameters regarded as a reference for management of Black Sea stocks of the garfish species.
Keywords: Garfish, Belone euxini, spawning, fecundity, size at sexual maturity, Black Sea
Güneydoğu Karadeniz’de Zargana Balığının, Belone euxini Günther, 1866 (Belonidae: Belone) Üreme
Biyolojisi
Özet
Zargana balığının (Belone euxini) üreme biyolojisini belirlemek ve bu özelliklerin diğer popülasyonlardan farkını
tanımlamak için Güneydoğu Karadeniz’de Aralık 2011 ve Temmuz 2013 tarihleri arasına aylık örneklemeler yapılmıştır.
Zargana balığının toplam yumurta verimi 4015 ve 32453 adet/birey arasında değiştiği (ortalama: 14365±1049) ve bir batın
için bırakılan ovaryumlardaki olgun yumurta sayısının ise 560 ve 9713 adet/birey arasında değiştiği (ortalama: 2338±243)
belirlenmiştir. Yumurta verimi ve toplam boy arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı (r) istatistiksel olarak sıfırdan farklı
hesaplanmıştır. Ovaryumlardaki küçük yumurtaların ortalama çapı büyük yumurtaların (olgun yumurtar) ortalama çapından
istatistiksel olarak daha küçük hesaplanmıştır (t-test: P = 1.54E-230). Ovaryumlardaki olgun yumurta sayısının toplam
yumurta sayısına oranı %8 ve %34 arasında değiştiği (ortalama: %16±0,7) ve bir yıl içerisindeki batın sayısının ise 3 ve 12
arasında değiştiği (ortalama: 6,8±0,3) belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bölgesinde zargana balığının gonat olgunluk safhaları ve GSI
değerlerinin aylık seyrine göre Mayıs ve Eylül ayları arasında yumurtladığı tespit edilmiştir. İlk cinsi olgunluk boyu (TL50)
dişiler için 34,4 cm TL ve erkekler için ise 33,3 cm TL şeklinde hesaplanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları Karadeniz’de zargana
balığı stok yönetimi için biyolojik girdi parametreleri olarak önerilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Zargana balığı, Belone euxini, yumurtlama, yumurta verimi, cinsi olgunluk boyu, Karadeniz.
Introduction
Four garfish species, Belone acus Risso, 1827,
Belone euxini Günther, 1866, Belone svetovidovi
Collette and Parin, 1970 and Tylosurus imperialis
(Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810), belong to Belonidae
family were reported in the Turkish seas (Dalyan and
Eryılmaz, 2006; Fricke et al., 2007). Garfish species
was reported in previous studies as B. belone euxini
by several authors (Collette and Parin, 1970;
Salekhova et al., 1988; Zaitsev and Mamaev, 1997;
Samsun et al., 2006) in the Black Sea and Azov Sea.
Recently, in Froese and Pauly (2014), catalog of
fishes and Fricke et al. (2007), the garfish species in
the Black sea was reported valid endemic species as
B. euxini to Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Sea of
© Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon, Turkey
in cooperation with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan
624
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
Marmara. Above mentioned four garfish species’
average annual catch is about 442.2±34.12 tons
(between 232-661 tons) (TUIK, 2001-2012) for last
decades in Turkey.
The first detailed studies on reproduction
properties of B. belone such as spawning time and
gonad maturity stages was carried out by Dorman in
Courtmacsherry Bay in the Southern Ireland
(Dorman, 1989) and from Strömstad on the west coast
to Västervick in the Baltic Sea (Dorman, 1991). After
the studies of Dorman, reproduction biology of B.
belone such as spawning time, size at sexual maturity
and fecundity were studied between January 2003 and
December 2008 in the eastern part of the middle
Adriatic Sea (Zorica et al., 2011). Embryonic and
larval development of B. belone was also studied
under laboratory conditions (Dulčić et al., 2009;
Kužir et al., 2009). Spawning time based on
gonadosomatic index and fecundity of B. belone was
studied in the Turkey’s Aegean Sea coasts by Uçkun
et al. (2004) and in the Bosporus by Yüce (1975).
Moreover, only one study of B. euxini spawning time
and absolute fecundity features was carried out for
population in the middle Black Sea (Samsun et al.,
2006). However, no knowledge existed on size at first
maturity of B. euxini in the Black Sea. The objective
of the present study was to provide new findings on
annual number of spawning of this species, also to
present some details estimation on the size at sexual
maturity necessary for the introduction of suitable
management plans for garfish small scale fisheries in
the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea and to assess the
differences in these parameters in other populations of
the different geographical region.
Materials and Methods
Study Area and Sampling
Samplings were conducted monthly between
December 2011 and July 2013 except for August
from the Rize coasts, in the southeast Black Sea
(Figure 1). 17 sampling were conducted some months
by garfish encircling nets with 21 mm mesh size
during the study period (2011: 2 sampling in
December, 2012: 2 sampling in January and October,
1 sampling in February, September, November and
December, 2013: 2 sampling in January and March, 3
sapling in February). In other months, garfish
specimens were obtained from garfish fishermen
fishing with commercial garfish encircling nets with
21, 22 and 23 mm mesh sizes. In the warmer part of
the year (May - July) due to absent of garfish species
which are not creating schools in this area at that time,
no garfish catches were obtained. Furthermore,
because of the fact that the commercial garfish fishing
was completely finished in summer months in the
study area, and so garfish specimens for this study
Figure 1. Study site off Rize coast, Black Sea. Shaded areas indicate the sampling sites.
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
were obtained from fisheries of the red mullet and
whiting bottom set trammel nets in May 2012, May,
June and July 2013. Moreover, no garfish specimens
were obtained in August during the study period.
Reproduction Biology
Gonad Maturity and Spawning Time
The maturity stages of B. euxini specimens were
determined within five categories, based on
morphological characteristics of the ovaries and
testes, modified by Dorman (1989): stage 1: virgin or
immature, stage 2: early developing and resting, stage
3: mature, stage 4: ripe, and stage 5: recently spent.
The spawning period was graphically
determined for both sexes by the monthly variation of
mean values of the gonadosomatic index (GSI) as:
GSI
Wg
100 ,
W
where, Wg is gonad weight (g), W is total garfish
weight (g).
Fecundity
A total of 46 mature ovaries with stage 3 and 4
were used for fecundity estimation. The mature
ovaries were cut longitudinally and fixed separately in
Gilson’s fluid (Davenport, 1960). The ovaries were
regularly vigorously shaken about 60 days to remove
the eggs from the membranes. To calculate of total
(absolute) fecundity and batch fecundity, the ovaries
were than processed as described by Dorman (1991).
Total fecundity was calculated using gravimetric
methods as follows:
F
n *G
,
g
where, F is total fecundity, n is eggs number of
fish gonad subsample, G is fish gonat weight (g) and
g is subsample gonad weight of fish gonad (g).
The average number of eggs (absolute fecundity)
that are left for each spawning portion was calculated
(Avşar, 2005) as:
N ((
m
i 1
ni * Gi
1
) * ( )) ,
gi
m
where, N is the average number of eggs that
are left for each spawning portion, ni is eggs number
of i th fish gonad subsample, Gi is i th fish gonat
weight (g), gi is subsample gonad weight of i th fish
gonad, m is number of examined garfish gonads.
The average number of spawning frequency was
calculated (Avşar, 2005) as follows:
m
TF 1
NB i * ,
i 1 MEi m
625
where, NB is the average number of spawning
in a year, TFi is the total number of eggs in the i th
fish ovary (number of small and large sized eggs) and
MEi is the total number of matured eggs in the i th
fish ovary (number of large sized eggs) and m is
number of examined gonads.
Percent of small sized eggs (PS) and large sized
eggs (PL) in ovary was calculated as:
PS
Fs
*100 ,
Fsl
PS
Fl
*100 ,
Fsl
where, Fs+l is number of small plus large sized
eggs in ovary, Fs is number of small sized eggs in
ovary and Fl is the number of large sized eggs in
ovary.
Comparison of the difference of correlation
coefficient from zero t-test (Snedecor and Cochran,
1989) was calculated as:
t
r * (n 2)
(1 r 2 )
,
where, n is the number of garfish used in the
computation and r is correlation coefficient. The
value of correlation coefficient is different from zero
if t value is greater than the tabled t values for n-2
degrees of freedom.
Egg size diameter of 5-15 eggs for each ovary
was measured using a Nikon SMZ1000 mark
stereomicroscope with a Nikon DSFI1 digital camera
connected to a computer. Eggs were separated into
two groups according to size (small: immature and
large: mature) and these eggs was performed for
fecundity analyzes. Size frequency distributions
analyze for small and large sized eggs were conducted
using Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test.
Comparison of the mean diameter of eggs between
two groups was also performed using t-test performed
with the software package PAST version 2.14
(Hammer et al., 2001).
Fecundity-total length relationship (Avşar, 2005)
was estimated as:
F a * TLb ,
where, F is the fecundity, TL is the total length
(cm), a is the intercept, and b is the slope of the
regression line.
Size at Sexual Maturity
Size at sexual maturity was determined from
female and male by calculating the proportion of
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
626
mature female and male in 2 cm size classes in the
breading period. Individuals with stage 3, 4 and 5 in
the gonad development stage were considered to be
mature (Dorman, 1989; Zorica et al., 2011). The
proportion of mature female and male by size were
fitted to the logistic equation:
P
1
,
1 e abTL
where, P is the proportion of mature female or
male, a and b are the coefficients of the equation, and
TL is the total length. Size at sexual maturity (TL50),
corresponding to 50% of males and females that have
reached first sexual maturity, was calculated from (a/b).
Results
Length Structure
A total of 1211 garfish (618 female, 593 male)
were examined between January 2012 and July 2013.
The total length of female ranged 24.7 and 65.1 cm
and the total length of male ranged between 22.2 and
55.3 cm. The mean total length of female (mean
39.10±0.248 cm) was significantly (t test: P = 9.41E31) greater than the mean total length of male (mean
35.2±0.209 cm). Size frequency distribution were also
significantly different (Kolmogorov-Smirnov twosample test: d = 0.29178, P = 3.95E-23) between
female and male.
Fecundity
Number of small, large sized and combined eggs
in ovary (fecundity) and total length relationships
were showed in Figure 2, separately. A total of 46
garfish total length ranged between 33.4 and 62 cm
(mean: 43.0±0.9 cm) were used for fecundity
estimation. Total fecundity (small plus large sized
eggs) ranged between 4015 and 32453 (mean:
14365±1049). Small sized eggs ranged between 3447
and 27527 (mean: 12037±860) and large sized eggs
that was left for each spawning portion ranged
between 560 and 9713 (mean: 2338±243). Correlation
coefficients of the fecundity and total length
relationships were significantly different from zero.
Fecundity and total length relationships were
estimated as follows:
Small plus large sized eggs: Fs+l=53.431TL1.4598 (r2=0.1673,
n = 46, t = 3.2581, P<0.01)
Small sized eggs: Fs = 69.381TL1.344 (r2 = 0.1453, n = 46,
t = 2.9585, P<0.01)
Large sized eggs: Fl = 1.2314TL1.9635 (r2 = 0.2207, n = 46,
t = 3.9989, P<0.01).
Egg Size
Diameter of small sized eggs ranged between
380 and 1310 µm (mean: 1820.2±14.81 µm) and
diameter of large sized eggs ranged between 1420 and
3410 µm (mean: 1720.9±319.30 µm). Mean diameter
of small sized eggs was significantly lower than large
sized eggs (t-test: P = 1.54E-230) and size frequency
distributions were also significantly different between
small and large sized eggs (Kolmogorov-Smirnov
two-sample test; d = 1, P = 2.593E-120).
Annual Number of Batches
The proportion of small sized eggs in the ovary
ranged between 66% and 92% (mean: 84%±0.7) and
the proportion of large sized eggs in the ovary ranged
between 8% and 34% (mean: 16%±0.7) (Figure 3).
The number of batches was also calculated between 3
and 12 (mean: 6.8±0.3) times in a year during the
spawning period.
Spawning Time and Gonad Maturity
Monthly proportions of gonad maturity stages
are showed in Figure 4. A total of 1211 garfish (618
female and 593 male) were used for gonadosomatic
index and maturity stages estimation. The stages 1
and 2 appeared generally between September and
April for both sexes and stages 3 and 4 appeared
generally between March and July for female and
mostly between February and April with a small ratio
in June and July for male. Recently spent stage was
observed in two female individuals collected in July.
Looking at the monthly changes in GSI values
variation (Figure 5), one peak of GSI values were
clearly exhibited in May 2012 and 2013 and then GSI
values decreased until July 2013 and reached the
lowest level in September 2012 for both female and
male. This monthly fluctuation of GSI values showed
that the spawning period of garfish was between May
and September in the study area.
Size at Sexual Maturity
Size at sexual maturity was estimated from 176
female of which 131 were mature and from 100 male
of which 51 were mature. Total length of mature
females ranged between 29.1 and 62.1 cm (mean:
41.6±0.61 cm) and between 29.7 and 55.3 cm (mean:
39.1±1.14 cm) for males. Length at first maturity for
males and females are shown in Figure 6. The
relationship between total length and proportion of
mature males and females were estimated as follows:
P
P
1 e
1 e
1
14.6680.4409*TL
1
8.74560.2547*TL
(males)
(females).
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
Figure 2. Fecundity and total length relationships of garfish in the Black Sea.
Figure 3. The proportion of small (immature) and large (mature) sized eggs in the ovary and total length relationships of
garfish specimens in the Black Sea.
627
628
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
Figure 4. Monthly variations of ovary (female) and testis (male) maturity stages of Belone euxini between January 2012
and July 2013 in the Black Sea.
Figure 5. Monthly variations of gonadosomatic index of female, male and combined garfish specimens between January
2012 and July 2013 in the Black Sea.
So, females reached its first maturity at total
body length of 34.4 cm and males at 33.3 cm (Figure
6).
reproduction biology such as fecundity and egg size,
fist maturity size, spawning time and annual number
of spawning are presented here.
Discussion
Fecundity and Egg Size
Data concerning population dynamics details
such as length and age structure, sex ratio, growth and
mortality rate of B. euxini have been published (Bilgin
et al., 2014), while data describing this species’
Total fecundity, batch fecundity and eggs
diameters of garfish species obtained different
geographical regions are showed in Table 1. The
largest egg diameter for B. belone was reported as
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
629
Figure 6. Size at 50% sexual maturity for female and male garfish specimens in the Black Sea.
Table 1. Comparison of fecundity and egg size (minimum-maximum and mean ± standard error values) of Belone belone and
B. euxini from different geographical areas. Total fecundity: total number of eggs (small and large sized eggs) in the ovary.
Batch fecundity: the number of eggs spawned (mature eggs) in each batch
Author
Locality
Uçkun et al. (2004)
Aegean Sea
B. belone
Dorman (1991)
Zorica et al. (2011)
Atlantic Sea
Adriatic Sea
B. belone
B. belone
Samsun et al. (2006) Black sea
B. euxini
Present study
B. euxini
Black Sea
Total
fecundity
Species
1066-20446
(7780)
2193-10804
8319-53534
(23595)
8460-51694
(24088±184)
4015-32453
(14365±1049)
4000 µm (mean: 1840 µm) in the Aegean Sea (Uçkun
et al., 2004) and 4283 µm (mean: 2269±332 µm) in
the Adriatic Sea (Zorica et al., 2011). The average
diameters of newly spawned eggs of B. belone caught
in the Karin Sea (middle Adriatic Sea) was also
reported as 3071.9±75.73 µm at 19.4ºC and 22.3ºC
temperature (Dulčić et al., 2009), this result was
naturally higher than average size of mature egg yet
not spawned. In the present study, the largest egg
Batch
fecundity
Egg diameter (µm)
Small and large
Large sized
sized eggs
eggs
400-4000
(1840)
1223-4283
(2269±332)
353-4711
(1242±843)
560-9713
(2338±243)
1420-3410
(1721±320)
diameter for B. euxini was recorded as 3410 µm
(mean: 1721±320 µm). The egg size results indicating
that B. euxini had lower egg diameter than B. belone.
Fecundity for B. belone was reported between 1066
and 20446 oocytes per ovary (mean: 7780) in the
Aegean Sea (Uçkun et al., 2004), between 2193 and
10804 oocytes per ovary in the Atlantic Sea (Dorman,
1991) and from 8319 to 53534 oocytes per ovary
(mean: 23595) in the Adriatic Sea (Zorica et al.,
630
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
2011). Moreover, fecundity for B. euxini was reported
as 51694 oocytes per ovary in the Black Sea (Samsun
et al., 2006). Fecundity is a phenotypic character that
is affected in different ways and intensities by specific
features of different environments (Hines, 1991) and
its variation among species may enable species
coexistence (Nazari et al., 2003). Egg size is also an
important diverse life history characteristic of species.
On the one hand, eggs size and fecundity can be
change due to size and age of brood stock individuals.
As fecundity is a size dependent parameter, it is
possible that the differences concerning fecundity
among the geographical regions could be explained
by the size of the garfish in each region (Zorica et al.,
2011).
Our data on egg size and fecundity showed that
individual female produce 3 and 12 (mean: 6.8±0.3)
batches of eggs during the spawning period and the
proportion of large sized eggs (mature eggs) in the
ovary ranged between 8% and 34% (mean: 16±0.7%).
When total fecundity of B. belone divided by batch
fecundity, female individuals produce 11.32 and 23.6
(mean 18.99) batches of eggs during the spawning
period in the Adriatic Sea (Zorica et al., 2011). These
results may be indicating that garfish species such as
B. euxini and B. belone are batch spawner and
spawning continuous during the spawning season.
These results also should be supported by eggs and
larvae surveys studies on the garfish species in the
Black Sea. Also, Gürcan (2012) firstly reported 10
mm total length a garfish larvae in June 2012 off
Sinop coast in the Black Sea that supported our
results.
Spawning Season
Temperature is one of the most important
environmental factors that influence the reproduction
activity, embryonic and larval development and
growth of fish (Avşar, 2005). Seasonal change in
temperature has a profound effect on reproduction in
fish species and increasing temperatures provoke
reproductive development in spring spawning species,
and falling temperatures stimulate reproduction in
autumn spawners (Pankhurst and Munday, 2011). The
spawning season of B. belone was reported over 6
months in the early winter-spring period between
December and May in the eastern part of the middle
Adriatic Sea (Zorica et al., 2011), between May and
June in Courtmacsherry Bay in the Southern Ireland
from Strömstad on the west coast to Västervick in the
Baltic Sea (Dorman, 1989; 1991), between April and
August in the Turkey’s Aegean Sea coasts (Uçkun et
al., 2004). It was also reported for B. euxini over 5
months between April and August in the Bosporus
(Yüce, 1975) and between May and September off
Sinop peninsula in the Black Sea (Samsun et al.,
2006). According to our results, monthly changes of
GSI and maturity stages of female and male showed
that annual spawning cycle of B. euxini was between
May and September off Rize coast in the Southeast
Black Sea. The differences of garfish spawning
season among different geographical regions may be
due to differences environmental factors especially
temperature and salinity (Zorica et al., 2011).
Size at Sexual Maturity
Size at sexual maturity is one of the important
parameters that can be used in defining minimum
mesh and landing size. In the previous studies there
are no findings include size at sexual maturity for the
Black Sea garfish stocks. But, Samsun et al. (2006)
speculated that, size at sexual maturity of B. euxini
was 38.6 cm TL off Sinop peninsula in the middle
Black Sea. Moreover, it was reported for B. belone as
31.5 cm TL for female and 28.0 cm TL for male in
the Adriatic Sea (Zorica et al., 2011). Our results
were higher than Adriatic Sea and slightly lower than
middle Black Sea. Different results on size at sexual
maturity may be due to different length composition
which used to size at maturity calculation and
different fishing pressure levels among the researcher
areas.
The results of this study could be used as
biological input parameters regarded as a reference
(e.g., minimum fish size: 35 cm total length, closed
season: between May and July) for management of
Black Sea stocks of this species.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by Recep Tayyip
Erdoğan
University
with
project
number
2012.103.03.3.
References
Avşar, D. 2005. Balıkçılık biyolojisi ve popülasyon
dinamiği. Nobel Kitabevi, Adana, 332 pp.
Bilgin, S., Taşçi, B. and Bal, H. 2014. Population dynamics
of the garfish, Belone euxini (Belonidae: Belone) from
the south-east Black Sea. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom.
doi:10.1017/S0025315414000769.
Collette, B.B. and Parin, N.V. 1970. Needlefishes
(Belonidae) of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Atlantide
Report No: 11: 7- 60.
Dalyan, C. and Eryılmaz, L. 2006. Two new fish records
from Turkish coast of the Eastern Mediterranean: the
garfish, Belone svetovidovi Collette and Parin, 1970;
the Spiny gurnard, Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei Audoin in
Blanc and Hureau, 1973. Journal Black
Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 12: 155-158.
Davenport, H.A. 1960. Histological and histochemical
techniques, W.B. Saunders Co., London, UK. 401 pp.
Dorman, J.A. 1989. Some aspects of the biology of the
garfish Belone belone (L.) from southern Ireland.
Journal of Fish Biology, 35: 621-629.
Dorman, J.A. 1991. Investigations into the biology of the
garfish, Belone belone (L.) in Swedish waters. Journal
of Fish Biology, 39: 59-69.
S. Bilgin et al. / Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 14: 623-631 (2014)
Dulčić, J., Baždarić, B., Grubišić, L. and Dragičević, B.
2009. Embryonic and larval development of garpike
from the Adriatic Sea. Integrative Zoology, 4: 272276.
Fricke, R., Bilecenoglu, M. and Sarı, H.M. 2007. Annotated
checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostomata
and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red
List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter
Beiträge zur Naturkunde, 706(A): 1-169.
Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (Editors) 2013. FishBase. World
Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org,
version (12/2013).
Gürcan, E.S. 2012. The ichthyoplankton dynamics of the
Sinop coasts. Msc thesis, Sinop: Sinop University,
Science and technology institute. 82 pp.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T. and Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST:
Paleontological Statistics Software Package for
Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia
Electronica, 4: 9.
Hines, A.H. 1991. Fecundity and reproductive output in
nine species of Cancer crabs (Crustacea, Brahyura,
Caneridae). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences, 48(2): 267-275.
Kužir, S., Kozarić, Z., Gjurčević, E., Baždarić, B. and
Petrinec, Z. 2009. Osteological development of the
garfish (Belone belone) larvae. Anatomia Histologia
Embryologia, 38: 351-354.
Nazari, E.M., Simões-Costa, M.S., Müller, Y.M.R., Ammar,
D. and Dias, M. 2003. Comparisons of fecundity, egg
size, and mass volume of the freshwater prawns
Macrobrachium potiuna and Macrobrachium olfersi
(Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Journal of Crustacean
Biology, 23(4): 862-868.
Pankhurst, N.W. and Munday, P.L. 2011. Effects of climate
631
change on fish reproduction and early life history
stages. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62: 1015–
1026.
Salekhova, L.P., Kostenko, N.S., Bogachick, T.A. and
Minibaeva, O.N. 1988. Composition of ichthyofauna
in the region of the Karadag State Reserve (Black
Sea). Journal of Ichthyology, 28: 16-23.
Samsun, O., Samsun, N., Bilgin, S. and Kalaycı, F. 2006.
Population Biology and Status of Exploitation of
Introduced Garfish, Belone belone euxini Günther,
1866 in The Black Sea. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology, 22: 353-356.
Snedecor, G.W and Cochran, W.G. 1989. Statistical
methods, eighth edition, Iowa State University Press,
Ames, Iowa, 803 pp.
TUIK, (2001-2012) Turkish Statistical Institute, Fishery
Statistics. Ankara.
Uçkun, S., Akalin, E. and Toğulga, M. 2004. Some
biological characteristics of the garfish (Belone belone
L., 1761) in İzmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Journal of
Applied Ichthyology, 20: 413-416.
Yüce, Y. 1975. Zargana balığı Belone belone (L)’nın
Biyolojisi. Istanbul University, Hidrobiology Institue,
2: 1-25.
Zaitsev, Y. and Mamaev, V. 1997. Marine Biological
Diversity in the Black Sea. A Study of Change and
Decline. United Nations Publications, New York, 208
pp.
Zorica, B., Sinovčić, G. and Keč, V.C. 2011. The
reproductive cycle, size at maturity and fecundity of
garfish (Belone belone, L. 1761) in the eastern
Adriatic Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 65: 435444.