The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor&#39;s Archive from Nippur

Steven Cole

In this article are published three copies of letters addressed to King Ammi-ditana of Babylon. Discovered in Dur-Abi-ešuh during illicit excavations, these texts are now kept in the Cotsen (Lloyd E.) Cuneiform Tablets Collection at UCLA (Los Angeles). They provide us with valuable information on military activities, the management of agricultural resources, and religious life in central Babylonia during the Late Old Babylonian period. They give new insights into events poorly attested in written and archaeological sources: military and administrative life in fortresses south of Babylon, the transfer of cults from Nippur to safer neighboring areas, and the emergence of the Sealand dynasty whose raids in central and southern Babylonia participated in weakening the Babylonian empire and eventually led to the fall of Babylon in 1595 BCE. The article is also available on Cairn: https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2019-1.html.

Preface: This volume is the editio princeps of the Old Babylonian letters and treaties found in 1987 in the “Lower Town Palace East” (Operation 3) at Tell Leilan in northeastern Syria. These tablets, with a few possible exceptions, formed parts of archives belonging to the kings Mutija and Till-Abnû, who reigned at Leilan ca. 1755-45 B.C. (middle chronology). Most of the letters and treaties were found mixed with hundreds of administrative records in the same two small rooms of the palace. Convergent archaeological and archival evidence indicates that this “archive” is a composite group of texts, formed in antiquity through a process of selection and deselection of older and partly redundant documents. Historical Background: Recent publications on both archaeological and documentary evidence from Tell Leilan itself and from other sites have produced detailed discussions of the site and its place in the history of Northern Mesopotamia in the late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C., so that a few remarks on the historical background for the material presented here will suffice.

It is generally assumed that the takeover of Babylonia by the Persian king Cyrus II in 539 BC went relatively smoothly. Th e current study suggests that at Nippur there might have been hitherto overlooked changes among the higher-ranking offi cials during the transition of 539 BC. A collection of Neo-Babylonian tablets from the 'Tablet Hill' at Nippur is analyzed and its original trench of excavation is pinpointed on the map of the site. Focusing on several dossiers of tablets at 'Tablet Hill' from the time of transition around 539 BC it can be shown that further insights can be gained from the unpublished archaeological documentation.

oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME 114 Series Editors Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu EXCAVATIONS AT NIPPUR McGUIRE GIBSON * NIPPUR SERIES EDITOR NIPPUR IV THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR by STEVEN W. COLE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS * VOLUME 114 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-67507 ISBN: 1-885923-03-1 ISSN: 0069-3367 The OrientalInstitute, Chicago ©1996 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1996. Printed in the United States of America. Series Editors' Acknowledgments In the preparation of this volume, we acknowledge the assistance of Professors Robert Biggs, McGuire Gibson, Dennis Pardee, and Martha Roth; Valery Braun, University of Chicago Printing Services; and Charles E. Jones, Oriental Institute Research Archivist and Bibliographer. A new font, AssyrianDictionary, created by Lloyd Anderson of Ecological Linguistics (P.O. Box 15156, Washington, D.C. 20003) in collaboration with the Publications Office of the Oriental Institute, makes its debut in this volume; the font is a simpler-to-use and refined version of CuneiformOriental. Printedby McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ vii .................................................................. xix LIST OF OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ............ LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... ................................................... ............... xxiii ....................... xx B IB LIO G R APH Y ........................................................................................................................................... ACKNOW LEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. ........ xxxix xli NIPPUR SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE. McGuire Gibson .......................................... INTR O D UC TION ........................................................................................................................................... CATALOGS OF TEXTS .................................................................................................................. 15 ............................................................................. 15 G ENERAL CATALOG .......................................... 27 TEXTS ARRANGED BY FIELD NUMBER ................................................................................................ TEXTS ARRANGED BY MUSEUM NUMBER ....... 30 ............................................................................ 33 TEXTS ARRANGED BY WIDTH-TO-LENGTH RATIO ..................................................................... TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS LOGOGRAMS AND THEIR READINGS ..................................................... GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS ................................... 37 ........................... 275 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND F RSTEN SPIEGEL ............................................................................................................................. . 403 .................................................................................. 429 ........................................................................ 441 ............................................................................................................................................ 445 PERSON AL N AM ES ........................................... GEOGRAPHICAL, TRIBAL, AND FAMILY NAMES IN DIC ES ............. 277 ............................................... .......... GENERAL INDEX .................................................................................................................................... 445 INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS, PHRASES, AND IDIOMS DISCUSSED ................................................. 451 ...................................................................................................... 453 INDEX OF WEST SEMITIC TERMS, NAMES, AND ROOTS ............................................................. 453 INDEX OF TEXT CITATIONS .................................................................................................................. 455 INDEX OF LOGOGRAMS DISCUSSED oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS AbB Altbabylonische Briefe in Umschrift und Ubersetzung ABL R. F. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the K(ouyunjik) Collection(s) of the British Museum. 14 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1892-1914 ACh C. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldtenne: Le livre intitul6 "enuma <Anu> iluBel." 14 fascicles. Paris: Librairie Paul Geuthner, 1907-12 ADD C. H. W. Johns, Assyrian Deeds and Documents, vols. 1-4. Cambridge: Deighton, Bell and Co., 1898-1924 AfO Archivfiir Orientforschung Agrargeographie E. Wirth, Agrargeographiedes Irak. Hamburger Geographische Studien, vol. 13. Hamburg: Institut fiir Geographie und Wirtschaftsgeographie der Universitait Hamburg, 1962 AHw W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwbrterbuch, vols. 1-3. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1965, 1972, 1981 AION Annali dell'Istituto Orientaledi Napoli Akkadian of Ugarit J. Huehnergard, The Akkadian of Ugarit. HSS 34. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1989 AJSL The American Journalof Semitic Languages and Literatures Akkadian Influences S. A. Kaufman, The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic. AS 19. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974 Altaram. Gramm. S. Segert, Altaramdische Grammatik. Leipzig: VEB Verlag Enzyklopidie, 1975 Altaram. Gramm. 10.-8. Jh. R. Degen, Altaramdische Grammatik der Inschriften des 10.-8. Jh. v. Chr. Abhandlungen fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. 38, 3. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1969 Altaram. Gramm. 7.-6. Jh. V. Hug, Altaramdische Grammatik der Texte des 7. und 6. Jh.s v.Chr. HSAO 4. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, 1993 Altsiidarab. Grammatik M. Hofner, Altsiidarabische Grammatik. Porta Linguarum Orientalium, vol. 24. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1943 Amarna Letters W. L. Moran, The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992 Ammonite Inscriptions W. E. Aufrecht, A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions. Ancient Near Eastern Texts and Studies, vol. 4. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen, 1989 Amorite I. J. Gelb, Computer-Aided Analysis of Amorite. AS 21. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1980 AMT R. Campbell Thompson, Assyrian Medical Texts. London: Oxford University Press, 1923 vii oi.uchicago.edu viii EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR An lexical series An = Anum Ancient Arabs I. Eph'al, The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the FertileCrescent, 9th-5th Centuries B.C. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1982 AnOr Analecta Orientalia AnSt Anatolian Studies AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AOS American OrientalSociety Arabia Deserta A. Musil, Arabia Deserta. Oriental Explorations and Studies, no. 2. New York: American Geographical Society, 1927 Arad Inscriptions Y. Aharoni, Arad Inscriptions. Judean Desert Studies. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute and Israel Exploration Society, 1975 Aramder M. Dietrich, Die Aramder Siidbabyloniens in der Sargonidenzeit (700-648). AOAT 7. Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon und Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1970 Aramaic Epigraphs F. M. Fales, Aramaic Epigraphson Clay Tablets of the Neo-Assyrian Period. Studi semitici, n.s., vol. 2. Rome: Universith degli studi "La Sapienza," 1986 Aramaic Handbook F. Rosenthal, ed., An Aramaic Handbook, Part 1/2: Glossary. Porta Linguarum Orientalium, n.s., vol. 10. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1967 Aram.-Neuheb. Hw. G. H. Dalman, Aramdisch-NeuhebriiischesHandworterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch. Gittingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1938; reprint, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1967 Archives and Libraries O. Peders6n, Archives and Libraries in the City of Assur: A Survey of the Materialfrom the German Excavations. 2 pts. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Semitica Upsaliensia, vol. 6. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1985 Archives cappadociennes M. Ichisar, Les archives cappadociennes du marchand Imdilum. Recherche sur les grandes civilisations, Cahier no. 3. Paris: Editions A.D.P.F., 1981 ARM Archives royales de Mari ArOr Archiv Orientdlnf AS Assyriological Studies Asarh. R. Borger, Die Inschriften AsarhaddonsKonigs von Assyrien. AfO Beiheft 9. Graz: Ernst F. Weidner, 1956 Asb. M. Streck, Assurbanipal und die letzten assyrischen Kdnige bis zum Untergange Niniveh's. 3 vols. VAB 7. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1916 ASSF Acta Societatis ScientiarumFennicae Astronomical Diaries A. Sachs and H. Hunger, Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. 2 vols. Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, ph.-hist. Klasse, Denkschriften, vols. 195 and 210. Vienna: Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1988-89 Babyloniaca Babyloniaca,etudes de philologie assyro-babylonienne Bagh. Mitt. BaghdaderMitteilungen BAM F. Kicher, Die babylonisch-assyrische Medizin in Texten und Untersuchungen. 6 vols. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1963-80 BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of OrientalResearch oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS ix BAW B. Meissner, Beitrdge zum assyrischen Wdrterbuch I. AS 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931 BBSt L. W. King, Babylonian Boundary-Stones and Memorial-Tablets in the British Museum. London: British Museum, 1912 BBVO Berliner Beitrdge zum Vorderen Orient BE The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts Bildungen F. Rundgren, Uber Bildungen mit S und n-t-Demonstrativen im Semitischen: Beitriige zur vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen. Uppsala: Almqvist och Wiksell, 1955 BIN Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of James B. Nies BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis BoSt Boghazkoi-Studien Brief B. Landsberger, Brief des Bischofs von Esagila an Kdnig Asarhaddon. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 1965 BRM Babylonian Records in the Library ofJ. PierpontMorgan Bronzeworking Centres J. Curtis, ed., Bronzeworking Centres of Western Asia c. 1000-539 B.C. London: Kegan Paul International, in association with the British Museum, 1988 BOR The Babylonian and OrientalRecord BR 8/7 M. San Nicolb, Babylonische Rechtsurkunden des ausgehenden 8. und des 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Vol. 1, 1. Hailfte (nr. 1-86). Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ph.-hist. Klasse, n.s., no. 34. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1951 BWL W. G. Lambert, Babylonian Wisdom Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960 CAD The Assyrian Dictionaryof the OrientalInstitute of the University of Chicago. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1956- Camb. J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Cambyses, Kdnig von Babylon (529-521 v. Chr.). Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1890 CH R. F. Harper, The Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, about 2250 B.C. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904 Chronologie C. Kiihne, Die Chronologie der internationalen Korrespondenz von ElAmarna. AOAT 17. Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon und Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1973 CTN Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud Comparative Grammar S. Moscati et al., eds., An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Porta Linguarum Orientalium, n.s., vol. 6. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1964 CT Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets (, etc.,) in the British Museum Cuneiform Archives K. R. Veenhof, ed., Cuneiform Archives and Libraries.Papers read at the 30 e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, 4-8 July 1983. Publications de l'Institut Historique et Arch6ologique N6erlandais de Stamboul, vol. 57. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1986 oi.uchicago.edu EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Cuneiform Texts A. B. Moldenke, Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1893 Cyr. J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Cyrus, Konig von Babylon (538-529 v. Chr.). Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1890 DAB R. Campbell Thompson, A Dictionary of Assyrian Botany. London: The British Academy, 1949 Dar. J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Darius, Kdnig von Babylon (521-485 v. Chr.). Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1892 Date Palm B. Landsberger, The Date Palm and its By-Products accordingto the Cuneiform Sources. AfO Beiheft 17. Graz: Ernst F. Weidner, 1967 Death in Mesopotamia B. Alster, ed., Death in Mesopotamia: PapersRead at the XXVIe Rencontre assyriologique internationale. Mesopotamia 8. Copenhagen: Akademisk forlag, 1980 DiakonoffFs. M. A. Dandamayev et al., eds., Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East: Studies in Honour of I. M. Diakonoff. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1982 EA El Amama, referring to the numbering of the letters in J. A. Knudtzon, Die El-Amarna-Tafeln, Anmerkungen und Register bearbeitet von 0. Weber und E. Ebeling, 1-2. VAB 2. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1907-15; and A. F. Rainey, El Amarna Tablets 359-379: Supplement to J. A. Knudtzon Die El-AmamaTafeln. AOAT 8. Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon und Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1970 Edom J. R. Bartlett, Edom and the Edomites. JSOT Supplement Series 77. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1989 Entrepreneurs M. W. Stolper, Entrepreneursand Empire: The Muragt Archive, the Muragi Firm, and Persian Rule in Babylonia. Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, vol. 54. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1985 EpigraphicSouth Arabian A. F. L. Beeston, A Descriptive Grammar of Epigraphic South Arabian. London: Luzac and Co. Ltd., 1962 Etats aramdens H. S. Sader, Les dtats arameens de Syrie depuis leurfondationjusqu'd leur transformation en provinces assyriennes. Beiruter Texte und Studien, vol. 36. Beirut: Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgenlindischen Gesellschaft, 1987 Ethnologie F. Hommel, Ethnologie und Geographie des alten Orients. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1926 Farm Studies A. P. G. Poyck, Farm Studies in Iraq (An Agro-Economic Study of the Agriculture in the Hilla-DiwaniyaArea in Iraq). Mededelingen van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen, Nederland, vol. 62 no. 1. Wageningen: H. Veenman and Zonen N.V., 1962 FricativeLaterals R. C. Steiner, The Case for FricativeLaterals in Proto-Semitic.AOS 59. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1977 GAG W. von Soden, Grundrissder akkadischen Grammatik, samt Ergdnzungsheft. AnOr 33 and 47. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1969 GarelliFs. D. Charpin and F. Joannbs, Marchands,diplomates et empereurs: Etudes sur la civilisation misopotamienne offertes d Paul Garelli. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1991 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS xi GCCI R. P. Dougherty, Goucher College Cuneiform Inscriptions Glass A. L. Oppenheim, Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia. Coming, N.Y.: Coming Museum of Glass, 1970 Glossar E. Ebeling, Glossar zu den neubabylonischen Briefen. SBAW Ph.-h. K1. 1953/1. Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1953 Gotterepitheta K. L. Tallqvist, Akkadische Gdtterepitheta.StOr 7. Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica, 1938 "Grammar" N. R. Woodington, "A Grammar of the Neo-Babylonian Letters of the Kuyunjik Collection." Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1982 Grammatik J. Aro, Studien zur mittelbabylonischen Grammatik. StOr 20. Helsinki: Societas Orientalis Fennica, 1955 Grammatik K. Hecker, Grammatik der Kiiltepe-Texte. AnOr 44. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1968 Grammatik S. C. Ylvisaker, Zur babylonischen und assyrischen Grammatik: Eine Untersuchung auf Grund der Briefe aus der Sargonidenzeit. LSS 5/VI. Leipzig: August Pries, 1912 Grundriss C. Brockelmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen. 2 vols. Berlin: Reuther und Reuther, 1908, 1913; reprint, Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1961 Grussformeln E. Salonen, Die Gruss- und H6flichkeitsformeln in babylonisch-assyrischen Briefen. StOr 38. Helsinki: Studia Orientalia Fennica, 1967 Hama 11/2 P. J. Riis and M.-L. Buhl, eds., Hama: Fouilles et recherches de la Fondation Carlsberg 1931-1938, vol. 11/2: Les objets de la periode dite syro-hittite (Age du Fer). Nationalmuseets Skrifter, St0rre Beretninger 12. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1990 Handbuch M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der nordsemitischen Epigraphik nebst ausgewihlten Inschriften. 2 vols. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1962 Haverford E. Grant, The Haverford Symposium on Archaeology and the Bible. Biblical and Kindred Studies, vol. 6. New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1938 HSAO HeidelbergerStudien zum Alten Orient HSS HarvardSemitic Series IK W. Caskel and G. Strenziok, Gamharat an-nasab: Das genealogische Werk des Hildm ibn Muhammad al-Kalbi.2 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966 Inschriften Sargons II. A. Fuchs, Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad. Gottingen: Cuvillier, 1994 Inscriptionsdtdanites A. van den Branden, Les inscriptions dddanites. Publications de l'Universit6 Libanaise, Section des Etudes Historiques, vol. 8. Beirut: Universite Libanaise, 1962 Inscriptions thamouddennes A. van den Branden, Les inscriptions thamoudeennes. Bibliotheque du Muston, vol. 25. Louvain: Institut Orientaliste, Universit6 de Louvain, 1950 Iscrizioni D. Diringer, Le iscrizioni antico-ebraichepalestinesi. Florence: Felice Le Monnier, 1934 Ismail E. A. Knauf, Untersuchungenzur Geschichte Palistinasund Nordarabiensim 1. Jahrtausendv. Chr. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989 oi.uchicago.edu xii EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Izi lexical series izi = isdtu, published by Civil, MSL 13 JA Journalasiatique JAC Journalof Ancient Civilizations (China) JAOS Journalof the American OrientalSociety JCS Journalof Cuneiform Studies JEOL Jaarberichtvan het Vooraziatisch-EgyptischGenootschap "Ex Oriente Lux" JNES Journalof Near EasternStudies JSOT Journalfor the Study of the Old Testament JSS Journalof Semitic Studies KAI H. Donner and W. Rtillig, Kanaandische und aramdischeInschriften. Rev. ed. 3 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1969-73 KAH Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischenInhalts KAJ Keilschrifttexte aus Assurjuristischen Inhalts KAR Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiisenInhalts KAV Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts KB KeilinschriftlicheBibliothek KBo Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazkii Keilschrifttexte Sargons H. Winckler, Die Keilschrifttexte Sargons. 2 vols. Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1889 Keilschrifttexte Sargon's D. G. Lyon, Keilschrifttexte Sargon's K6nigs von Assyrien (722-705 v. Chr.). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1883 Kudurru W. J. Hinke, A New Boundary Stone of NebuchadrezzarI. from Nippur. The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series D: Researches and Treatises, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1907 Land Tenure T. Khalidi, ed., Land Tenure and Social Transformation in the Middle East. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1984 LAS 1 S. 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The Hague: Mouton, 1966 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS xiii Lisan mitburti M. Dietrich and W. Rtillig, eds., Ligan mithurti: Festschrift Wolfram Freiherr von Soden zum 19.VI.1968 gewidmet von Schiilern und Mitarbeitern.AOAT 1. Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon und Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1969 Listes onomastiques sabeennes A. Jamme, Les listes onomastiques sabeennes de(?) Sirwdh en 'Arhab. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1966 LSS Leipziger semitistische Studien LKA E. Ebeling, LiterarischeKeilschrifttexte ausAssur. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1953 LTBA 2 W. von Soden, ed., Die lexikalischen Tafelserien der Babylonier und Assyrer in den Berliner Museen II: Die akkadischen Synonymenlisten. Berlin: Staatliche Museen, 1933 Manners and Customs A. Musil, Manners and Customs of the Rwala Bedouin. Oriental Explorations and Studies, no. 6. New York: American Geographical Society, 1928 Manuel R. Labat, Manuel d'dpigraphie akkadienne. 5th ed. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1976 Manuel II C. Fossey, Manuel d'assyriologieII: Evolution des cundiformes. Paris: Louis Conard 1926 Maqla G. Meier, Die assyrische Beschworungssammlung Maqlfi. AfO Beiheft 2. Berlin: Ernst F. Weidner, 1937 MARI Mari,Annales de Recherches Interdisciplinaires MB Texts from Ur O. R. Gumey, The Middle Babylonian Legal and Economic Texts from Ur. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 1983 MDP Deltgationen Perse,Mimoires MediterraneanSociety S. D. Goitein, A MediterraneanSociety: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayedin the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, vol. 1: Economic Foundations.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967 "La Mecque" H. Lammens, "La Mecque Ala veille de l'H6gire," M6langes de 1'Universite Saint-Joseph (Beirut) 9 (1924): 97-439 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia: Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology Middle Euphrates A. Musil, The Middle Euphrates. Oriental Explorations and Studies, no. 3. New York: American Geographical Society, 1927 Misc. F. H. Weissbach, Babylonische Miscellen. WVDOG 4. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1903 MRS Mission de Ras Shamra MSL Materialienzum sumerischen Lexikon Muraida G. Cardascia, Les archives des MuraSt, une famille d'hommes d'affaires babyloniens d l'dpoque perse (455-403 av. J.-C.). Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1951 MVAG Mitteilungen der VorderasiatischenGesellschaft NabateanArchaeology A. Negev, Nabatean Archaeology Today. New York: New York University Press, 1986 Nabatien J. Cantineau, Le Nabatten, 2 vols. Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, 1930, 1932; reprint, Osnabriick: Otto Zeller, 1978 oi.uchicago.edu xiv EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Nabnitu lexical series SIG,+ALAM = nabnitu, published MSL 16 Nabonidus P.-A. Beaulieu, The Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon, 556-539 B.C. YNER 10. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989 NABU Nouvelles assyriologiquesbreves et utilitaires Namengebung J. J. Stamm, Die akkadische Namengebung. MVAG 44. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1939 NAT S. Parpola, Neo-Assyrian Toponyms. AOAT 6. Kevelaer and NeukirchenVluyn: Butzon und Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1970 Nbk. J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Nabuchodonosor, Konig von Babylon (604561 v. Chr.). Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1889 Nbn. J. N. Strassmaier, Inschriften von Nabonidus, Kdnig von Babylon (555-538 v. Chr.). Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1889 NBN K. L. Tallqvist, Neubabylonisches Namenbuch zu den Geschdftsurkunden aus der Zeit des Samasgumukin bis Xerxes. ASSF 32/2. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1905 Noms propres sud-sdmitiques G. Ryckmans, Les noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1: Rdpertoire analytique. Bibliothbque du Museon, vol. 2. Louvain: Universit6 de Louvain, Institut Orientaliste, 1934 North Arabia F. V. Winnett and W. L. Reed, Ancient Recordsfrom North Arabia.Near and Middle East Series, vol. 6. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970 OIC OrientalInstitute Communications OIP OrientalInstitute Publications OIP 2 D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib. OIP 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924 OLA OrientaliaLovaniensiaAnalecta Old Assyrian City-State M. T. Larsen, The Old Assyrian City-State and Its Colonies. Mesopotamia 4. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1976 Old Assyrian Trade K. Veenhof, Aspects of Old Assyrian Trade and its Terminology. Studia et Documenta ad lura Orientis Antiqui Pertinentia, vol. 10. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972 Old South Arabic J. C. Biella, Dictionary of Old South Arabic, SabaeanDialect. HSS 25. Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1982 Or Orientalia(nova series) Palace Archive J. N. Postgate, The Governor's Palace Archive. CTN 2. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 1973 "Panth6on sud-arabe" A. Jamme, "Le panth6on Sud-arabe pr6islamique d'aprbs les sources epigraphiques," Le Muston 60 (1947): 57-147 PBS Publicationsof the Babylonian Section (University Museum, University of Pennsylvania) PKB J. A. Brinkman, A PoliticalHistory of Post-KassiteBabylonia, 1158-722 B.C. AnOr 43. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1968 PersonalNames A. T. Clay, Personal Names from Cuneiform Inscriptions of the Cassite Period. YOS Researches 1. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1912 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS XV PersonalNames in Palmyrene J. K. Stark, PersonalNames in Palmyrene Inscriptions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971 Personennamen altsab. Inschr. S. A. Tairan, Personennamen in den altsabdischen Inschriften. TSO 8. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1992 Pflanzenkunde F. K6cher, Keilschrifttexte zur assyrisch-babylonischenDrogen- und Pflanzenkunde. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Institut fur Orientforschung, vol. 28. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1955 Politische Dokumente E. F. Weidner, Politische Dokumente aus Kleinasien: Die Staatsvertrdge in akkadischerSprache aus dem Archiv von Boghazk6i. BoSt 8-9. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1923 Pre-IslamicArabian Names G. Lankester Harding, An Index and Concordance of Pre-Islamic Arabian Names and Inscriptions. Near and Middle East Studies, no. 8. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971 Preludeto Empire J. A. Brinkman, Preludeto Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund, no. 7. Philadelphia: University Museum, 1984 Provinzeinteilung E. Forrer, Die Provinzeinteilung des assyrischen Reiches. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1920 PSAS Proceedingsof the Seminarfor ArabianStudies R H. C. Rawlinson and E. Norris, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, vol. 2: A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria. London: R. E. Bowler, 1866; H. C. Rawlinson and G. Smith, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, vol. 3: A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria. London: R. E. Bowler, 1870 RA Revue d'assyriologieet d'archiologieorientale RAcc. F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels accadiens. Paris: Editions Ernest Leroux, 1921 Register F. Wiistenfeld, Register zu den genealogischen Tabellen der arabischen Stdmme und Familien. Gbttingen: Dieterich, 1853 "Religionen Arabiens" M. Hofner, "Die vorislamischen Religionen Arabiens." In Die Religionen Altsyriens, Altarabiens und der Mandder, by H. Gese, M. Hofner, and K. Rudolph, 233-402. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1970 RGTC Rgpertoire gdographique des textes cundiformes RIMA The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods RIMB The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Babylonian Periods RLA Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischeArchdologie Royal Correspondence L. Waterman, Royal Correspondence of the Assyrian Empire. 4 vols. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1930-36 Sa lexical series Syllabary A SAA State Archives of Assyria Sabaic Dictionary A. F. L. Beeston, M. A. Ghul, W. W. Muller, and J. Ryckmans, Sabaic Dictionary / Dictionnairesabeen / al-MuVjam as-saba>i. Publication of the University of Sanaa, YAR. Louvain-la-Neuve and Beirut: Editions Peeters and Librairie du Liban, 1982 Safaitic Inscriptions F. V. Winnett, Safaitic Inscriptions from Jordan. Near and Middle East Series, no. 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957 oi.uchicago.edu xvi EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Sargon A. G. Lie, The Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria, Part I: The Annals, Transliteratedand Translated with Notes. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1929 lexical series Syllabary B SBAW Ph.-h. K1. Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse Sefire J. A. Fitzmyer, The Aramaic Inscriptionsof Sefire. Biblica et Orientalia, vol 19. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1967 Semitischen Menschennamen H. Wuthnow, Die semitischen Menschennamen in griechischen Inschriften und Papyrides vorderen Orients. Studien zur Epigraphik und Papyruskunde, vol. 1, no. 4. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1930 Semitischen Personennamen M. Maraqten, Die semitischen Personennamen in den alt- und reichsaramdischen Inschriften aus Vorderasien. TSO 5. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1988 Sennacherib S. Smith, The FirstCampaign of Sennacherib, King of Assyria, B.C. 705-681. London: Luzac and Co., 1921 Shaykh and Effendi R. A. Fernea, Shaykh and Effendi: Changing Patternsof Authority among the El Shabana of Southern Iraq. Harvard Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 14. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970 "Stammesgruppen" M. Hofner, "Die Stammesgruppen Nord- und Zentralarabiens in vorislamischer Zeit." In Wdrterbuch der Mythologie, vol. 1: Gitter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient, edited by Hans Wilhelm Haussig, 407-81. Stuttgart: Hans Klett, 1965 StOr Studia Orientalia(Societas Orientalis Fennica) Studies Oppenheim R. D. Biggs and J. A. Brinkman, eds., Studies Presented to A. Leo Oppenheim, June 7, 1964. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1964 Supplement R. Dozy, Supplement aux dictionnairesarabes. 3d ed. Leiden and Paris: E. J. Brill and G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1967 Surpu E. Reiner, Surpu: A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. AfO Beiheft 11. Graz: Ernst F. Weidner, 1958 Syllabar W. von Soden and W. Rollig, Das akkadische Syllabar. 2d rev. ed. AnOr 42. Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1967 Syrian Desert C. P. Grant, The Syrian Desert: Caravans, Travel and Exploration. New York: Macmillan, 1938 Tadmor Fs. M. Cogan and I. Ephcal, eds., Ah, Assyria ... : Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern HistoriographyPresented to Hayim Tadmor. Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. 33. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1991 Tdkultu R. Frankena, Takultu, de sacrale maaltijd in het Assyrische ritueel. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1953 Tall Bdiri S. Maul, Die Inschriften von Tall Bdiri. BBVO Texte 2. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1992 Tammuz T. Jacobsen, Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, edited by William L. Moran. HSS 21. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970 TCL Muske du Louvre-Dtpartement des Antiquitis Orientales, Textes Cunciformes oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS xvii TCS Texts from Cuneiform Sources TDP R. Labat, Traiti akkadien de diagnostics et pronostics midicaux. Collection de Travaux de l'Acad6nie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, no. 7. Paris and Leiden: Acad6mie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences and E. J. Brill, 1951 Textes scolaires A. Cavigneaux, Textes scolairesdu Temple de Naba Ja Hart. Baghdad: State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, 1981 Tiglat-Pileser P. Rost, Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglat-PilesersIII. nach den Papierabklatschen und OriginalenBritischen Museums. 2 vols. Leipzig: Eduard Pfeiffer, 1893 Tiglath-pileser III H. Tadmor, The Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, King of Assyria. Jerusalem: The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1994 Til-Barsib F. Thureau-Dangin et al., Til-Barsib. Bibliothbque arch6ologique et historique, vol. 23. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1936 TJDB i. Szlechter, Tablettesjuridiquesde la I e dynastie de Babylone conservees au Musde d'Art et d'Histoire de Gendve. Publications de l'Institut de Droit Romain de l'Universit6 de Paris, vol. 16. Paris: Sirey, 1958 TopographicalTexts A. R. George, Babylonian TopographicalTexts. OLA 40. Leuven: Departement Orientalistiek and Uitgeverij Peeters, 1992 Treatment of Final Vowels J. P. Hyatt, The Treatment of Final Vowels in Early Neo-Babylonian. YOSR 23. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941 TSO Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik TuM NF Texte und Materialiender Frau ProfessorHilprecht Collection of Babylonian Antiquities im Eigentum der UniversitdtJena (Neue Folge) UCP University of CaliforniaPublicationsin Semitic Philology UET Ur Excavations, Texts Urkunden F. E. Peiser, Urkunden aus der Zeit der dritten babylonischen Dynastie. Berlin: W. Peiser, 1905 UVB Vorliufiger Bericht iber die ... Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka VAB VorderasiatischeBibliothek VAS Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmdler der KOniglichen / Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin West Semites R. Zadok, On West Semites in Babylonia during the Chaldean and Achaemenian Periods.Jerusalem: H. J. and Z. Wanaarta, 1977 WO Die Welt des Orients W6rterbuch M. Ullmann et al., W6rterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1970- WVDOG Wissenschaftliche Veriffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft Yemen Yemen: Studi archaeologici,storici efilologici sull'Arabiameridionale YNER Yale Near Eastern Researches YOS Yale OrientalSeries, Babylonian Texts YOSR Yale OrientalSeries, Researches ZA ZeitschriftfiirAssyriologie und vorderasiatischeArchdologie ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen MorgenldndischenGesellschaft oi.uchicago.edu xviii Zeichenliste EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste. 2d ed. AOAT 33/33A. Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon und Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1981 oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ace. accusative adj. adjective adv. adverb, adverbial Ass. siglum for texts and other objects excavated at Assur AssU siglum for Old Aramaic documents from Assur Bab. Babylonian bk. book C consonant c. common ca. circa, about, approximately chap. chapter col. column dat. dative det. determinative DN divine name D.T. siglum for tablets, etc., in the British Museum, Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities EA El Amarna ed(s). editor(s), edition e.g. exempli gratia,for example end. enclitic esp. especially et al. et alii, and others f. feminine fasc. fascicle fig. figure gen. genitive GN geographical name ibid. ibidem, in the same place i.e. id est, that is IM siglum for tablets, etc., in the Iraq Museum, Baghdad imp. imperative indef. indefinite inf. infinitive interr. interrogative xix oi.uchicago.edu xx EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR K. siglum for tablets, etc., in the British Museum, Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities LB Late Babylonian 1. e. left edge lex. lexical loc. adv. locative adverbial lo. e. lower edge m. masculine MA Middle Assyrian MB Middle Babylonian mng. meaning n. note N siglum (infix) for excavation numbers from the Oriental Institute expedition to Nippur NA Neo-Assyrian NB Neo-Babylonian ND siglum for excavation numbers from the British expedition to Nimrud neg. negative, negation NL Nimrud Letter nn. notes No. number nom. nominative n.s. nova series NWS Northwest Semitic OA Old Assyrian OAkk Old Akkadian OB Old Babylonian obv. obverse occ. occasionally p. part. page perf. perfect pl. plural, plate pl. tantum plurale tantum PN personal name pp. pres. pages present pret. preterite pron. pronoun pt. part pub. publication r. reverse r. e. right edge participle oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS rev. reverse RS Ras Shamra s. substantive SB Standard Babylonian sg. singular st. constr. status constructus suppl. supplement s.v. sub verbo, sub voce, under the word u. e. upper edge var. variant V vowel VAT siglum for clay tablets in the collection of the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin vent. ventive vol. volume wr. written WS West Semitic [ ] restored sign or portion thereof f 1 partially damaged sign < > scribal omission < 0 dittography - equivalent to x broken or undeciphered sign + join (+) indirect join xxi oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu LIST OF FIGURES 1. Topographical M ap of Nippur........................................... ........................................................................... 2 2. M ap of Babylonia ca. 750 B.C. ........................................................................................................................ 3 3. Excavation of Jar and Tablets in Autum n 1973..................................... 4 xxiii ........................................................ oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu BIBLIOGRAPHY Aharoni, Yohanan. Arad Inscriptions.Judean Desert Studies. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute and Israel Exploration Society, 1975. Albright, William Foxwell. "The Evolution of the West-Semitic Divinity 'An-'Anat-'Atta." AJSL 41 (1924-25): 73-101. Armstrong, James Alan. "The Archaeology of Nippur from the Decline of the Kassite Kingdom until the Rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire." Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1989. Aro, Jussi. Studien zur mittelbabylonischenGrammatik. StOr 20. 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Helsinki: Studia Orientalia Fennica, 1967. oi.uchicago.edu BIBLIOGRAPHY XXXV San Nicolb, Mariano. Babylonische Rechtsurkunden des ausgehenden 8. und des 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Vol. 1, 1. Hiilfte (nr. 1-86). Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ph.-hist. Klasse, n.s., no. 34. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1951. . "Materialien zur Viehwirtschaft in den neubabylonischen Tempeln. IV." Or 23 (1954): 351-82. Scheil, Vincent. "Fragments de syllabaires assyriens." ZA 10 (1895): 193-221. Schileico, Woldemar G. "Ein babylonischer Weihtext in griechischer Schrift." AfO 5 (1928-29): 11-13. Schramm, Wolfgang. "Die Annalen des assyrischen Kbnigs Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 B.C.)." BiOr 27 (1970): 147-60. Schroeder, Otto. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischenInhalts, Zweites Heft. WVDOG 37. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1922. . Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenenInhalts. WVDOG 35. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1920. Segert, Stanislav. Altaramdische Grammatik. 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Wanaarta, 1977. oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people assisted me in the preparation of this volume, which is the culmination of a project that I began in 1983, when McGuire Gibson first suggested that I work on the texts published herein. I want to thank him first. His support encouraged and sustained me. And perhaps more importantly, he was the inspiration for my method of interpreting cuneiform documents. He also took me to Iraq and introduced me to the landscape and its people, a gift for which I will always be grateful. J. A. Brinkman, however, guided me most steadily over these years. How can I ever thank him for the hours he has spent reading and shaping my explanation of these texts and their implications? It is with pride that I call him my teacher, colleague, and friend. I am grateful also to Walter Farber, who spent many days helping me to hone my translations and to avoid faulty interpretations. He is a most trustworthy guide. My Harvard colleagues, Wolfhart Heinrichs and John Huehnergard, must also be thanked. They gave generous allotments of their time to correct and refine my often crude analyses of the Proto-Arabic and West Semitic material in the archive. Where my comments on Semitic matters seem sophisticated, it is due to their contribution. Where there are errors, I probably introduced them. I owe them a great deal. I also owe a great deal to Matthew Stolper, with whom I read many of the letters published herein while I was still a student in Chicago. And although he did not read my final translations and comments, his exacting standards and vast knowledge of first-millennium Babylonian texts constantly inspired me. I must also thank my colleague and friend, Piotr Steinkeller, for his encouragement and support, and for his intellectual stimulation. My understanding of Mesopotamia also owes much to the interactions I have had with my archaeological colleagues, James Armstrong and Hermann Gasche, from whom I have learned much about Mesopotamian history and for whom I have great respect. Leon De Meyer must also be thanked for his friendship and support. To G. van Driel, D. O. Edzard, J. Oelsner, and R. D. Biggs I express my gratitude for reading a preliminary draft of the volume and for giving me valuable suggestions to improve it. For editorial assistance, I thank Kathryn Slanski, Glenn R. Magid, and Jennie Myers. To the latter I owe a special debt of gratitude for the painstaking care she took in proofreading the various drafts of my work. I am also indebted to the staff of the Publications Office of the Oriental Institute, in particular Thomas Urban, for a superb job of editing and formatting. And I must thank Mo'ayyad Sa'id Demerji, Director-General of Antiquities, Republic of Iraq, and Bahija Khalil Ismail, then Curator of the Tablet Collection, Iraq Museum, for permitting and facilitating my study of the texts in the Iraq Museum in 1987. Finally, my work was supported by a fellowship from the Mrs. Giles Whiting Foundation, grants from the Clark Fund of Harvard University, and by a Senior Fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies. Without this support I could not have completed this project. To all, I say thank you. Steven W. Cole xxxix oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu NIPPUR SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE McGuire Gibson This volume, the first epigraphic study in the program of publication of the modem Nippur excavations, is being presented in the Oriental Institute Publications series rather than in the Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization or Assyriological Studies series in order to emphasize, in a concrete way, the necessity for treating epigraphic material as artifacts in a unitary archaeological record. Tablets are the most information-rich class of artifacts, but that information is very often not used to full advantage. Because of conventions in our field, data to be derived from epigraphic remains have not been communicated to the archaeologist in a timely fashion, if at all; conversely, valuable information on cultural significance that could be inferred from a group of artifacts found in association with inscriptions has not been made available or has not been made relevant to the epigrapher. It has been my purpose, for more than twenty years, to reduce the gap between the epigrapher and the archaeologist. To begin this process, in the twelfth season at Nippur we decided to cease the practice of keeping a separate catalog for texts and to include them in the regular object catalog, thus forcing the archaeologist and epigrapher to talk to one another on a more regular basis. We also dispensed with the "NT" designation that had been necessitated by the practice of having a second set of numbers for each season, e.g., 11 NT 33 for a tablet and 11 N 33 for a completely different uninscribed object. From the twelfth season on, tablets and inscribed objects would receive only an "N." The tablets that are the subject of this volume came to light in extraordinary circumstances. Even under normal digging conditions, the finding of unbaked clay tablets causes apprehension as well as jubilation, since they require much more time than other artifacts to treat in the field. Tablets entail not only very careful, slow excavation, but weeks or months of laborious and painstaking baking, cleaning, gluing, photographing, making of molds, analysis, and cataloging. When, on October 5, 1973, the entire Nippur expedition was called to Baghdad to deal with visa and residence matters only two weeks after our arrival in the country, we thought it unusual but assumed it would be routine. We left Nippur after work, intending to return by nightfall of October 6. On arrival at the Department of Antiquities early the next morning, we found everyone distracted and disturbed and were told that yet another Arab-Israeli war had just broken out. On proceeding to the Residence Police, we were told to wait, and the atmosphere was not friendly, as it normally was. After about an hour, we were informed that because a certain security form had not been filled out in advance for the first group of us who had come into the country, we four had to leave the country in twelve hours. The other part of the team, who had come in a day or so after I had filled in the forms for them, were allowed to remain. Unfortunately, the expedition vehicle, which I had rented from the American University in Beirut and driven to Baghdad, also had to leave the country. We decided that there was no way that the three remaining staff could carry on the excavation, especially with a war on, and began to make plans to shut down the dig. I was able to gain an extension of a couple of days to allow us to return to Nippur, close the operation, and drive to Turkey. Driving out through Jordan or Syria was not possible since they were both in the war zone. Early on the afternoon of October 6, I sent back to Nippur the part of the team that had been given residence permits; they, consisting of Judith Franke, John Sanders, and Natalie Firnhaber, were to clean up the excavation, map what had been done, and begin shutting down the operation, including disassembling the railroad and putting it in storage. They were also instructed to pay off the workmen, since I might not make it back to Nippur until late the next day. The other half of the staff, Paul Zimansky, Raymond Tindel, Theresa McMahon, and I stayed in Baghdad to obtain exit visas and to try to see Dr. Isa Salman, the Director of Antiquities. On October 7, Dr. Salman sent me a note saying that he was sorry about the bureaucratic snag and assuring me that there was xli oi.uchicago.edu xlii EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR nothing personal against me or the others, but since he was in emergency government meetings related to the war, he could do nothing for us. Upon arriving at Nippur late in the afternoon on October 7, ready to make the final arrangements to close and seal the expedition house, we were informed that on that day one of the workmen had found tablets. Prophetically, Judith Franke had said at breakfast that morning that this was the kind of situation in which tablets would appear. After lunch, as she was returning to Area WB, she was met by a pickman who had his skirt filled with clay tablets. While sitting in the bottom of a square during the break, he had seen a tablet in the balk. When he touched it, this tablet and more than a dozen others fell out. Had our square been located just a centimeter or two farther to the east we would have discovered the tablets in the eleventh season instead of the twelfth. The finding of the tablets cast a very different light on our predicament. Clearly, we could not just close down entirely and all go out of the country. Unfortunately, one of the people who had to leave was Raymond Tindel, who was there as field epigrapher and had experience in baking and conserving tablets. The three who were allowed to remain would have to finish excavating the tablets that were still in the balk, then would have to stay there long enough to do some minor consolidation of them, photograph them, make a very preliminary catalog, and take them to Baghdad for treatment in the Iraq Museum's conservation lab. The next morning, October 8, we filled the AUB Land Rover with baggage and four of us started for Baghdad and the Turkish border. How we were going to get the car back to Beirut from Turkey I had not yet worked out. In Baghdad, we stopped at the Department of Antiquities to inform the officials that we were leaving and that there was a major find of tablets. I was told that Dr. Salman was in his office and I went to see him. He made one phone call and the order to leave the country was rescinded. I sent a telegram to Nippur telling the staff to put the railroad back in place since we were going to stay. We were obliged to remain in Baghdad for another couple of days to complete paperwork to gain our residency permits and renew the permit for the car, but by October 9 we were once again at Nippur. It is a mark of the professionalism of the Iraqi Department of Antiquities and the general goodwill under which archaeologists have worked for years in Iraq that our difficulty was resolved and work was permitted to resume even while international events of great magnitude were unfolding and United States-Iraqi governmental relations were at a low point. We owe a great debt of gratitude to Dr. Isa Salman, the late Sayyid Fuad Safar, and others in the Department of Antiquities for their aid and forbearance in that year, as in others. The excavation of the rest of the tablets and the jar burial around which they had been deposited took about four more days and the work on them engaged much of the staff for the rest of what became an extraordinarily productive season. It was obvious from the fact that the burial contained the skeleton of a child that the tablets probably had little or no connection with the interment except as filling material. Tablets used to fill in a grave, like tablets used to build a mudbrick bench, furnish an example of the discarding of texts when their information was no longer current. The precise dating and detailed content of the tablets was not immediately known and remained in question for some years. Being found in Level I B of WB, a stratum that was represented only by this grave, Burial 5, and one other, there was a great deal of difficulty in suggesting a dating for the texts from non-epigraphic evidence. But, because this stratum was sandwiched between I C, which could be assigned to a time shortly after late Kassite, and Level G, which could be dated by pottery on floors to the late Neo-Assyrian domination or the NeoBabylonian period, Franke suggested that the burial and its tablets should be placed sometime around or before 700 B.C. This dating by stratigraphic reasoning remained our only clue to the historical placement of the group of tablets for several years because of delays in the decipherment of the texts. We did know that the cache included letters of an official, lexical texts, and at least one literary composition. The photographs and casts of the tablets, when seen by the philologists in Chicago, caused a mild sensation. This group of more than a hundred texts was of a type that is relatively rare, being from a period of southern Mesopotamian history that is little represented in inscriptions. In fact, the ductus of our texts was comparable only to the Harper Letters, part of the seventh century state archives found at Nineveh. Because of the difficulties with the script, oddities of sign use, and peculiarities of grammar and syntax, it was felt that these texts were beyond the capabilities of students and could not be used as the basis for a dissertation. Miguel Civil, the chief epigrapher for the twelfth season, did publish one literary text in the cache ("The Babylonian Fiirstenspiegel in Practice"), oi.uchicago.edu NIPPUR SERIES EDITOR'S PREFACE xliii but he yielded the other documents to A. Leo Oppenheim, who had great familiarity with the period. As it happened, Oppenheim did not find the time to deal with them, but ceded them to Robert D. Biggs, who was involved already in other research. Finally, Biggs and I decided that the most effective and timely way to deal with the cache was to give them to an extraordinary student, Steven Cole, who not only created from them an outstanding doctoral dissertation, but has also reworked them for the remarkable social-historical synthesis presented here. The quality of Cole's work was enhanced by the concurrent analyses being carried out by another graduate student, James A. Armstrong, who was reworking old excavation records in light of conclusions he had reached on the basis of new excavations that he supervised at Nippur in Areas WC-2 and TC. From an archaeological perspective, Armstrong was restructuring the entire span between the Kassite period and the Achaemenid conquest, and the constant interaction between him and Cole resulted in major breakthroughs in both dissertations. Armstrong (Ph.D. diss., 1989) was able to show, in the stratification, a significant abandonment of Nippur during the later centuries of the second millennium and a reoccupation and redevelopment of the site during the eighth and seventh centuries. Cole's work detailed historical events and processes during that rebirth. The publication of Armstrong's findings, projected as the next volume in the Nippur series, will make a fitting companion piece to this outstanding volume by Cole. oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION In autumn 1973, the Oriental Institute's Nippur Expedition, under the direction of McGuire Gibson, uncovered 113 Babylonian letters and 15 other tablets from Area WB on top of the West Mound of the ancient city (see figs. 1-2). Judith Franke, the excavator of WB, labeled the context of the find as "Post-Kassite/Early Neo-Assyrian." 1 The tablets were discovered in the fill around a large pottery jar, which served as the coffin of a child between eight and ten years of age (see fig. 3). Miguel Civil, who examined the texts at the site, identified them as early Neo-Babylonian in his catalog of the epigraphic finds of the twelfth season. 2 They were provisionally dated to about 700 B.C. or earlier.3 The area where the tablets were found proved to lie atop or amidst the ruins of a Kassite-period palace.4 It has been proposed that many of the approximately 12,000 extant inscriptions and inscribed fragments from Kassite Nippur also stemmed from this general area, but this is yet to be proven.5 Be- cause the bulk of the letters and other texts found there in 1973 can be attributed either to the sandabakkus (or governors) of Nippur6 or to the officials and scribes who attended them, the entire group of documents has been called "The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor's Archive." The grounds for calling the corpus an archive, and for attributing it to Nippur's governors, are presented below. First, however, the dating of this corpus must be fixed more precisely. DATING Not a single tablet in the group was dated in antiquity, but the bulk of them must have originated between about 755 and 732 B.C. Several lines of reasoning lead to this conclusion. First, one of the more important figures in the correspondence is a ruler named Mukin-zeri, who was undoubtedly the Chaldean shaykh of this name who figures as a prominent foe of the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III in this king's inscriptions and correspondence. 7 These and other sources indicate that Mukin-zeri, who headed the Bit-Amukani tribe, seized the throne of Babylon in 732. This action prompted Tiglath-pileser to terminate his campaign in Syria and to march instead to Babylonia in an effort to 1. For a more detailed description of the findspot, see Gibson et al., OIC 23, pp. 72-73. 2. Ibid., pp. 113-14. 3. See Postgate, Iraq 37 (1975): 61 (the report of the discovery of "139 letters" is erroneous); also Gibson et al., OIC 23, p. 73. 4. Gibson postulates that the structure was a palace "based on analogy with the plan of the palace at Aqarquf, in which a very large central courtyard is surrounded by three ranks of long narrow rooms" (OIC 23, p. 66). For a plan and photographs of the building, see ibid., figs. 46-47. 5. These texts date between ca. 1400 and 1223 B.C., with the vast majority of them falling in the interval between 1332 and 1225 (see Brinkman, MSKH I, pp. 36-37 and 41). Mr. Leonhard Sassmannshausen of Tiibingen University is currently attempting to reconstruct the findspots of these texts based on the excavation records in the University Museum, Philadelphia. 6. The lexical equation LO.GO.EN.NA = Sandabakku occurs in several of the bilingual exercises found with the letters. It confirms Landsberger's proposed reading of (L1.)GO3.EN.NA as &andabakkuin post-Old Babylonian texts (see Brief, pp. 75-76). 7. Brinkman has assembled all the relevant sources for the reign of Mukin-zri in PKB, pp. 235-40 and 358-59. For additional comment, see Brinkman and Kennedy, JCS 35 (1983): 65. oi.uchicago.edu GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN I | A C E D F IG I H J ] K L M N 0 I P I O S R T I U I 10 10 II II 12 84 12 ANCIENT CANAL 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 C \\ 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 P/ 7/ 23 23 0 24 24 25 25 e 26 26 27 27 PIT 7 NIPPUR TOPOGRAPHIC MAP TRENCH 1 / 28 ANCIENT 29 CANAL ORIGINALSCALE- 1:1000 M. PRINCIPAL SURVEYOR- J. KNUDSTAD,1964 ADDITIONS- J. SANDERS, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1989 I SEA LEVEL CORRECTION:-65.24 CONTOURINTERVAL: 2 M. 30 31 -0 100 0 50 100 COMPUTER PLOTBYARCBAEOLOGCAL GRAPHIC SERVICES I A I e C I IE 28 IF I G H I I J i K M I Figure 1.Topographical Map of Nippur N 0 20 30 40 200 300 400 I P I o 29 M. 30 31 I 500 M. R I S T I U I oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION depose him.8 The Mukin-zeri of the Nippur letters was also an important figure in contemporary Babylonian political life. He concluded a treaty with Nippur and the Rubuw Arameans, 9 and he formed alliances with the shaykhs of the Bit-Dakktiri and Bit-Yakin Chaldeans, both important tribes.'0 This man's identification with the Chaldean antagonist of Tiglath-pileser III who was called Mukin-zeri is assured by his appearance in the present archive in connection with Saplya, a town that is known from Assyrian sources to have been this shaykh's capital and a major stronghold of his tribe. Mukin-zEri is not called king in any of the letters of the Governor's Archive in which he appears. In fact, he is addressed as "brother" in the single letter that is known to have been dispatched to him from Nippur." Mukin-zdri's seizure of the throne in 732 is therefore understood to be the date before which the bulk of the letters from Nippur were probably written. 12 Figure 2. Map of Babylonia ca. 750 B.c. Another letter from the Governor's Archive reveals that the sandabakku of Nippur exercised control over who would conduct building and repair operations in the city of Der, which was situated to the east of the Tigris River near the foothills of the Zagros Mountains." Dr probably came under Assyrian control around 738 in the wake of Tiglath-pileser III's campaign into the trans-Tigris region 8. Brinkman, Preludeto Empire, p. 42. 9. See No. 6 below. 10. See Nos. 16 and 18 below. 11. See No. 18:1-3. 12. The reader should note, however, that the governor's use of the appellation "brother" means that he considered himself Mukin-zdri's equal (at whatever stage Mukin-zeri was in his career), and that there is no supporting evidence that Mukinzeri was not king when the Sandabakku wrote to him. The same is true of NabO-nisir (Nabonassar), whom the landabakku also addressed as "brother" (see below). 13. See No. 33. oi.uchicago.edu 4 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Figure 3. Excavation of Jar and Tablets in Autumn 1973 oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION 5 of Babylonia, in which the Assyrian king claims to have deported 5,400 captives from Der and settled them in Unqu in Syria. 14 This would point to a date around 738 as the time before which this letter (and probably others) of the Governor's Archive must have been drafted and dispatched since Nippur's governor presumably wielded his influence in Der before Tiglath-pileser took the city. Of course, it is also possible that the Assyrian king simply raided the region, took booty, and returned to Kalbu leaving the local governance of Der intact. But there is a virtual absence of references to Assyria and Assyrians in the Nippur correspondence. This is striking and might point to a time when the inhabitants of Babylonia's central plain had not yet perceived Assyria as a threat. For this reason also, the letters must have been written before 731, because it was in that year that Tiglath-pileser III launched his effort to dislodge Mukin-zEri from the Babylonian throne, thereby initiating Assyria's more than century-long struggle to control its southern neighbor. The virtual absence of Assyria and Assyrians from the Nippur letters might also indicate that these documents were written at least in part during the decade or so preceding Tiglath-pileser's rise to power in 745, when the influence of the Assyrian empire was at low ebb. It was perhaps then that the sandabakku of Nippur organized or joined a commercial venture to acquire iron in the Assyrian capital itself. The letter bringing this venture to light refers to twenty talents of the metal (approx. 1,330 lb), which were acquired by a member of the Sangf-Ea family of Babylonia in a transaction involving both Hindanu and Kalbu.' 5 Another letter in the Governor's Archive mentions Assyria as the destination of a Babylonian trader who traveled there to buy horses or mules.' 6 These are the only references to Assyria in the entire corpus. They leave the impression that the officials of the Assyrian state at the time were incapable of preventing the merchants of Assyria from selling their land's most strategic commodities to those whom they must have recognized as having the potential to be their most troublesome neighbors and foes-the Babylonians. This is a situation that is most likely to have obtained in the period preceding the reign of Tiglath-pileser III, when a succession of feeble monarchs sat on the throne in Kalbu. Under the rule of Tiglath-pileser's immediate predecessor, Assur-nirari V (754-745), Assyrian influence reached low ebb.' 7 It is especially striking that there are no references to Assyria in any of the letters concerned with the Aramean tribal areas, which then stretched in a broad arc northwestward from Der, along the Assyrian heartland's southern flank, and to the banks of the lower Khabtir and beyond. The sandabakku had commercial and political links with the important tribes of this region, including the Arameans of Labiru, Rubu', Hindanu, and Bit-Halupe (LU IIalapi). Since the Assyrians apparently offered no impediment to the development and maintenance of these ties, this circumstance could again point to a period when Assyrian influence was weak. Finally, Nippur's sandabakku corresponded with a ruler named Nabu-nasir. The content of their correspondence points to the identification of this man as Nabonassar, who ruled Babylon from 747 to 734 (see discussion below). The fact that the sandabakku addressed him as "brother," and not as "king," may indicate that Nabonassar did not occupy the throne at the time.' 8 All these lines of evidence lead to a conclusion that the first letters of the Nippur Governor's Archive were probably written sometime in the decade before 745 (when Assyrian influence in the region was at low ebb) and that the bulk of the remainder were written over the next two decades or so down to 732 (when 14. Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 66 Ann. 13*:3-5 (= Rost, Tiglat-pileser,pl. XV:3-5). This section of Tiglath-pileser's annals narrates events associated with the campaign immediately preceding his ninth pali (= 737); see Brinkman, PKB, p. 232 n. 1463. 15. See No. 41. 16. See No. 56. 17. For sketches of political conditions in the eastern Fertile Crescent around 750 B.C., see Brinkman, Prelude to Empire, p. 39, idem, PKB, pp. 218-19, and Cole, ZA 84 (1994): 220-52. 18. But see the comments above in n. 12. oi.uchicago.edu 6 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Mukin-zeri seized the throne in Babylon and precipitated an invasion by the Assyrians). For more than a century after 732, the Assyrians meddled almost continuously in Babylonia's affairs. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARCHIVE AND ITS ATTRIBUTION TO THE SANDABAKKU It has been asserted that the texts in this archive stemmed from an archive, and that this archive belonged to Nippur's governor, the sandabakku. Next is considered why they should be attributed to this man and why they should be considered an archive. Along the way more of their content is illuminated. The bulk of the letters stem from the correspondence of one of the prominent political figures of the age. His name was Kudurru, a contemporary of Mukin-zeri, the shaykh of the powerful BitAmikhni Chaldeans and his political equal. This man Kudurru once wrote to Mukin-zeri as a "brother" to ask his help in gaining the return of four Nippurians who had been taken captive by a band from Bit-Yakin (since Mukin-zari was apparently on friendly terms with the leader of this tribe). 19 Kudurru sent eight letters in all 20 and received three others. 21 The concerns expressed in these letters indicate that he was an important merchant, who traded in slaves, wool, and textiles. Kudurru was also a ruler of considerable influence. He had the authority to make decisions about building and repair work planned for D.r.22 He encouraged Nabf-n5sir (Nabonassar) to accept an alliance with, and provide for, a kin-group of forty men and their families and mentioned the possibility that an additional two thousand(?) families might also come. 23 He corresponded also with Nabtnasir about a messenger of the shaykh of the Chaldean tribe Bit-Silini who had been detained in Mukin-zEri's capital, Saplya; and in this letter he also requested that offerings be sent to the temple in Nippur, because, as he said, no one had arranged the sacrificial table in the temple for a very long time. 24 Finally, Kudurru entered a treaty with one Yada'-Il, who characterized the agreement that they had reached as being binding for all the days that they should live. 25 It is unlikely that this Kudurru was anyone other than Nippur's governor, the sandabakku. Thirty letters in the corpus are addressed to one called simply "lord" and are concerned principally with his trading ventures and estate matters. It is assumed that these were sent either to Kudurru or his immediate predecessor(s) in the governor's office. The letters concerned with the trading ventures of the lord of Nippur illuminate an extensive market network that linked Nippur to Uruk, Bit-Dakkfiri, and Babylon along the lower Euphrates, Hindinu on the middle Euphrates, Kallu on the Assyrian plain, Labiru in the Diyala region, Der near the Zagros foothills, Bit-Sangibiti in the Zagros highlands, and Elam in southwestern Iran. They reveal that the lord of Nippur and other businessmen gave silver on consignment to merchants, who traveled abroad or dispatched agents to buy the goods that the investors in such ventures had ex- 19. See No. 18. 20. No. 79 (to Kiribtu, from "your father"), No. 1, No. 17, and No. 73 (to Nab0-nisir, from "your brother" [restored in No. 17]), No. 33 (to Guluiu, from "your brother"), No. 82 (to Nisiriya [= NabO-nisir?], from "your brother"), No. 18 (to Mukin-zeri, from "your brother"), and No. 71 (to NabO-le5i, from "your father"). 21. No. 23 (from Yada'-Il, "your son"), No. 76 (from Dadiya, "your brother" [restored from 1. 19]), and No. 28 (from Balissu, "your brother"). 22. See No. 33. 23. See No. 1. 24. See No. 17. 25. See No. 23. oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION pressed a desire to obtain. 26 Silver was the currency of the age;" and prices of goods could vary according to quality, and perhaps also supply. 2 The letters concerned with estate matters show that the lord of Nippur and his retinue were at this time also opening new fields for cultivation. Some of these fields were probably given as patronage grants to those who helped to extend canals or to break new ground. 2 The expansion of the estates of the lord of Nippur led to conflicts with neighboring Aramean tribesmen over usufruct rights; 3 but new sources of water and grazing also attracted the semi-nomads, who apparently made accommodations with the lord of Nippur and were granted the right to settle in Nippur territory or to come and go as their need for pasturage dictated. This was a right that was inscribed in stone. 31 Nippur also seems to have functioned at this time as a religious center and market for the Aramean tribes of the central Babylonian plain.32 Other letters deal with the lord of Nippur's political relations, and with his tenants, servants, and slaves, especially the runaways. There are probably two other correspondents in the corpus who, like Kudurru, were sandabakkus because of the prominent roles they played in Nippur's political affairs. One of these men, Eteru, received an angry letter from the king informing him that he had become the king's enemy for plundering the men and cattle of the king.33 The other man, Eresu, received a letter from one Gabbi-ili informing him of a meeting between the Bit-Amikani, PuqUdu, and Hamddn(u) tribes;34 he wrote an urgent appeal for materials to make bows and arrows in order to fight rebels in the area;35 and at one point there was a question about whether he should be required to pay tribute to his "fathers" Nadbata and Balassu. 36 Finally, prosopographical analysis of the 113 letters discovered in Area WB of Nippur indicates that they either formed an archive or were taken from one. Two letters mention both Mukin-zeri and Kudurru;37 fourteen others mention either Mukin-zeri or Kudurru (16/113 = 14%);38 names in these 26. The contemporary Babylonian idiom of commerce included the use of the words alaktu and harranufor "caravan venture," mereitu (lit. "what is requested, desired") for "trading capital" and "consignment," tamkdru for "merchant," su6dru (lit. "boy") for "agent," and finally LfJ karE (lit. "man of the barley pile," i.e., "common owner") for "investor." 27. It circulated in the form of rings (sg. dalannu [No. 2:36]), coils (sg. qdlu or qullu [No. 35:27]), and perhaps also shekel pieces (KO.BABBAR GfN [see Nos. 56:6 and 41:22]). It should be noted that the interpretation of the phrase KlJ.BABBAR GfN as "silver shekel pieces" is uncertain, because such pieces have yet to show up archaeologically. On the other hand, a forerunner of coinage in Assyria is already hinted at in Sennacherib's text about casting statuary, wherein he states: zi'pi titti abnima erd qerebgu aStappaka ki pitiq I GIN.TA.AM uSaklila nabnissun, "I made a mold of clay and repeatedly poured copper into it; I perfected their features as if forming half-shekel pieces" (OIP 2 109 vii 16-19; also 123:29-30). It is perhaps not a coincidence, therefore, that the two letters from Nippur in which the phrase KO.BABBAR GIN is found-Nos. 56 and 41-are concerned with commercial transactions with Assyria and are the only letters in which Assyria is mentioned. For the use of silver coils as money in Mesopotamia, and for photographs of the same, see M. A. Powell, FestschriftMatous, pp. 211-41. 28. See, for example, No. 46. 29. See, for example, Nos. 91 and 96-98. 30. See No. 98. 31. See No. 12. 32. See, for example, Nos. 27 and 47. 33. See No. 8. 34. See No. 14. 35. See No. 10. 36. See No. 9. 37. Nos. 17-18. 38. Nos. 1,6, 16, 21-23, 28, 33, 71, 73, 76, 79, 82, and 97. It is clear from these texts that the individuals named Mukin-zeri and Kudurru were prominent enough politically to have been, respectively, the shaykh of Bit-Amukini and the Sandabakku of Nippur. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR sixteen texts are found in thirty-six others (52/113 = 46%); 39 and nineteen more letters can be linked prosopographically with these forty-one (71/113 = 62%). 40 It is true that many of these names are common or hypocoristic and could have been borne by more than one person. However, there are individuals whose names occur in three or more letters whose activities seem to set them apart as either Kudurru's officials or his business associates. Iqisa is mentioned in seven letters and is perhaps the most prominent of these men: 41 he was sent by Kudurru to accompany a woman to his "brother" Nasiriya; 42 he was a slave trader;43 he dispatched his messenger to Chaldea to fill an order;4 he himself placed an order for sesame; 45 and he was the recipient of a letter from Kudurru's vassal, Yada>Il, about a temple work assignment. 46 IqiTa was probably the personal attendant or scribe of Kudurru. Nabf-lei, who conducted business with Kudurru and was addressed by him as "son," 47 is mentioned by name in four letters: 48 he seems to have handled consignments of goods for others. BMl-ipus, who was Nabf-lPi's partner in at least one trading venture, 49 occurs in three letters: he traded purple woolS5 and is mentioned in a letter to the lord of Nippur concerning an impending legal case in Babylon. 51 Kina received three letters and sent one: 52 he received an inquiry about goods handled by Nabi-le1i and Bsl-ipu; 53 and he seems to have been the official who was ultimately responsible for maintaining certain buildings in Nippur.5 Kiribtu, whom Kind put in charge of roofing these buildings, is mentioned in four letters: 55 he ransomed slaves belonging to Kudurru (who addressed him as "son"); 56 and he reported on a business venture that apparently involved Labiru, Dr, and Elam. 57 Kabtiya is also mentioned in four letters: 58 he wrote to Kudurru'scorrespondent Nabu-nasir59 to give him an accounting of silver which had been put at the disposal of one Zabdi-Il; 6 he received a letter about wool;6 ' and he is mentioned in two letters authored by Kudurru. 62 Finally, Nadnd is mentioned in five letters:63 he was an agricultural official of the s.andabakku who had the responsibility of sup- 39. Nos. 3, 9-10, 12, 14-15, 37-41, 43, 45, 48-49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 61, 64-65, 68, 70, 83, 89-91, 98-99, 101-3, 105-6, and 109. 40. Nos. 4, 13, 24, 30-31, 35, 50, 54, 58, 60, 62, 77-78, 86, 93, 95-96, 107, and 110. 41. He is mentioned by name in Nos. 3, 12, 16, 49, 51, 70, and 82. According to No. 70, Iqlsa resided in Nippur. 42. See No. 82. 43. See No. 51. 44. See No. 49. 45. Ibid. 46. See No. 3. 47. See No. 71. 48. Nos. 37:5, 16, 20; 39:6; 71:1; and 103:16. 49. See No. 39. 50. See No. 45. 51. See No. 58. 52. He was the recipient of Nos. 39, 78, and 107, and the sender of No. 89. 53. See No. 39:1-10. 54. See No. 89. 55. Nos. 43, 79, and 89-90. 56. See No. 79. 57. No. 43. 58. Nos. 48, 51, 73, and 82. 59. Kudurru wrote to Nab0-n.sir three times (Nos. 1, 17, and 73). 60. No. 51. 61. No. 48. 62. Nos. 73 and 82. 63. Nos. 83, 91, 97, and 101-2. oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION 9 plying oxen to the sandabakku's tenant cultivators6 and collecting the rent which they paid to their lord for the use of his land.65 The early Neo-Babylonian Governor's Archive from Nippur, therefore, was really the archive of the governor and his retinue. The 113 letters that are edited in this volume stem from the files of these men, who apparently both kept the letters which they received and made copies of the letters which they dispatched. 66 In addition to the letters, there is also one exemplar of the second tablet of the elementary sign list Sb (inscribed with the middle column of signs only), 67 four lists of Akkadian nouns and verbal forms, 68 five bilingual lists of offices and professions (all non-canonical), 69 three rosters, 70 two exer- cises in capacity measures, 71 and an exemplar of the Babylonian literary composition known as the "Fiirstenspiegel" or "Advice to a Prince." 72 All these texts-with the probable exception of the two large rosters-appear to be scribal exercises. One wonders why they were included with the letters in the fill around the burial jar (see above). They may have belonged to the sandabakku's personal scribe. 7 PALEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND LANGUAGE The texts seem to exhibit three major distinctive paleographic styles. These styles may reflect either the place of origin of the documents or the tradition in which the scribes who produced them were trained. The first style is represented by almost thirty percent of the texts, all of them letters. These texts are characterized by the size and spacing of their signs, which tend to be tall, elongated, and well spaced, and are written with wedges that do not overlap one another. 74 Sixty percent of the senders of these letters bear West Semitic names. 75 The second style, which has several sub-types, is represented by approximately seventy percent of the letters, as well as by the scribal exercise tab- 64. No. 91. 65. Nos. 101 and 102. 66. It was also the practice of Old Assyrian merchants to make copies of important outgoing letters and keep them in an archive, since they contained important information on their business affairs, including reports of sales, purchases, and expenses. The merchant Imdilum, in a letter to one of his agents, stated: "I keep copies of all the letters I am writing to you" (CCT 2 6:14-15 = M. Ichisar, Archives cappadociennes,pp. 214-15, quoted by K. R. Veenhof, Cuneiform Archives, pp. 3233). Also, the scribe of at least one of the merchants whose correspondence was deposited in the Cairo Geniza made five copies each of thirteen letters that were later forwarded from Alexandria to Tunisia (see Goitein, MediterraneanSociety, vol. 1, p. 162). 67. No. 114. 68. Nos. 115-118. 69. Nos. 119-123. 70. No. 125-127. 71. One is inscribed on the reverse of letter No. 89. The other-No. 124-is in the form of a roster. 72. No. 128. 73. The reader should note that the excavators of Assur uncovered a number of archives in association with burials beneath the floors of houses of scribes and other officials. According to O.Peders6n: "Archives or libraries in private houses were often found in one of the innermost rooms of the house. Under the floor of this room were often the graves of the house .... A few archives were (partly) found in graves" (Archives and Libraries, pt. 2, p. 140). The Governor's Archive perhaps had similar origins. 74. Nos. 3-6, 8-9, 12-15, 20-21, 24-25, 29-30, 39, 48, 53, 58, 63, 65, 68, 72, 75-76, 84, 93, 98, 101-2, and 11l. Within this group, Nos. 9 and 12-13 constitute a sub-type that is characterized by the peculiar angle of the heads of the wedges. 75. That is, of the twenty-five letters in this group in which the name of the sender is both recorded and preserved, the senders of fifteen exhibit names that can be shown to be West Semitic (15/25 = 60%). oi.uchicago.edu 10 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR lets, the copy of the Fiirstenspiegel, and the rosters. 76 The signs on these tablets are written more compactly and with less space around them than the signs in the group just described.77 Approximately eighty-five percent of the senders of the letters in this group of documents have Babylonian names. 78 The third style is represented by just one text-No. 57-a letter that probably originated in Der or in the neighboring Zagros piedmont. Its paleography differs considerably from that which is found on the tablets of the two groups just described. The average width of the letters is 4.3 cm (range: 3.2 to 6.5), while the average length is 7.0 cm (range: 3.0 to 11.4). The average ratio between width and length is 1:1.7 (range: 1:0.5 to 2.4). This ratio is slightly higher than the norm in Middle Babylonian letters (usually 1:1.5 to 1.7) but lower than the norm in the early Neo-Babylonian letters from Kuyunjik (1:2.0). 79 The eight letters sent by Kudurru have an average ratio of 1:1.8 (range: 1:1.7 to 2.1). There is no obvious correlation between this measure and the three paleographic styles described above. The letters in the corpus are written in an early Neo-Babylonian colloquial dialect (or dialects) and exhibit both West Semiticisms and Assyrianisms. The more noteworthy phonological phenomena include the alternation of a and u in the vicinity of the liquids r and 1,80 and the occasional use of the sibilant s where s is expected. 81 As in other Middle Babylonian and Neo-Babylonian texts, there is a regular shift in this corpus of -mk- to -mgand -nk- to -ng-.82 Some verbal forms exhibit thematic vowels that differ from those expected.8 3 Accusative suffixes on forms of the verb aldku convey an ablative sense. 4 Vowel length can mark a sentence as a question or lend emphasis to an individual word within a sentence and is indicated graphemically by an extra vowel-sign. 85 Also, the particle ul generally negates main-clause verbs, but it is also used in the place of la in a subordinate clause, a prohibitive expression, and after an interrogative pronoun. 86 76. Nos. 1, 2, 7, 10-11, 16-19, 22-23, 26-28, 31-38, 40-47, 49-52, 54-56, 59-62, 64, 66-67, 69-71, 73-74, 77-83, 85-92, 9497, 99-100, 103-110, and 112-128. 77. The average height of the signs in this group (plus the space below them) is 0.486 cm. The average height of the signs in the first group is 0.562 cm. 78. That is, among the sixty-eight letters preserving the name of the sender, fifty-eight bear Babylonian names. Seven of the remaining ten senders have West Semitic names, while the linguistic affliation of the names of the other three have not yet been identified. 79. This is according to Parpola, who uses the photographs in Radau, BE 17/1, and Waterman, Royal Correspondence,vol. 4, to calculate the ratios in Middle Babylonian and early Neo-Babylonian Sargonid letters (see Hama II/2, p. 257 n. 5). 80. As in nukurib(bu) for nukaribbu, "gardener," and kulukku for kalakku, "storehouse" (see the note to No. 119:17 for these and other examples). 81. As in esitu for eiitu, "trouble, confusion," sittu for sittu, "rest, remainder," and sela for Seli, "to be slack, negligent about something." 82. See GAG §§31f and 84b and compare ramangu (Nos. 30:22 and 106:14), t!nga (No. 104:6), sulumgu (No. 85:18-19 and CT 54 3 r. 2), Sulumga (No. 104:7), dingunu (ABL 1114 r. 10), aSkungu (No. 95:8), and u0allamga (No. 84:15). 83. Thematic vowel -u- is replaced by -i- in the forms i-man-ni-ka (for imanndka), as-si-qi-ma (for assuquma), ratl-ta-si-qu (for attasuqu), e-rpil (for epus). Also, theme vowel -a- is replaced by -i- in the forms at-ta-ki-la (the verb takdlu otherwise has thematic vowel -i- only in Neo-Assyrian and Standard Babylonian), ak-li-JS (for akldtu), ik-te-liU (for iktalad), and i-kil-lisid (for ikalldiu). 84. i-tal-kan-ni in Nos. 64:17 and 107:7 is analyzed as a 3m.sg. Gt-stem pret. of aldku + the Ic.sg. acc. suffix -anni. The accusative suffix on atluku, a verb which is both intransitive and separative, almost certainly conveys an ablative sense. Jacobsen collected numerous examples of these "ablative accusatives" (especially from Old Babylonian grammatical texts and letters) in studies he published in the 1960s (see JNES 19 [1960]: 101-16; 22 [1963]:18-29 = Moran, ed., Tammuz, pp. 271-92 and 293-310; for a different view, see von Soden, Or 30 [1961]: 158-60). 85. For example: ul al-<li->ka-ak-ku-gi, "Didn't I come to you?" (No. 96:21-22; see also Nos. 63:11, 87:5, 110:12 and 16), and flul-[b]i-ra ul tu-kdt-tam-fan-ni-il, "You wouldn't even cover me with a ro[bJe" (No. 35:13-14; see also Nos. 28:12, 42:10, 57:14, and 106:8 and 13). 86. See, respectively, Nos. 58:20-21, 20:22-23, and 57:18-19. oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION 11 The subordinating conjunction ki is employed ubiquitously and in a wide range of meanings,8 7 and the subordinators adi, asar, mala, ultu, and umu sa are also used, but with much less frequency. In addition to ki, umu is also used frequently as a subordinating conjunction, and has the meaning "when" or "on the day that."88 In the earlier dialects of Babylonian, the status constructus of uimu, when followed by a verb in the subjunctive, had the same meaning as that exhibited by imu in these letters. 89 The Old South Arabian cognate ywm was also employed as a temporal conjunction in the way that Imu is in this corpus. 90 Also worthy of note is the fact that umma frequently replaces qaba in this corpus, and in such cases it is perhaps best rendered in English by the participial "saying" or "is saying." 91 This use of umma is comparatively rare in the Neo-Babylonian letters from Kuyunjik. Finally, the assertory oath formulae of this corpus exhibit characteristics typical of other NeoBabylonian assertory oaths: negative assertions are introduced by ki (with verbs left un-negated); positive assertions are introduced by ki (with verbs negated by ld); and all verbs are marked subjunctive. 92 But in addition, in formulae with multiple clauses, the inversion of negative and positive sense seems to occur only in the clause immediately following ki.93 The various forms that naddnu assumes in Neo-Babylonian texts can baffle the reader who is unfamiliar with the dialect. The following is a brief description of the unusual forms taken by naddnu in this archive. First, the G-stem preterite iddin (and forms built upon the preterite), as well as the Gstem present inamdin, before -aCC- can become, by syncope, either iddakka, iddaisu, inamdakka, inamdassu, etc., 94 or iddikka, iddissu, inamdikka, inamdissu, etc. 95 Second, in G-stem perfect and imperative forms of naddnu, the sequence -dn- consistently changes to -nn-, and thus ittadna becomes ittanna, idna becomes innd, etc." Third, when third person suffixes are added to otherwise endingless G-stem forms of nadanu, the resulting combination of n + i often becomes -ss- or -ns-.97 Finally, a 87. When ki is found directly preceding the verb, it means "when," "after," or "as soon as." When this subordinator is found at the beginning of a clause, it means "if" or "because." Finally, when ki introduces a clause or sentence which functions as the object of a verb of perception, speaking, recognition, substantiation, etc., it means "that" (see GAG § 177a, c). 88. See Nos. 10:16-17, 22:11-12, 75:19, 89:23, and 108:19-20. It should be noted that the corresponding conjunction in other early Neo-Babylonian letters (with the exception of CT 54 25 r. 13) is iumu sa, not imu (compare, for example, ABL 275:15, ABL 280:5, ABL 281:23, ABL 462:12, ABL 530:10, ABL 794 r. 8, CT 54 538 r. 2, and CT 54 554 r. 12; and for a possible attestation of dmu ki, see Dietrich in Dietrich and R6llig, eds., Lisan mitburti, p. 97). 89. See GAG § 174a and Aro, Grammatik, p. 150. 90. See, for example, Hifner, Altsiidarab. Grammatik, p. 167; Beeston, Epigraphic South Arabian, p. 64 §55:4; Jamme, Listes onomastiques sabdennes, pp. 71-73 and 157 (glossary); and Beeston et al., Sabaic Dictionary, p. 169. Compare also Hebrew be.yom (a construct form) and Ethiopic < elata, "day of, when." 91. See Nos. 91:13b-16; 78:8-12; 38:6-16, 28-38; 80:9b-14; 92:11-15, 33b-35a; 56:15-22; 34:7-10; 16:10-13; 39:5b-14; 57:10b-12a; 7:21-24; 17:18-23; 18:10-14; 20:30-31; 21:18-21; 97:15-19; 29:19-28; and 98:16-23. Outside of the greeting formulae of the letters of this archive, umma is most often employed to mark the beginning of quotations that are introduced by finite forms of the verbs qabf, Sapdru, or sema. Less frequently in such contexts, umma follows dabdbu, tama, magdru, ia>dlu, subulu, tima sakdnu, or adl sabdtu. 92. See GAG §185a,j-k. 93. Otherwise, ki must be repeated at the beginning of each clause; e.g., ... ki attazzaru ... ki apta ... kl uteri[bu], "... I assur- edly did not utter curses, ... I did not open, ... I did not let enter" (see KAR 71 r. 20-21; cited GAG §185k). 94. See CAD N/I, pp. 44-45 sub naddnu la16'-17'. 95. As such, these forms represent an intermediary stage in the development from iddinakku, iddina&&u, inamdinakku, and inamdinaflu (the expected forms in Middle Babylonian) to iddakka, iddaSiu, inamdakka, and inamdaSlu (the expected forms in Neo-Babylonian) (see Aro, Grammatik, p. 56, and CAD N/I, pp. 44-45 sub naddnu lal6'-17'). For examples of this intermediary type, which may be unique to this corpus, see Nos. 45:16, 57:12, and 65:13. 96. See GAG §102 1.This change is also attested sporadically in Middle Babylonian (see Aro, Grammatik, p.40). Inaddition to ittanna, there isalso a form ittannu inNeo-Babylonian. The final vowels of both forms probably represent the singular ventive. 97. See GAG §102 1.Besides addis-si (No. 59:14), other examples from early Neo-Babylonian letters include tanamdi-su (No. 84:7), ittadis-su (ABL 336 r. 11), inamdin-su (No. 31:13 and 18), and tattadin-su (CT 54 118:10). oi.uchicago.edu 12 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR verbal form natantassu also exists, which is obviously a hybrid of n'tdntd, the 2m.sg. Aramaic perf. of ntn, "to give," and the Babylonian 3m.sg. dat. suffix -assu." Aramaic influence in the texts of the archive is evidenced by the spirantization of the dental tin the post-vocalic position in the terms bil pahas for bel piiati ("governor") and mandesu for manditu ("information") 99 and by numerous loanwords in the corpus, including the terms bebiJru, galdlu, gudfdu, katdru, la ("to"), mandsu (= mandtu), qatti, qubbulu, and the Aramaic-Babylonian hybrid verbal form natantassu.1 There is also at least one use of the West Semitic u of apodosis, which is common in western peripheral Akkadian. o10 As in other Neo-Babylonian and Late Babylonian texts, these documents also exhibit the third person feminine singular prefixes ta- and tu-, a circumstance that is almost certainly attributable to Aramaic influence.1 " The occurrences in this archive demonstrate that these prefixes were in use by at least the mid-eighth century B.C. There may be limited Proto-Arabic influence in the letters as well, which is not surprising, given the number of attestations of Proto-Arabic names in the archive. The verb pardqu, for example, exhibits the meaning of its Arabic cognate faraqa, "to separate, isolate, segregate"; 103 while the verb kapatu displays the meaning of Arabic kafata, "to collect."10 4 Assyrian influence is evidenced by the use of the verbal forms ta-at-td-am (< teamu = Bab. temu, "to take charge of") and na-sa-ka (< nasu), and by the use of the term lubiru ("robe"), which is probably an Assyrian word.'"0 The use of ina for ana in another letter may also be an Assyrianism, since the two prepositions seem to have been frequently interchanged in Neo-Assyrian orthography. 1 6 The use of the graph di-a-nu to spell dindn, which is found in the greeting formulae of two letters, is reminiscent of the use of the writing da-'a-nu to spell dandnu in Assyrian,01 7 as is the use of pu-tu-ra-i-ma to spell putrannima.108 And, h is once used to negate an indicative clause, which does not reflect Babylonian usage, but rather is either an Aramaism or an Assyrianism. 1'0 The graphemic principles set forth by Hyatt in his study, The Treatment of Final Vowels in Early Neo-Babylonian, apply also to these texts. Thus: a sign which originally had represented C-V came to represent in Neo-Babylonian, when written at the end 6f a word, a final consonant only, the vowel being silent. 110 98. No. 81:27. 99. See the note to No. 119:5. 100. In addition, agd, aganntf, akannaka, and akanna, which occur passim in Neo-Babylonian, are most likely derived from Aramaic hadk, "here" (see von Soden, Or 35 [1966]: 5-6; 46 [1977]: 184). 101. It is found in No. 61:9-14: ana [PN] ki aqabb[i] umma a[lkamma] itti abdm[es] ni[l]lik u ul imangur, "Whenever I say to [PN]: 'C[ome here and] let us go togeth[er],' he does not agree." On the West Semitic u of apodosis, see Huehnergard, Akkadian of Ugarit, p. 242. 102. See, for example, Woodington, "Grammar," pp. 262-63; and von Soden GAG §§75h and 193b. 103. See No. 27:18. The base meaning of pardquis "to cut off." The root from which it is derived is rarely attested in Akkadian but is common in West Semitic (see, e.g., AHw, p. 829 s.v.). The Aramaic and Old South Arabian cognates, by contrast, have more the sense "to save, deliver, ransom." The verb can not be understood as a form of paraku, because pardku exhibits the stem-vowel i (and occasionally also a/u). 104. See No. 35:28; see also Ullmann et al., Wdrterbuch, vol. 1: kdf, sub kafata; also AHw, p. 443 sub kapdtu(m). 105. See the notes to Nos. 34:24, 41:7, and 35:13, respectively. 106. ina mubbiya 5 AN.BAR marrdti bell luSlbil, "To me (now) let my lord send five iron shovels" (No. 102:16-18). On the interchangeability of ana and ina in NA, see Parpola, LAS 2, p. 47 note to No. 39 r. 3. 107. Nos. 44:2 and 60:2. 108. No. 60:27. 109. ana Lt Aramdya [ga]bbifunu [a]!ua iSpurma Ia i[ll]iku[ni], "My [br]other wrote to [a]ll the Arameans, but they did not c[o]m[e]" (No. 15:8-12 [Adu(m)mia to Bir-Salmi]). 110. Hyatt, Final Vowels, p. 56. oi.uchicago.edu INTRODUCTION 13 Moreover: in the instances in which a scribe chose to write a final C-V sign, he more frequently adopted the classical or historical usage than another. ... When the scribe departed from classical usage, he sometimes repeated the vowel of the preceding syllable..." 1 Therefore: a Neo-Babylonian scribe who wished to write, for example, the word emuq was faced with several alternatives. He could write (theoretically, at least) any one of the following: e-muq, e-mu-uq, e-mu-qu, 112 e-mu-qi, e-mu-qa, or even e-mu-uq-qu, e-mu-uq-qi, or e-mu-uq-qa. The principles elucidated by Hyatt also explain why in the corpus many prepositional or genitival phrases appear to exhibit the nominative case rather than the genitive," 3 why there is an apparent tendency for otherwise endingless G-stem present forms of middle weak verbs to end in -i, 114 why the subjunctive is apparently marked by both -u and -i (and by 0 after CVC-signs), 1 5 why the singular ventive appears to be manifested not only as -a, but also as -u and -i,"6 why verbs with plural subjects often seem to lack plural suffixes, 117 why both -ku and -ka appear as the 2m.sg. genitive suffix," 8 why the lc.pl. genitive is manifested as -ni, -nu, and -na,119 why the spelling -a-ka seems to be used in the place of -a-ku to mark the Ic.sg. stative, 120 why the 2m.sg. stative affix can be spelled both -a-ti and -a-ta,'21 why the 3f.sg. stative ending can be spelled -at, -a-tu, and -a-ti,122 why at-ti occurs alongside at-ta as a spelling of the 2m.sg. independent personal pronoun,' 23 why the 3f.pl. gen. suffix is spelled both -si-ni and -si-na, 24 why the feminine pronoun -si can apparently stand for mas- 111. Ibid., p. 23. Spellings of this type are frequent in this archive. Examples include su-bi-flil (No. 50:7), d-se-bi-li (Nos. 57:22 and 49:11), rull-te-bi-li (No. 94:9 and 13), pa-ri-si (No. 38:39), lip-pa-ri-rsil (No. 14:12), lid-di-ni (No. 83:37), ib-bi-si (Nos. 34:12, 22:8, and 69:11), ds-pu-ru (No. 83:40), a-pu-flul (No. 45:8), sup-ru (Nos. 2:37, 33:39, and 75:16), ni-ig-zu-zu (No. 47:10), mub-ru (No. 60:15), and ta-as-su-bu-ma (No. 69:18). 112. Hyatt, FinalVowels, p. 23. 113. For example: a-na KUR Fd-ni-trm-[ma] (No. 88 obv. 5'), a(!)-na bu-du (No. 111:17), i-na na-kut--tul (No. 29:7), ki-i nakut-tu (No. 83:39), i-na Su[l-m]u (No. 29:26), a-na ful-mu (No. 107:10; No. 1:7), a-na tu-ul-lu-qu (No. 81:25-26; No. 86:8), a-na tu-bu (No. 83:33), a-na i-sin-nu (No. 24:9), a-na sa-ma-du (No. 56:12), i-na [g]u-ru-un-nu (No. 103:20), a-na bdb-tu (No. 19:8), di-ss t.d-e-mu (No. 43:5; No. 22:4), dsi-s di-i-nu (No. 5:4), ri-na ap-pal-ru (No. 83:11), sd pu-tu-ru (No. 4:12; No. 40:20), dib-bi id su-lum-mu-d (No. 34:13), ul-Ftul ta-mir-tu (No. 4:5-6), LO.ENGAR.MES id si-i-bu (No. 92:11), iRIN.MES e-tpis1 dul-lu (No. 92:24), gd-kin td-e-mu (No. 119:7; No. 121:7; No. 123:5), Sd-kin bu-lu (No. 122:25), ma-as-sar 5d Ld-tu-rkal a-bul-lum (No. 119:16), dib-ba ta-bu-tu (No. 1:13), a-na TOG mu-sip-tu (No. 1:43), and L[0] sar-ru-ti-ria,1 (No. 2:26-27). 114. Attestations of this phenomenon in the letters of this archive and in the Neo-Babylonian letters from Kuyunjik include tabati (No. 89:24), ibdti (No. 69:13; No. 93:21), itdri (No. 56:18; CT 54 57:10), tatdri (CT 54 514:10), Id akdsi d1abati (ABL 1131 r. 11), abdti (ABL 292 r. 11), niddki (ABL 1131 r. 6), and imdti (ABL 350 r. 7). Note also the N-stem pres. idddki, idddku (ABL 878:11 and 998 r. 9). The vowel -a is appended to such forms with much less frequency: e.g., itdra (ABL 301 r. 5) and amdta (CT 54 55:7). 115. Passim. 116. Most commonly as -a. 117. See, for example, Nos. 16:25-28, 18:15-17, 66:22-23, 76:18-22, and 98:6-9. Compare ABL 622+1279:20-r. 1. 118. E.g., amabharuku in No. 69:24 and attuku in No. 35:8. Compare also pdniku in ABL 214:11 and ABL 1204 r. 7, and aradku in ABL 702:5. 119. Historical -ni is the most common. For -nu, see No. 19:16; for -na, see No. 8:7. 120. E.g., be-ra-ka, na-sa-ka, ta-ma-ka, and pal-ba-ka. 121. Compare Nos 3:6, 36:6, 41:17 and 21, 51:21, and 92:31 with Nos. 2:11, 10:29, 20:25, 23:22, 48:13, 49:15, and 58:21. This use of -dti for m. occurs also in Old Assyrian. 122. Note the spellings sab-ta-tu in No. 33:27, di-ba-tu in No. 101:17, and ka-la-a-ti in No. 31:12. 123. See No. 42:6. 124. See No. 83:28. Compare also ABL 521:8 (mullifini, "their compensation"). oi.uchicago.edu 14 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR culine nouns and the masculine pronoun -su for feminine nouns and pronouns, 125 and why the the- matic vowels of tertiae infirmae verbs often seem to differ from those listed under their dictionary headings. 126 DIFFICULTIES AND CAVEATS The unusual paleography and new idiom in which the letters of this archive are written, the many breaks and scratches which mar their surfaces, the relative lack of contemporary material with which to compare them, and the difficulty of apprehending the background behind their writing, all combine to cloud the interpretation of these unique documents. Therefore, the study of the corpus that is presented herein should be considered only as a first step in the elucidation of their language and institutional context. The text drawings were prepared from casts of the original tablets, which are housed in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. Although these casts are excellent facsimiles of the originals, which the author collated during a three-month stay in Iraq in 1987 (at which time he also sketched the difficult and broken signs), the originals need further examination, preferably by other eyes. Some of the readings of damaged passages continue to vary according to the time of day and the quality of light available. These texts are singular. At present, they represent the largest and most significant group of documents to stem from Babylonia for the entire period between 1225 and 725 B.C. The letters are particularly important, because they are older than the letters that were sent to the kings of Assyria in Nineveh, and because they are the only such documents written by Babylonians to Babylonians during this entire half-millennium. What is more, they illuminate a new historical situation. They provide a rare view of the Babylonian countryside during a period of weak government control and an almost unique perspective on one Babylonian town's relations with the tribal populations of its hinterland. The only comparable material comes from Mari one thousand years earlier (though the Nippur correspondence is not nearly as voluminous). There is much that is new here. *** The documents below are arranged by topic. The letters are presented first and are grouped under the rubrics "political affairs" (Nos. 1-35), "caravan matters" (Nos. 36-77), "slaves" (Nos. 7888), "estate management" (Nos. 89-105), and "miscellaneous concerns" (Nos. 106-113). The system of organization reflects the author's interest in the institutional background of the archive. The scribal exercises, rosters, and "Fiirstenspiegel" follow the letters. The ratios in the text headings represent the relationship of tablet-width to tablet-length. All text drawings are presented 1:1. 125. See Nos. 16:9 and 11, 31:13 and 18, and 34:25. 126. E.g., i is found in the place of u in the form ta-zak-ki (for tazakku). Thematic vowel -i- is replaced by -u- in at-ta-du (for attadi), ta-nam-du (for tanamdi), na-du (for nadi), ta-na-dsi-s (for tanaili), it-ta-lJ (for ittali), i-Su (for iSi), i-ba(!)-di-si (for ibasli), a-&em-rmul (for agemmile), and al-te-mu (for altemile). Thematic vowel -i- is replaced by -a- in the form lu-d ba-na (for la bani). And -a- is replaced by -i- in i-ma-li (usually imalla). oi.uchicago.edu CATALOGS OF TEXTS GENERAL CATALOG Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content POLITICAL AFFAIRS No. 1 12 N 130 IM 77107 Letter 4.3 x 8.4 x 2.6 Kudurru Nabfi-nisir Notice of migration of large group of dependents; mention of possibility of alliance with Nabf-nisir, request for provision of rations in House of Ali-limur; report about failure to find blue- and redpurple wool in Chaldea; addressee requested to send his own wool for textile to be woven No. 2 12 N 132 IM 77109 Letter 5.5 x 11.4 x 3.7 NabQ-nirdru>a Nabf-nidin-abi Summary of previous correspondence about confinement of one Salim; reminder of previous bounty payments for kidnappers; mention of runaway; request for compensation if detained for reserve-duty; sender refers to brotherhood and friendly relations No. 3 12 N 128 IM 77105 Letter 4.0 x 7.2 x 2.6 Yadal-I1 Iqlsa Query about brotherhood agreement, responsibility for "work assignment of the gods" No. 4 12 N 136 IM 77113 Letter 4.4 x 7.6 x 2.4 Zabdi-II BFl-niriu Arrival of five camels and three men from region of Bit-Yakin; possibility of their ransom and entry into houses in either Nippur or Aram; recipient of letter called "brother and ally" No. 5 12 N 121 IM 77098 Letter 4.1 x 7.0 x 2.3 Il-yada > Lord Report about status of case of one Ana-mubbi-Nabf-limur; sender denies harboring sons of Saknu, who had sought refuge with him; enjoins lord to search for them and to dispatch messenger to Sapiya No. 6 12 N 154 IM 77131 Letter 4.1 x 6.4 x 2.2 IlI...] Lord Reminder of solemn treaty sworn by lord of Nippur, Mukin-zeri, and the Rubu > tribe; possible paraphrase of text of agreement; request for return of slave led away by Yada3-Il to Nippur 15 oi.uchicago.edu 16 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content POLITICAL AFFAIRS (cont.) No. 7 12 N 155 IM 77132 Letter 4.1 x 6.3 x 2.6 Missing Missing Concern expressed about safety of inhabitants of settlement of Iltazinu; mention of alliance and treaty, migration rights; entire settlement to come before beginning of festival No. 8 12 N 167 IM 77144 Letter 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.4 King Eteru Addressee accused of plundering men and cattle of king; demand for their return No. 9 12 N 117 IM 77094 Letter 4.0 x 6.2 x 2.2 Nadbata u Balassu Ere'u Oath sworn that delivery is missing from strongroom; imposition of tribute and service; mention of Gamu tribe No. 10 12 N 118 IM 77095 Letter 4.8 x 7.7 x 2.3 Eresu RimUtu Complaint about failure to fill order for kigkanfi-wood; expression of urgent need for 200 bows to quell uprising of servants No. 11 12 N 120 IM 77097 Letter 3.7 x 5.9 x 2.2 Digil Adiru Complaint about addressee's failure to respond to previous communications; complaint about escape of ten of sender's menaided by criminal whom addressee had supposedly captured; addressee accused of betrayal No. 12 12 N 126 IM 77103 Letter 4.5 x 6.2 x 2.4 Bel-usati No. 13 12 N 160 IM 77137 Letter 3.7 x 6.4 x 1.7 Babianu Lord Report about shifting alliances among tribes; perhaps sent from region of middle Euphrates or lower KhabOr No. 14 12 N 144 IM 77121 Letter 3.4 x 5.3 x 2.0 Gabbi-ili Eresu Report about apparent alliance among paramount leaders of Pudidu Arameans, Bit-Amfik~ni, and the Uamdan(u) tribe No. 15 12 N 198 IM 77175 Letter 4.5 x 7.6 x 2.5 Adu(m)mi' Bir-Salmi Report about letter that had been sent to all the Arameans and their failure to respond to call; addressee commanded to write again No. 16 12 N 138 IM 77115 Letter 4.7 x 7.4 x 2.5 Adu(m)m' Lord Request for return of runaway farmer or dispatch of replacement; dispute between Iqisa and Sandabakku referred to Mukin-zeri; report about seizure of river crossing by Bit-DakkFri and the joining of forces of Bit-Dakkiri and Mukinzeri in Kapar-sinummu; request for carpenter to be sent No. 17 12 N 159 IM 77136 Letter 5.4 x 9.5 x 3.0 Kudurru Nab0-nisir Statement concerning whereabouts of messenger of son of Silinu, who had been detained in Sapiya; mention of Mukin-zdri; request for offerings to be transported by boat to temple in Nippur Testimony about previous appeal proceedings; stone stele damaged; query about migration rights oi.uchicago.edu 17 CATALOGS OF TEXTS GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee POLITICAL AFFAIRS (cont.) IM 77141 No. 18 12 N 164 Letter 4.1 x 7.5 x 2.7 Kudurru Mukin-zri Report about four men and five donkeys stolen by patrol from BitYakin; Arameans mentioned; plunder being sold in Uruk; request for Mukin-zEri's help in gaining return of captives; MukinzEri apparently on friendly terms with leader of Bit-Yakin No. 19 12 N 165 IM 77142 Letter 4.6 x 8.3 x 2.8 Bel-rdsil Bel-ana-mAtisu Reminder of injunction not to allow people of Nippur and Parakmari to be led away captive to Bit-Yakin-and if they have been led away, not to ransom them; criminal band to be expelled to live with own clan No. 20 12 N 171 IM 77148 Letter 4.7 x 8.4 x 2.7 Missing Missing Report about Bit-Yakin and predations of a certain Sealander; exhortation not to be slack about treaty; mention of legal case involving king; mention of compensation for flock No. 21 12 N 193 IM 77170 Letter 4.1 x 6.9 x 2.5 Babianu Lord Request for news about impending journey of Mukin-zEri and about Chaldea; mention of dispute over payment of silver; addressee asked to send decision No. 22 12 N 197 IM 77174 Letter 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.7 Siqd Balassu Notice reporting that messenger, who had been dispatched to Mukin-zeri in response to receipt of news about Chaldea, had not yet returned No. 23 12 N 169 IM 77146 Letter 5.4 x 7.1 x 2.4 Yada -II Kudurru Dispute over detention of one Tammas-Il, apparently in violation of terms of treaty given "father to son"; treaty said to be binding for all the days that the parties should live No. 24 12N 173 IM 77150 Letter 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.3 Bir-Tammes Iltames Testimony about delivery of two oxen for festival in Uruk; exhortation to guard escapees of sender whom the addressee had ransomed; promise to ransom addressee's runaways and to return plundered ox No. 25 12 N 175 IM 77152 Letter 4.1 x 6.4 x 2.8 "Your father" Eteru Fragmentary letter addressed from suzerain to vassal No. 26 12 N 182 IM 77159 Letter 4.3 x 6.9 x 2.7 Missing NabO-sar-ill Query about addressee's failure to return to [people] of Biritu and failure to send messenger No. 27 12 N 187 IM 77164 Letter 4.5 x 8.8 x 2.9 Nabf-[...] Lord Report about Naba, a smith, whose family is said to be among PuqOdu tribe; entire tribe said to be coming to Nippur for festival; Arameans to be segregated; shaykhs to be held responsible for Naba's apparent misuse of advance payment Summary of Content oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 18 GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content POLITICAL AFFAIRS (cont.) No. 28 12 N 191 IM 77168 Letter 4.4 x 7.3 x 2.2 Balfssu Kudurru Mention of captive and merchant of Babylon; sender swears that neither the robber nor the merchant belongs to him No. 29 12 N 209 IM 77186 Letter 3.7 x 5.8 x 2.0 Ra'inu Lord Offer to bring warriors to aid of lord, who is said to be in peril; sender's vow to consume lord's enemies; lord asked to swear oath that men will return unharmed No. 30 12 N 221 IM 77197 Letter 4.5 x 7.3 x 2.6 Iltagab-II Tib-Samas Concern expressed over silver for ransom of prisoners; addressee admonished to end alliance; camels mentioned No. 31 12 N 222 IM 77198 Letter 4.0 x 6.9 x 2.4 Rebimu Ibna Addressee commanded to detain runaway slave boy; addressee assured that servant girls being detained in the Sealand and BitDakk~ri will not be sold No. 32 12 N 226 IM 77201 Letter 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.3 Bel(?)-[...] Missing Mention made of Urukians whose camels have been plundered, perhaps by members of the Ubuilu tribe; mules also mentioned No. 33 12 N 135 IM 77112 Letter 4.3 x 7.9 x 2.3 Kudurru Guliilu Dispute over who should build the ziggurrat of Der and make repairs in the city; complaint about delay in sending chariot to replace one lost in battle in saltwater marshes No. 34 12 N 134 IM 77111 Letter 4.0 x 6.3 x 2.4 Ninurtaya tarrinfl Report about mobilization of entire Chaldean army; mention of their intention to eat the wheat of Larak; report about embassy to king concerning possible peace agreement, unpleasant conditions on "road of guard-posts," and delay of shipment of slave woman; investment share mentioned CARAVAN MATTERS No. 35 12 N 214 IM 77191 Letter 5.0 x 9.3 x 2.7 Bellni Iqifa-Marduk Addressee admonished to return donkeys or to deliver payment if friendly relations have been terminated; addressee requested to tell NabO-iddin to return all outstanding merchandise and all silver coils; sender declares that he has covered over his market stall No. 36 12 N 151 IM 77128 Letter 4.1 x 7.1 x 2.3 Zera-iddin Sames Report about arrival of BitDakkiiri caravan; sender's claim of ability to send anything desired; complaint about failure to hand over slave to agent oi.uchicago.edu CATALOGS OF TEXTS 19 GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content CARAVAN MATTERS (cont.) No. 37 12 N 153 IM 77130 Letter 4.0 x 7.4 x 2.3 Mukin-apli Riasi-ili Message about wheat to be given to one Nabf-li; (merchant) houses and market place mentioned as possible venues of sale No. 38 12 N 109 IM 77086 Letter 4.8 x 9.8 x 3.4 Bel-musallim Lord Report about failure of agents to come to Uruk; notice of journey of Nabf-Eres to Elam and storage of agents' consignment; request for goods to be transported by boat to Babylon; report about case of missing talent of silver involving member of DAbibi family; case to be submitted before Risi-ili, son of Gabal; all involved to undergo river ordeal in Babylon in Nisannu No. 39 12 N 141 IM 77118 Letter 4.8 x 8.3 x 2.4 Nabfi-iddin Kind Report about storage of consignment in House of Sapiku and sealing of door; request for camel-load of dates; campaigning army mentioned No. 40 12 N 137 IM 77114 Letter 4.3 x 8.6 x 2.3 Marduk-ares Balissu Report about consignment of people of Uininu (= Jin<d>inu?); request for slaves to be ransomed and delivered; mention of silver trading capital on deposit for this purpose No. 41 12 N 188 IM 77165 Letter 5.5 x 11.3 x 3.5 Musallim-Adad Lord Report about twenty talents of iron collected in Kalbu by member of Sangf-Ea family; mention of sale of consignment from jindanu; addressee asked to send another order for iron No. 42 12 N 152 IM 77129 Letter 5.2 x 3.2 x 2.0 "Your brother" "My brother" Request for consignment to be shipped; addressee asked to come and discuss a matter of mutual concern No. 43 12 N 177 IM 77154 Letter 4.0 x 7.2 x 3.0 Kiribtu Eriba-Marduk Report about arrival of Labiru caravan from Elam, possibly via Der; mention of consignment and silver; exhortation to send messengers to greet Labirians No. 44 12 N 211 IM 77188 Letter 4.3 x 6.3 x 2.1 Kudurru Lord Report about silver given for consignment No. 45 12 N 176 IM 77153 Letter 4.4 x 10.0 x 3.3 Nabini Report about sale of consignment that had been stored; notice about disposition of silver, payment of outstanding balance, availability of imported(?) red wool and bluepurple wool, and quality of available slaves; mention of impending arrival of caravan of saknu No. 46 12 N 104 IM 77081 Letter 3.8 x 7.2 x 2.7 Lord Report concerning shearing of wool in Labiru; comparison of prices and quality of wool in Labiru and among Puqfidu Arameans Adad-beli oi.uchicago.edu 20 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content CARAVAN MATTERS (cont.) No. 47 12 N 192 IM 77169 Letter 4.0 x 6.4 x 2.5 Sullumu Zera-ibni Report about Aramean flock being led to Nippur; addressee enjoined to go and shear sheep there and not to sell them without permission of sender; mention of thirty sheep No. 48 12 N 133 IM 77110 Letter 4.2 x 5.8 x 2.1 Sarrani Kabtiya Report about twenty talents of wool in the charge of Bl-ipus in Nippur No. 49 12 N 196 IM 77173 Letter 3.2 x 5.0 x 2.0 Iqisa Manna Messenger dispatched to Chaldea to find wool previously requested by addressee; command to buy and send sesame No. 50 12 N 106 IM 77083 Letter 5.3 x 3.1 x 1.9 Bllini Silli Order to purchase and ship wheat Kabtiya NabO-nisir Account of silver, slaves, and oxen; notice of dispatch of camel; order to buy and send load of wheat 3.9 x 6.6 x 2.5 No. 51 12 N 114 IM 77091 Letter No. 52 12 N 157 IM 77134 Letter 5.4 x 3.0 x 1.4 Babiya Iddiya Order for sesame No. 53 12 N 172 IM 77149 Letter 4.2 x 8.4 x 2.9 Missing [Lord] Comparison of prices of white sesame in town gate and delivery house; mention of possible journey to PuqUdu Arameans No. 54 12 N 179 IM 77156 Letter 6.1 x 3.1 x 2.0 Marduk-eres NabQ-iddin Notice about sending of gift; request for agent or merchant to fetch cash payment from town gate No. 55 12 N 108 IM 77085 Letter 3.8 x 6.6 x 2.7 Nabt-eriba NabO-eres Addressee enjoined to wait for shipment before purchasing oxen; notice of dispatch of donkeys No. 56 12 N 122 IM 77099 Letter 3.4 x 6.6 x 2.4 Missing Lord Report about eight minas of silver put at disposal of traders for purchase of equids; concern over quality of team of mules brought back; declaration of king's certain refusal to accept them; report of trader's journey to Assyria to obtain either horses or mules No. 57 12 N 150 IM 77127 Letter 6.6 x 9.9 x 3.5 Lord Notice about dispatch of Belusalli to Der with escort of 100 archers, and about three teams of mules brought from Elam to D;r; dispute over disposition of one team No. 58 12N 186 IM 77163 Letter 4.1 x 8.4 x 2.8 Missing [Lord] Report about impending journey of [PN] to Babylon for court case; reminder of sender's offer to send fine-quality mules; injunction to cancel order if mules not wanted No. 59 12 N 146 IM 77123 Letter 4.0 x 5.6 x 1.8 Baysar Lord Notice about sending of mule and status of addressee's property; request for dispatch of Tammeslamaya to YadaM-II; slave requested to be sent oi.uchicago.edu 21 CATALOGS OF TEXTS GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content CARAVAN MATTERS (cont.) No. 60 12 N 111 IM 77088 Letter 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.5 Danneya Lord Report about purchase of oxen among Dun5nu Arameans; sender avows that quality of oxen is good and promises to accept and deliver thieves if he is ransomed by addressee No. 61 12 N 115 IM 77092 Letter 3.2 x 4.7 x 1.6 Nadinu Silli Answer to query regarding whereabouts of agents, who are said to be among Dunanu Arameans No. 62 12 N 174 IM 77151 Letter 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 Missing Lord Report about disposition of silver for purchase of ox; request for dispatch of camel-herd No. 63 12 N 142 IM 77119 Letter 3.6 x 5.9 x 1.7 Mukin-apli Bel-yres Notice about overdue shipment of wagons; possibility of delivery by agents; query about payment No. 64 12 N 149 IM 77126 Letter 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.2 Zakir Bdniya Order for two garments for the god Ea-sa-r&Fi, with scraps, to be obtained from one of the agents; complaints about failure to make notation in governor's tablet about purchasing venture No. 65 12 N 162 IM 77139 Letter 4.0 x 6.7 x 2.2 Ana-qibi No. 66 12 N 170 IM 77147 Letter 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.3 NabQ-gamil Qibiya Concern expressed over silver and offerings for gods No. 67 12 N 190 IM 77167 Letter Fragment Marduk-[...] Aba-iddin Fragmentary letter mentioning nishu No. 68 12 N 194 IM 77171 Letter 4.2 x 6.5 x 2.2 Bel-abi Apla-usur Report about disposition of silver; mention of trading capital No. 69 12 N 201 IM 77178 Letter 4.3 x 6.2 x 2.2 Babiya Iddiya Report about dispatch of envoy Siil to Sealand rather than to Bibdiri on Elamite frontier; query about silver that had been invested in slave venture of Eteru No. 70 12 N 206 IM 77183 Letter 3.7 x 7.0 x 2.7 Iqisa Labaii Sender complains of earache; makes urgent request made for fumigants with which to introduce medication into infected ears No. 71 12 N 208 IM 77185 Letter 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.5 Kudurru Nab0-lei Complaint about addressee's failure to dispatch his messenger and send orders for goods No. 72 12 N 217 IM 77193 Letter 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.6 Sulman-Eres Lord Sender expresses concern over addressee's failure to pay for two loads of wool; representative who is sent to obtain information is sold into slavery in Iindinu; sender complains of necessity of ransoming him for one and a half minas of silver No. 73 12 N 218 IM 77194 Letter 4.5 x 7.3 x 3.1 Kudurru Nabf-n.sir Fragmentary letter mentioning silver; addressee enjoined to send shipment Demand for return of silver mistakenly taken away while still loaded on camel oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 22 GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content CARAVAN MATTERS (cont.) "My brother" Fragmentary letter concerning the possible seizure of a slave caravan and agents traveling between Nippur and Syria; the affair seems to have involved Babylon, the king, the Jandabakku, and the heads of the (merchant?) houses of Nippur BUL-Tames Atb[...] Reminder of previous instructions not to go to Marad without permission; report of completion of caravan venture; offer to ransom living beings for one mina each and to deliver(?) them to addressee's agents 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.2 Didiya Kudurru Exhortation to travel together to Bit-Amiikini to judge case of Eresu; reminder of joint responsibility for safe conduct of slave caravans; report of dispatch of silver and request for agents to come and conduct slaves Letter 4.0 x 5.8 x 2.4 Karibaya Bel-eres Request for silver to ransom slave from Sa-pi-Bel(?); governor's silver to be sent upon sighting of caravan bound for Der IM 77084 Letter 4.3 x 8.1 x 2.7 Lamis-Il Kini Report concerning whereabouts of runaway slave 12 N 112 IM 77089 Letter 3.9 x 6.2 x 2.5 Kudurru Kiribtu Concern expressed over ransoming of two slave boys belonging to sender No. 80 12 N 113 IM 77090 Letter 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 KiPni Lord Sender declares loyalty to addressee, but questions detention of litigant in court case; requests eviction of woman from House of Abubani; promise to take delivery of ransomed slave; notice that silver has been appropriated by force No. 81 12 N 127 IM 77104 Letter 3.7 x 6.0 x 2.2 Tikifnu Bir-Iltames Notice of sighting of runaway slave in the town Kipranu; request for ransom money to be sent with one of the travelers before slave is detained by agents (of slave traders) No. 82 12 N 139 IM 77116 Letter 5.2 x 8.7 x 2.8 Kudurru Nasiriya Answer to question about conveyance from Parak-mfri of "freedwoman of the goddess Nanay" No. 74 12 N 227 IM 77202 Letter 5.0 x 8.1 x 2.4 No. 75 12 N 181 IM 77158 Letter 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 No. 76 12 N 183 IM 77160 Letter No. 77 12 N 207 IM 77184 No. 78 12 N 107 No. 79 SLAVES oi.uchicago.edu 23 CATALOGS OF TEXTS GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content SLAVES (cont.) No. 83 12 N 143 IM 77120 Letter 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.5 Amil-Ea Lord Report about activity of GAmu and RubuOtribes, and about slaves living in marsh; request for slave of any description; sender's vow to let slave learn to read with scribal apprentices No. 84 12 N 168 IM 77145 Letter 3.7 x 6.3 x 2.4 mlx-bi-di-si Missing Ransomed slave said to be property of sender; silver sent for compensation of addressee's ransom payment; caravan mentioned No. 85 12 N 200 IM 77177 Letter 3.7 x 5.4 x 2.3 Abbitu Missing Mention in broken context of the ransoming of a slave; complaint by writer that addressee and lord have not written; writer expresses wish that both might "find their greetings" and send them No. 86 12 N 203 IM 77180 Letter 4.0 x 7.0 x 2.5 BFl-iqisa Balitu Request for kidnapped slave to be returned; request for dispatch of boatman to identify names of kidnappers No. 87 12 N 212 IM 77189 Letter 5.8 x 3.7 x 2.2 Eteru NabQ-ipui Notice about dispatch of prisoner; complaint about failure to hand over silver for previous delivery of criminal No. 88 12 N 180 IM 77157 Letter 3.7 x 5.7 x 2.2 Missing Missing Fragmentary letter about runaway; criminals mentioned Kiribtu Concern expressed over lack of supervision of servants and builders engaged in roofing of buildings; work abandoned; sender's threat to supervise roofing in person after return from Chaldea; exercise in measures on reverse ESTATE MANAGEMENT No. 89 12 N 145 IM 77122 Letter 4.0 x 8.9 x 2.8 Kinf No. 90 12 N 205 IM 77182 Letter 3.8 x 7.0 x 2.6 Bel-nisir No. 91 12 N 105 IM 77082 Letter 4.3 x 7.2 x 2.6 Iddiya Nadna Report about condition of breeding bull and plow-oxen; addressee enjoined to come and seize plot of land No. 92 12 N 119 IM 77096 Letter 4.8 x 10.0 x 3.6 Missing Missing Order to bring plows and oxen to lord's farm in order to break up clods and prepare fields for planting; addressee chastised for failure to perform digging tasks despite having 300 laborers at his disposal Report about journey of Kiribtu to Euphrates; Eriba dispatched in his stead; report about transactions in wheat and sesame; reminder to supervise household personnel oi.uchicago.edu 24 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content ESTATE MANAGEMENT (cont.) No. 93 12 N 210 IM 77187 Letter 4.7 x 9.7 x 3.2 Bel-ares Lord Urgent request for seed to be given to cultivators; sender reports that city's neighbors have already completed planting; request for wheat to be given to brewers to brew beer for lord's diggers No. 94 12 N 147 IM 77124 Letter 3.9 x 7.3 x 2.6 Imdibi Lord Notice about shipment of pegs made from ballukku(?)-wood for palace buildings; agents sent to Bit-Sangibtiti; concern expressed over horses grazing on fields to be planted; request for bulls and plows No. 95 12 N 195 IM 77172 Letter 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 Ea-ipui Bel-Eres Command to hire camels and send wheat; mention of oxen and farmers to do flattening work in House of Niteru No. 96 12 N 199 IM 77176 Letter 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 Ikiiniya Marduk-sarrani Notice of shipment of GI.S§E. UAR; request for iron; request for dispatch of oxen and farmers to plow and harrow fields in preparation for planting; mention of possibility of using laborers from among Aramean migrants in Nippur No. 97 12 N 204 IM 77181 Letter 6.5 x 9.4 x 2.7 Nadni Lord Report about selection and delivery of gammis-wood; request for donation of wheat(-acreage); reminder of land grant made by Mukin-zari to lord No. 98 12 N 215 IM 77192 Letter Fragment Missing [Lord] Explanation of return of tarbuplow owners; report of possible dispute with shaykh of Ubiilu tribe over parcel which has been tilled No. 99 12 N 189 IM 77166 Letter 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 Ea-ipui Biniya Fragmentary letter concerning journey of two men to Parak-mari; addressee told to bring farmers No. 100 12 N116 IM 77093 Letter 4.3 x 7.7 x 2.8 Ki>ni Amyanu Report about troubles with transfer of wheat No. 101 12N 124 IM 77101 Letter 4.3 x 6.8 x 2.3 Babianu Lord Request for dispatch of official to transport sender's payment of rent in wheat; addressee urged to court woman on behalf of sender; sender promises to dispatch silver No. 102 12 N 161 IM 77138 Letter 4.5 x 6.4 x 2.1 Amme-ladin Lord Notice that rent delivery has been prepared; request for Nadni to be dispatched to measure the grain and transport it; reminder of previous service performed in Nippur; request for five iron shovels oi.uchicago.edu 25 CATALOGS OF TEXTS GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Sender Addressee Summary of Content ESTATE MANAGEMENT (cont.) No. 103 12 N 166 IM 77143 Letter 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.2 Kini Lord Query about why temple herdsmen have been barred from gods; report about return of camel and flock; concern expressed over ability to send baked bricks that have been requested No. 104 12 N202 IM 77179 Letter 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.4 mx-x Iddiya Addressee urged to come and bring in flock, possibly from among the people of Bit-Aram with whom he had been residing No. 105 12 N 224 IM 77200 Letter 3.6 x 5.4 x 2.2 Sama'-Il Balssu Fragmentary letter mentioning flocks that are to be led to the Puqfdu tribe; possible mention of Arameans MISCELLANEOUS, FRAGMENTARY No. 106 12 N 123 IM 77100 Letter 3.6 x 6.4 x 2.4 Nasiriya Danni-ili Addressee enjoined to detain one Bel-usallim; mention of silver hidden in addressee's field No. 107 12 N125 IM 77102 Letter 3.7 x 7.2 x 2.5 NabS Kini Complaint about addressee's delay in writing; request for the return of one Nabl-ipus No. 108 12 N 140 IM 77117 Letter 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.6 Ab[...] Missing Very broken; mention of messenger, Urukians, and possibly a merchant No. 109 12 N 158 IM 77135 Letter 3.6 x 5.9 x 2.4 Nab0-nasir Ibb Request for dispatch of one Ibnf; concern expressed over disposition of silver; mention of possibile legal proceedings; absence of Ablamf and criminals noted; report about storage of kusippubreads No. 110 12 N184 IM 77161 Letter 4.8 x 8.9 x 2.8 Marduk-eres Lord Fragmentary, difficult letter concerning legal case; mention of river ordeal and "house of river ordeal" No. 111 12 N213 IM 77190 Letter 4.0 x 6.5 x 2.3 Missing Lord Concern expressed over missing copper utensils intended for use at bddu-ceremony; lord requested to ask B61-mudammiq, a member of the temple assembly, about them No. 112 12 N216 Unregistered Letter Fragment Missing Missing Too broken to merit comment No. 113 12 N225 Unregistered Letter Fragment Missing Missing Too fragmentary to summarize oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 26 GENERAL CATALOG (cont.) Publication Number Field Number Museum Number Type Dimensions in cm Summary of Content EXERCISE TABLETS, ROSTERS, LITER) Sb Tablet II; signs only No. 114 12 N 100 IM 77077 Exercise tablet 16.0 x 21.3 x 2.2 No. 115 12 N 219 IM 77195 Exercise tablet 4.8 x 7.6 x 2.9 List of Akkadian words No. 116 12 N 220 IM 77196 Exercise tablet 3.6 x 5.5 x 2.1 List of Akkadian words No. 117 12 N 101 IM 77078 Exercise tablet 10.9 x 15.6 x 3.3 Nouns, verbal forms, and phrases No. 118 12 N 102 IM 77079 Exercise tablet 15.1 x 22.3 x 3.8 Nouns and verbal forms No. 119 12 N 129 IM 77106 Exercise tablet 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.3 Bilingual list of offices and professions Bilingual list of offices and professions No. 120 12 N 131 IM 77108 Exercise tablet 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.3 No. 121 12 N 148 IM 77125 Exercise tablet 4.1 x 7.3 x 2.3 Bilingual list of offices and professions No. 122 12 N 163 IM 77140 Exercise tablet 5.1 x 10.0 x 3.3 Bilingual list of offices and professions No. 123 12 N 178 IM 77155 Exercise tablet 3.9 x 7.1 x 2.7 Bilingual list of offices and professions 5.5 x 9.5 x 2.9 Exercise in measures No. 124 12 N 156 IM 77133 Exercise tablet No. 125 12 N 185 IM 77162 Roster 7.5 x 10.7 x 2.7 List of names of female weavers of wool No. 126 12 N 223 IM 77199 Roster 5.4 x 8.8 x 3.0 Fragmentary list recording 37 masculine personal names; scribal exercise? No. 127 12 N 1G3 IM 77080 Roster 12.7 x 20.5 x 3.8 Very damaged list originally inscribed with over 250 names No. 128 12 N 110 IM 77087 Literary text 9.2 x 14.3 x 4.3 "Fiirstenspiegel" or "Advice to a Prince" '~'""" ~"~" '- ' ~ ' -""" "'~ -" '--' '-~-"~~"~~"'~' '~ ~ ~"~'~"' -----"- oi.uchicago.edu CATALOGS OF TEXTS 27 TEXTS ARRANGED BY FIELD NUMBER FieldNumber PublicationNumber 12 N 12 N 12N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12N 12N 12N 12N 12 N 12 N 12N 12N 12N 12 N 12 N 12N 12 N 12 N 12 N 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 No. 114 No. 117 No. 118 No. 127 No. 46 No. 91 No. 50 No. 78 No. 55 No. 38 No. 128 No. 60 No. 79 No. 80 No. 51 No. 61 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 12 N 12 N 12 N 12 N 141 142 143 144 No. 107 No. 12 No. 81 No. 3 No. 119 No. 1 No. 120 No. 2 No. 48 No. 34 No. 33 No. 4 No. 40 No. 16 No. 82 No. 108 No. 39 No. 63 No. 83 No. 14 No. 100 No. 9 No. 10 No. 92 No. 11 No. No. No. No. 5 56 106 101 Museum Number IM 77077 IM 77078 IM 77079 IM 77080 IM 77081 IM 77082 IM 77083 IM 77084 IM 77085 IM 77086 IM 77087 IM 77088 IM 77089 IM 77090 IM 77091 IM 77092 IM 77093 IM 77094 IM 77095 IM 77096 IM 77097 IM 77098 IM 77099 IM 77100 IM 77101 IM 77102 IM 77103 IM 77104 IM 77105 IM 77106 IM 77107 IM 77108 IM 77109 IM 77110 IM 77111 IM 77112 IM 77113 IM 77114 IM 77115 IM 77116 IM 77117 IM 77118 IM 77119 IM 77120 IM 77121 Type Dimensions in cm Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Roster Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Literary text Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter 16.0 x 21.3 x 2.2 10.9 x 15.6 x 3.3 15.1 x 22.3 x 3.8 12.7 x 20.5 x 3.8 3.8 x 7.2 x 2.7 4.3 x 7.2 x 2.6 5.3 x 3.1 x 1.9 4.3 x 8.1 x 2.7 3.8 x 6.6 x 2.7 4.8 x 9.8 x 3.4 9.2 x 14.3 x 4.3 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.5 3.9 x 6.2 x 2.5 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 3.9 x 6.6 x 2.5 3.2 x 4.7 x 1.6 4.3 x 7.7 x 2.8 4.0 x 6.2 x 2.2 4.8 x 7.7 x 2.3 4.8 x 10.0 x 3.6 3.7 x 5.9 x 2.2 Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Letter Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter 4.1 x7.0 x2.3 3.4 x 6.6 x 2.4 3.6 x 6.4 x 2.4 4.3 x 6.8 x 2.3 3.7 x 7.2 x 2.5 4.5 x 6.2 x 2.4 3.7 x 6.0 x 2.2 4.0 x7.2 x 2.6 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.3 4 .3 x 8.4 x 2.6 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.3 5.5 x 11.4 x 3.7 4.2 x 5.8 x 2.1 4.0 x 6.3 x 2.4 4.3 x 7.9 x 2.3 4.4 x 7.6 x 2.4 4.3 x 8.6 x 2.3 4.7 x 7.4 x 2.5 5.2 x 8.7 x 2.8 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.6 4.8 x 8.3 x 2.4 3.6 x 5.9 x 1.7 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.5 3.4 x 5.3 x 2.0 oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 28 TEXTS ARRANGED BY FELD NUMBER (cont.) Field Number 12 N 145 12 N 146 12 N 147 12 N 148 12 N 149 12 N 150 12 N 151 12 N 152 12 N 153 12 N 154 12 N 155 12 N 156 12 N 157 12 N 158 12 N 159 12 N 160 12 N 161 12 N 162 12 N 163 12N 164 12 N 165 12N 166 12 N 167 12N 168 12 N 169 12 N 170 12N 171 12 N 172 12 N 173 12 N 174 12 N 175 12 N 176 12 N 177 12 N 178 12N 179 12N 180 12 N 181 12 N 182 12 N 183 12N 184 12 N 185 12N 12N 12N 12N 12N 12 N 12 N 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 12 N 193 12N 194 PublicationNumber No. 89 No. 59 No. 94 No. 121 No. 64 No. 57 No. 36 No. 42 No. 37 No. 6 No. 7 No.124 No. 52 No. 109 No. 17 No. 13 No. 102 No. 65 No. 122 No. 18 No. 19 No. 103 No. 8 No. 84 No. 23 No. 66 No. 20 No. 53 No. 24 No. 62 No. 25 No. 45 No. 43 No. 123 No. 54 No. 88 No. 75 No. 26 No. 76 No. 110 No. 125 No. 58 No. 27 No. 41 No. 99 No. 67 No. 28 No. 47 No. 21 No. 68 Museum Number IM 77122 IM 77123 IM 77124 IM 77125 IM 77126 IM 77127 IM 77128 IM 77129 IM 77130 IM 77131 IM 77132 IM 77133 IM 77134 IM 77135 IM 77136 IM 77137 IM 77138 IM 77139 IM 77140 IM 77141 IM 77142 IM 77143 IM 77144 IM 77145 IM 77146 IM 77147 IM 77148 IM 77149 IM 77150 IM 77151 IM 77152 IM 77153 IM 77154 IM 77155 IM 77156 IM 77157 IM 77158 IM 77159 IM 77160 IM 77161 IM 77162 IM 77163 IM 77164 IM 77165 IM 77166 IM 77167 IM 77168 IM 77169 IM 77170 IM 77171 Type Dimensions in cm Letter Letter Letter Exercise Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter 4.0 x 8.9 x 2.8 4.0 x 5.6 x 1.8 3.9 x 7.3 x 2.6 4.1 x 7.3 x 2.3 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.2 6.6 x 9.9 x 3.5 4.1 x7.1 x2.3 5.2 x 3.2 x 2.0 4.0 x 7.4 x 2.3 4.1 x6.4 x2.2 4.1 x 6.3 x 2.6 Roster Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter tablet tablet tablet tablet 5.5 x 9.5 x 2.9 5.4 x 3.0 x 1.4 3.6 x 5.9 x 2.4 5.4 x 9.5 x 3.0 3.7 x 6.4 x 1.7 4.5 x 6.4 x 2.1 4.0 x 6.7 x 2.2 5.1 x 10.0 x 3.3 4.1 x 7.5 x2.7 4.6 x 8.3 x 2.8 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.2 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.4 3.7 x 6.3 x 2.4 5.4 x 7.1 x 2.4 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.3 4.7 x 8.4 x 2.7 4.2 x 8.4 x 2.9 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.3 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 4.1 x 6.4 x 2.8 4.4 x 10.0 x 3.3 4.0 x 7.2 x 3.0 3.9 x 7.1 x2.7 6.1 x 3.1 x 2.0 3.7 x 5.7 x 2.2 4.0x 7.1 x2.2 4.3 x 6.9 x 2.7 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.2 4.8 x 8.9 x 2.8 7.5 x 10.7 x 2.7 4.1 x 8.4 x 2.8 4.5 x 8.8 x 2.9 5.5 x 11.3 x 3.5 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 Fragment 4.4 x 7.3 x 2.2 4.0 x 6.4 x 2.5 4.1 x 6.9 x 2.5 4.2 x 6.5 x 2.2 oi.uchicago.edu 29 CATALOGS OF TEXTS TEXTS ARRANGED BY FIELD NUMBER (cont.) Field Number PublicationNumber 12 N211 12 N212 12 N213 12 N214 No. 95 No. 49 No. 22 No. 15 No. 96 No. 85 No. 69 No. 104 No. 86 No. 97 No. 90 No. 70 No. 77 No. 71 No. 29 No. 93 No. 44 No. 87 No. 111 No. 35 12N215 12 N216 12 N217 12 N218 12 N219 12 N 220 12 N 221 12 N 222 12 N 223 12 N 224 12 N 225 12 N 226 12 N 227 No. 98 No. 112 No. 72 No. 73 No. 115 No. 116 No. 30 No. 31 No. 126 No. 105 No. 113 No. 32 No. 74 12 N 195 12 N 196 12 N 197 12 N 198 12 N 199 12 N 200 12 N 201 12 N 202 12 N 203 12 N 204 12 N 205 12 N 206 12 N 207 12 N 208 12 N 209 12 N210 Museum Number IM 77172 IM 77173 IM 77174 IM 77175 IM 77176 IM 77177 IM 77178 IM 77179 IM 77180 IM 77181 IM 77182 IM 77183 IM 77184 IM 77185 IM 77186 IM 77187 IM 77188 IM 77189 IM 77190 IM 77191 IM 77192 Unregistered IM 77193 IM 77194 IM 77195 IM 77196 IM 77197 IM 77198 IM 77199 IM 77200 Unregistered IM 77201 IM 77202 · Type Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Letter Letter Roster Letter Letter Letter Letter Dimensions in cm 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 3.2 x 5.0 x 2.0 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.7 4.5 x 7.6 x 2.5 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 3.7 x 5.4 x 2.3 4.3 x 6.2 x 2.2 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.4 4.0 x 7.0 x 2.5 6.5 x 9.4 x 2.7 3.8 x 7.0 x 2.6 3.7 x 7.0 x 2.7 4.0 x 5.8 x 2.4 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.5 3.7 x 5.8 x 2.0 4.7 x 9.7 x 3.2 4.3 x 6.3 x 2.1 5.8 x 3.7 x 2.2 4.0 x 6.5 x 2.3 5.0 x 9.3 x 2.7 Fragment Fragment 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.6 4.5 x7.3 x3.1 4.8 x 7.6 x 2.9 3.6 x 5.5 x 2.1 4.5 x 7.3 x 2.6 4.0 x 6.9 x 2.4 5.4 x 8.8 x 3.0 3.6 x 5.4 x 2.2 Fragment 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.3 5.0x 8.1 x2.4 oi.uchicago.edu 30 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR TEXTS ARRANGED BY MUSEUM NUMBER Museum Number IM 77077 IM 77078 IM 77079 IM 77080 IM 77081 IM 77082 IM 77083 IM 77084 IM 77085 IM 77086 IM 77087 IM 77088 IM 77089 IM 77090 IM 77091 IM 77092 IM 77093 IM 77094 IM 77095 IM 77096 IM 77097 IM 77098 IM 77099 IM 77100 IM 77101 IM 77102 IM 77103 IM 77104 IM 77105 IM 77106 IM 77107 IM 77108 IM 77109 IM 77110 IM 77111 IM 77112 IM 77113 IM 77114 IM 77115 IM 77116 IM 77117 IM 77118 IM 77119 IM 77120 IM 77121 PublicationNumber No. 114 No. 117 No. 118 No. 127 No. 46 No. 91 No. 50 No. 78 No. 55 No. 38 No. 128 No. 60 No. 79 No. 80 No. 51 No. 61 No. 100 No. 9 No. 10 No. 92 No. 11 No. 5 No. 56 No. 106 No. 101 No. 107 No. 12 No. 81 No. 3 No. 119 No. 1 No. 120 No. 2 No. 48 No. 34 No. 33 No. 4 No. 40 No. 16 No. 82 No. 108 No. No. No. No. 39 63 83 14 FieldNumber 12 N 100 12 N 101 12N 102 12 N 103 12 N 104 12 N 105 12 N 106 12 N 107 12 N 108 12 N 109 12N 110 12N 111 12N 112 12N 113 12N 114 12N 115 12N 116 12 N 117 12N 118 12N 119 12 N 120 12 N 121 12 N 122 12 N 123 12 N 124 12N 125 12 N 126 12 N 127 12 N 128 12 N 129 12 N 130 12N 131 12 N 132 12 N 133 12 N 134 12N 135 12 N 136 12 N 137 12 N 138 12 N 139 12 N 140 12 N 141 12 N 142 12 N 143 12 N 144 Type Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Roster Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Literary text Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Letter Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Dimensionsin cm 16.0x 21.3 x2.2 10.9 x 15.6 x 3.3 15.1 x 22.3 x 3.8 12.7 x 20.5 x 3.8 3.8 x 7.2 x 2.7 4.3 x 7.2 x 2.6 5.3 x 3.1 x 1.9 4.3 x8.1 x2.7 3.8 x 6.6 x 2.7 4.8 x 9.8 x 3.4 9.2 x 14.3 x 4.3 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.5 3.9 x 6.2 x 2.5 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 3.9 x 6.6 x 2.5 3.2 x 4.7 x 1.6 4.3 x 7.7 x 2.8 4.0 x 6.2 x 2.2 4.8 x 7.7 x 2.3 4.8x 10.0 x 3.6 3.7 x 5.9 x 2.2 4.1 x 7.0 x 2.3 3.4 x 6.6 x 2.4 3.6 x 6.4 x 2.4 4 .3 x 6.8 x 2.3 3.7 x 7.2 x 2.5 4.5 x 6.2 x 2.4 3.7 x 6.0 x 2.2 4.0 x 7.2 x 2.6 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.3 4.3 x 8.4 x 2.6 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.3 5.5 x 11.4 x 3.7 4.2 x 5.8 x 2.1 4.0 x 6.3 x 2.4 4.3 x 7.9 x 2.3 4.4 x 7.6 x 2.4 4.3 x 8.6 x 2.3 4.7 x 7.4 x 2.5 5.2 x 8.7 x 2.8 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.6 4.8 x 8.3 x 2.4 3.6 x 5.9 x 1.7 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.5 3.4 x 5.3 x 2.0 oi.uchicago.edu 31 CATALOGS OF TEXTS TEXTS ARRANGED BY MUSEUM NUMBER (cont.) Museum Number IM 77122 IM 77123 IM 77124 IM 77125 IM 77126 IM 77127 IM 77128 IM 77129 IM 77130 IM 77131 IM 77132 IM 77133 IM 77134 IM 77135 IM 77136 IM 77137 IM 77138 IM 77139 IM 77140 IM 77141 IM 77142 IM 77143 IM 77144 IM 77145 IM 77146 IM 77147 IM 77148 IM 77149 IM 77150 IM 77151 IM 77152 IM 77153 IM 77154 IM 77155 IM 77156 IM 77157 IM 77158 IM 77159 IM 77160 IM 77161 IM 77162 IM 77163 IM 77164 IM 77165 IM 77166 IM 77167 IM 77168 IM 77169 IM 77170 IM 77171 PublicationNumber No. 89 No. 59 No. 94 No. 121 No. 64 No. 57 No. 36 No. 42 No. 37 No. 6 No. 7 No. 124 No. 52 No. 109 No. 17 No. 13 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 102 65 122 18 19 103 8 84 23 66 20 53 24 62 25 45 43 123 No. No. No. No. No. 54 88 75 26 76 No. 110 No. 125 No. 58 No. 27 No. 41 No. 99 No. 67 No. 28 No. 47 No. 21 No. 68 FieldNumber 12 N 145 12 N 146 12 N 147 12 N 148 12 N 149 12 N 150 12 N 151 12 N 152 12 N 153 12 N 154 12 N 155 12 N 156 12 N 157 12 N 158 12 N 159 12 N 160 12N 161 12 N 162 12 N 163 12N 164 12N 165 12 N 166 12 N 167 12 N 168 12N 169 12 N 170 12 N 171 12 N 172 12 N 173 12 N 174 12 N 175 12 N 176 12 N 177 12N 178 12 N 179 12N 180 12N 181 12 N 182 12 N 183 12N 184 12N 185 12 N 186 12 N 187 12 N 12 N 12 N 12N 12 N 188 189 190 191 192 12 N 193 12 N 194 Type Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Roster Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Dimensions in cm 4.0 x 8.9 x 2.8 4.0 x 5.6 x 1.8 3.9 x 7.3 x 2.6 4.1 x 7.3 x 2.3 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.2 6.6 x 9.9 x 3.5 4.1 x 7.1 x 2.3 5.2 x 3.2 x 2.0 4.0 x 7.4 x 2.3 4.1 x6.4 x 2.2 4.1 x6.3 x2.6 5.5 x 9.5 x 2.9 5.4 x 3.0 x 1.4 3.6 x 5.9 x 2.4 5.4 x 9.5 x 3.0 3.7 x 6.4 x 1.7 4.5 x 6.4 x2.1 4.0 x 6.7 x 2.2 5.1 x 10.0 x 3.3 4.1 x 7.5 x 2.7 4.6 x 8.3 x 2.8 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.2 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.4 3.7 x 6.3 x 2.4 5.4 x 7.1 x 2.4 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.3 4.7 x 8.4 x 2.7 4.2 x 8.4 x 2.9 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.3 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 4.1 x6.4 x2.8 4.4 x 10.0 x 3.3 4.0 x 7.2 x 3.0 3.9 x 7.1 x2.7 6.1 x3.1 x2.0 3.7 x 5.7 x 2.2 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 4.3 x 6.9 x 2.7 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.2 4.8 x 8.9 x 2.8 7.5 x 10.7 x 2.7 4.1 x 8.4 x 2.8 4 .5 x 8.8 x 2.9 5.5 x 11.3 x 3.5 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 Fragment 4.4 x 7.3 x 2.2 4.0 x 6.4 x 2.5 4.1 x 6.9 x 2.5 4.2 x 6.5 x 2.2 oi.uchicago.edu 32 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR TEXTS ARRANGED BY MUSEUM NUMBER (cont.) Museum Number IM 77172 IM 77173 IM 77174 IM 77175 IM 77176 IM 77177 IM 77178 IM 77179 IM 77180 IM 77181 IM 77182 IM 77183 IM 77184 IM 77185 IM 77186 IM 77187 IM 77188 IM 77189 IM 77190 IM 77191 IM 77192 IM 77193 IM 77194 IM 77195 IM 77196 IM 77197 IM 77198 IM 77199 IM 77200 IM 77201 IM 77202 Unregistered Unregistered Publication Number No. 95 No. 49 No. 22 No. 15 No. 96 No. 85 No. 69 No. 104 No. 86 No. 97 No. 90 No. 70 No. 77 No. 71 No. 29 No. 93 No. 44 No. 87 No. 111 No. 35 No. 98 No. 72 No. 73 No. 115 No. 116 No. 30 No. 31 No. 126 No. 105 No. 32 No. 74 No. 112 No. 113 FieldNumber 12 N 195 12 N 196 12 N 197 12 N 198 12 N 199 12 N 200 12 N 201 12 N 202 12 N 203 12 N 204 12 N 205 12 N 206 12 N 207 12 N 208 12 N 209 12 N 210 12 N 211 12 N212 12 N 213 12 N 214 12 N 215 12 N 217 12 N 218 12 N 219 12 N 220 12 N 221 12 N 222 12 N 223 12 N 224 12 N 226 12 N 227 12 N 216 12 N 225 Type Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Letter Letter Roster Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Dimensions in cm 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 3.2 x 5.0 x 2.0 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.7 4.5 x7.6 x 2.5 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 3.7 x5.4 x2.3 4.3 x 6.2 x 2.2 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.4 4.0 x 7.0 x 2.5 6.5 x 9.4 x 2.7 3.8 x 7.0 x 2.6 3.7 x 7.0 x 2.7 4.0 x 5.8 x 2.4 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.5 3.7 x 5.8 x 2.0 4.7 x 9.7 x 3.2 4.3 x 6.3 x 2.1 5.8 x3.7 x 2.2 4.0 x 6.5 x2.3 5.0 x 9.3 x2.7 Fragment 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.6 4.5 x 7.3 x 3.1 4.8 x 7.6 x 2.9 3.6 x 5.5 x 2.1 4.5 x 7.3 x 2.6 4.0 x 6.9 x 2.4 5.4 x 8.8 x 3.0 3.6 x 5.4 x 2.2 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.3 5.0 x 8.1 x 2.4 Fragment Fragment oi.uchicago.edu CATALOGS OF TEXTS 33 TEXTS ARRANGED BY WIDTH-TO-LENGTH RATIO Ratio 1:2.4 1:2.4 1:2.2 1:2.2 1:2.2 1:2.2 1:2.2 1:2.1 1:2.1 1:2.1 1:2.1 1:2.1 1:2.1 1:2.1 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:2.0 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.9 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 PublicationNumber Dimensions in cm Museum Number FieldNumber 12N 176 12 N 145 12 N 132 12 N 109 12 N 188 12 N 186 12 N 119 12 N 130 12N 187 12 N 137 12 N 172 12 N 122 12 N 210 12 N 125 12 N 214 12 N 153 12 N 104 12 N 206 12 N 107 12 N 205 12 N 147 12 N 195 12 N 199 12 N 184 12N 163 12 N 128 12 N 164 12 N 165 12 N 171 12 N 135 12N 177 12 N 108 12 N 181 12 N 203 12N 116 12 N 123 12 N 136 12 N 121 12 N 160 12 N 198 12 N 159 12 N 193 12 N 197 12 N 222 12 N 151 No. 45 No. 89 No. 2 No. 38 No. 41 No. 58 No. 92 No. I No. 27 No. 40 No. 53 No. 56 No. 93 No. 107 No. 35 No. 37 No. 46 No. 70 No. 78 No. 90 No. 94 No. 95 No. 96 No. 110 No. 122 No. 3 No. 18 No. 19 No. 20 No. 33 No. 43 No. 55 No. 75 No. 86 No. 100 No. 106 No. 4 No. 5 No. 13 No. 15 No. 17 4.4 x 10.0 x 3.3 4.0 x 8.9 x 2.8 5.5 x 11.4 x 3.7 4.8 x 9.8 x 3.4 5.5 x 11.3 x3.5 4.1 x 8.4 x2.8 4.8 x 10.0 x 3.6 4.3 x 8.4 x 2.6 4.5 x 8.8 x 2.9 4.3 x 8.6 x 2.3 4.2 x 8.4 x 2.9 3.4 x 6.6 x 2.4 4.7 x 9.7 x 3.2 3.7 x 7.2 x 2.5 5.0 x 9.3 x 2.7 4.0 x 7.4 x 2.3 3.8 x 7.2 x 2.7 3.7 x 7.0 x 2.7 4.3 x 8.1 x 2.7 3.8 x 7.0 x 2.6 3.9 x 7.3 x 2.6 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 4.8 x 8.9 x 2.8 5.1 x 10.0 x 3.3 4.0 x 7.2 x 2.6 4.1 x7.5 x2.7 4.6 x 8.3 x 2.8 4.7 x 8.4 x 2.7 4.3 x 7.9 x 2.3 4.0 x 7.2 x 3.0 3.8 x 6.6 x 2.7 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 4.0 x 7.0 x 2.5 4.3 x 7.7 x 2.8 3.6 x 6.4 x 2.4 4.4 x 7.6 x 2.4 4.1 x 7.0 x 2.3 3.7 x 6.4 x 1.7 4.5 x 7.6 x 2.5 5.4 x 9.5 x 3.0 IM 77153 IM 77122 IM 77109 IM 77086 IM 77165 IM 77163 IM 77096 IM 77107 IM 77164 IM 77114 IM 77149 IM 77099 IM 77187 IM 77102 IM 77191 IM 77130 IM 77081 IM 77183 IM 77084 IM 77182 IM 77124 IM 77172 IM 77176 IM 77161 IM 77140 IM 77105 IM 77141 IM 77142 IM 77148 IM 77112 IM 77154 IM 77085 IM 77158 IM 77180 IM 77093 IM 77100 IM 77113 IM 77098 IM 77137 IM 77175 IM 77136 No. 21 No. 22 No. 31 No. 36 4.1 x 6.9 x 2.5 IM 77170 IM 77174 IM 77198 IM 77128 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.7 4.0 x 6.9 x 2.4 4.1 x 7.1 x 2.3 Type Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter oi.uchicago.edu 34 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR TEXTS ARRANGED BY WIDTH-TO-LENGTH RATIO (cont.) Ratio 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.8 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.7 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 PublicationNumber No. 39 No. 51 No. 60 No. 65 No. 66 No. 72 No. 84 No. 91 No. 104 No. 121 No. 123 No. 8 No. 10 No. 11 No. 14 No. 24 No. 26 No. 28 No. 29 No. 30 No. 34 No. 47 No. 49 No. 63 No. 73 No. 74 No. 79 No. 81 No. 82 No. 83 No. 103 No. 109 No. 111 No. 119 No. 124 No. 6 No. 7 No. 9 No. 16 No. 25 No. 61 No. 62 No. 68 No. 71 No. 80 No. 88 No. 99 No. 101 No. 105 No. 108 Dimensions in cm 4.8 x 8.3 x 2.4 3.9 x 6.6 x 2.5 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.5 4.0 x 6.7 x 2.2 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.3 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.6 3.7 x 6.3 x 2.4 4.3 x 7.2 x 2.6 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.4 4.1 x 7.3 x 2.3 3.9 x 7.1 x2.7 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.4 4.8 x 7.7 x 2.3 3.7 x 5.9 x 2.2 3.4 x 5.3 x 2.0 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.3 4.3 x 6.9 x 2.7 4.4 x 7.3 x 2.2 3.7 x 5.8 x 2.0 4.5 x 7.3 x 2.6 4.0 x 6.3 x 2.4 4.0 x 6.4 x 2.5 3.2 x 5.0 x 2.0 3.6 x 5.9 x 1.7 4.5 x 7.3 x 3.1 5.0 x 8.1 x2.4 3.9 x 6.2 x 2.5 3.7 x 6.0 x 2.2 5.2 x 8.7 x 2.8 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.5 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.2 3.6 x 5.9 x 2.4 4.0 x 6.5 x 2.3 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.3 5.5 x 9.5 x 2.9 4.1 x 6.4 x 2.2 4.1 x6.3 x2.6 4.0 x 6.2 x 2.2 4.7 x 7.4 x 2.5 4.1 x 6.4x 2.8 3.2 x 4.7 x 1.6 Museum Number FieldNumber Type 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 4.2 x 6.5 x 2.2 IM 77118 IM 77091 IM 77088 IM 77139 IM 77147 IM 77193 IM 77145 IM 77082 IM 77179 IM 77125 IM 77155 IM 77144 IM 77095 IM 77097 IM 77121 IM 77150 IM 77159 IM 77168 IM 77186 IM 77197 IM 77111 IM 77169 IM 77173 IM 77119 IM 77194 IM 77202 IM 77089 IM 77104 IM 77116 IM 77120 IM 77143 IM 77135 IM 77190 IM 77106 IM 77133 IM 77131 IM 77132 IM 77094 IM 77115 IM 77152 IM 77092 IM 77151 IM 77171 12 N 141 12 N 114 12 N 11 12 N 162 12N 170 12 N217 12N 168 12 N 105 12 N 202 12 N 148 12N 178 12 N 167 12 N 118 12 N 120 12 N 144 12 N 173 12N 182 12 N 191 12 N 209 12 N 221 12 N 134 12 N 192 12 N 196 12 N 142 12 N 218 12 N 227 12N 112 12 N 127 12 N 139 12 N 143 12N 166 12 N 158 12 N213 12 N 129 12 N 156 12 N 154 12 N 155 12N 117 12 N 138 12 N 175 12 N 115 12 N 174 12 N 194 Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.5 4.0 x 7.1 x2.2 3.7 x 5.7 x 2.2 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 4.3 x 6.8 x 2.3 3.6 x 5.4 x 2.2 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.6 IM IM IM IM IM IM IM 12 N 208 12N 113 12 N 180 12 N 189 12 N 124 12 N 224 12 N 140 Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter 77185 77090 77157 77166 77101 77200 77117 oi.uchicago.edu 35 CATALOGS OF TEXTS TEXTS ARRANGED BY WIDTH-TO-LENGTH RATIO (cont.) Ratio 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.6 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.5 1:1.4 1:1.4 1:1.4 1:1.4 1:1.4 1:1.4 1:1.3 1:0.6 1:0.6 1:0.5 1:0.5 1:0.5 Dimensions in cm PublicationNumber No. 115 No. 126 No. 127 No. 128 No. 32 No. 44 No. 57 No. 59 No. 64 No. 76 No. 77 No. 85 No. 97 No. 102 No. 116 No. 118 No. 120 No. 12 No. 23 No. 48 No. 69 No. 117 No. 125 No. 114 No. 42 No. 87 No. 50 No. 52 No. 54 No. 67 No. 98 No. 112 No. 113 4.8 x 7.6 x 2.9 5.4 x 8.8 x 3.0 12.7 x 20.5 x 3.8 9.2 x 14.3 x 4.3 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.3 4.3 x 6.3 x 2.1 6.6 x 9.9 x 3.5 4.0 x 5.6 x 1.8 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.2 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.2 4.0 x 5.8 x 2.4 3.7 x 5.4 x 2.3 6.5 x 9.4 x 2.7 4.5 x 6.4 x 2.1 3.6 x 5.5 x2.1 15.1 x 22.3 x 3.8 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.3 4.5 x 6.2 x 2.4 5.4 x 7.1 x 2.4 4.2 x 5.8 x 2.1 4.3 x 6.2 x 2.2 10.9 x 15.6 x 3.3 7.5 x 10.7 x 2.7 16.0 x 21.3 x 2.2 5.2 x 3.2 x 2.0 5.8 x 3.7 x 2.2 5.3 x 3.1 x 1.9 5.4 x 3.0 x 1.4 6.1 x3.1 x2.0 Fragment Fragment Fragment Fragment ·· Museum Number FieldNumber IM 77195 IM 77199 IM 77080 IM 77087 IM 77201 IM 77188 IM 77127 IM 77123 IM 77126 IM 77160 IM 77184 IM 77177 IM 77181 IM 77138 IM 77196 IM 77079 IM 77108 IM 77103 IM 77146 IM 77110 12 N219 12 N 223 12 N 103 12N 110 12 N 226 12 N211 12 N 150 12 N 146 12 N 149 12N 183 12 N 207 12 N 200 12N 204 12 N 161 12 N 220 12 N 102 12N 131 12 N 126 12N 169 12 N 133 12 N 201 12 N 101 12N 185 12 N 100 12 N 152 12 N 212 12N 106 12 N 157 12N 179 12 N 190 12 N 215 12 N216 12 N 225 IM 77178 IM 77078 IM 77162 IM 77077 IM 77129 IM 77189 IM 77083 IM 77134 IM 77156 IM 77167 IM 77192 Unregistered Unregistered ~" Type Exercise tablet Roster Roster Literary text Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Exercise tablet Roster Exercise tablet Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter Letter oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 1 IM 77107 12N 130 Letter 4.3 x 8.4 x 2.6 cm 1:2.1 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. a-na "AG-SES-ir qf-bi-ma 2. um-ma mNIG.DU SES-kdm 3. a-na ka-a-sd lu-u igl-mu 4. DINGIR.MES Su-ut t.KU[R] u EN.LIL.KI 5. ZI.MES jd ES-rfidl li-is-su-ru 6. um-ma-a a-n[a] ESA-id-a-ma 7. tup-pi a-na sul-mu sid gE-id 8. al-tap-r[a] ds-sji gRIN.ME§ d6 9. SES-ui-a is-pur 40 gt-nu 10. na-pul-tu ral-du-u mZum-bu-ta-a-nu 11. 12. 13. 14. 10 15 ra-bu-s&-nu a LO.SAMAN.LA &fi-i a-na pa-an SES-id a-sap-pa-ras-su SES-ri-a dib-ba ta-bu-tu it-ti-r~il [l]id-bu-ub SES.MES-gl-nu 20 15. ki-i pi-i an-ni-i i-qab-bu-u 16. um-ma SEA.MES-li-nu a-jar 17. il-li-ku ul is-lim-ds-si-nu-tu n 18. en-na ki-i §UKU.UI.A ina 19. tURU-lu-mur ia-a-nu 8UKU.UI.A 20. 21. 22. 23. 25 lid-da-df-si li-ru-ub-ma t-su li-mur-ma lil-lik-ma liq-ba-d6s-s-nu-tu a-rnal pa-an I.BARA 2 LI[M(?)] LOWER EDGE 24. LO qin-na-a-ti a-rnal 25. pa-an §ES-id il-la-ka 37 oi.uchicago.edu 38 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. rev. iý sit-tu-ti-su-nu ul im-me-rik-ku-u il-la-ku-u-nu d SES-u-a a-na "Mu-ri i-qab-bu-u um-ma le-mut-ta-na-tu-nu 30 fer^'!1^^*^^^, 31. mi-nam-ma Sd 1 MA.rNA KO.BABBARI tas-pur-a-nu 32. kit-tu an-na-a hi-tu-u-a am-me-ni 33. a-na SES-ia la ds-pur um-ma s 35 34. 5 MA.NA Kc.BABBAR <<5 MA.NA K(J.BABBAR> 35. a 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. <(T<R SfG ta-kil-tu 40 sfG dr-ga-man-nu mu -ram-ma 36. rsul-bil ina rLf 3l fe ^^ Kal-du gab-bi-ds ki-ril u-ba->u-u SfG ta-kil-tu ba-ni-ti a sfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-uii[a]-a>-nu dr-ka a-na SES-id al-t[ap]-ra en-na SfG ta-kil-ti bab-ba-n[i]-t[a] SIG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-Iul a SfG ta-kil-tu lib-bu-u sd a-na TiG mu-sip-tu i-mah-fa-su ina Su" i SE-ia r "Mu-ru sES-u-a lu-se-bil a mi-nu-a si-bu-tu d SEA-id sES-u-a lu-mas-si-ma lis-pur L^^'S^F xT Fr;V* : tr^- 45gPg-^Iff^^< ^e-i(?-^~fff4W^A 4;<$^^^4;6^^ 7 ffe^^iTiria.^^^^K^ 4 '-2)Sa[y] to Nabu-nasir, thus says Kudurru your brother: (3)May you be well. 4-"May the gods of Eku[r] and Nippur guard my brother's life. ')Say t[o] my brother: (7a)I have written and sen[t] my tablet to inquire about the well-being of my brother. (s~'oa)Conceming the men about whom my brother wrote-forty of them are dependent(s). ('• ~-•Now, Zumbutinu is their chief and an apprentice scribe. (2)I am sending him to my 4 5)Their brothers are saying as folbrother. (•)- 4a)My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance. (""' 7 lows: ('- )"Wherever our brothers went, it wasn't safe for them." (1-20a)Now, if there are no rations in the House of Al-l-mur, let him (my brother?) give him (Ali-limur?) rations. (W202)Let him go in and inspect his house and go and speak to them. (22 -25)Before the month of Nisannu, two thous[and(?)] families will be coming to my brother. (26- 7)And should the rest of them not stay behind?- - 28 a) should they come also? 28 ~29)About what my brother is saying to Murru: '3o)"You are all reprobates." ( 3 What about this one mina ( of silver you sent me? (32a)In truth, it's my fault. (3 2b-36 a)Why didn't I just write to my brother and say: "Buy and send me blue-purple and red-purple wool worth five minas of silver"? (36 b-39 a)When I searched the length of Chaldea, there w[as]n't any good-quality blue-purple wool or any fine-quality red-purple wool. (3940)Afterwards, I wr[ot]e to my brother. (40M5)My brother should now send in the hands of Murru some f[i]n[e] blue-purple and red-purple wool and also some blue-purple wool out of which they can weave my brother's musiptu-textile. (467)And whatever my brother's desire, let my brother specify in writing and send it. COMMENTS Line 1-The Nabt-nasir to whom this letter was addressed may have been the NabQ-nisir who reigned as king of Babylon from 747 to 734 B.c. The Nabf-nasir of our archive was involved in important political affairs (in this letter and in No. 17), and he was the man to whom Kudurru appealed to have offerings sent to Nippur's temple (also in No. 17). If he was in fact king, it is interesting that Kudurru addresses him as "brother." oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 1 39 Lines 4-5-Among the greeting formulae found in this archive, ilu sit Ekur u Nippur napidti sa ahiya lissurf is closest to the Middle Babylonian examples (compare Salonen, Grussformeln, pp. 57-70). Line 10-napultu in this archive denotes more than a "person" or "soul" but a person or soul who lacked membership in one of the "houses" comprising the sandabakku's circle of allies. This is evidenced by the contrasting use of napultu and bitu in No. 4, a letter which expresses concern about whether newly arrived laborers from the environs of Bit-Yakin should be brought into the ranks of the "souls" (ana napsati surubu [lines 15-16]), or whether they should be brought into one of the "houses" (ana bitdti surubu [lines 19-20]). napultu also occurs in No. 75:24, where the term refers to persons who were ransomed and afterwards perhaps sold. The ending of the name Zumbutanu indicates that it is probably West Semitic (< *ZBT or *ZBB?). Line 13-ta-bu-tu must represent the abstract of tabu rather than the masculine plural of the adjective because dib-ba is singular. The expression dibba tdbutu means literally "a word of friendship" (the final vowels are almost certainly neutral in quality). In the Amarna correspondence, the logogram DJG.GA, which probably stands for tdbuitu, refers specifically to an "alliance of friendship" (see Moran, Amarna Letters, p. 217 n. 5 [EA 136]); and this is also the meaning of tbt' in the Aramaic treaties from Sfire (see idem, JNES 22 [1963]: 173-76). In the Neo-Babylonian letters from Kuyunjik, the equivalent expression seems to be dibba gtabatu, "friendly words," which also connotes an alliance (see, e.g., ABL 571 r. 9-10 [dib-bi DUG.GA.MES]; ABL 608:7, 10 [dib-bi ta-bu-u-ti, dib-bi DOG.GA]; and ABL 943:4 [dib-bi ta-bu-te]). The syllabic spelling in the present letter demonstrates that MUN.UI.A should be read as tdbuitu in contexts requiring the abstract, as in the clause ki abzutu u MUN.UI.A sebdta, "If you desire brotherhood and friendly relations ... " (No. 2:9-11), and in MUN.UI.A ki tfpus quttisuma, "Just as you made the alliance, put an end to it" (No. 30:17-18). One should note, however, that the form tdbtftu also came to be used on occasion (as shown by the spelling EN MUN(.JI)-tu-tu in YOS 3 26:6 and BIN 1 34:11, 15). Elsewhere in this archive, MUN.UI.A stands for fdbtu, "favor," as in ina libbi annt MUN.UI.A-a usu[s], "Remember this favor of mine" (No. 2:29-30), Tdu ki aihua u L0 be-ii MUN.UI.Aia atta, "I know that you are my brother and my ally" (No. 4:25-28), and [ad]i ki ahu u LU be-if MUN.UI.A [a]tta, "Now if you are a brother and an ally ... " (No. 24:14-16). For a discussion of tdbiutu and similar terms, see Weinfeld, JAOS 93 (1973): 191-93. Lines 22-23-On the temporal nuance of ana pdn, see the note to No. 38:21. The broken sign at the end of line 23 must constitute part of the number accompanying LfI qinndti. The traces point to LIM. Lines 29 and 45-The name mMu-rilu, which can be understood to stand for mufru, "foal," is not otherwise attested as an Akkadian PN. It is therefore understood to represent Murr, a name that is found with considerable frequency in Thamfdic inscriptions, where it is written Mr (see van den Branden, Inscriptions thamouddennes, p. 98 [HU. 151] + previous bibliography). There are nineteen occurrences of Murr in the genealogical work of Hishim Ibn al-Kalbi known as Jamharatal-nasab(see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). Line 30--The unusual form lemuttdndtunu is understood to derive from the substantive lemuttu + the particularizing affix -an + the 2m.pl. stative ending -dtunu. The word lemuttdnu, which is unattested elsewhere, seems to be similar in both form and meaning to the term nabalkattanu,"rebel, violator (of a contract)" (see CAD N/I, p. 9 s.v.). Line 36-The use of the singular suffix on gabbifu demonstrates that Lir Kaldu (to which gabbisu refers) stands for the territorial entity "Chaldea" rather than for the ethnicon "Chaldeans." Line 47-On the various meanings of the verb mussa, see the note to No. 46:27. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 40 No. 2 IM 77109 12 N 132 Letter 5.5 x 11.4 x 3.7 cm 1:2.2 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. a-na "dPA-AS-SES qi-bi-ma um-ma mdAG-tRIN.TAU-a-a SES-kdm um-ma-a a-na ES-ia-a-ma ki-i ds-mu-u um-ma m"d-lim 5. 6. 7. 8. ina pa-ni-ka la tu-mal-&ar sui--ma a-na 1+en a-bi la i-bal-liq a-di a-&ap-pa-ram-ma MU DINGIR u-se-la-ds-Sti 9. dr-ki-s&ur up-ras-su ki-i 10. SWESW--tu a MUN.UI.A 11. se-ba-ta LO lu-a sa-bit obv. 4^»,g^- 7^^ffprrff?- fr~ 10 12. a-di IGI1-ia tam-mar 13. 1+en ina lib-bi SES.MES-e-&d 14. a-na lib-rbil GESTU".MES-&i 15. la ir-ru-ub-ma la u-sab-laq-su 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ki-i tal-tap-ra um-ma a-bu-us-su as-bat man-nu ki-i ril-kud-da-rds-suml-ma ta-sap-rparl-ra-ma lu a-sib a-di at-ta tal-la-kdm-ma tab-ba-ku-us l+en-sd 2-su 15 20 LOWER EDGE 22. la kit-ta-a 23. ah-tar-sa-a REVERSE 24. en-na a-sap-pa-rak-kdm-ma 25. ul ftal-qf-pan-ni 26. ina ma-rFril-i L[0] sar-ru-ti-ria5s 27. sa LO-t(-rFkal ki-i U-sab-bit 28. 1+en 5 KU.BABBAR ta-an-da-bar-su-nu-tu 29. ina lib-bi an-tnil-i MUN.JI.A-a 30. u-su-u[s] am-me-ni LO tal-qu 31. tu-tir-ram-ma a-na LO be-if KOIR-ia lo. e. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 2 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. rev. ta-nam-rdinl ki-i mim-ma te-ri-rgdl-an-ni sup-ram-ma lu-se-bi-lak-ka a ki-i ku-tal-flu*l-ta 41 -u-u *over erasure 25 b4r4f rr ^tW f i- tu-kal da-sd-an-ni sup-ru AD.MES-l-nu a-ta-me ku-ul-lu i l+en ral-na a-a-li ad 9d-ni-i -su-uz-zu 30 3540 40 f f t4h fxk jTh- r 4- 7 f4t•# ^ (-2)Say to Nabf-nfdin-abi, thus says Nabf-nirduna your brother. (3)Say to my brother: ()As soon as I heardYou must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else before I can write and swear an oath concerning him. (9-")After that, send him to me. If you desire brotherhood and friendly relations, let the man be held in confinement. (~2-5)Until you see me in person, not a single one of his brothers must come within earshot of him, that he may not help him to escape(~6)you wrote (again) to me, (~7)saying: I have taken on the role of his father. (1s-8 a)Whoever takes him into custody, you will send (him) to me; (9b-21a)otherwise, let him stay put until you yourself come and take him away. (2b- 23)Have I even once or twice unjustly made a withdrawal? (2425)Now I'm sending a message to you because you didn't believe me. (26-27)Previously when I captured my kidnappers of your slaves, ( 28)you received them for (only) five (shekels) of silver each. (29-30a)Remem[ber] this goodwill of mine. (30b-32a)Why did you capture the runaway and are now giving him to my enemy? (32 -34 a)If yOU crave anything from me, write to me and I'll send it to you. (4b- 37 )And if it is reserve-duty that you are holding him for-send rings. (37 -8)Our fathers rule jointly, (39-4)and they stand each as the confederate of the other. COMMENTS Line 10-S--uE-ttu of course represents atibitu,"brotherhood." MUN.UI.A on the other hand probably represents here tdbutu (rather than tabtutu; see the note to No. 1:13). For the connotations of both afhftu and abjfitu ua tdbtu, see the note to No. 3:5. Lines 13-15-Oppenheim proposed that the expression ina libbi uznesunu itarbfi-which is found in a letter from Uumban-baltas III to Ashurbanipal-should be translated "they got information (lit. it has entered their ears)" (see JAOS 61 [1941]: 263). But Oppenheim's translation ignores the actual oi.uchicago.edu 42 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR subject of etarbi, which is UN.MES-ia, "my people," in the preceding line (see ABL 879:11-12). An almost identical expression is used in the present letter, where it seems to mean instead "to come within earshot of." Line 17-The idiom abbiit X sabdtu, which the CAD proposes to translate "to intercede for X" or "to further the cause of X" (see CAD S, pp. 24-25 sub sabatu 8a-b) means literally, "to take on the role of father of X" (cf. AHw, p. 6 sub abbutu(m) 5). Line 18-ikuddassu is understood to be the 3m.sg. G-stem pres. of kddu ("to detain, arrest, take into custody") + the 3m.sg. acc. suffix -assu (see AHw, p. 420 sub kddu(m)). Only one other verbal form exhibits the medial vowel of this verb, and it shows a rather than ai(the form is liktdssu in MDP 10 92:18, a Middle Babylonian text from Susa). The verb qddu, "to kindle," shows i as medial vowel; but its meaning does not fit the context. Line 21-The CAD translates the phrase iltingu sinisu as "more than once" (see CAD I/J, p. 284 sub iStisu). Line 23-According to the dictionaries, the verb bardsu means on the one hand "to cut off, withdraw, deduct" and on the other "to settle, clear up, clarify" (see AHw, pp. 323-24 sub barasu(m) I, and CAD 1, pp. 92-95 sub bardsu A). bardsu in this archive means not only "to withdraw, deduct (from an account)" but also "to cancel an order" or "to write off." The verb also occurs in No. 33:27 and No. 58:22. Line 29-On the various possible readings of MUN.UI.A, see the note to No. 1:13. The Ic.sg. gen. suffix -a on MUN.II.A-a occurs in place of the expected -ya. Other parallels for the use of -a in the place of -ya include NINDA.UI.A-a in ABL 743 r. 5 and RRIN.MES-a in ABL 849 r. 1. Line 31-For turru in the meaning "to take (away) captive," see AHw, p. 1335 sub taru(m) D 19. Lines 35-36-kutallatu, which occurs elsewhere only in two texts from the Achaemenid period, seems to have military connotations. The dictionaries translate the word either as "obligation to serve as a reservist in the royal army" (CAD K, p. 607) or as "position of substitute" (AHw, p. 518 s.v.). The occurrence of this word in a letter from the eighth century B.C. prompts several questions: did the elites of Babylonia in the eighth century also require military service of their followers? If so, could a substitute perform this duty in one's stead? For whom would such service have been done? And finally, did the term kutallutu also encompass service on civil projects, such as canal building? dasannuseems to designate a ring, bracelet, or anklet made of precious metal. It is an item that was included in at least one Neo-Assyrian dowry inventory, where it is listed between sabiru (simeru), "ring, bracelet, anklet," and qulu (qullu), "coil" (see Parker, Iraq 16 [1954]: 37 [ND 2307]: 10-11). In Babylonia, silver and gold rings and coils were presented as payments and gifts of various kinds in the sixth century B.C., as indicated by VAS 6 61:6-8, Pinches, BOR 2 (1887-88): 3:8-9, and Camb. 45:7-11. The reference here to dasannu, and the reference in No. 35:27 to qulu, indicate that these items were being used as payments or gifts already in the eighth century B.C. For the history of the use of silver coils as money in Mesopotamia, and for photographs of the same, see M. A. Powell, Festschrift Matous, pp. 211-41. Line 38-kullu has various meanings. The one that best fits the present context is "to rule" (CAD K, pp. 51213 s.v. 3a-b). Line 39-According to AHw, the substantive ayyalu means "ally" or "confederate" (see p. 24 sub ajjalu II). By contrast, the CAD prefers to translate it as "help" (see vol. A/I, p. 226 sub ajalu B). oi.uchicago.edu 43 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 3 IM 77105 12 N 128 Letter 4.0 x 7.2 x 2.6 cm 1:1.9 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. a-na "BA-sd-a qi-[bi-ma] 2. um-ma mla-da-a -ll frit k4r rb~s#~ a-na ka-a-sd lu-. st•l-mu um-ma-a a-na SES-id-a-ma am-me-ni ab-bu-tu-u ki-i la se-ba-a-ti 3. 4. 5. 6. T .rFPF K kkJ~h-4fr onrr-t t~'-.r 7. ul-tu tas-mu-ti 8. um*-ma dul-la-a-ti 9. ii DINGIR.MES i-na UGU* 10. mla-da-a-il i-ba-ds-si 11. a-rna td-mil-ia 12. rall-[tap-rak]-rkal n, r - *over erasure *over erasure 10 r. r4K#. ' ^^*S:: l PF0 f -^.. " ~I·~~ lj·:1-123 -^'* 7-' ' **' -·~' * ***.v· · · REVERSE rev. 13. en-na ki-i a-m[at] 14. SES-i-tu* pa-nu-t[u] flal tas-kun 15. 16. 17. 18. sa a-mat a-na* mub-bii-ia is-kun mus-si-ma sup-rraml-ma lu-a i-de rkil-i *over erasure *over erasure 15 19. SES-i-a 20. at(!)-ta 20 P (4)Say to my brother: ("a)Why (did you act) as if work assignments of the gods are upon Yada))"The you didn't want brotherhood after you heard it said: Il"? ("l-2)At my own discretion, I have w[ritten to] you. (~3-4)Now even if you did not establish the wor[ding] of the previo[us] brotherhood (agreement), ( 5-20)find out who established the wording with regard to me and write to me so that I may know that you are my brother. ('-2)S[ay] to Iqisa, thus says Yada>-Il. ')May you be well. (8b-t COMMENTS Lines 2 and 10-The personal name Yada)-Il (= Yadac-I4l, "41 knows") is found also in No. 59:21 and 26, No. 6:18, and No. 23:2. The name is of course West Semitic but occurs only once in the entire corpus of oi.uchicago.edu 44 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR extant Aramaic inscriptions and texts of the first half of the first millennium B.c. (spelled Yd <l in AssU 5:8; see Hug, Altaram. Gramm. 7.-6. Jh., p. 22; and compare the index of Aramaic PNs published by Donner and Rollig in KAI, vol. 3, pp. 53-56; also Maraqten, Semitischen Personennamen, p. 169). A similar name is attested in the Hebrew Bible, but it is spelled there Ydyol (vocalized Y'diac-'El; see 1 Chron. 7:6, 10, 11; 11:45; and 26:2; compare also "la-di-b>(!?)1-ilu, the name of Mukin-zri's envoy in Nimrud Letter III [Saggs, Iraq 17 (1955): 30:11']). On the other hand, the name Ydol, which has been vocalized by Hofner as Yadacil, occurs over eighty times in Old South Arabian inscriptions (see Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 664 [Sabean and Himyarite]). Yada>-Il was also the name of a shaykh of the tribe called Naqiraya (a group mentioned in No. 13 [Lj Na-qa-ri]), whom the Assyrians caught stealing sheep around the middle of the eighth century (see Postgate, PalaceArchive, no. 119; see also Fales, Aramaic Epigraphs, p. 261). Line 5-fabbatu, or "brotherhood," was a prominent institution in Babylonia at this period. Brotherhood was the mechanism by which individual men and whole kin groups were able to unite with other men and groups in order to achieve goals that were deemed important by them all. In such relationships, actual blood ties seem to have been less important than the economic or political ties that these men had in common. The ceremony of adoption into brotherhood probably consisted of an exchange of gifts and a sworn oath. Afterwards, whenever one brother was among the other's kinsmen, he was bound to receive the same hospitality and consideration at the hands of those kin as the man whose brother he had become (see, e.g., Grant, Syrian Desert, p. 157). According to at least one letter in the Governor's Archive, men or groups who shared common political or economic interests could also enter relationships of "brotherhood and goodwill" (ahbfutu u t;dbftu [No. 2:10]). After making such bonds, they considered each other as brothers-in-armseach being the "brother and ally" of the other. When an alliance was terminated, the gifts which the parties had presented to each other as tokens of goodwill were either recalled, or payments were demanded in lieu of their return (see No. 35). For a discussion of the term tabatu, see the note to No. 1:13. For alliances of "brotherhood" in the Amarna correspondence, and on the expression of this bond through the exchange of gifts, see Moran, Amarna Letters, pp. xxiv-xxv (with bibliography). Lines 8-9--dulldtu sa ill ("work assignments of the gods") may refer to the work of maintaining the cults and shrines of the Nippur region. The present letter indicates that the responsibility for such work was one of the obligations which Yada'-Il, the letter's sender, may have incurred upon his entry into a brotherhood relationship with Iqisa, a man who was closely associated with Kudurru, the sandabakku (see No. 51:11; No. 12:9 and 11; No. 16:15, 18, and 20; No. 82:36; No. 49:2; and No. 70:2). It is also possible that the obligation rotated among all the sandabakku's political affiliates, since Yada'-I1, the sender of our letter, may be identical with the man of this name who became a sworn vassal of Kudurru and called him "father" (see No. 23). Line 17--On the various meanings of the verb mussa, see the note to No. 46:27. oi.uchicago.edu 45 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 4 IM 77113 12 N 136 Letter 4.4 x 7.6 x 2.4 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na m"EN-nu-ur5 -su rqil-bi-tmal 2. um-ma "Zab-di-ll rsEs~-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na SE-id-a-ma o-wrr= 4 ZW 4. 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1t 3 tRIN.MES ul-Ftul ta-mir-tu [Ila-ki-nul a-kan-na-ka rit-tab-dul li-mur-su-nu-rtul n LU*.DAM.GAR' a-di la SOU 5 iwnr^^^^ 84 5 ^^^^^**^^ ..^^F ^^^? '?f 10. i-ka-rsda-dul 10 11. up-ram-ma [lul-li-kdm-mal 12. ki-i &dpu-tu-ru 13. lu-up-tur-ds-su-nu-t[u] 14. e ki-i 15I .... ·r 1 LOWER EDGE 15 15. ana ZI.[MES] 16. rsu-rul-[bu] REVERSE rev. 17. rpil ka-a-di-Si rmim-mu-il 18. lu-mur al-te-[mul Pvr^ 4^'tF 19. um-ma a-na I.ME[S] 20. su-ru-bu 20 21. la tu-ma--&ar-m[a] 22. [k]i-i ina EN.LfLIL.[KI] 23. ki-i ina lib-bi A-rram1 -4^t^'-^"^^ ^^P wrrg 25. i-du ki-i 26. SES-a-a ral 27. LU be-if MUN.UI.A-ia 25 *over erasure to Bdl-nirsu, thus says Zabdi-II your brother. laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there. = e r-TT 'D yy^ ^;F~ (remainder of reverse, left and upper edges erased) '-2)Say -C <^' 24. SES-fl-a il-te-rmu(?)-U"(?)1 28. at*-ta* it k 3)Say to my brother: (-7)Five camels and three 8 Let (~ him locate them. (9-'O)Before the merchant oi.uchicago.edu 46 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR gets hold of them, ("-'3)write to me. Then let me come; and if they are for ransom, let me ransom the[m]. ( 1 6)And ~ 18 )let me see some authorization from his if they are to be made to ent[er] among the dependent[s], ("72 8 guard-post. (1 b)I've heard: ('9-) "You must not abandon bringing (them) into the house[s]." Bu[t] (2 -24)has my brother heard [wh]ether (these houses are) in Nippu[r] or in Aram? (2- 28)I know that you are my brother and ally. COMMENTS Line 1-The PN may also be read as mdEN-nu-mur-u, but the word numru ("bright spot, brightness") is otherwise unattested as a component of personal names (being used mostly in omens to describe the appearance of the exta; see, e.g., CAD N/II, p. 335 s.v.). On the other hand, the term nuru ("light") is a common element in Akkadian PNs (although it must be admitted that the spelling with the UAR-sign [= urs] is unusual). Line 2-The personal name Zabdi-Il occurs frequently in Safaitic and Thamuidic inscriptions (see the note to No. 51:5 and 7). Line 8-On this sense of amdru, see CAD A/II, p. 10 s.v. Ic. Other translations would also fit the context, including "to look after," "to visit," or "to examine." Lines 9-10-kagddu occurs with qdtd/u as subject with the meaning "to obtain possession of, get hold of" in ARM 10 140:27 and in two inscriptions of Sennacherib (see OIP 2 67:5 [Nineveh bull inscription] and p. 83:48 [Bavian inscription]). These references are cited in CAD K, p. 279 sub kasadu 2g. Lines 12-13-pu-tu-ru is understood to represent the substantive pufturu, which is otherwise attested only lexically (see AHw, p. 885 s.v.). Stems of the type *purus,in addition to forming de-verbal concrete nouns, such as lubugu, "clothing" (< labdsu, "to put on clothing"), serve also to form de-verbal action nouns, such as buqumu, "plucking" (< baqdmu, "to pluck") (see GAG §551). sa putfiru, which means literally "of ransoming," occurs also in No. 40:20. Compare the phrase putufra epesu, "to do ransoming," in No. 19:12-13. Of course, it is also possible that the writing pu-tu-ru stands for the Dstem infinitive putturu. Lines 15 and 19-On the meaning of ZI.MES (= napsdtu, pl. of napultu), and on the significance of the apparent dichotomy between ZI.MES and t.MES (persons unattached to houses vs. members of houses), see the note to No. 1:10. Line 17-The existence of an expression such as pi kddisu, "authorization of his guard-post," may indicate that in central Babylonia at this time people who intended to make their domicile in a territory that was not their own were required first to obtain authorization at one of the guard-posts of the territory into which they were entering. This is conjecture of course; but the expression nonetheless begs comment. oi.uchicago.edu 47 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 5 IM 77098 12 N121 Letter 4.1 x 7.0 x 2.3 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E mil-ia-da-a, 1. 2. 3. 4. FIR]-ka a-na di-na-an be-li-id lul-lik um-ma-a a-na be-li-id-a-ma as-su di-i-nu ~4w4 5. sd mA-na-UGU-dAG-IGI 6. sd be-li iq-ba-a 7. DUMU.MES mak-ni 8. SW"-su-nu 9. id-de-ku-u 10. il a-na-ku 11. ul a-be-es-si-it-nu-tdu 12. DUMU.MES mSak-nu ^yrr w-- 4 10ALV ;y A 4e¾ ^^^tFtr4 §m&4S REVERSE VIfzr rev. 13. be-li lu-ba-'i-i-ma 14. bi-bil-ta-su lig-gi 15. DUMU.LU.KIN sd be-li-id 16. it-ti LO.A.KIN-ia 17. a-na URU Sd-pi-ia 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. KASKAL* a-na* se-pi-jsu be-lf lit-kun ki-i -mas-su-u a-na be-li-ia al-tap-ra 15 ^t~ *written with split stylus 20 ^^"r--^1' ^tflr dC^"^ 20r0 '^.^'r'^~dqPF ^rz7 & '< r (')Your servant, Il-yada. (2)I would gladly die for my lord. (3)Say to my lord: ")Concerning the case of 9 sons of Saknu begged for help, ('~"~but I Ana-muhhi-Nabfl-lumur about which my lord spoke to me- --7 "the am not harboring them. (•-"4)My lord should search for the sons of Saknu or he should bear the responsibility 0 for his wrong. (~5-"My lord should dispatch the messenger of my lord to Saplya with my messenger. (2 22)When I got news, I wrote to my lord. COMMENTS Line 1-Il-yada> was also the name of the governor of Dar in 724 B.c. (see VAS 1 70 i 2). He is presumably to be identified with the man named Il-yada) who sent a series of reports to the Assyrian king concern- oi.uchicago.edu 48 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR ing the region bounded by Arrapba, the Diyala, and Babylon (ABL 502-505; see Brinkman, Studies Oppenheim, p. 35). On the West Semitic theophoric element >11, see the note to No. 78:2. Lines 8-9-For the idiom qati deku, "to beg for help" or "to lift one's hands in supplication," see CAD D, p. 126 sub deku 2f2'c'; AHw, p. 166 sub deka(m) G4a; and Oppenheim, JAOS 61 (1941): 269. Line 11-The fundamental meaning of the verb besa (i) is "to hide" (see AHw, p. 342 sub besa(m), basl(m), and CAD H, pp. 176-77 sub besa A). Line 17-Saplya was the principal town of the Chaldean tribe Bit-Amiikini, whose shaykh at this time was Mukin-zeri, a prominent figure in this archive who would later become king of Babylon (731-729). Bit-Amfikini probably extended from just southeast of Nippur to the vicinity of Uruk and seems to have also included territory along the ancient Tigris. This river perhaps now followed roughly the same course as the modem Shatt al-Gharrif. No. 6 Letter 4.1 x 6.4 x 2.2 cm 1:1.6 IM 77131 12 N 154 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. ml v 1 r1n 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. [a-na di-n]a-an be-l[i-ia] rlul-likl um-ma-a a-n[a be-li-ia-a-ma] ul be-It a-de-e ritl-ti mDU-NUMUN r[i LO1 Ru-buis-bat um-ma rman-nul &d [u]l-tu EN.LfL.KI I. [1-A- /.-. U -A -x 5 9. t l LU Ru-bu-u 10. ril-li-kdm-ma 11. rU UDU.MES 1 GU 4.rMES 10 LOWER EDGE 12. [a(?) LU(?).MES(?)] lo. e. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 6 49 REVERSE t. b9i?)]-. A,. L(i; P-"u ('~LU -;I ' fU 31 [i ? 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. rev. -If Ua;i ) l rvky rn A flf J 'IaU .LDA•Df A ni .JA rit(?)-tan(?)-na(!?)1-sjY-nu-[ti] la-II(?) t.AD-Si bi-lat rin(?)-na(?)l-[s]i(?)-rma(?)l en-na(?) DUMU mSak-nu DUMU mHa-rlal-pi "[la]-rdal-a>-ll a-rnal EN.LfL.jKII i-tab-ka be-lt liq-ba-ds-sum-ma 15 20 21. rLu1Y qal-la lu-tir-r[a] 22. DUMU mSak-ni " a-la-pi 23. DUMU m 24. Ia-a (~)[Yo]ur [servant] I1-[...]. (2-)I would gladly d[ie for my] lord. Say t[o my lord]: (4~a)Did not my lord conclude a treaty with Mukin-zEri and the Rubu> tribe saying that 7b-10)whoever came [f]rom Nippur or the Rubu> tribe and (l -'4)[led away(?)] sheep, oxen, [or slaves(?)] and sold(?) them, (15-16a)tribute would be carried(?) off(?) from his clan? '(6b-9)Nowa son of Saknu, son of galapu has led away [Ya]da>-I1 to Nippur. (2021)Let my lord command him that he should return the slave boy. (22-24)He is a son of Saknu, son of Jlalapu. COMMENTS Line 6-During the eighth century B.c., the Aramean tribe of Rubu> was active in Syria, near the middle Euphrates, and in southeastern Babylonia. Early in the eighth century, the Assyrian general SamsiII battled against the Rubu' tribe from his base at Til Barsip in the Upper Syria (see ThureauDangin, Til-Barsib, p. 146:10-11). Several decades afterwards, Tiglath-pileser III (744-727) encountered them in the vicinity of Rapiqu (see Tadmor, Tiglath-pileser III, p. 158 Summ. 7 [= 2 R 67]:5). And in the final decades of the eighth century, Sargon II (722-705) encountered the tribe along the Uqnf and Surappi rivers near the Elamite border (Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., p. 195:18-19 and p. 265:71-75 [= Winckler, Keilschrifttexte Sargons, p. 98:18-19 and p. 150 iv 71-p. 152 iv 75]). Lines 7-16-It is unfortunate that the portion of the letter that is inscribed on the lower edge and upper reverse of the tablet is broken, because it paraphrases the text of the agreement that the sandabakku of Nippur must have made with the shaykhs of the Chaldean tribe of Bit-Amuikni and the Aramean tribe of Rubu,. The passage nevertheless is the closest approximation that we have to a first-millennium ad6-text from Mesopotamia that does not involve the king of Assyria. Lines 17-24-In violation of this treaty, a man identified as "son of Saknu, son of Halapu" seems to have carried off a slave belonging to a member of Mukin-zeri's tribe, Bit-Amikani. The offender's patronym identifies him as a member of the Saknu clan of Bit-Ialupe, an Aramean tribe whose territory included the banks of the lower Khaibir (see also No. 13). His clan must have been living in Nippur or among the Rubu> tribe at this time, or he would not have been covered by the provision(s) of the agreement in question. He is identified solely by his lineage. According to the ethos of the time, kin-groups bore collective responsibility for the wrongs committed by their individual members. Therefore, the kin-group to which our offender belonged would have suffered the penalty that appears to have been set forth in lines 15 and 16. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 50 Line 18-Yada,<-cl was a common South Arabian PN (see the note to No. 3:2 and 10). Mukin-zEri's conclusion of an alliance with Nippur and the Rubuw tribe would have resulted in the projection of his influence northwestward from his domain southeast of Nippur to as far as the middle Euphrates. From such a base he could have exerted considerable pressure on the government in Babylon, control of which he eventually seized in a coup in 732 B.c. Tiglath-pileser III's invasion of Babylonia in the following year probably detached Nippur from Mukin-zEri's alliance since Nippur supported Tiglath-pileser during this king's ensuing struggle with the Chaldean shaykh (see Brinkman, PKB, pp. 235-37). No. 7 IM 77132 12 N 155 Letter 4.1 x 6.3 x 2.6 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1 1. obv. r U-nr N rnlla i; q-ur-tmau 5 2. [um-ma PN, u PN3 SES.MES-kdm] 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. [um-ma-a a-na SES-i-nu-ma] [ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i] [a-na SES-i-nu] [niq-bak] rum-ma enl-[na a-du]-rul [k]i-i ZI.MES ti SES-Fil-nu [l]a ul-tal-li-mu 10 9. [U]RU Il-ta-zi-nu 10. [i]t-ti-ka ab-[k]a 11. ri ia-a-nu- a[t-t]a 12. r11 ,.AD-ka a[l]-ka 13.sad-d[a]- qdd(?) ul-tu Ifttbl-tu 14. t) a-[de]-rel it-ti ral-fa-mes 15. ni-is-ba-rtal [ul] ka-a-ds 16. nu-ul-Ftas-bitl-ka 17. a a-ga-rnul 18. ki-i ta-b[u]-uk 15 oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 7 51 REVERSE 19. [la-na-an rev. ZIMEP man-nuL 20. [p]u-ut-su-nu i-matb-ias 21. ki-i a-na tu-bi pa-ni-ka2 22. um-ma URU Il-ta-zi-ni 23. ki-i lib-bi-su(!)-nu 24. li-ru-bu I lu-su-u 25. qi-ba-di-su-nu-tim-ma a-di la 25 26. i-sin-nu lip-nu-nim-ma 27. lil-li-ku-nim-ma 28. rit-ti AD-gi lid-bu-bu 29. [x x x] fxl a-na 30. [x x x (x) l]il-lik-ui-nu 30 '-2)[Say to PN, thus says PN, and PN3, your brothers. (3)Say to our brother: (46)Did we not speak to our brother as follows], saying(6b-0)N[ow the]n, [i]f the rebels of our brother have [n]ot completely achieved their goal, br[in]g the [settle]ment of Iltazinu here [w]ith you. ("-12)If not, then y[o]u and your clan c[o]me? (3-"6)Last [ye]ar(?), when we entered a(n alliance of) friendship and tr[ea]ty together, did we [not] cause you to enter (it) as well? (7-20)But if you have l[e]d these away (already), who is going to [k]eep them safe from the rebels? (2 1)If it is good for you, (22-24)say (to them): "May they come in and go out of Iltazinu as they please." (- 28)Say (this) to them. Then let them come here before the festival begins and negotiate with its (Iltazinu's) shaykh. (29-30)[... to [...] let them come. COMMENTS Lines 7 and 19-ZI.MES is understood to stand here for tbuatu, "rebels, insurgents," or perhaps for LU teba, "band of rebels" (see also No. 10:27 below). For the latter term--LU tiba--compare ABL 275:1518: fmu sa ana Bit-"Amdkdni Jrubu iqtabdnu umma LU tibe ana mufhti LU qurrubatu itteba, "When I entered Bit-AmUikani, they said to me: 'A band of rebels has made an attack against the royal bodyguard'" (see also ibid. r. 12, and Streck, Asb., p. 28 iii 65). Lines 9 and 22-The toponym Iltazinu is unattested elsewhere. Lines 13-14-The expression tdbtu u ade mirrors Aramaic <dy wtbt, which is found in the Aramaic treaties from Sfire (see Fitzmyer, Sefire, p. 86). Line 20-The idiom pft X mahdsu, which outside this archive seems to occur only in Middle Babylonian and Nuzi texts, has been translated "to answer for X" or "to assume the guarantee for X" (see AHw, p. 580 sub ma iasu(m) Gldy and CAD M/I, p. 80 sub maadsu 4d). Here and in No. 30:5-6, the expression seems to mean something more like "to guarantee the safety of X." Line 24-From the perspective of Nippur, the verbs eribu and asi ("to come in and go out") signified the movement of pastoral folk into and out of summer pastures among the harvested fields along the region's canals (see also the notes to No. 12:18-20 and No. 94 reverse). oi.uchicago.edu 52 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 8 IM 77144 12 N 167 Letter 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.4 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-rnal "rEl-td-lrul 2. um-fmal LUGAL um-ma 3. a-rnal "E-td-er-a-ma 4. ARIN.fMES 1-ia t 5. GU4.MES-ia tab-tab-ti 6. en-na rlu-tl ti-da-a 7. rki-il at-tu-na 5 8. a-na EN KUR-ia 9. ta-tu(erasure)-[ral RIN.MES-ia 10. a GU4.ME-iad tir-ra-nim-ma 11. bi-na-a-nu ti 12. rqi-in-nu-ul LOWER EDGE 13. [at-tu-n]u-rmal REVERSE rev. 14. rEN1 ti-bar-ku-nu 15. a-na-ku "5 ('~)To Eteru from the king. Say to Eteru: (45)You have plundered my men and my cattle. (-7)Now you should know that they belong to us. (-9")You have become my enemy. (9 --la)Please give back my men and my cattle. (•"•5)Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host. COMMENTS Line 11-bi-na-a-nu is understood to represent btnndnu, a crasis spelling of the interjection bi and the 2pl. Gstem imp. of naddnu + pl. vent. All attestations of the particle bi (or ibi) precede some form of the G-stem imp. of naddnu (usually inna or inni); almost all these attestations are found in texts from the Neo-Babylonian period (see CAD B, pp. 216-17 s.v.). Compare i-bi-na-nu in CT 22 222:26. Line 14-Because one sign represents both -mas- and -bar-, the line in question can be interpreted as standing for either bilu umdSkunu or bilu ubdrkunu (two nouns in apposition), or for bil umdsikunu or bil ubdrikunu (two nouns in construct but lacking the genitive marker-a lack evidenced also by the prepositional phrase ina biritka in No. 16:14). It is suggested that the latter two readings-bil umdsikunu and bil ubdrikunu-fit the context better than the former pair-belu umdikunu and belu ubdrkunu; and it is further suggested that bil ubdrikunu is a more suitable reading than bil umdsikunu. Both bil umdsi and bel ubdri are discussed below. oi.uchicago.edu 53 TEXT NO. 8 bel umdai seems to be a synonym of bil abdri, "strong one" (according to An IX 94 and LTBA 2 2:398, see CAD A/I, p. 38 sub abdru B lex. section). The term is used to describe the chthonic deity Enmesarra in the epithet bil umadi sa ina dannutisu erseti ibelu, "strong one who by means of his strength rules the earth" (see Jensen, KB 6/2, p. 52:6); and it is used also of the god Zababa in the expression beli umadi sa dannfssu Id immabraru, "strong one whose strength cannot be equalled ..." (see Lambert, Or 36 [1967]: 122:94). The plural of bil umadi ([EN.ME1] [rl-ma-a-&e) seems to occur in the Marduk Ordeal text, where the term (if restored correctly) refers to those who guarded the Akitu House where Marduk was held prisoner and interrogated before going to the river ordeal (see, e.g., Livingstone, SAA 3 no. 34:12 [= VAT 9555 + VAT 9538 + ND 812a] and previous editions cited ibid.). bil ubdri on the other hand means "foreign host" (literally: "lord of the foreign guest"; for a discussion of ubdru, see Kiihne, Chronologie, p. 29 n. 128). If this reading is correct (and it is thought to be), the king called himself the bil ubari of Eteru and his retinue either because he considered himself the ruler of all foreign guests residing with these men (one of whom had plundered the king's property, and for whom they held responsibility collectively), or because he was the foreign host of Eteru and his men whenever they took their sojourn in his domains (as a seminomadic tribe might do while residing in winter or summer pasture). Eteru was perhaps the leader of a pastoral group with summer ranges around Nippur and winter ranges in the desert to the west of the Euphrates in the realm of the king who sent this letter. The unusual ductus of the script may indicate that this king was not of Babylonian extraction. He was perhaps an Arab. No. 9 IM 77094 12 N 117 Letter 4.0 x 6.2 x 2.2 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. a-na "E-re-&i qi-bi-ma 2. um-ma 'Na-ad-ba-ta 3. a' mBa-lat-si AD.MES-kdm 4. um-ma-a a-na DUMU-ia-a-rmal 5. dEN dAG U rdl[U(?)] 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. lu-6 i-d[u-u] ki-i bi-fu-fkal i-na t dan-ni i-ba-ds-rF'il-d. al-kdm-ma 6s-risul ib-bu-un-rnil LOWER EDGE 12. ni-in-gd-[ma] 5 lo. e. T -'.. oi.uchicago.edu 54 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rev. REVERSE 13. i-na sar-r[i] 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. bi-lu-tu-u a man-da-at-t[a] ina muh-hi-ka ni-is-kun la ta-pal al-kdm-ma a-kan-na 19. dul-la-ka e-pu-us 20. ds-sd a-na LU Ga-a-me 21. te-ep-pu-su dul-la-a 22. e-pu-u el-ias 23. a-rnal UGU(?)-ka a 24. rUN.MEsl-ka hi-tu-ka 25. ia-fa>l-nu la Ftaml-me-r[ik(?)] 26. x x x al-rkal 15 20 25 ^^^rnr~ ^ff.^ 4 t ' rv (1-3)Say to Eresu, thus say 'Nadbata and Balissu, your fathers. (4)Say to my(!) son: (5-9)May Bel, Nabf, and [Samas?] kn[ow] that your delivery is not in the strongroom. (o-~ 2)Come now. Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) our deficit, ("-7)have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you? Don't answer. ('8-9)Come and do your work here. (20-22a)Inasmuch as you will be doing work for the Gimu tribe, do my work. (2 2--sa)As far as I'm concerned, neither you nor your people are to blame. (2b- 26)Don't ling[er ... ] come. COMMENTS Line 2-The woman Nadbata, whose name is probably a short form of the type Nadbat-dX, was possibly an Arab. A number of Arab women during the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. were politically influential, including five, or possibly six, women who were accorded the title "queen of the Arabs." They include Zabibd (Tadmor, Tiglath-pileser III, p. 68 Ann. 14*:2, p. 87 Ann. 3:6-7, p. 89 Ann. 27:8, p. 108 St. III A:19), Samsi (Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 80 Ann. 23:18', p. 141 Summ. 4:19', etc.; Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., p. 110:123 and p. 198:27), Yati)e (OIP 2 51:28), Tabua (Borger, Asarh., p. 53 §27 Episode 14 A iv 15-16; p. 100 §66:12-13), Adiya (Streck, Asb., p. 202 v 26), and perhaps [Te'elbu]nu (OIP 2 92:22, largely restored from Streck, Asb., p. 222 K. 3405:12, where she is called a kumirtu-priestess, not a queen; cf. however the conclusions reached by Borger, Or 26 [1957]: 9-10, followed by Ephial, Ancient Arabs, p. 118 n. 400). Two other women are named as queens in the land of Bazu, which is usually placed in Arabia: Yapa,, queen of Dibranu, and Baslu, queen of Ibilu (Borger, Asarh., §27 Episode 17 A iv 64, 67). Eph'al has summarized the various proposals for the location of Bizu in Ancient Arabs, pp. 134-37. Personal names such as Nadbata, formed with the verbal root *NDB, are abundant in Ammonite inscriptions: 'lndb (Aufrecht, Ammonite Inscriptions,nos. 64:1, 108, 137:6, 142:1); 'hndb (no. 16); >bndb (no. 56:1); 'yndb (no. 47:13); Ndb-l (nos. 25:1, 37:3, 47:10, 51:1, 70:1, 80:3, 85:1, 103a-b:3); and Cmndb (nos. 17:3, 40:3; also cmndb mlk bn cmn [78:1, 3] = mAm-mi-na-ad-bi LUGAL KUR t Am-mana [Streck, Asb., p. 140 i 34]). *NDB is also common in Hebrew and Safaitic PNs-that is, in PNs from the regions immediately to the west and east of Ammon: Ndbyhw (Aharoni, Arad Inscriptions, p. 70 no. 39:3); mNa-ad-bi-ia-l (ADD 234); Ndbyh (1 Chronicles 3:18); Ndb/l (Diringer, Iscrizioni, p. 189); Ndb (Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 584 [Safaitic]). The root also occurs in Moabite and Palmyrene PNs; e.g., mKam-mu-su-na-ad-bi KUR Ma-a -ba-a-a (OIP 2 30:56) and oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 9 55 Ndb4l (Stark, Personal Names in Palmyrene, p. 99). From the same root the name al-Nadab is attested twice in the Jamharatal-nasabof Hishim Ibn al-Kalbi--once as a tribal name (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). Finally, this root is also found in names from Babylonia during the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenian periods; e.g., mAD-na-di-ib (Nbk. 266:3); "Na-ad-ba-nu (Cyr. 226:4); and mNa-ad-bi-ia (BE 9 82:5). The root is first attested in Amorite (see Gelb, Amorite, pp. 162 and 332). Line 7-On h.tu, "delivery, payment," see Oppenheim, Or 14 (1945): 235-38. Line 8-The translation of bitu dannu is uncertain; but an almost literal rendering as "strongroom" aptly fits the context. It should be noted, however, that in Neo-Assyrian sale documents bitu dannu refers to the main building of a compound or estate (see, e.g., ADD 326:5; 341:2; and 756:1 [= ABL 457]). Lines 10 and 20-assu = assa (conj.), "as soon as, because, inasmuch as." assu and ahga seem to be variant spellings of the same conjunction. Compare, e.g., the functions of asga in CT 54 48:10, ABL 261:12, ABL 1113 r. 1, and ABL 1316 r. 8 with the functions of assu in CT 54 111 r. 6, ABL 1241+:10, and ABL 1274:18. Line 11-ib-bu-un-[nil is understood to represent imba (ibbu) "loss, deficit," to which has been appended the Ic.pl. gen. suffix -ni (see also ib-rbu-un-nil in No. 20:10). Line 14-The spelling bi-lu-tu-u is unusual, although it must be a form of biltu. Perhaps it is a colloquial spelling of the plural bildtu, which would exhibit the West Semitic shift of stressed a to 6 (see, e.g., Zadok, WO 9 [1977-78]: 38-44). The function of the surplus vowel at the end is unclear. Line 20-The people designated here as Gdmu (see also No. 83:6) are not otherwise attested in Akkadian documents. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 56 No. 10 Letter 4.8 x 7.7 x 2.3 cm 1:1.7 IM 77095 12N 118 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS E obv. m]Ri-rmu-tu qi-bil-[ma] 1. [aa-na m 2. [ um-ma] E-re-rsil rSESl-k[am] F 3. um-mal-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 4. ul ki-i pi an-ni-i taq-ba-a> 5. um-ma mim-ma si-bu-ut-ka 6. sup-ram-ma lu-se-bi-lak-ka 7. 3-SU LO.DUMU sip-ri-ia a-na 8. pa-ni-ka it-tal-ka 9. mim-ma ul tu-se-bi-la 10. a-du-u 2 MA.NA KfJ.BABBAR ina Su" 11. mBa-la-tu ul-te-bi-lak-ka 12. GIS.KIN Fmubl-ram-ma kin-rnul 13. a-tna pil-i KI.LAM r a-a '-tul 5 10 15 14. a-rdu-Ul 2 ME GIS.BAN.MES 15. LU.TUR.MES i-te-eb-b[u] 16. u 4-mu GIS.KIN SES-[w-a] 17. u-geb-bil 2 [xl [x] S lo. e. = LOWER EDGE 18. [LUl.DfM tab(!)-ba-[ni-tu] REVERSE 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. rev. -s[eb-bil] KO.BABBAR sd mab-ri-[i] a-du-U KiU.BABBAR a-rna SES•-[ia] at-ta-din ha-ranl-[tis] GIS.KIN u-bi-la ba-an-fis GABA.RI tup-pi-ia lu-mur [a]-di IGI"-ia tam-mar a-na e-kdm-ma la tal-lak ZI.MES ina UGU-i-nu i-ba-d6s-s tal-lak-ma aal-qa-a-ta man-nu i-dab-bu-rubl-ma u-se-sa BAD a-na SES-ia 20 25 r w 4rr rwt4& 4rr >-, .r r^30- oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 10 57 l-2)S[ay to] Rimiitu, [thus] says Eresu y[our] brother. (3)Say to my brother: (4)Didn't you say to me as follows: (6)"Whatever your desire, write to me and I will send it"? (T)Three times my messenger has come to you. (9)You have sent me nothing. ('-")Now I have sent you two minas of silver in the hands of Balltu.(123)Buy and certify for me kiSkanO-wood-according to the cash price. ("4)Now, two hundred bows! '5)The servants are rebell[ing]! ('6- 9)When [my] brother sends the kiskana-wood, I wi[ll send] to my brother the two [...] temple coo[ks]. (2 0)The silver is as befor[e]. (21-2 4 Now I have given the silver to [my] brother. Quic[kly], send me kigkanfi-wood! Quickly, let me see a reply to my tablet! (1 26 )[Un]til you see me personally (lit. "see my eyes") you must not go anywhere. (27-30There are rebels among us. If you go, you'll perish. Whoever protests I am expelling outside the wall. Line Line Line Line Line Line COMMENTS 12-kiSkana-wood seems to have been the preferred material for making bows in Mesopotamia (note the existence of the profession sasinnu kigkane, "maker of bows and arrows of kiSkana-wood," in BRM 1 95:19-20). But in addition to supplying the raw material for archery equipment, kiSkanfiwood was also used to make wagons (or perhaps wheels) (see No. 63:4-6, this volume) and staves (see KAJ 310:48-49). At least one item made of kigkana-wood was included among the wedding gifts sent by Tusratta, king of Mittani, to either Amenophis III or Akhenaton (see EA 22 iv 41 = Moran, Amarna Letters, p. 57). kinnu must stand for kinna, the 2m.sg. D-stem imp. of kdnu + sg. vent. 13-The term bzdtu means "cash payment" or "installment" (see CAD H, p. 158 s.v., and AHw, p. 337 sub td.tu I). The verb bdtu (from which the noun td.tu is derived) has the primary meaning "to hand over" or "to deliver" (see Oppenheim, Or 14 [1945]: 235-38). 15-The activities of the persons designated as suhadr (lit. "boys, young men") are discussed in the note to No. 38:8. 18--Lu.DIM stands for mubanna, the cook who prepared, arranged, and served the sacred meals of the gods (see CAD M/II, p. 158 s.v.). tabbanituis a variant spelling of tabnitu, a term which designated the arrangement of the sacrificial table in the temple (see AHw, p. 1299 sub tabnitu(m) I). On the meaning of these terms, see Oppenheim, ArOr 17/2 (1949): 231 n. 7. The verb bunna and the cognate substantive tabnitu also occur in No. 17:35-41. 26--kamma = /kdma= ajikPam (see CAD A/I, pp. 232-33 s.v.). The usage in this passage is odd, since 0kdma otherwise functions as an interrogative pronoun meaning "where?" This pronoun is also used non-interrogatively in the passage ana Mukin-ziri ki aqb2f umma ul idu 0kdme Iu, "When I spoke to Mukin-zeri, he said: 'I don't know where he is'" (see No. 17:18-20). 27-ZI.MES stands here for tdbfitu, "rebels, insurgents," or perhaps for LU tdbu, "band of rebels" (see the note to No. 7:7 and 19). oi.uchicago.edu 58 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 11 IM 77097 12 N 120 Letter 3.7 x 5.9 x 2.2 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. obv. mA-di-ri a-na qi-bi-ma um-ma "Di-gil rsE~-kdm um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma a-di mub-bi mi-ni-i 10••-rT4r 5. ki-i al-ta-nap-pa-rak-kdm-ma 6. la ta-sem-man-nu 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 'trt ki-i tas-pur um-ma Ha-ir-a-nu lu-ai sa-bit rSAGI-ka a-na lib-rbi-s•dl la ta-nam-du Aj1^^=. REVERSE 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. ~b~*w~ a-mat-ka ki-i as-su-rrul a-na-as-sar-js a-di 10 RIN.MES it-ti-su u-sah-li-qu a-na muh-hi-ka te k-f rev. rst# b-rE 10AT-p~fr&^ Wrr, 17. ki-i at-ta-ki-la 18. bi-bil-ta 19. tab-te-bi-la-an-ni ts #w .rtA. . <4 (-2)Say to Adiru, thus says Digil your brother. (3)Say to my brother: ()Why is it that whenever I write to you, you don't listen to me? (7-")Just as you wrote: "May layrfnu be captured"-Don't you (now) ignore him! (12-13)I will keep your word as I have always kept it. ("'g)But right up to the time that he made ten men run away with him, you were doing me wrong-even though I trusted you. COMMENTS Line 1-Adiru appears to be an abbreviation of the personal name Ld-ddiru-ili, "He who does not fear divinity," which is attested passim in ABL 1032 rev. Line 2-The personal name Digil (if the correct reading) means "Gaze" or "Gem" (see CAD D, pp. 136-37 sub diglu A and B). Line 8-The name "Ha-ir-a-nu is Arabic (= Hayrdnu) and derives from the root *IYR, meaning "good fortune, well-being." It is attested over two hundred times (spelled Hyrn) in inscriptions from oi.uchicago.edu 59 TEXT NO. 11 Palmyra and its vicinity (see Stark, PersonalNames in Palmyrene, pp. 21-22 and 88a). By contrast, it is attested only once, as a tribal name, in Jamharatal-nasab, the genealogical work by Hishiim Ibn al-Kalbi (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). In Greek inscriptions from the Syrian Desert, the name is transcribed as Alpavrq (see Wuthnow, Semitischen Menschennamen, p. 15). Lines 10-11-The translation of the idiom rega nada, "to ignore," is based on the context. Line 17-Elsewhere takdlu has the theme vowel -i- only in Neo-Assyrian and Standard Babylonian. No. 12 IM 77103 12 N 126 Letter 4.5 x 6.2 x 2.4 cm 1:1.4 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. obv. a-na m"u-ma-a qi-bi-ma um-ma mdEN-t-sa-ti SES-kdm a-na ka-gi lu-a sgal-mu um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma i-da-tumm-ma ul-tu 8. ina g "dAG-SILIM t rr 9. LU s mBA-sd-a a-na 10. mas-su-ta a-na-rkul r jrFr rr loe. " Prrr-r rr sT<r vr LOWER EDGE 11. u mBA-bd 12. a-na a-ba-rmes1 b^P.t4 oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 60 REVERSE . e. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ni-il-li-fkul u at-ta id UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-u en-na gal-la s (!)-i mi-iq-ti ina muh-hi-gs u a-na sub-ti-ni a-na a-si-ni u e-re-bi-ni gSES--a lim-al 22. 1 GfN KU.BABBAR mll-ta-ma-pl rev. 15 SeP 20 4)ttt-t4 Pkkpxvr< 4, tr ^rT=ir UPPER EDGE 23. uou-ka 24. SES-ka ?rr u.e. 4Ct 4%VM i4Tht LEFr EDGE 25. DUMU DUMU Bar-sipa.KI ('-4 )Say to Sums, thus says Bel-uslti your brother. (4-6)May you be well. Say to my brother: (7-13)This is to attest that after IqTia and I had come together in the House of Nabfi-usallim-a man of Iqisa-for the reading, (4-1")and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele--'6 "'bthat stone has damage on it now. ('- 21)Therefore let my brother inquire about our (right) to go out and come back to our dwellings. (22-2 3)One-half shekel of Iltama-Il's silver is charged against you. (24-25(Signed) your brother, the son of a native of Borsippa. COMMENTS Line 7-idatumma is understood to represent ittu (stem: idat-) + predicative -ma (cf. CAD I/J, p. 309 sub ittu 4b; AHw, p. 406 sub ittu(m), idatu I 4). This expression also occurs in No. 24:4, and has roughly the same meaning as annitu/i la idat, which is found in No. 66:5, No. 85:5, and No. 86:13-14. The use of the feminine singular demonstrative with idatu contradicts the assertion in the CAD that the word is plurale tantum in Neo-Babylonian. idatumma and annitu l1 idat are almost certainly later equivalents of Old Babylonian lu ittum and la ittumma sa, which Frankena, Durand, and van Soldt (inter alios) have translated, respectively, "let it be a sign," "it is an accomplished fact that," and "let me remind you that" (see van Soldt, ZA 82 [1992]: 35-37). The translation "this is to attest that" also fits the Old Babylonian contexts which van Soldt has collected and cited in his article (ibid., pp. 3033). Line 10-AHw derives massatu from sasa and translates it as "appeal" or "instruction (by means of reading aloud)" (see p. 619 sub massatu, malsftu). On the other hand, the CAD connects massitu with mussa and translates the word in question as "identification" (see M/I, p. 328 s.v.). The more literal translation "reading" (< sasa) is deemed best for our context. Line 16-gal-la stands for Neo-Babylonian galala, which is equivalent to Palmyrene g'ldld, "stone stele" (see Lidzbarski, Handbuch, vol. 2, p. 250a; also von Soden, Or 35 [1966]: 8; 46 [1977]: 186). Inscribed stelae made of galdla-stone were apparently deposited in temples, at least according to the evidence of YOS 3 4:1-12 and CT 34 37:79-81 (see Beaulieu, Nabonidus, pp. 12-18). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 12 61 Line 17-miqtu means "damage" here. It also has this meaning in the expression enama ... igdrsu miqta(var. muqta) iraggS, "when ... its wall acquires damage," which occurs in the Middle Assyrian inscriptions of Assur-ketti-leir from Tell Bderi on the lower Khabuir (see Maul, Tall BdIri, p. 25:11-12; and Lambert in Cogan and Ephial, eds., Tadmor Fs., p. 319:9). miqta raSi is a variant of miqitta ragd, which is said of shrines (see, e.g., Borger, Asarh., p. 76 §48:12). Lines 18-20-Such movements out of and back into dwellings are made today by the semi-settled farmers (called racw) of the riverine districts of lower Iraq, who change from their permanent dwellings during the winter rainy season to movable tents and go to the desert to herd (Musil, Manners and Customs, p. 45). The combination of the verbs asf and eribu (see also No. 7:24) is used in Assyrian correspondence to describe the movements of Arab nomads in and out of their summer pastures in or near Lebanon (see ABL 414 [= Parpola, SAA 1 no. 177] r. 7-9 and CT 53 10 [= Parpola, SAA 1 no. 179]:5-7). It is also used in at least one Mari letter to describe the movement of Ianaean tribesmen to and from the banks of the Khbuir to procure salt (see J.-M. Durand, MARI 6 [1990]: 629 [A.3344]:6-9). Line 22--Ill-ta-ma-llseems to represent Sdma->Il (*ilt- being a cuneiform representation of West Semitic s; see Fales, Or 47 [1978]: 91-98). If correctly interpreted, Sama-Il could be an Old South Arabian name from the root *SYM, "to set up, erect, promise, appoint, etc." (see Beeston et al., Sabaic Dictionary, p. 136 sub *S2YM, and Biella, Old South Arabic, pp. 515-16 sub *SYM). It is not known if Old South Arabian had the verbal ending -a; but it is likely, because both Arabic and Ethiopic have it. The date of the shift of Proto-Semitic S (pronounced as a fricative lateral) to s in Arabic may have occurred well after the time these letters were written (see Steiner, Fricative Laterals, esp. chaps. X-XI; also Voigt, ZDMG 142 [1992]: 37-52). Lines 22-23-The import of these lines is unclear. Lines 24-25-The sender's use of the signature "Your brother, the son of a native of Borsippa" appears to be an assertion of a claim to special treatment because of his father's status as a native of this city. Former inhabitants of the Babylon-Borsippa region were perhaps an important component of Nippur's population at this time. In the tablets of this corpus, the gods BEl/Marduk and NabQ-the patron deities of Babylon and Borsippa-were invoked in oaths, personal names, and letter greetings to the virtual exclusion of Enlil, Ninurta, and Nusku-the traditional gods of Nippur. The shape of this tablet is strikingly different from the others in this corpus, which may imply that it had a different geographical origin. oi.uchicago.edu 62 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 13 IM 77137 12N 160 Letter 3.7 x 6.4 x 1.7 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSIE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. obv. R-ka mBa-hi-ia-nu a i-na di-na-a-an bIie-lf-id lul-lik um-ma-a a-na be-li-id-a-ma lu-u sul-mu a-na be-li-id LU Hi-in-da-ri gab-bi ta-a-bi rIul-qa-ti a-Fnal UGU mNu-u-ru a LO Ha-la-pi mNu-u-ru 4-st dib-bu 5 re v.4 REVERSI R 13. 14. 15. 16. rev. a-na mut-bi-rid' ub-te-e dTU ul i-ta-ma-su en-na LO Bu-u-a-li 17. FLOl x-x-ru 18. rLOL -a-sal-ba-nu 19. it-ti-ai LO Na-qa-ri 20. a LU Ta-ne-rel 21. a-na muh-bi-st 22. ki-i tu-mas-su-u 20 UPPER EDGE 23. a-na be-li-id 24. rall-tap-ri u.e. Ir,"~`"· (')Your servant, Babiinu. (")I would gladly die for my lord. (4)Say to my lord: (5)May my lord be well. (eJindaru have put an end to all good(will). ('"oWith regard to Niiru and the gJalapi tribe: (l l-14)Nuru has )The four times sought an agreement with me. (')But by Samas, he will not swear to it! (.- 19 a)Now the Buwali tribe, the [...]ru tribe, and the Wasablnu tribe are with me, (19 -2 1)(and) the Naqari and Tane tribes (have gone over) to him. (22 24)When I got news, I wrote to my lord. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 13 63 COMMENTS Line 1-Babianu was undoubtedly the namesake of the eponymous ancestor of the Aramean tribe of BitBabiini, which was centered on the upper Khbuir (see, e.g., Sader, Etats aramdens, p. 289). In more recent times, members of the Shammar confederation were also called after their ruling family (see Musil, Arabia Deserta,p. 478). The name Bahianu occurs elsewhere in this archive in No. 60:13, No. 101:1, and No. 21:1; and it is found also (spelled "Ba-ah-ia-nu)in BRM 1 17:3 (dated to Nabonassar year 9? [= 739 B.c.]). Line 6-The Aramean tribe of Uindaru is attested in Assyrian inscriptions from the second half of the eighth century B.C. and in at least five letters from Nineveh. In these texts, the Uindaru are often mentioned in association with the Aramean groups called Gambilu and Ruwua (see Parpola, NAT, p. 164 sub Hindiru). Thus, at the time of the drafting of the letter that is of concern here, tribesmen of the jindaru had either established permanent settlements in eastern Babylonia (near the territories of the Gambiilu and Ru>ua), or their migratory orbits, which were determined by the grazing needs of their herds, were drawing them there seasonally. Line 7-tdbu, an adjective, is probably meant to represent here tdbtu, "goodwill, good relations." Compare the clause enna ada ki MUN ajua uqattimaipus, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to good relations ... ," which is found in No. 35:4-6; and compare also the passage ana gabbi MUN epus u sunu lemutti itep&sni, "For all the goodwill I created, they made evil for me," which is found in ABL 295:7-9. Lines 9 and 11-Niiru ("Light") occurs with some frequency as a component of Babylonian personal names, but other than here it does not seem to occur on its own (judging from the index in Stamm, Namengebung, p. 346, and from the entry in CAD N/II, pp. 347-51 s.v.). Line 10-The people designated as LO Halapi are probably identical with the Aramean tribe called Bittalupa, which was centered on the lower Khabir in eastern Syria (see also No. 6). Lines 11-14-The context suggests that the idiom dibba ana mubbi X buWd should be translated "to seek an agreement with X." Although this exact expression is otherwise unattested, dibbu does manifest the meaning "agreement" in other Neo-Babylonian texts (see CAD D, p. 134 sub dibbu A 6; cf. AHw, p. 168 sub dibbu(m) 3). Line 15-Although the form i-ta-ma-gi can be derived from atmf, "to speak," it most likely stems from tamd, "to swear an oath." If so, it represents the G-stem pres. form itamma + the 3m.sg. dat. suffix -assu. Line 16-The ethnicon Bu-a-a-li is perhaps derived from *BWL, a root which seems to form the name B(w)ln, attested in both Lihyinic and ThamFidic (see Ryckmans, Noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1, p. 50). The Jamharatal-nasab of Hish5m Ibn al-Kalbi lists two instances of Bawldn as a tribal name (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). Bu-u-a-li occurs also as BcoaAc (dat.) in a Greek inscription from the Syrian Desert (see Wuthnow, Semitischen Menschennamen, p. 37). Line 18-The group called here rL ( -a-sal-ha-nu-ifthe correct reading-is otherwise unknown. Lines 19-20-The Tane and Naqari tribes apparently ranged as far east as the Diyala and the Lower Zab. Tiglath-pileser III encountered both groups in the Diyala region, probably near Nar-Sumandar (see Tadmor, Tiglath-pileser III, p. 42 Ann. 9:6). Slightly earlier perhaps, the Assyrians captured a sheep-stealing shaykh of the Naqari and a band of brigands from Ruqabu (located near the confluence of the Lower Zab and Tigris) and imprisoned them in Kalbu (see Postgate, Palace Archive, no. 119). On the location of Ruqabu, see Forrer, Provinzeinteilung,pp. 12 and 47. oi.uchicago.edu 64 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 14 Letter IM 77121 12 N 144 3.4 x 5.3 x 2.0 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION Obverse 1. a-na mE-res qi-bi-[ma] 2. um-ma mGab-bi-DINGIR.ME[S SES-kdm] 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 4. al-te-mu um-ma obv. 5. La.SAG.KAL.MEsi 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 5 sa LO Pu-qu-d[u] i-ba-ds-su a-na A-muk-a-inul it-tal-ku a-lik-[ma] 7w •••r k4{I lo irrbirf" 10 .• z•,.: \.'t •"1,•r41 lo. e. LOWER EDGE 11. rdil-in fzil REVERSE rev. 12. lip-pa-ri-rsil 13. u,-mu-us-su 14. ta-qab-bi 15. um-ma a-na pi-ri-kal 16. ul a-sab-bat 15rr Sff . 17. en-na a-du-r4l 18. LO Ha-ram-da-anl .4W: 19. [i]t-ti-ri-r1nul ("2)Sa[y] to Eresu, thus says Gabbi-il[i your brother]. )Say to my brother: ()I H( have heard that the paramount leaders of the Puqid[u] are present (and) that they have gone to Bit-Amiikni. ('-~2)Go and let it 1 4)Daily you say: be adjudged a capital offense. (~ people of Hamdin(u) are [w]ith them. (15 -16)"I will not protest(?) against you." (17- 19)Now the COMMENTS Line 2-According to Parpola, the name Gabbi-ilX, "the totality of gods," employs a phrase that refers to Marduk (see SAA 10, pp. xxi and xxxv n. 43). For an excursus on the possible significance of the phrase gabbi ildni in Assyrian thought, see idem, JNES 52 (1993): 187 n. 97. Line 5-The grapheme LO.SAG.KAL.MES, which stands for asariditu,also occurs in Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 78 Ann. 23:9'; Saggs, Iraq 21 (1959): 163:4 (NL LIV); and ABL 1074 r. 13. Compare also LO.SAG. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 14 65 KAL-ut in Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons I., p. 125:201; and SAG.KAL.MES in TCL 3 137. Could LU.SAG. KAL.MES also represent nasikdtu, pl. of nasiku, "(Aramean) shaykh"? Line 6-On the prominence and geographical distribution of the Aramean tribe of Puqidu, see the note to No. 46:17 and 23. Lines 15-16-The idiom ana pi X sabatu, which is otherwise unattested, is possibly related in meaning to pd sabdtu, "to silence; to protest(?)," for which see AHw, p. 1067 sub sabatu(m) G 116; and CAD S, pp. 29-30 sub sabdtu 8. Line 18-The people called Hamdan(u) bear the name of what would later be one of the principal tribes of South Arabia. In pre-Islamic antiquity, the Hamddn were a noble lineage in the H.shid federation inhabiting the high plateau to the north of Sanc , . By the first centuries of Islam, they had become a large tribal confederation (see Robin, PSAS 8 [1978]: 46-51). For attestations of the tribal name Hmdn in Sabean, see Hommel, Ethnologie, pp. 708-10; Ryckmans, Noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1, p. 293; and Harding, Pre-IslamicArabian Names, p. 623. The occasion of this letter seems to have been the formation of an alliance among the Aramean tribe of Puqiidu, the Chaldean tribe of Bit-AmUkini, and the Arabian tribe of HamdAn(u). This alliance does not seem to have outlived the great revolt of 652-648, since the Puqidu and BitAmUkini had become bitter rivals by that time (see, e.g., ABL 275:6-7). No. 15 Letter 4.5 x 7.6 x 2.5 cm 1:1.8 IM 77175 12 N 198 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na mBir-NU ke-e-zu-rfl 2. qi-bi-ma um-ma-[a] 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. mrA]-du-um-ma-a a-na rkal-a-s& l[u al-mu] ruml-ma-ral [a-na SES-ia-a-ma] ral-du-t ra-na-ku-ul al-la-ka ral-na LU A-ram.MES 9. [ga]b-bi-st-nu 10. [s]ES-u-a 11. is-pur-ma 12. la i[l-l]i-ku-[ni] 13. [x x x x (x)] 5 1 oi.uchicago.edu 66 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE rev. 14. renl-[na] rbi-tu-su-nul 15. i-ba-d&s16. a-na gab-bi-su-nu ' 18. a-na mZu-t-za-nu ka-li-ka rF4 ' ,W. - ' 19. su-pur . •% • .i * " ... .. .. (")Say to Bir-Salmi, the attendant. Thu[s] says Adu(m)ma. (4)May you b[e well]. (S)Say [to my brother]: I come in person? (-")My [br]other wrote to [a]ll the Arameans, but ( 12) they did not c[o]m[e]. (14- 15)No[w] they are to blame. (""g)Writeto them all, and write to Zizanu your kallh-official. (6-7)Now should (13)[...] COMMENTS Line 1-The name "Bir-NU is understood to be composed of the Arabic word birr, "lovingkindness," and a logographic writing of salmu, or rather Salm(u), one of the names used for the sun-god in Assyria and North Arabia between the eighth and fourth centuries. (The interpretation of the name as m BirSalmi, "Son of Salmu," presents semantic difficulties.) On the god Salm(u), see, e.g., Winnett and Reed, North Arabia, pp. 90-93; van den Branden, Inscriptions thamouddennes, pp. 11-12; Ryckmans, Noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1, p. 30; Jamme, "Panth6on sud-arabe," 143; and Dalley, Iraq 48 (1986): 85-101. In Assyrian texts, the name of the god Salm(u) is not always written with the divine determinative (see Dalley, ibid., p. 96 and table on p. 97). ke-e-zu-fal probably represents kiza, a title by which one of the personal attendants of Nebuchadnezzar I was designated around 1100 B.c., and by which also certain Chaldean officials were designated during the eighth and seventh centuries (see CAD K, p. 478 sub kizi 2b-c). Line 3-The personal name Adu(m)ma' (which occurs also in No. 16:1) is perhaps a nisba derived from the name of the oasis of North Arabia called by the Assyrians Adumf2 or Adummatu (biblical Dumah, classical Dumatha, medieval Diumat al-Jandal = modem al-Jawf and Sakakah). Of this place, Eph<al writes: Because it was halfway between Syria and Babylonia and had abundant water and orchards it was the most important oasis in all North Arabia and a main stop on the roads to Hira (near Kifa), Damascus and Medina. Testifying to its size and viable population is the fact that 5000 men were living there at the beginning of the present century .... The economic relations, evinced in Arabic sources, between the inhabitants of Dimat alJandal and of Kilfa and Hira in the western border region of Babylonia, might also have existed in the 8th century B.C. (Ancient Arabs, p. 121). Names of this type are not unusual in the ancient Arabic onomasticon (compare, e.g., MakkT, Khaybari, Hadrami, etc.). The Jamharatal-nasab of Hisham Ibn al-Kalbi has the name al-Dflmi, which is very similar to our Adu(m)ma,, in that it means "the man from Dfmat al-Jandal" (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). oi.uchicago.edu 67 TEXT NO. 15 Line 12-The use of Id to negate an indicative clause does not reflect Babylonian usage. It is either a West Semitism or an Assyrianism. Line 15-i-ba-ds-d is an unusual spelling of ibaigs. Line 18-Zuzdnu is undoubtedly connected with the old Amorite name Zu-za-an or Zu-za-nu-um (see G. Dossin, RA 65 [1971]: 47 vii 28 and 53; and p. 53 xi 35). It occurs later on with the spelling Zu-za-ni (TuM NF 2/3 237:17). Compare also the Safaitic name Zwzt (see Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 303). ka-li-ka, which appears to follow su-pur in line 19, belongs rather to the previous line. In the late Kassite period and under the Second Dynasty of Isin, men designated as kallu had the responsibility of requisitioning men, animals, and materials for government projects; while in the Neo-Assyrian period, and in later Neo-Babylonian times, men designated as kalli apparently served as couriers and soldiers (see Brinkman, PKB, p. 299 n. 1963; Saggs, Iraq 21 [1959]: 173 n.; and Wiseman, Chronicles, p. 87). kalla designated a courier also at Mari and Ugarit (see ARM 3 68:19; ARM 5 40:19; and MRS 6 150 RS 16.188 r. 7). No. 16 IM 77115 12N 138 Letter 4.7 x 7.4 x 2.5 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. IR-ka "A-du-ma-a' a-rnal 2. di-na-an be-li-id lul-lik 3. ruml-ma-a a-na be-If-id-a-ma 4. [md]MAS-DJO-U LU.ENGAR-a 5. [GI]S.APIN-a ki-i u-mas-sir 5 6. [ki]-i ii-li-qi a-du-u 7. ina t mdAG-APIN-es 8. LO.IGI.GUB a-kan-na-ka 9. su-i be-If lis-pu-ras-si 10. a ki-i pa-ni be-if-id 10 11. ma-fblr um-ma lu-uk-li-si 12. up-ram-ma "UTU-APIN-eg 13. a-kan-ni flul-bu-uk 14. d&-&d dib-bi 6d ina bi-rit-ka 15. u ina bi-rit mBA-ga-a 16. a-na-ku a-na m DU-NUMUN 17. aq-ta-bi um-ma LOWER EDGE 18. "BA-sd-a LU.GO.EN.NA 15 lo. e. fr1rrick oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 68 rev. REVERSE 19. [u]s-sap-pi-ri 20. [Iui-t]u ds mBA-Si-a 21. [ul i]l-ta-kan-ni 22. [td]-e-mu id mDa-ku-ru 20 . V1F J 23. [a-d]u-d n#-bd-ri 24. is-sab-tu-nu 25. ina URU Ka-par-bi-nu-um-mu 26. is-nu u mDU-NUMUN 25 25 ' . nk 27. it-ta-ba-mes 28. us-sa-am-ma-ab l 29. LU.NAGAR 30 d a-na be-li-id 30. aq-bu-u be-li lis-pur (-2)Your servant, Adu(m)ma>. I would gladly die for my lord. ')Say to my lord: (4 ")As soon [a]s NinurtaIpus, my cultivator, abandoned my [p]low, he ran away. (6b 9a)Now he is there in the House of Nabfl-ere, the courtier. (9 b)Let my lord send him to me. ~'-")Or if it suits my lord and he says, "Let me keep him," (12-3)write to me that I may bring Samas-6res here. ('")Concerning the matter which is between you and Iqisa: ('-7)I myself spoke to Mukin-zeri, saying: (19)"Iqisa has [g]ouged(?) the sandabakku." (2 21)He did [not bla]me IqTia. (2324)[No]w they have seized the river-crossing from us. (•)They and 22)[N]ews about Bit-Dakkiiri: Mukin-zEri are joining forces in Kaparsinummu. (29-3 0)My lord should send the carpenter about whom I spoke to my lord. COMMENTS Line 1-For the personal name Adu(m)mda, which is perhaps a nisba of the name of the oasis of North Arabia called by the Assyrians Adumi or Adummatu, see the note to No. 15:3. Line 8-According to the lexical evidence in No. 119:18, No. 121:18, and No. 122:6, the Akkadian equivalent of LO.IGI.GUB is mazpdn (= mazzaz pani), "courtier." For a discussion of this equation, see the note to No. 119:18. Lines 16 and 26-The man named Mukin-zeri who is mentioned here is undoubtedly to be identified with the chief of the Chaldean tribe Bit-Amikani who became king of Babylon from 731 to 729. It is not known when Mukin-zeri began his career as the Amikminu chief, but he is mentioned by name in Nimrud Letters I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII (see Saggs, Iraq 17 [1955]: 23-38 and pls. IV-VII after p. 50), and LXV (see Saggs, Iraq 25 [1963]: 71-72 and pl. XI after p. 80). His removal from the throne of Babylon was the object of Tiglath-pileser III's 731-729 campaigns to Babylonia (see Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 162 Summ. 7 [= 2 R 67]:23-25, and p. 196 Summ. 11:16). Mukin-zeri was probably acknowledged as king of Babylon in one locale as late as III-26-728 (BRM 1 22; cf. JCS 35 [1983]: 65). These and other sources pertaining to Mukin-zeri's reign are cataloged in Brinkman, PKB, pp. 358-59. The six other letters of the Governor's Archive in which Mukin-zeri is mentioned are Nos. 6, 17, 18, 21, 22,and 97. Line 19--ussappiri is the D-stem perf. (or Dtn pret.) of sapdru, which means "to incise" or perhaps "to gouge" (compare AHw, p. 1082 sub sapdru(m) D). D-stem suppuru is probably a denominative from supru,"fingerail." oi.uchicago.edu 69 TEXT NO. 16 Lines 25-28-The toponym Kaparsinummu is composed of the elements kapar (status constructus of kapru, "village") + sinummu (meaning unknown, perhaps a PN). Kaparsinummu is also mentioned in No. 86:33 but seems to be unattested outside this corpus. ittabdmes is a crasis spelling of itti abdmes and is the Babylonian equivalent of Neo-Assyrian issabý'is (see ABL 24 r. 14 and ABL 419:16; cf. ABL 645:10). It can be compared with ittibdmes, which occurs passim in Late Bronze Age texts from Amarna, Boghazkoy, Nuzi, and Babylonia (see CAD I/J, p. 303 sub itti b3'). ittabdmes is also found in No. 42:7. ussammab is the Dt-stem present of samdbu, "to become involved in, to become united." The Dt- and Dtt-stems of this verb mean "to join forces, to be associated, to conspire" (cf. CAD S, p. 109 sub samadu 5). A close parallel to ittadames ussammah occurs in Nimrud Letter 11:9', wherein is found the expression issabfzisi Id nussatammab(Dtt), "We cannot join forces with each other" (see Saggs, Iraq 17 [1955]: pl. V after p. 50). No. 17 IM 77136 12 N 159 Letter 5.4 x 9.5 x 3.0 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. a-na "AG-r[ES1-ir q[[-bi-ma] 2. um-ma mNIG.DU [ES-kdm] 3. a-na ka-a-gd lu-rilu [sul-mu] 4. [u]m-ma-a a-na 8ES-ia-a-[m]a 5. da-si DUMU.KIN &d DUMU "'il-a-nusd SES-tu-a 6. is-pur a-na-ku ina URU Sd-pi-ia 7. ul-tu ka-lu-u l+en lib-bu-r1l 8. LO-su ak-tar-a-ta at-tu-d-ral 9. ul-tu a-na-ku ral mrMul-se-zib 10. ritl-ti a-rba-me&l [sab-ta]-a-nu 11. ki-i bar-pu-tu dul-flil [i-n]a 12. fURU1 In-du-ul [i-pu]-rusl 13. ul-tu URU gd-pi-ridl [ki]-ril 14. riifl-li-qa m"Ina-qf-bi-[dE]N.-TIN 15. is-sa-bat-su a-du-u 5 MU.AN.NA.MES 16. a-ga-a ul-tu i-na 17. rsibl-te-e-tu sab-tu 18. a-na mDU-NUMUN ki-i aq-bu-u 19. um-ma full i-du e-ka-me 20. rgu-l1 a-[nal-ku um-ma u[l] 21. [i-n]a t.AD-&[a] 22. rlul-ra mi-s(?)-[Ui(?)] 23. [a-di] rESl.MES-e-rg 1 [lu(?)-.ib(?)] obv. 5 10 15 20 lo. e. 25 oi.uchicago.edu 70 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR LOWER EDGE 24. (broken) 25. (broken) rev. REVERSE 4 L,. I I (brUICen) 27. [x x]x A [x (x)] x x [(DN)] 28. lu-u i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-u] 29. LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a] 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. ..%.Lw 30 ip-ri-su Li.DUMU 30. su-ui la il-la-kdm-ma la-rpa-anl sa-ar-ta-at-tu LU-a 1+en la am-hu-ru rgui-a-ma KASKAL" a-na GIR"-si al-tak-nu ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES mam-ma tab-ni-tu ina I.DINGIR ul i -ban-rnul en-na a-rnal mMar-duk SEA-a-a liq-bi-ma . . % 0. or 0 40 v Ug GIS.MA Sd IIDI lu-se-bi-lam-ma [tab-ne-el-tu i-na lib-bi lu-b-een-rnul (-2)S[ay] to Nabf-nasir, thus says Kudurru [your brother]. (')May you be [well]. (4)[S]ay to my brother: (5- 8)Concerning the messenger of the son of Silinu about whom my brother wrote-Would I, in Sapiya, after he had been detained, have detached(?) one slave of his as my own? (9-'O)After Mu'szib and I [ban]ded(?) together, ("-2)he promptly [perfor]med service for me [i]n the town of Indul. (~'' 5')(But) [wh]en he escaped from Sapiya, Ina-qibi-[B]El-ablut captured him. ('5b-" 7 Now it has been five years since he was bound in fetters. (")When I spoke to Mukin-zeri, (19-20 )he said: "I don't know where he is." (20122)I said: "Are there [n]ot already too few(?) [i]n hi[s] clan? (23)[Let him live together with] his brothers." (227a)[...] ( 27b-29)May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his, (3-'"3 )that he and his messenger were not coming 33 that I did not accept even a single slave by deceptive means, (33 -34)and that I would have set him here, (3 l~bon the road. 37 (3 -37a)For a long time no one has arranged the sacrificial table in the temple. (")My brother should now speak to (the man) Marduk to have a riverboat transport a flock here so that they may arrange the sacrificial tables therewith. COMMENTS Line 5-mar 'Sildnu, "son of Silanu," is understood to designate the shaykh of the small Chaldean tribe called Bit-Sildni, whose territory was probably situated near Bit-AmUikni, since Sarrabinu, the principal city of Bit-Silini, had been annexed by Bit-AmFkani by the end of the eighth century (see OIP 2 53:42-47). In his exposition of Chaldean geography, Sidney Smith placed Bit-Sillni between Bit-Amfikini and Bit-Sa>illi, another small Chaldean tribe (see Sennacherib, pp. 23-24). Lines 6 and 13-Sapiya was the principal town of Bit-Amfkani and Mukin-zEri's capital (see the note to No. 5:17). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 17 71 Lines 8 and 29-The forms ak-tar-a-taand ak-ta-ra-t[a]seem to be G-stem perfects of *KRT, a root which in Standard Babylonian exhibits the thematic vowel i and has the meaning "to cut off" (see AHw, p. 448 sub kardtu, and CAD K, p. 215 sub kardtu). Line 10--Other restorations besides [sab-ta]-a-nuare possible, but the idiom itti abdmes sabdtu fits the con- sabdtu, "to band together, join forces" text and is paralleled by the Neo-Assyrian expression abd"is& (see CAD S, p. 25 sub sabdtu 8 [atdis'], and AHw, p. 1066 sub sabdtu(m) G 15). Line 11-Iiarpitu is otherwise attested only in the Neo-Assyrian letter ABL 778 (r. 19) in the adverbial p. 106 s.v., and AHw, p. phrase i-rar-pu-u-te, "at an early moment" or "in good time" (see CAD IJ, or "promptly." It moment" possible the earliest "at has the meaning probably barptitu 326 s.v.). ki should be noted that in both the present letter and in ABL 778, barpuitu is used in conjunction with the idiom dulla epesu (or more accurately in Neo-Assyrian, dullu epdsu). Line 12-A settlement by the name of Indul is not attested elsewhere. Line 14--Other eighth-century attestations of the personal name Ina-qibi-B~l-ablut occur in VAS 1 37 v 5 and Pohl, AnOr 9 1:100 (both texts date to the reign of Merodach-baladan II). In the seventh century and later, this name appears to have occurred only in the abbreviated form Ina-qibi-B&l (see Tallqvist, NBN, p. 78). Line 17-Von Soden has proposed that sibtitu, "fetters," is a borrowing from Aramaic sibtd ("pincers") because the former cannot be related either to sibtu or to sibittu (see Or 46 [1977]: 194). But sibtitu may simply be the Neo-Babylonian plural of one of these terms. Line 19-The indicative singular form Tdu (as opposed to ide) is attested in other Neo-Babylonian letters (as, e.g., in YOS 3 46:25, 34; and 115:6). The pronoun ekdme, which is equivalent to Okdma, which in turn is equivalent to ajiki'dm, means "where." For another use of this pronoun as a non-interrogative, see No. 10:26. Line 22-In Middle Babylonian and later texts, misu (if the correct reading) is attested as an allograph of the adjective isu, "(too) little, small, few" (see CAD I/J, p. 219 sub isu). Compare the use of misu in ABL 754+:24 and misi in ABL 400 r. 7. Line 32-sartattu represents sartatti, "deceptively," an adverb that is attested also in ABL 292:19. On the origins of-atta, -atti,see von Soden, ZA 45 (1939): 62-68, and Rundgren, Bildungen, pp. 295-96. Line 35-On the expression mala aganni imu, see note to No. 107:5-7. Line 36-For the meaning of tabnitu as "arrangement of the sacrificial table," see Oppenheim, ArOr 17/2 (1949): 231 n. 7 (and see also No. 10:18). Several of the major players on the Babylonian political stage during the mid-eighth century B.c. appear in this letter. Kudurru, the sender of the letter, was probably sandabakku of Nippur. Nabf-nfsir, the recipient, was perhaps king of Babylon. Mukin-z&ri, to whom Kudurru made a query about the detained messenger, was shaykh of the powerful Chaldean tribe of Bit-Amfikini and a later occupant of the throne. And Mulszib, who perhaps formed an alliance with Kudurru, may well have been the shaykh of Bit-Sil~ni, whose messenger had been detained. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 72 No. 18 IM 77141 12 N164 Letter 4.1 x 7.5 x 2.7 cm 1:1.9 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. ra-nal mDU-NUMUN qi-bi-ma 2. um-ma mNIG.DU SES-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 4. LU gu-du-du sd t mla-a-ki-nu 5. ki-i il-lik-f-nu 6. 4 tRIN.MES 5 AN8E.MES 7. ih-tab-tu ni-i-nu 8. a-na lib-bi LO A-ram 9. ni-sap-par dr-ki-is 5 4 4 49r' _Tkf.•rf Ere' Dtk 10 10. LU.UNUG.KI-a-a ki-i 11. il-lik-ua-nu um-ma 12. hu-bu-ut-ku-nu sd biab-tu 15 13. a-du-a LO si-lul-lu 14. ina UNUG.KI i-pa-di-sd-rrul 15. a-du-ut LU.EN.LIL.KI.rMESI &d SES.MES-ga-nu DUMU.rMESI 17. hab-tu il-tap-rak-[ka] 16. REVERSE rev. 18. rLO.DUMU1.KIN-ka lil-l[ik-ma] 19. rul(?)l-tu x (x) x [(x)] 20. ruNUG1.KI x x (x) 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. [(x)] 20 r[l ig-de-ru-t-k[a] sup-ram-ma ra-ma-na-fnil ni-is-sur at-ta a gI-ai it-ti a-ha-rmes'1 sa-al-ma-tu-nu a at-rtul-nu rbul-ub-t[a]-ni i-hab-bat 25 (~2)Sayto Mukin-zeri, thus says Kudurru your brother. (~)Sayto my brother: ("When the Bit-Yakin patrol came, (7"a)they stole four men, five donkeys. (79)We were going to write to the Arameans, but after that, ("")when the Urukians came, they said: (12-14)"Now, in Uruk, petty dealers are selling the plunder which they took from you." ('57)Now the people of Nippur-those whose brothers are the citizens who have been plundered-have written to y[ou]. (~)Let your messenger g[o, and] '9-20)from(?) [... to(?)] Uruk [...]. (21 But (if) they have turned hostile toward yo[u], (22-23a)write to me so that we may protect ourselves. (23b-2)You and he are on friendly terms with each other; (2 -28 )yet he is making captiv[e]s of our people. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 18 73 COMMENTS Lines 4-5-LO gudfdu, which is a collective noun meaning "patrol" or "band," is here construed as plural. The term emfiqu, a collective signifying "a force of men," was likewise construed as plural in early Neo-Babylonian, as is shown by the phrases emdqiSu ma dfitu in ABL 1366:21 and emiqu ma >ddti lillikfnimma in ABL 1240 r. 2-3. gudiidu is a loanword from Aramaic g'did (compare Meissner, BAW I, pp. 21-22, and Kaufman, JAOS 104 [1984]: 93). It occurs also in ABL 1237 (= Parpola, SAA 10 no. 111) r. 15 (LU gu-du-da-nu) and in Cavigneaux and Ismail, Bagh. Mitt. 21 (1990): 345 iii 14 (20 LO gu-du-du sd LI) A-ra-mu). g'did is probably connected with guddd, "army," which appears in Arabic as jund, also "army." Line 13-LU si-lul-lu stands for silulld, a word meaning "peddler," which outside the texts of this archive is attested with the spellings ziluld, sulild, and zilulld (see CAD Z, p. 118 sub zilulU, and AHw, p. 1528 sub zilulld). From the latter spelling must have also been derived the adverb zilullis, which is found not only in the Babylonian Theodicy (see Lambert, BWL, p. 84:249), but also in the Nineveh exemplar of the Fiirstenspiegel (= D.T. 1; see ibid., p. 112:14). The copy of the Fiirstenspiegel which was found at Nippur, however, exhibits a spelling with s, just as silullu does here (see No. 128:15). Line 14-Forpasaruin the sense "to sell," see AHw, p. 842 sub pasdru(m) G 3. At one time or another during the period ca. 755-732 B.c., the leaders of Bit-AmUkani and BitYakin were allies; tribesmen from Bit-Yakin made raids against the Nippur region; Nippur united with Bit-Amiikni to form an alliance; Bit-DakkFiri and Bit-Amukini joined forces to capture a ford across the Euphrates; and the Chaldean army stated its intention to make an attack on Larak. It is little wonder, then, that these peoples of the Babylonian plain, who were so manifestly splintered by the forces of regional and ethnic particularism, failed to unite in opposition to Tiglath-pileser III when he marched into Babylonia with his army in 731 and eventually succeeded in seizing the reins of government. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 74 No. 19 IM 77142 12 N 165 Letter 4.6 x 8.3 x 2.8 cm 1:1.9 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1 1. U-tfu ibim r-l-utrl-u4-& yr.v UtnY4 IU • mIlra]d,,y ntAl -ul-feLJ 2. um-ma dEN-TUK-ji-ll SES-kAm 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i aq-bak um-ma l[a] ta-ne-ehb-i-is-m[a] lib-bu-l LU a-sib rURU1 &d EN.LIL.KI i LO.BARA.DUMU-ai-a sd a-kan-na-ka a-na blab-tu a-na l'Ia-a-ki-ni 3\ix~? 5 1o 10. la il-lak a htrb-tu 11. ma-la it-tab-tu-nu 12. pu-tu-ru ina Svuln--nu 13. la te-ep-pu-us en-na 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 15 man-nu d ta-du-u ib-ta-nab-bat a a-na mub-ti-ka sar-ru-nu mIl-ta-gab a-di SES.MES-e-Ftli rev. REVERSE r\ n Y- ..... rr_- 11 .. v rx i r[i .. 1 19. a-kan-na-'Ka ia' us-'lsa-LoUU 20. su-si-gs-ma rkil-i a-n[a] Ttl a a-nal 21. mla-rki-ni 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Lf Bir-ri rfu-sil-[su-m]a [lu-si]-bu a-di tri-nul &d-la-a-n[u-aa-kan-na-k]a(!?) sa-dr-r[u-tu la us-s]d-bu rlal-pa-rnil-[su-nu] ul ta-zak-ki 20 25 your brother. ()Say to my brother: (")Didn't I say to you: "You must n[ot] withdraw, (~~")nor should any resident of Nippur or any of the people of Parak-miri who are there go away captive to Bit-Yakin--(•b3"a)and also you must not ransom from them any of those whom they have already taken captive"? ( 3 •a5")Now anybody who wishes can go about marauding. ("'7)And as for you-our criminal Iltagab, (~)together with his brothers, (g)must not sett[le] there. (2-22)Expel him. Either t[o] Bit-Yakin or to the people of Birru expel [him]. (23)[Let them l]ive together with their own tribe. (24')Crim[inals must not sett]le [ther]e without my permission. (26)Or on account [of them] you will not be free of claims. ('2)Say to Bel-ana-matisu, thus says BEl-radil oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 19 75 COMMENTS Line 2-The personal name Bil-rdsil is composed of the theophoric element Bel and the word rdatl(u), which means something like "god of good fortune." The latter is a neologism that seems to have developed sometime in the early first millennium from a misunderstanding of rdsi-ili, "acquirer of a (fortune-bringing) god." The name is also attested in BE 10 58:4, where it is spelled dEN-ra-sil; and the word ra9fl(u) occurs in TuM NF 2/3 189:20 as a component of the name Ina-Esagil-rd'il,"The god of good fortune (Bel) is in Esagil." An abstract noun radsiltu may be attested in a poetic account of Shalmaneser III's campaign to Urartu (for which see Lambert, AnSt 11 [1961]: 152:64 = Livingstone, SAA 3 no. 17 r. 32; for the reading see AHw, p. 961 sub rdsilutu). The reading ra-si-luta in EA 1:61 (see AHw, p. 961) should probably be corrected to ra-si liq-ta (see, e.g., Moran, Amarna Letters, pp. 4-5 n. 21). Line 7-Parak-mari was located near Nippur and close enough to Bit-Amikani to be included within the territory of this tribe at the end of the eighth century. See the note to No. 82:13. Lines 12-13-pu.tira epesu means literally "to do ransoming." On the meaning of putufru, and for other occurrences of the term, see the note to No. 4:12-13. Line 17-The name Iltagab is probably a shortened form of Iltagab-Il (see No. 30:2), the cuneiform spelling of West Semitic Sagab->l (root *SGB), "'>I is (or has) exalted." The shortened form of the name also occurs in the Assyrian eponym lists, where it is written variously as Il-ta,(uD)-gab, Sa-gab, Sagab-bu, Tas-gab, and Ta,-gab-bi. On the correspondence between cuneiform *ilt- and West Semitic s, see Fales, Or 47 (1978): 91-98. For this name in particular, see ibid., p. 95. Compare also Sgwb in Hebrew (1 Chron. 2:21) and 'Il-sagabin Ammonite (Aufrecht, Ammonite Inscriptions, no. 9). Line 22-The people in question were probably called after the tribe to which they belonged (although a tribe by the name of Birri is unattested elsewhere). It is also possible that they were called after their place of residence (a topographical term birru existed later on, and it was used to designate a region associated with canals, date gardens, and herds; see CT 22 80:16-21; CT 22 243:7-17; and AHw, p. 129 sub birru 2). oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 76 No. 20 IM 77148 12N 171 Letter 4.7 x 8.4 x 2.7 cm 1:1.9 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. obv. [a-n]a [¶]x-[x(-x) qi]-Fbil-[ma] um-ma mx-x-x r8ES-kdml ruml-ma-a a-Ina SEr-ial-a-ma d6-Ti t.-m[u gd] t ml[a-k]i-Inul [sd] [tasl-pur-tral LU Tam-timl [x(-x)].tMES gab-bil d-tar-rrul [ki-i] [ibl-bu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] riq-bul-nu um-rmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tir-ru um-[ma en-na] ib-rbu-un-nil SurFl-[ni lik-su-da] x x [x x x x (x)] rat1-ta [(x)] 14. 1 l a-rna-kul 15. [a-n]a a-del-[e] 10 15 16. Fla(?)l nu-se-lu [ki-i] REVERSE 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. rev. [ds]-mu-u u[m-ma] [en-na] a-rlakl-[sd] ri-kal-ag uI- UD.rxl.[KAM] sd rr[I.x lil]-rlil-kdm-m[a] di-i[n-sd] flipl-pa-ri-risl LUGAL full [i]-rqabl-bi lub-ra la-pa-an mi-ni-i ki-i ah-ka na-da-a-ta UD.ME-US-SU 25:. :f . r:~L,·;I•· 20 .. ' . ,•,.D:'' ,:ll"Q•;"" 0',An, (^l 'rU ~T · tp^.^^^^ Yre , . .. ",P. .rý o.. ^^E-r r a·g A) ' 30 A... 26. LO.DUMU sip-ri.MES-sd-nu 27. la pa-an a-ha-mes 28. ul i-bat-tis-lu 29. LU be-if di-ni-ka a-sib 30. LUGAL ik-te-lis um-ma 31. ul tal-lak mNUMUN-a 32. ac tas-pur Us.UDU.UI.A.MES UPPER EDGE 33. lul-tal-lim 'r u.e p~rrf't '·· ." oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 20 77 5 t]o [...], thus says [...], your brother. (3)Say to my brother: ")Concerning the repo[rt about] Bit7 )[After] he plundered ~( all the [...]. return will Sealanders me(6-7a)the wrote to you Y[ak]in [about which] 1 also: "[Now let me, am[ong us] they spoke (9)saying (not only): "They have wreaked [vengeanc]e," ' ")(but) ( us re]cover our loss." (2)[...] •''")You and I, we must not be slack [abo]ut the treat[y]. (16b-t 7)[As I] have [he]ard: (18- 9a)"[Now his] departure is delayed." (19b21)[He] should [co]me in person on the [...] day of the > 23 22 month [...] so [that his] cas[e] may be decided. ( )The king must not [s]ay: ( a)"Let me look into it." (23 "2 )Why is it that you are being negligent? (b- 28)Their messengers never cease (going) to each other daily. (29)Your court adversary is here. 3")The king detained him, saying: ( 3')"You will not go." (3-33)Zri,about whom you wrote, let him be compensated for the flocks. (-2)[Say COMMENTS Line 10-The word in question is probably imbd, "loss, deficit," to which has been appended the lc.pl. gen. suffix. The same form occurs also in No. 9:11. Line 11-The restoration is a guess. For the idiom qdtdau kaaddu, "to obtain possession, get hold of," see the note to No. 4:9-10. Lines 13-16-The sentence atta u andku [an]a ade Id nusellu in our text is paralleled by ana ade ul asellu in ABL 328:15. Lines 22-23-ul occurs where Id is expected in the obvious prohibitive expression sarru ul [i]qabbi lubrd, "The king must not [s]ay: 'Let me look into it.'" See also Nos. 57:18-19 and 58:20-21. Lines 23-24--The sense of the interrogative phrase lapdn mint ki ("why is it that ... ?") seems to be similar to the meaning expressed by ana minimma ki in later Neo-Babylonian (see, e.g., BIN 1 38:45) and by TA* IGI mi-ril-ni in Neo-Assyrian (see, e.g., Parpola, LAS 1, no. 46 r. 12). Lines 26-28-The G-stem of the verb batdlu means "to stop, to cease (doing something)," "to fail (to do something)," or "to be idle" (see AHw, p. 116 sub batdlu(m) G). mar sipri occurs as the subject of batdlu also in CT 22 225:19-20. On the relationship of la to the Aramaic preposition 1-, "to," see the note to No. 44:15. A raider from the Sealand appears to have plundered property belonging to the sender of the letter, who was an associate of the king. The letter's recipient, who was perhaps the sandabakku, seems to have been responsible for convincing the guilty man that he should come from Bit-Yakin to stand trial in Babylon. (The sandabakku was responsible either because the raid had been staged from Nippur territory, or because he was an ally of the shaykh of Bit-Yakin, while the sender was not.) When the recipient failed to produce the man (having earlier obtained his promise that he would return all the stolen property), the sender dispatched the present letter, which included an exhortation to the recipient not to neglect the treaty between them, or else the king might intervene in the matter. The sender implies finally that because the raider from the Sealand and the shaykh of Bit-Yakin communicated daily via their messengers, the recipient had ample opportunity to convey the summons to the man concerned. The final two sentences of the letter (lines 29-33) perhaps refer to matters that are unrelated to the foregoing affair. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 78 No. 21 IM 77170 12N 193 Letter 4.1 x 6.9 x 2.5 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. IR-ka 'Ba-iti-ia-nu a-na di-na-a-an be-lif-id lul-lik lu-u gJul-tmul a-na be-li-id um-ma-a a-na* be*-lf*-id*-a*-ma* ki-i KASKAL Sd mDU(!)-NUMUN Sil-ba-as-swu[be]-fli1 lis-pur [m]i-nu-ui td-e-mi [sd] LO Kal-du [b]e-lf lu-mas-si-rmal lis-pu[r] REVERSIE 13. ' GfN KU.BABBAR a-na 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 5 *over erasure UGU 9 10 olih i. e. rev. mZALAG-a-ni be-lf ip-ru-su 141 MA.NA GIN KJI.BABBAR ~P7 ul-tal-lim en-na me-nam-ma .i m A,7 4 10 15 r4:-· SUM.NA-SES um-ma-a t7 ' GIN KU.BABBAR sup-ra(!)-a di-ni sd be-if DO-uS me-nam-ma kal-an-nu N~·~`t ASI" 20 ^- ^ \ ^^?^WPF1F UPPER EDGE 24. ta-an-tis LEFT EDGE 25. [be-lf tup-pa]-fslU u SILIM-Si lis-pur u. e. 4 R,4ý T my lord be well. (~)Say to my lord:(6 ( ()Your servant, Bablianu. (2-3)I would gladly die for my lord. (May )If the journey of Mukin-zeri is going to take place, my [lo]rd should write. "9-'[Wh]atevernews (there is) [about] Chaldea, my [l]ord should find out and writ[e]. ('- 5)My lord decided that there was a charge of twenty shekels of silver against Nflrni. ('6-)He has paid the thirty shekels of silver in full. ' 8 21)Why is Nadin-abi now saying, "Send me ten shekels of silver"? 22TThe decision which my lord made- 2 3 )why is he withholding it from me? 24-)2 Quickly, let [my lord] send his [tablet] and greeting. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 21 79 COMMENTS Line 1-Bajlidnu was the name of the eponymous ancestor of the Aramean tribe of Bit-Balbiini, which was centered on the upper Khaibr (see the note to No. 13:1). Line 6-The man named Mukin-zEri who is mentioned here is undoubtedly to be identified with the chief of the Chaldean tribe Bit-AmUkani who became king of Babylon from 731 to 729 (see the note to No. 16:16 and 26). Line 14-The personal name Ndrdnu is the exact equivalent of Thamfdic, SafAitic, and Lihyanic Nrn (< *NWR) (see, e.g., Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 585; and Caskel, Lihyanisch, pp. 101-2 [JS 349], where Nrn is transcribed as Nradn). The name also occurs in BRM 1 26:9. Line 17-The form ultallim could also be understood as the 3m.pl. Dt-stem pret. of Sutallumu, "to be paid in full." Lines 16-17 would then be translated "The thirty shekels of silver have been paid in full." No. 22 Letter 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.7 cm 1:1.8 IM 77174 12 N 197 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na 'Ba-lat-su qf-bi-ma 2. um-ma mSu-qa-a-a ES-kdmn 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 4. ds-sui t-e-mu 5. d LO Kal-dufd tas-pur 6. LJ.DUMU ip-ri-ia sd a-na 7. m DU-NUMUN il-lik 8. a-di-kan-na ul ildh-hi-si 9. mi-nu-i a-na 10. SES-ia lu-us-pu-ra 11. u4 -mu LU.DUMU ip-ri-ia rr F 4rrFtrF % -Rt r^M% STFrrr 4·k&# n [rk. r 12. [it]-te-et-si 13. a-na ES"-ia LOWER EDGE 14. a-sap-par lo. e. ..tr fr 4 t '^ipý^; - oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 80 rev. REVERSE 1 i Y Yx Y (Y x Yx ] &j15 16. [x x x x x (x x x)] 17. x [x x x x (x x x)] 18. [x x xx x] x [(x x)] ·' ·.7 (-2)Say to Balissu, thus says Suqaya your brother. 3)Say to my brother: (')Concerning the news about Chaldea about which you wrote--()my messenger who went to Mukin-zeri has not yet returned. (•'O)What should I have written to my brother? (-"2)When my messenger [re]turns, ( l 3-4)I will write to my brother ... (remainder broken). COMMENTS Line 2-The name Suqaya, which derives from suqu ("street"), means "Street-child" or "Foundling." Compare also the name 9Sild (< sulu [sdlu], "street") in No. 124:2. Line 7-The man named Mukin-zeri who is mentioned here is undoubtedly to be identified with the chief of the Chaldean tribe Bit-Amiukni who became king of Babylon from 731 to 729 (see the note to No. 16:16 and 26). · · _·____ oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 81 No. 23 Letter 5.4 x 7.1 x 2.4 cm 1:1.4 IM 77146 12 N 169 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. a-na mNfG.DU [rql-bi-m[a] um-ma mla-da-a)-il D[UMU-k]dm a-na ka-a-sd lu-d su-l[um] um-ma-a a-na AD-ia-a-ma 16 tal-pur um-ma a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-di ki-i a-na-ku a at-ta ni-par- ral-[a]s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. a-&ar di-nu i-du-ui I 9. la di-nu i-dab-bu-bu ina let 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. dEN dAG ul i-tib-ba-ds-su "Tam-mas-Il a-na pa-ni-id ki-i tas-pur di-rnil ina pa-an LO.A.KIN-ka ki-i id-bu-bu it-tu-ra LU.A.rKIN kal-a-da ki-i is-bat a-na WA-timl-ma-a' lit -ta-din a rdEN1 ki-i ritl-li-qa LO 1d ka-di-ial ki-ril i-bu-ka [i]t-tan-na d[A]G rkil-i LU ti<-i> ir. 1 r. p 1 15 ' REVERSE rev. 19. a-n[a] p[a]-ni-ia la i-rial-li-rqal 20. a-di 6s-rpul-rak-ka um-ma 21. di-na-a litl-ti mTam-mas-hl e-rpisl 22. en-na ki-i LO se-ba-rtal 23. up-ram-ma LO lu-se-bi-lak-rkal 24. am-me-ni la di-na ta-sap-par 25. d6 mTanm-mas-ll i-qab-bak-ka 26. umn-ma 10 tRIN.MES 1• tmA-tim-ma-a' 27. it-ti-ia ka-a-da ti-kal-lu 28. dAG ki-i u 4-mu ul-lu-i• 29. ki-la at-tu-si ri l ina SES.ME§S-i 30. u-ri dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES 31. s6 bal-rta-nu al-de-rel s it-ti a-ha-mes 32~ JL. 1151L It llf-slu 154 Iu-I ti~~L~I llt '1-taln-nu-miIt4 u" - 33. ki-i la rkil-i at-rtal 34. dib-bi-ni rtul-un-des-rsi-rul 20 25 30 oi.uchicago.edu 82 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR ( -2)Say to Kudurru, thus says Yada>-I1, your son. '3)May you be well. (4)Say to my father: (-7)Concerning what you wrote saying: Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it). (8-'O)Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of Be1 and NabU. (--13)When you sent Tammas-Il to me, (and) when they had prosecuted the case in the presence of your messenger, he was proved guilty. '4-15)The messenger-when he reached the guard-post, he handed (him) over to Atimml'. (6)And by Bel, he did not escape. (17-' 8')When my guard led (him) here, he handed (him) over to me. 18b- 20 )(But) by NabQ, this man will try to escape until I have finally sent (him) to you, saying: 21 ))"Execute proceedings against Tammas-Il." (22)Now if you want the man, 23)write to me, and let me send you the man. (24)Why are you writing about no due process? •')Concerning what Tamma-Il is saying to you: (26- 27)"They are holding ten men of Atimmi> with me at the guard-post"'- 2 8 )By NabO, it is not for eternity. 29-30')The detention is his (alone). And he is among his brothers. (30 ' 32)By BIl-How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) "The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive"? (3-4)Is it, or is it not, because you yourself have abandoned our agreement? COMMENTS Lines 5-6-The terms "father" and "son" in this context refer respectively to Kudurru, the suzerain, and Yada3-Il, the vassal. The suzerain-vassal relationship, expressed in the idiom of kinship, was entered by means of a solemn oath, administered from father to son. A son apparently entered this relationship by uttering a declaration of allegiance to the father, perhaps with the words ultu muhti umu agd ana mdri sa beliya attur, "From this day forth I have become a 'son' of my lord," a locution which is found in No. 59:22-24. This relationship was considered binding until death, or, in the words of the sender of the present letter, mala imu a baltdnu, "for each and every day that we are alive" (see lines 30-31 and the comments below). The terms "father" and "son" were also used to signify suzerain and vassal in the treaties of the Old Babylonian period. Throughout the text of the agreement between Ibal-pi-El of Esnunna and Zimri-Lim of Mari, e.g., the latter refers to the former as "my father" (see Charpin, Garelli Fs., pp. 139-66). The spelling AN-i represents samu, "Heaven," and not the god Anu, although one would expect to encounter the name of a deity before ki in an oath of this type. Line 9-The expression Id dina dabdbu means literally "to litigate a non-case" and is perhaps equivalent to the Neo-Assyrian legal formula ina la dinisu dabdbu, "to litigate without a legal procedure" (ADD 414 r. 24, TCL 9 57:19, and passim; see CAD D, p. 155 sub dinu 5b). Lines 11, 21, and 25-The grapheme Tam-maS represents an attempt by the scribe to produce spoken Sames or Sama&, which are perhaps Proto-Arabic forms. For other spellings of the Sun-god's name, see the note to No. 36:1. Line 13-For a discussion of the meaning of the verb tdru "to be proved guilty, to be convicted," especially in the context of the river ordeal, see Gurney, MB Texts from Ur, pp. 48-49 (also p. 12 and pp. 54-55). Lines 14, 17, and 27-For kddu, "guard-post," and LO &a kadi, "guard," see AHw, pp. 419-20 s.v. (CAD, however, translates kddu as "fortified outpost"; see vol. K, pp. 33-34 s.v.). In line 14, sabdrtu seems to have the same meaning as kasddu. Lines 15 and 26-Atimm&d is similar to the personal name tmn,which is found in Saffiitic, Thamfidic, and other Old North Arabian dialects. It is also similar to the Sabean name 'tmm. (For attestations of 'tm and itmm, see Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 19, and Ryckmans, Noms propres sud- oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 23 83 semitiques, vol. 1, p. 47.) All the name forms seem to indicate an Arabic elative of the root *TMM (Qtm = *AAtamm [the regular form in Arabic] and otmm = *>Atmam [the "strong" form]). The -a) ending is unclear however. Line 21-On the idiom dina itti X epeJu, "to execute proceedings against X," see AHw, p. 172 sub dinu(m) 5d (cf. CAD E, pp. 206-7 sub epesu 2c dinu b'). In Neo-Babylonian, the verb epe-su almost always exhibits the stem vowel u, although the vowel i is also attested. Line 28-Ebeling assigns the meaning "for eternity" or "in perpetuity" to the expression imu ullu based on the context of YOS 3 41:18 (see Glossar, p. 28 sub ulla; compare San Nicolb, Or 23 [1954]: 362). Von Soden connects fmu ulla with the more common expression ultu imu ulla, "from the remote past" (see AHw, p. 1410 sub ullu(m) I B). Lines 30-31-The expression mala amala baltanu, "For each and every day that we are alive ... ," is virtu- ally identical with an expression contained in the oath formula ultu umu annt adi umu mala baltdlni, "From this day on, for each and every day that we should live ... ," which is found in Ashurbanipal's treaty with his Babylonian allies (see Parpola and Watanabe, SAA 2 no. 9[= ABL 1105]:3', 17' and 32'-33'). The Neo-Assyrian equivalent of these Babylonian expressions, which is umu ammar antnu ... baltdanini, "As many days as we ... should live," is attested in the vassal treaties of Esarhaddon (see, e.g., ibid., no. 6:507-8). Line 32-The interrogative pronoun minsu has a blaming undertone (see CAD M/II, p. 89 s.v., discussion section). This letter is difficult to interpret because of its tangled background. However, it appears to center on a dispute between Yada'-Il, the sender of the letter, and Kudurru, the recipient, over the detention of a man named Tammas-II. Kudurru apparently accused Yadav-II, his vassal, of illegally holding Tammas-Il, and implied that Yada>-Il was breaking his oath of loyalty. Yada>-Il's spirited defense of his own inculpability in the affair is recorded in the present letter. oi.uchicago.edu 84 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 24 IM 77150 12N 173 Letter 3.9 x 6.3 x 2.3 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS E 1. a-na 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. obv. m l-ta-mes [qil-bi-ma um-ma mBir-Tam-mes SES-kdm um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma [il-da-tam-rmal ul-tu mMu-sal-lim-dlM tas-pu-ram-ma 2 GU4 gu-ul-mig ad-da-ds-sum-ma a-na i-sin-nu sa UNUG.KI Fil-bu-uk en-na [a]l-te-mu um-ma [IRI]N.MES-ia ' id al-qu REVERSI E 13. [SES]-di-a ip-ta-tar-sa-nu-t[u] 14. [a-d]u ki-i SES 15. r1i LO be-li MUN.UI.A 16. [a]t-ta tRIN.MES-ia 17. u-sur-ma KCJ.BABBAR-ka 18. i-na 1 GfN IGI.4.GAL.LA 19. lut-tir-ka 20. 1 1l0-su LO-ka 21. LO mam-ma-nu-u-ka 22. ds a-ta-mar 23. a-pat-tar-am-ma 24. a-kil-lak-ka rrrirr 4rAZr 4rr4 r &rr :r40T ;97T LEFT EDGE 28. [ki-i] FLO 1 .DAM.GAR ik-tal-d[u] 1i-na u4-m]u ta-tam-ru 29. [a 30. FUDU.MES1 sul-lim-su ^ stisrr rev. 1.e° l,.. r •..[:..•· 15 •5.·. r".. *il 4A up. r.kL· 20 UPPER EDGE 25. GU,-ka 26. sa'ab-tu 27. -tar-rak-Wkal $ 25 A oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 24 85 (-2)Say to Iltames, thus says Bir-Tammes your brother. (3)Say to my brother: ')This is to attest that after you sent Musallim-Adad to me, and -)Ihad given to him two oxen in good condition, (9-oa)he led (them) to the festival of Uruk. 1 (o'3)Now [1] have heard that my [brother] has ransomed my [me]n who disappeared. (116 a)[No]w if [y]ou are a brother and an ally, ~'6b-~ )guard my men, and I will pay you in full for your silver-(plus) one-quarter for every shekel. (2-24)And I will ransom ten of your men-any man of yours whom I have seen-and I will hold (him) for you. (2-27)Moreover, your ox which has been plundered I will return to you. 3o0 him for the (28)[If] the merchant has already arriv[ed], (29 )[then as soon] as you see (him), °compensate sheep. COMMENTS Line 1---l-ta-mes must stand for Sames, which is perhaps a segolate Proto-Arabic percursor of Arabic Sams (see the note to No. 36:1). Line 2-For the personal name Bir-Tammes, see the note to No. 81:1. Line 4-On the meaning of idatumma, "This is to attest that," see note to No. 12:7. Line 7-Since the adverb sulmis is not attested elsewhere, the word in question is probably salmis, "safely, intact, in good condition" (compare No. 117 r. ii 20'). For other examples of the shift a > u in the vicinity of a liquid, see the note to No. 119:17. Line 11-In the present context, umma does not introduce direct speech but appears rather to have the meaning "that." If so, it is being used like ki, which often introduces clauses and sentences that function as the objects of verbs of perception, speaking, recognition, substantiation, etc. (see GAG §177a, c). Line 21-The term mammana- means "belonging to" and occurs in both Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian (see AHw, p. 601 sub mamma(n)nu-; and CAD M/I, p. 201 sub mammanO). In Neo-Assyrian, the term may also have the meaning "relative" (see Kwasman and Parpola, SAA 6, p. 302 sub mammannu). The determinative LU occasionally precedes mammandi (for attestations, see AHw, s.v.). oi.uchicago.edu 86 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 25 Letter 4.1 x 6.4 x 2.8 cm 1:1.6 IM 77152 12 N 175 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. a-na mrE-td-ril 2. qi-bi-ma 3. um-ma AD-kdm I 4. um-ma a-na DUMU-Fidl-ma 5. a-du-i " [x-x(-x)] 6. a-Inal [pa-ni-ka] 7. ral-tap-ral 8. rLO(?)l x x [x (x)] 9. [x x x (x x)] (reverse of tablet destroyed) ('-)Say to Eteru, thus says your father. (4)Say to my son: (5-)Now I have sent P[N] to [you] ... (remainder broken). COMMENTS The kinship formula used in the address formula indicates that Eteru was the vassal of the letter's sender, who is not identified (see also the note to No. 23:5-6). He also appears to be identical with the Eteru who received a letter from the king demanding that he return the king's plundered men and cattle (see No. 8). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 87 No. 26 Letter 4.3 x 6.9 x 2.7 cm 1:1.7 IM 77159 12 N182 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS E obv. 1. [a]-[nal mdAG-LUGALl-DINGIR.MES rqil-bi-[ma] 2. Fum-mal mx-x-ma-la SES-kdml 3. [a-n]a rka-al-[Sd] rlul-a [sul]-mu 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. [u]m-rma-a a-nal SES-rid-a-mal rul(!)1 ki-i pi-i an-rnil-i [S]Es-ru-al iq-ba-a rum-mal a-na pa-an [Lu] [Bil-ri-ta a-n'-eh-hi-si [en-na] raml-me-ni SES-u-a [la il]-lik-ma ui-Si-ib 5 10 [am-m]e-ni ul-tu u,-mu [SE-l]-a rill-l[i]-rkul [LU.D]UMU sip-rril-[su] [I]a(?) il(?)-[tap(?)-ra(?)] 15 LOWER EDGE 15. [en]-rna kil-i [E8S-a -a] 16. [I]a fill-lak [(x)] 17. [x x x (x x)] REVERS E 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. rev. XS[x " x x x (x x)] dAG-[ba]-Fnil f ki-il [(x)] i . '.,- la i-man-gu-ru-ti-ma la i-sap-pa-rak-ka raml-me-rnil dul-la qa-tu-' 3 N^·' . /^i ^^^*.i^^- dAG-ba-ni . ^T^^·~ &^1 ^ ·. *;:.< *k.,l .: . ·.. iy'''.··rit --^'^ *~' :r '^ ( • ')Sa[y t]o Nabfl-ar-ili, thus says [P]N your brother. ()May yo[u] be [we]ll. (4)[S]ay to my brother: ( '6)Did not my [br]other say to me as follows-" 7 )"I will go back to [the people of] Biritu"? (9-1)[Now] why did[n't] my brother [g]o? Why did he sit around? ("'-14)(And if in fact my brother did go,) [wh]y from the time my [brother] we[n]t has[n't](?) he s[ent](?) his [mes]senger? (1 '-7)[N]owif [my brother] is[n't] going, [...]. 0- '9)[...] Nabfl-[bi]ni [...]. service come to an end? (20- 2 1 )If Nabfl-bdni does not agree, and (22)he does not write to you, '2 )why should .. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 88 COMMENTS Line 1-The name Naba-sar-iliis also found in No. 124:12. For an Old Babylonian attestation of this name, and for a Neo-Assyrian attestation of a related name, see the note to No. 124:12. Line 8-The determinative LU is restored in the break before FBil-ri-tabased on the parallel LO Bi-ri-ta-a-ain CT 56 758:6. According to Zadok, this ethnicon is perhaps related to the toponym Biritu, which Nashef tentatively located in the border district between Babylonia and Assyria (see, respectively, the entries sub Biritu in Zadok, RGTC 8, p. 76, and Nashef, RGTC 5, p. 52). Line 23--qa-tu-u is taken to be the 3m.sg. stative indicative of qatn. This form is frequently spelled qa-tu-u in Neo-Babylonian texts (see, e.g., CAD Q, p. 179 sub qata 3c). No. 27 IM 77164 12N 187 Letter 4.5 x 8.8 x 2.9 cm 1:2.1 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1 A0L-J [llr-ka mdA[G-X-X1 --.L-- `J 2. [a]-na di-na-an [be-lf-ia] 3. lul-lik 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. dA[G U dAMAR.UTU] a-na be-li-ia lik-rrul-[bu] um-fmal-a a-na be-lf-ia-a-ma 4-St• Lfj qin-Inal si mN a-ba-a fLO1.SIMUG [sd] be-lf is-pur um-[mal i-na LO Pu-qu-u-Tdu(!)l-u a-du-u ina lib-bi T.KIN LO Pu-qu-u-da gab-bi a-nal EN.[LfL1.KI a-na i-si-in-na 5 10 13. il-la-[kul-u-ni 14. [m]Mu-&al-lim-dAMAR.UTU 15. [I]il-li-kdm-ma 16. [T1 LU A-ram gab-bi 15 oi.uchicago.edu 89 TEXT NO. 27 rev. REVERSE 17. Fil-na EN.LfL.JKI 1 18. [lipl-ra-aq 19. [a]-rna nal-si-ka-a-ti 20. [sd LIIl A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma 21. ki-i "Na-ba-a 22. ni-is-bi* i*-kul Sd mub-bi-Sd 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 20 *over erasure lu-u-sal-lim-mu rLUl qin-na lu at-tu-u-ni rl1 ki-i za-ku-u su-u iz-za-zu a-na mub-bi-is lis-kun-ma man-nu 28. &d i-se-lu-d-ma 29. ina(!?) qaq-qar E[N.LIL.KI] 25 30. [lu(?)]-rFe(?)-su(?)l 30 (')Your servant, Na[bf-...]. (24I would gladly die for [my lord]. May Na[bu and Marduk] ble[ss] my lord. (')Say to my lord: ( 7)Conceming the family of Naba, the smith, [about whom] my lord wrote, 8)saying: "(They are) among the Puqldu tribe"-('3 )now in the month of Ululu, the entire Puqidu tribe is coming to 19 Nippur for the festival. ('4-)Let Musallim-Marduk [c]ome and segregate all the Arameans in Nippur. (' )Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; (21-23)and if Naba has used up the advance, let them make full 27 restitution for that which is charged against him, (24)even if the family is one of ours. (2- a)But if he is to stand 3 28 2 free of obligation, let him make a deposit against his charge. ( - )And whoever is negligent, 2"- let them expel(? him) from(?) the territory of N[ippur]. COMMENTS Lines 8 and 10-On the prominence and geographical distribution of the Aramean tribe of Puqidu, see the note to No. 46:17 and 23. Line 18-The base meaning of paraqu is "to cut off." The root from which the verb is derived is rarely attested in Akkadian, although it is common in West Semitic (see, e.g., AHw, p. 829 s.v.). The sense of the Arabic cognatefaraqa ("to separate, isolate, segregate") is particularly close to the meaning of pardqu in our letter. The Aramaic and Old South Arabian cognates, by contrast, have more the sense "to save, deliver, ransom." The verb can not be understood as a form of pardku, because pardku exhibits the stem-vowel i (and occasionally also a/u). Line 22-In Babylonian texts of the first millennium B.c., nisbu often refers to the materials or money advanced to craftsmen or other workers and entered in accounts as charges against them (see, e.g., the references gathered in AHw, p. 795 sub nishu(m) I 6a-c, and in CAD N/II, p. 268 sub nisbu A 5b). The term refers to a withdrawal from an account in Nos. 36:16-21 and 37:4-10. For nistu in the meaning "rate of exchange," see the note to No. 67:4. The letter informs us that the shaykhs of the Puqidu tribe were expected to make restitution for the money or material that had been advanced to one of their tribesmen, a smith, in the event that he had embezzled it. The Ottoman authorities of Iraq in more recent times also held tribal leaders responsible for the conduct of their clients. Alois Musil, who traveled from cAnah to al-Haditha in the spring of 1912, told of encountering two chiefs of the Dulaym tribe who had been taken into oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 90 custody by authorities of the government on account of their refusal to pay the dues embezzled by a tax-collector from one of their settlements (see Middle Euphrates,p. 21). No. 28 IM 77168 12N 191 Letter 4.4 x 7.3 x 2.2 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a-[nal mNfG.DU qf-b[i-ma] um-ma "Ba-lat-si ýES-kdm a-na ka-a-gd lu-ui ul-mu um-ma-a a-na SES-id-a-ma dg-su' bu-ub-ta IFr IVtAkF ('i^^~44i~e~i$rmw<< g rdk'sf P4 L LTJ.DAM.GAR d tag-pur ba-bi-ta-nu lo CnFs^lK-- 8. at-tu-ka LO.DAM.GAR 510Q^ h^ rzW<& K' ^ ^-^ <ij-^~u 9. DUMU TIN.TIR.KI 10. dAG ki-i 11. ki-lal-le(!)-e 12. at-tu-d-a-a-ma 13. mi-nam-mu LOWER EDGE 14. tas•-[pur] . .y.: . lo. e. REVERSE 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. u[m-ma x x x (x)] [x x x x x (x)] [x (x) ba-bi]-ta-nu [x x x x x (x)] [a]-[sapl-[par]-[kal rev. 15 ·· i. ·~··i.·········l··C ····i oi.uchicago.edu 91 TEXT NO. 28 (-)Sa[y] to Kudurru, thus says Ballssu your brother. 3)May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (-9)Concerning the captive and merchant about whom you wrote: "The marauders are yours, and the merchant is a ... ]. 7citizen of Babylon." ('oBy NabO--"-' 2'Neither belongs to me. 13-'6)Why have you wri[tten], sa[ying: ~ 9)[... the mar]auders [... I] am writing to you. COMMENTS Lines 7 and 17-The word bdbitanu is attested also in No. 86:31 (there with determinative LO). Line 11-The third sign of the line is copied as TIR. Line 12-The extra vowel and enclitic ending on attuwa mark emphasis (see also No. 106:8 and 13, No. 57:14, and No. 42:10). No. 29 IM 77186 12 N 209 Letter 3.7 x 5.8 x 2.0 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. obv. IR-ka mRa-'a-a-nu a-na di-na-an be-ll-ia lul-lik um-ma-a a-na be-li-ia-a-fmal ki-i ds-mu-rt1 um-ma be-if i-na na-kut-rtul a-fi-bu ba-an-.i' be-lf lis-pu-ram-ma [be-llia 1apa-Inil 11. ma-la GURUS.[MES 1 5 10 oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN 92 GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rev. 1.e. REVERSE 13. [mabl-ru 14. Flul-bu-kdm-ma. 15. Fal-na pa-an be-ll-id 5: 15 16. lul-li-ka . 17. a LOU.be-lf KOIR-ka r$'r < 18. kul-li-man-ni-ma 19. lu-kul MU DINGIR 20. rgul -la-a t4 •. 20 21. um-ma ma-la-a F[RIN.MES 1 q^.^rl 1 22. si it-ti-ka T 23. Ilil-tab-ka 24. [ba]l-tu-&d-nu - 25 UPPER EDGE 25. [li-i]t-tab-rgs-dl LEFr EDGE 26. a-d[i] i-na su[l-m]u 27. Fa-nal URU-&di-rnul 28. rgu-nu il-ne-eb-bi-rsul (')Your servant, Ra >inu. (2-4)1 would gladly die for my lord. Say to my lord: (5)As I have heard: (")my lord is living in peril. ('o)Let my lord write to me posthaste, and ("-6)I will come and bring to my lord as many 9 20 warriors as are suitable for my lord. (7- 9a)Then show me your enemy and let me devour (him). (' )(Only) swear to me by god, (21 23)saying: "Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive). (24"5)[Let] them remain [vi]gorous (2•28)unt[il] they return sa[fe]ly to their town." COMMENTS Line 1-The PN that is spelled here mRa->a-a-nu is very tentatively identified with the divine name Rcn, a local god of the Lihyin (see Caskel, Lihyanisch, pp. 38 and 151 [index]). Rcn is attested as the theophoric element in several Lihyanic personal names found in inscriptions from the vicinity of Tayma and Deddn (al-<UlP) in northwestern Arabia. The inscriptions from Dedin have been dated as early as the sixth century B.c. (see, e.g., the chronological table in Hofner, "Stammesgruppen," p. 414). Divine names used as personal names (or rather persons called by only the theophoric elements m of their names) also occur elsewhere in the Governor's Archive; e.g., "Mar-duk (No. 17:38), Il-tameS (No. 24:1), and 'Zar-pa-[ni-tu](No. 82:6). Line 7-In addition to the meanings which the CAD attributes to nakuttu, one should add the meaning "peril," since nakud, the G stative stem of nakadu, from which nakuttu is derived, means "be in a dangerous situation" or "be in critical condition" (see AHw, p. 745 sub naquttu, and CAD N/I, p. 154 sub nakadu 3). Lines 21-23-mala sabi must be singular ("each and every man"), since it governs the singular verbal form litabka, which is analyzed as a Gt-stem precative of abaku + sg. vent. -a. The Gt-stem of abaku is otherwise unattested. Line 24-[ba]l-tu-si-nuseems to represent baldatuaunu. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 93 No. 30 Letter 4.5 x 7.3 x 2.6 cm 1:1.7 IM 77197 12 N 221 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. [a-na m]DUG.GA-'dfTUv q(-bil-[ma] obv. 2. [u]m-ma "ml-ta-gab-Il SE1-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na tSEA-ial-a-ma 4. id Li sab-rtul-tu 5.0d tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu 6. rmabl-[s]i a-du-u 7. lul-lik-ma te-fe-mul .,j·* "^ ®.,: 8. AD.MES-li-nu 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. lul-ma-ad-du ki-i ma-ad KU.BABBAR daina mub-bi-ridsl-nu a-par-ra-rsul a-na rsul"-ia i-tir5 REVERSE 14. ul am-me-[r]ik-rkal 15. al-[l]a-kdm-m[a] 16. a-Fpat-tarl-js-nu-tu 5 ,. rrr rev. i. e. 10 T4, 17. MUN.UI.A [kil-i te-pu-uL 18. qu-ut-ti-su-ma 19. rANSE.A'.AB.rBA inal Su-rial-ma 20. rgabl-bi x x 21. x [x x] RA x (x) 22. ra-m[an]-gu 23. rla ta-bab-bi-ill 24. x x x SU/LU X KA TA 25. SA DINGIR ES A `t 20 . .. Ar LEFT EDGE (erased) [to] Thb-Samas, [t]hus says Iltagab-Il your brother. 3)Sayto my brother: (q-)Conceming the prisoners about whom you wrote, saying: "Guara[nt]ee their safety"-6-9)now let me go and learn what their 3 fathers are thinking. ('-' )If it is much silver that I should set aside for them, pay it to me. (14) won't del[a]y. (11-6)I'll go an[d] ransom them. (7-")Just as you made the alliance, put an end to it. ('9- 20)The camel(s) in my possession are all [...]. (21)[...] ("-)Don't cheat yourse[lf]. (24- 5 )[...] ('-2)Say oi.uchicago.edu 94 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COMMENTS Line 2--ltagab-Il is the cuneiform spelling of the West Semitic name Sagab-il (root *SGB), "4/is (or has) exalted." On the correspondence between cuneiform *ilt- and West Semitic S, see Fales, Or 47 (1978): 91-98. On the West Semitic theophoric element >Il, see the note to No. 78:2. Lines 5-6-On the idiom put X mabdsu, "to guarantee the safety of X," see the note to No. 7:20. The final vowel of mafsi is puzzling. Lines 7-9-The idiom .tim X lamddu means "to learn the will, opinion, or mind of X" (see CAD L, p. 56 sub lamddu 4bl'; cf. AHw, p. 531 sub lamadu(m) Gla). Line 13-i-tir, is understood to represent etir, the m.sg. imp. of eftru B, "to pay." Line 15-The shape of the AL sign is very unusual. Line 17-The expression tdbuta epesu in our letter obviously has political connotations. In fact, its meaning is identical with the meaning of tadbuta epe-su in EA 136, a letter sent from Beirut by Rib-Hadda of Byblos to the pharaoh Akhenaton: ana yd&i u imluk istu libbiya alikmi andku ipusam tdbita (= DUG.GA, glossed as TU.KA) ittigu sa Ammunira, "I thought to myself, 'Come on! I must make an alliance of friendship with Ammunira"' (EA 136:25-29; see Moran, Amarna Letters, p. 217 and n. 5). On the various possible readings of MUN.UI.A, see the note to No. 1:13. No. 31 IM 77198 12 N 222 Letter 4.0 x 6.9 x 2.4 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a-na "Ib-na-a qf-b[i-ma] um-rmal "Re-bi-mu ESS-kdm ral-na ka-sd lu-U gul-mu um-ma-a a-na ESS-ia-[al-ma a-na ka-sd a-na x x x LOt1 a-mi-lu LO qal-rla-al [at]-rtul-ni ram-mel-ni tu-mas-gir-[li ] ul i-Fnd-ehl<-bi>-si ul ril-x-[x(-x)] ki-i-la-a-su (erasure?) a-na m*Ib*-na*-a* qi-bi-ma luml-[ma] 'NIN-ta* & ina KUR Tam-tim ka-la-a-ti mam-ma a-na KO.BABBAR ul i-nam-din-su kit-te te-pu-us SAL a-mat-ka &d-ni-rta(!?)l obv. hp^_i=w~c ^*?I I ^f^ ^^~n~tR~ia <»^i~~Tls'^^^^P- 10 *over erasure ^ ?Z^-·-^ ^ir-,·^. rf ^·:Ia'r·^ '" 9 ^^. jS·Hy^W · f *over erasure 15 . oi.uchicago.edu 95 TEXT NO. 31 REVERSE rev. 16. 'A-ta-li-[l]a 17. sa ina t Da-ku-ru 18. mam-ma a-na KtJ.BABBAR ul i-nam-din-su &F 'rtr* T 7 , . (--2)Sa[y] to Ibna, thus says Rebimu your brother. (3)May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (5)To you, to [...]: ')the man is [ou]r slave boy. ()Why did you let [him] go? ()He won't come <ba>ck. He won't [...]. (9)Detain him. (~o) Say (also) to Ibna: ("-")Eristu, who is being detained in the Sealand, no one will sell her. ("4)You have made an alliance. I5 )Your other servant girl, ~'6)Atti-li[l]a, ( 17 )who is in Bit-Dakkiri, (18)no one will sell her (either). COMMENTS Line 2--"Re-bi-mu may represent Arabic rahima, "He (the deity) had pity," which is perhaps a hypocoristic form of a name such as Rhmdl in Thamidic (see van den Branden, Inscriptions thamoud6ennes, p. 294 [Jsa. 513]). Line 11- NIN-ta, which can also be read as 'Eris-ta, means "Object of desire" (see, e.g., Stamm, Namengebung, p. 248, and CAD E, p. 299 sub eriftu A 2a). Line 14-For the idiom kitta epesu, "to make an alliance," which is attested otherwise only in the Amama letters and in ABL 539:10-11 (Neo-Babylonian), see, e.g., CAD E, p. 211 sub epesu 2c ("to make a treaty") and Moran, Amarna Letters, passim ("to make an alliance"). Line 16--A-ta-li-[l]a, which has been transcribed here as Atta-lild, is very tentatively understood to be composed of the theophoric element <Attd (a spelling of the name of the goddess (Anat; see Albright, AJSL 41 [1924-25]: 73-101; also Zadok, West Semites, p. 38) and the Old Aramaic appellative lylh, "night" (a divine name in the Aramaic inscriptions from Sfire; see, e.g., Fitzmyer, Sefire, pp. 38-39, and Zadok, West Semites, p. 203). oi.uchicago.edu 96 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 32 Letter IM 77201 12 N 226 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.3 cm 1:1.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS E obv. 1. a-Fnal "x-[x]-x fqil-bi-ma 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. um-ma mrdEN(?)l-X[(-X)] rE[1-[kdm] um-ma-a a-rna SES-id-a-mal 10.? 10 a-du-U LO.UNUG.rKI-a-al f? *» ^^^ 5(ir r^:»^^^| ^^^^^^ sd ANSE.A.AB.BA.rMESl-ti-nu rhabl-tu a-na pa-an SES1-id al-tap-fral ki-i LO U-bu-lu ih-bu-tu-sU-n[u]-rtul (x) x^ 10..t....·5.·iS:: rANSE1.KU[NGA.MES] REVERSEE 11. [x x x (x)] x 12. [x x x (x)] x 13. [x x (x)] x x 14. [(x)] m FRu-bu upl-ra rev. ýA (")Say to [PN], thus says Bel(?)-[... your] brother. ()Say to my brother: (-7a)I have now dispatched to my brother the Urukians whose camels were plundered. •-9)If the Ubillu tribe has plundered th[e]m, ( 0 14)[...] mu[les ...] RUbu [...] send. COMMENTS Line 8--On the Aramean tribe of Ubfilu, see the note to No. 98:17. oi.uchicago.edu 97 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 33 IM 77112 12 N 135 Letter 4.3 x 7.9 x 2.3 cm 1:1.9 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a-na mGu-lu-si qi-bi-rmal um-ma mNfG.DU §ES-kdm um-ma-a a-na SES-id-a-ma ds-su "Ba-ni-ia sd tas-pur um-ma a-na t.KUR la ir-ru-ub u a-na pa-ni-ka la ir-ru-ub ap-te-qid-su 8. mSES.MES-MU s-a-aal obv. 10 9. kit-ta ki-i pi-i an-ni a-na 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. mSES.MES-MU iq-ta-rbil um-ma d tap-q(-da-i[n-n]a g zi-qur-ra-tu-u ki-i a-na ne-pe-si-ia bat-qu-d id BAD.AN.KI 15. ki-i as-sa-ba-ti-ia 16. a-na UGU Si ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 17. f[LO A sip-ri-ka i-pu-ul 18. a-sap-pa-ras-sum-ma 19. ki-i t zi-qur-rat 20. in-na-6dg-um-ma li-pu-us LOWER EDGE 21. [bat]-qa sd BAD.AN.KI 22. [l]i-is-bat 15 20 lo.e. T oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 98 rev. REVERSE 23. ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 24. taq-Fbil um-ma a-na 25. FUGUI GIS.GIGIR-ka id i-na 26. sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar-rat 27. sab-ta-tu la ta-bar-ra-as 25 28. a-na-ku GIS.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma 30 29. l-geb-bi-lak-ka en-na 30. a-di GIS.GIGIR ra-as-ki 31. tu-seb-bil GIS tbu-sd-am-ma 32. ul ta-ad-din en-na ^ 1 ' ' 35 33. ma-la GIS.GIGIR-ia 34. GI&.MES.GAM a 35. GIS.SA.KAL su-bi-la HZFfýf ^ro 36. a mi-nu-i si-bu-ut-ka 37. ina Sun mDj-ia 38. mus-sa-am-ma 39. iup-ru 3 to my brother: (4)Concerning Biniya about whom (-2)Say to Gulusu, thus says Kudurru your brother. ()Say ( ) you wrote, ()saying "He must not enter Ekur, (&-7)and he must not enter your presence." (7 I appointed him. "o)Ask Ahhe-iddin if in truth he (Biniya) said to Ahhe-iddin: ")With regard to the fact that you appointed [m]e--(~25)if the ziggurat is mine to build, then are the repairs of Der also mine to undertake?('6-2)I will write to him (to ask) if this is exactly how he answered your messenger. Then if the ziggurat (is his to build), give (it) to him and let him build-(2-22)[le]t him undertake the [rep]airs of DMr. (23 -24 a)Did you not tell me: (24b-29a)YOu must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you? (29 32a)Now up to the time you should send a completely assembled chariot, you will not have delivered even a scrap of wood. (32b35)Now send me every single part of my chariot-S--gagu-wood and sakkullu-wood. (339)And whatever your desire, specify (it) in writing and send (it) in the hands of Biniya. COMMENTS Line 1-Guluau is not only a PN but also the designation of one of the Aramean tribes encountered by Tiglath-pileser III in Babylonia (see Brinkman, PKB, p. 270). In Assyrian, the name is spelled with an s (Gulasu). Line 15-assabatiyaof course represents an(a)+sabatiya.The crasis is noteworthy. Lines 24-27-For the meaning of bardsu, "to withdraw, deduct; to cancel an order, write off," see the note to No. 2:22-23. The saltwater marshes to which the sender of the letter refers must have been located near the Gulf; but the reason for the battle to which he refers, and the identity of the other combatants, are unknown. Line 30-raski is undoubtedly a metathesized spelling of raksi, the verbal adjective of rakdsu. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 33 99 Line 31-bu-Sd-am-ma probably represents buSg, "scrap," + emphatic -ma. The word bufi elsewhere refers to metals (see AHw, pp. 361-62 s.v. and CAD U, p. 262 s.v.). But here it is clearly meant to signify a "scrap of wood" because of the determinative GIS which precedes it. Nippur was so closely linked with Der at the time this letter was written that the sandabakku of Nippur had the authority to determine who carried out its repairs. Because the Assyrians conquered DEr around 738, the letter was probably written before that time. On the other hand, if the Assyrians were not in continuous possession of the city after they conquered it around 738, the letter may have been written during a period in which they were absent from the region. No. 34 Letter 4.0 x 6.3 x 2.4 cm 1:1.7 IM 77111 12 N 134 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS;E 1. r-na -Har-ra-a-nu-d q'-bi-ma 2. tm-ma "dMAS-a-a ES-kdm 3. t-na k-a-a-gd lu-u sil-mu 4. um-ma-a a-na SES-id-a-ma 5. ds-sgiu t-e-me sd LIJ Kal-du 6. Id SES-l-a if-pu-ra 7. Lf ma-dak-tu gab-bi 8. i-de-ek-ku-d um-ma 9. FrE1.BAR id URU La-rak 10. ni-ik-kal LO.DUMU.KIN 11. Id a-na pa-an LUGAL il-lik 12. ul ili-jii-si ki-i 13. dib-bi id su-lum-mu-u 14. fill-tap-ra obv. n- `tssi·hrR^Wjffil ^^^T-Tjj^Ff~ R^';Fl4mad, ^~ %^nrr~hrJ^NFs4fir s r~g 5 ^f~~fW~'' -f^W^ »^'3atrr 'far^%^rb ITr 10 ^w^^.^, q-^a<@'w^^ ';f4^j^Trai'- oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 100 REVERSE 15 rev. [r7.AG(?] nu-.ar-.sad 15 16. i ia-a-nu-u 17. ul im-me-rik-ku-u 18. il-lak-u-nu 19. KASKAL r[kal-da-rnal 20 20. ul ta-a-bi SAL fal-mil-tu 21. ul a-sap-pa-rak-ka 22. pa-an lud-rgull-ma 23. dig-d-a KASKAL u 24. 25. 26. 27. 25 ta-at'-td-faml ul a-kil-li-at ki-i pa-ni-ka mat-bir UA.LA-a ina lib-bi u-kun to Harrinfi, thus says Ninurtaya your brother. (3'May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (~)Conceming the report about the Chaldeans about which my brother sent me a letter- ( 7 4 )They are mobilizing the entire campaigning army. (8b--'0They are saying, "We will eat the wheat of Larak." ( o'21 )The messenger who (-2)Say went to the king has not returned. (12b-t 4)If he sends word of a peace agreement, ( ~ we will firmly establish the '6)If not, ( 7 will they not stay there? (8)Will they come here? [border(?)]. ("- 21)The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. (2"Let me wait a while. (2- 24)As soon as you have taken charge of the road, (2)I won't hold her back. "('•)Ifit suits you, put my share in. COMMENTS Line 9-All the Semitic cognates of uttatu (SE.BAR) mean "wheat," including htt in Ugaritic, hi.ttd in Hebrew, hinteta and hit.tet in Aramaic, hinta in Arabic, and het.tat in Ethiopic. It would be odd, therefore, if the Akkadian term did not also mean "wheat." Nevertheless, Assyriologists conventionally translate uttatu as "barley," based largely on the existence of two Aramaic dockets equating SE.BAR with Aramaic &rn, "barley" (see, e.g., RLA 3 [1957-71], p. 310, etc.). But these dockets are much later than our texts, the earliest dating to 533 B.c. (BE 8 68). Is it certain that SE.BAR signified "barley" two centuries before this time, when the letters of the present archive were written? Farmers in lower Iraq today cultivate both wheat and barley. In fact, where water is plentiful, and the soil is well drained (to carry away salt), wheat is preferred over barley (see, e.g., Wirth, Agrargeographie, map 11 after p. 193). It is argued here that the conditions for growing wheat in lower Iraq in the mid-eighth century B.c. would have been almost ideal. There was an abundant supply of water in the region's rivers and canals, and the soil in most areas had not been irrigated intensively for several centuries, so that its salt content was undoubtedly low (see Cole, JNES 53 [1994]: 84-94). Only as the state increased its intervention in the agricultural regime in the late-seventh and sixth centuries (thereby increasing salinization) did the more salt-resistant barley become the predominant cereal crop and SE.BAR its signifier. In fact, SE.BAR may have meant simply "main cereal crop" (which in 533 B.c. was barley but in 750 B.c. had been wheat). This is the meaning of SE.BAR in Late Babylonian texts when it occurs in the notation EBUR SE.BAR u salitari,"main cereal crop and minor crop" (see CAD E, p. 19 sub eburu 2e). Line 15-ZAG stands for misru, "border." The lacuna is restored on the basis of the phrase misir su-dr(!)sudu(!) in PBS 15 80 i 24 (Nabonidus). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 34 101 Lines 19-20---barrdnu is usually feminine, but it can also be masculine, especially in Neo-Assyrian and NeoBabylonian documents (see CAD J, p. 106 s.v.). For the term kddu, "guard-post," see AHw, pp. 419-20 s.v. (CAD, on the other hand, translates the term as "fortified outpost"; see vol. K, pp. 33-34 s.v.) Line 24--tatfte'am is understood to stand for the 2m.sg. G-stem perf. of the Assyrian verb terdmu (Babylonian = tmu), "to take charge of" (see AHw, p. 1387 sub temu(m)). No other reading seems possible in the context. Line 27-The term zittu in the present context probably signifies an investment in a commercial venture or the profit derived therefrom. It is clear that the king of Babylon did not control Chaldea at the time this letter was written. Also, it appears that Larak had not yet been incorporated into the territory of Bit-Amfikni-although the city was one of this tribe's possessions by 703-702, when Sennacherib conducted his first campaign in Babylonia (see OIP 2 53:42-47). This letter may record the occasion of Larak's incorporation into Bit-Amfikani-or a prelude to it. No. 35 IM 77191 12 N 214 Letter 5.0 x 9.3 x 2.7 cm 1:2.0 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. a-na obv. m qf-bi-ma 2. um-ma "EN-a-ni SES-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na ES-id-a-ma* BA-dAMAR.UTU 4. en-na a-du-u ki-i 5. MUN SES-u-a i-qat-tu-ma 6. i-pu-us ANSE.ME 7. [lal tu-masg-ar tir-ras'-sd-nu-ti 8. at-tu-ku su-nu ta-a -ti 9. sul-ma-a-nu a-Ina mulb-bi 10. i-di-ni a-na "AG-SU[M.NA] 11. SES-d-a liq-bi um-ma 12. biab-tak a fal-[n]a pa-an-i-fkal 13. at-tal-ka lul-[b]i-ra 14. ul tu-kdt-tam-fan-ni-il 15. ANSE.MES rani-nu-r• -tu1 16. lu-ri rta-tul-[i-a] 17. tir-fram-nmal [(x)] 18. EN x [x x (x)] kt7. 't *written with split stylus _ 5 15 ,fq 44r t 4 r -9 I1~,t oi.uchicago.edu 102 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR LOWER EDGE (probably not inscribed) rev. REVERSE 19. ul-Ftul fDAM(?)1.[GAR.ME9] 20. U TUR.MES [X x x] 21. -de-e rgab(?)l-[bi] 22. sfG qa*-tar-ra-a-rtil 23. a KKA1 qul-mu-l AN.JBARl 20 *written with split stylus 24. it-ti-su(!?) i-ad-ral 25. ma-a -da ah-pir-•i rkitl-ta 26. a-kan-na-ka KI.LAM-ial 27. ab-mid qu-u-flil 25 I 28. ki-pi-it-ma rtirl-ru 29. a-na* SU"n * GADA.MES 30. *written with split stylus ds-nu-ti-ma la i-x-x 30 to Iqisa-Marduk, thus says Bla&ni your brother. (3)Say to my brother: (4"a) Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, (67)don't let the donkeys go. Return them. (-lo'a)(But if you think) they belong to you, give me a gratuity (or) present in exchange. '0b-")My brother should (also) speak to NabQ-id[din], saying: (12-4)(If) I was robbed and came t[o] you, you wouldn't even cover me with a ro[b]e. (15 l7 )Return those donkeys to me even if they are [my] gratui[ties]. (17b18)[...] (19- 24)From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es). (25?)I've already cleared out much of it. (251 -27a)1n truth, I've covered over my market stall there. (27b-28)Collect the coils and return them to me. (29('-2)Say 30 )[They(?)] must not [...] for other bundles of flax. COMMENTS Lines 5-6--The hendiadys qutta + epesu, "to finish completely," also occurs in a passage describing the construction of a kiln for use in the manufacture of glass: adi kdra tuqtettlma titepsu, "as soon as you have completely finished the kiln ... " (Oppenheim, Glass, p. 32 A:3, and duplicates B:4 and C:2; see CAD Q, pp. 180-81 sub qatf 4a2'). The sign MUN in this context must be an abbreviation of MUN.UI.A, which in turn may stand for either tabutu, "friendly relations," or tdbtu, "favor" (see the notes to No. 1:13 and No. 3:5). Lines 8-9-There was a close connection between ta 'tu (tdtu) and sulmnnu during the Late Bronze Age and early first millennium B.c. The two terms are not only associated in synonym lists (see Finkelstein, JAOS 72 [1952]: 77-80), but they are also found together in kudurru inscriptions, as in the passage: sa ta,ta qista u sulmana ina qdt musadbibi u pdqirdn eqli imahharuma,"Whoever accepts a gratuity, gift, or present from someone who brings a charge or raises a claim against the field ... " (see BBSt No. 11 ii 6-9; and compare Thureau-Dangin, RA 16 [1919]: 129:18-19). For a discussion of the concept of ta >tu (or da 'tu), see Veenhof, Old Assyrian Trade, pp. 219-28; and see also Tadmor and Cogan, Biblica 60 (1979): 499-503. The term sulmdnu ("greeting gift") on the other hand is found not only in Middle Assyrian texts, but it is also frequently encountered in texts from Ugarit, Amarna, and Boghazkoy, especially in the context of international diplomacy. On the exchange of oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 35 103 gifts between allies during the Amama period as an expression of their bonds of brotherhood and goodwill, see Moran, Amarna Letters, pp. xxiv-xxv (with bibliography). Line 13-lubiru (lubiru) is probably an Assyrian word. It is otherwise attested only in Old Assyrian and Middle Assyrian. Lines 19 and 20-DAM.GAR(.MES) is written without the determinative L6 also in No. 45:14 and No. 76:12. TUR.MES is written without LO also in No. 75:14. The activities of persons designated as subadrd (lit. "boys, young men") in the sandabakku'scorrespondence are discussed in the note to No. 38:8. Line 21-The author accepts Parpola's proposal that the term udfi, which occurs also in a ninth-century B.C. letter discovered at Hamah, means not only "utensils, equipment" but also "transport goods, merchandise." As Parpola has argued, the latter meaning is well attested for unftu, the Old Babylonian equivalent of the word, which uda replaced in the Middle Babylonian period (see idem, in P. J. Riis and M.-L. Buhl, eds., Hama 11/2, p. 262). Line 22-The grapheme qa*-tar-ra-a-rtilis understood to be a feminine plural of qatdru, "incense," a term that is otherwise attested only in the singular, and only in a Neo-Assyrian royal ritual (see Muller, MVAG 41/3 [1937]: 64:34 and 36 [where it is spelled qa-ta-a-ri]). Line 23-In Neo-Babylonian, babtu(= KA) designates not only a city-quarter but also a deficit or balance outstanding from a commercial transaction or venture (see AHw, p. 95 sub bdbtu(m) II 3; and CAD B, pp. 13-14 sub babtu 3a-c). The term also occurs in this meaning in No. 45:7. For qulmu, "ax," see CAD Q, pp. 299-300 s.v., and AHw, p. 927 s.v. This attestation of an iron ax (or axes), together with the attestation of iron shovels in No. 102:17 and 22, probably represent the earliest known documentary evidence for the use of iron tools in Babylonia (excluding the occurrence of an iron dagger in a land-sale document dating to 1033 B.c.; for which see Lackenbacher, RA 77 [1983]: 143-54, with corrections by Brinkman and Walker, RA 79 [1985]: 7274). Most cutting and digging implements at this time were made of iron (see Brinkman in Curtis, ed., Bronzeworking Centres, pp. 140 and 155-56 nn. 48-49). Line 25-The verb jIepJru not only means "to scrape" (describing the manner in which a dog paws at the ground to dig a hole) but also "to clear out, clear away" (describing how debris is removed from a building site before construction of a platform or foundation). The CAD, however, apparently overlooks the latter nuance of tieperu in favor of a second meaning "to collect, to assemble" (see vol. H, p. 170 s.v. mng. 2). But when the two contexts upon which the CAD's translation "to collect" is based are examined, it is obvious that the translation "to clear out" is both closer to the verb's base meaning and more apt: (1) tuppdni mala ina bitatisunu ibaSSu u .tuppdni mala ina Ezida saknu fipirma, "Clear out all the tablets which are in their houses and the tablets which are deposited in Ezida" (CT 22 1:8-10 [letter ordering the clearance of tablets from Borsippa's private and temple libraries]); and (2) esmit(i) abbiSu mairfiti ultu qereb kimdai itpirma, "He (Merodach-baladan) cleared out the bones of his fathers, his predecessors, from the(ir) tomb ... " (OIP 2 85:8-9 [Nebi Yunus inscription of Sennacherib describing the hasty preparations made by Merodach-baladan before he fled across the marshes of the Sealand to find refuge for himself and his people in Elam]). AHw renders the two nuances of heperu in German as "aufgraben" and "ausgraben" (see p. 340 sub heperu, b[aparu(m) II). Line 27-In Old Babylonian texts, the verb (amrdu (i), means "to hide, conceal" (see AHw, p. 315 sub tamddum). Here, however, the verb seems to have a more concrete meaning, "to cover over." On the meaning of the term qtllu, and on the use of silver coils for gifts and payments, see the note to No. 2:35-36. Line 28-The G-stem of kapdtu is otherwise attested only in S~A-in the equation "'u r, = ka(!)-pa-tu [I41 uz-ni (translation uncertain); see MSL 3 52:17'. The translation of kapdtu proposed here ("to oi.uchicago.edu 104 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR collect") is that of the verb's Arabic cognate, kafata (see, e.g., Ullmann et al., Worterbuch, vol. 1: kdf, s.v.; also AHw, p. 443 sub kapdtu(m)). Line 29-For Su" (qatu) as a measure of both date-palm fibers and flax, see CAD Q, pp. 197-98 sub qdtu 15, and ibid., vol. K, pp. 473-74 sub kitt 2a. No. 36 IM 77128 12N 151 Letter 4.1 x 7.1 x 2.3 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. a-na mSa-mes fqi-bil-[ma] um-ma mNUMUN-MU rSES-kdml ruml-ma-a a-rna SwE-ial-a-ma a-du-u LO ra-lakl-ti &d LO 1 FDa-ku-ru(?) tal-tal-ka 1 [se-ba]-a-ti mim-mu-ro sup-ram-ma lum-hur-am-ma lu-se-bi-lak-rkal 10. UD.ME-US-SU Th=rr f- W$.. ^rr^ , ' ES-a-a 11. i-sap-pa-ra 12. um-ma man-rnul 10 ~egr4 LOWER EDGE 13. sa LO a-me-lu[t-tu] Io. e. n r t rev. REVERSE se-bu-u [a-na] pa-ni-ia sup-r[a(?)] am-me-ni mNUMUN-ib-ni ds-pu-rak-kdm-ma LJ a-mi-lut-rtul la ta-ad-da-ds-su 20. KU.BABBAR sd ni-is-bi 21. ina mub-hi-ka i-ba-ds-1u 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. (1-2)Sa[y] to Samel, thus says ZEra-iddin your brother. 15 A^^f-fe^ 20 3 )Say to my brother: (~)The caravan of Bit- Dakktri has now come. (")Whatever you [desire], write to me, and I will buy and send (it) to you. ('-")Daily my brother writes to me, (12-5)saying: "Whoever desires a sla[ve], writ[e t]o me." (6 19)Why did I send Zera-ibni to you, and you did not give him a slave? (2-21)There is silver for withdrawal (on deposit) with you. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 36 105 COMMENTS Line 1--m Sa-mes is identical with the name Sms, which occurs in an inscription that has been labeled both Dedanite and Lihydnic (see van den Branden, Inscriptions didanites, p. 66 [no. 54]; and Caskel, Lihyanisch, p. 151). The spelling Sa-mes is probably another attempt-like Il-ta-mes, Il-tam-me', Ta-me', and Tam-mel-to represent Sames, the pronunciation of the Sun-god's name in the Semitic dialect spoken by at least certain of the non-Babylonian Semitic peoples who at this time inhabited the Nippur region, or had reason to visit it. The form Sames is perhaps a segolate Proto-Arabic percursor of Arabic Sams (s > I, and I > s regularly in Arabic). On the correspondence between cuneiform *ilt- and West Semitic s, see Fales, Or 47 (1978): 91-98. Lines 20-21-The final sentence of this letter implies that the receiver of the letter owed the sender an amount that was at least equivalent to the price of the slave desired by the sender. For the term nisju, see the comment to No. 27:22. No. 37 Letter 4.0 x 7.4 x 2.3 cm 1:2.0 IM 77130 12 N 153 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. [a-n]a "TUK-&i-DINGIR qf-bi-[ma] 2. [u]m-ma-a mDU-A FSES-kdml 3. [um]-ma-a Fal-na f[ES-id-a-mal 4. [a]m-me-ni mKi-[di-nil 5. mdAG-A.GAL 6. is-pur-rak-kdm-ma %4^ri ^^ AW~f^Wf 7. um-ma SE.BAR in-na-ds-sum-ma 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ba-di a-na ni-is-bi ba-di-ma a-na KfJ.BABBAR lid-din la ta-din-ds-si en-na mKi-di-ni ina UNUG.KI i-ka-a-sdat ia-a-si il-tap-ra-an-ni 14. um-ma-a a-na mTUK-&i-DINGIR 15. su-pur-ma SE.BAR a-nal 16. mdAG-A.GAL lid-rdinl 17. en-na a-du-uil LOWER EDGE 18. tup-rpil 1^ 4^* F^^ RPf^= ^^y'rr-^- ^A 15 lo10.e. ? oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 106 rev. REVERSE 19. Fall-tap-rak-k[a] 20. ISEI.BAR a-na mAG-FA1.[GAL] 2 i-din-ma a-na ba-du-u lid-din man-nu ki-ma ma-bi-ri i-rsaq1-qa-a 20 21. 22. 23. 24. ti lT . ^4 ' 25. "Ki-di-ni 25 26. lib-ba-ti-ka % 27. la i-ma-li 28. ana SIGs-ia "Ki-di-ni 29. la i-qab-bi 4 - , ^^ It's 307" > 4 - 30. um-ma ul tas-pur \ - (~2)Sa[y t]o Rasi-ili, [t]hus says Mukin-apli your brother. ()[Sa]y to my brother: (")[W]hy did Kidinni send Nabfi-l&i to you (7-oa)saying--"Give him wheat; and (if) he prefers, let him put it (on deposit) for withdrawal (later); or (if) he prefers, let him sell it"-(but) you didn't give it? (t'0 13)Now Kidinni is delayed in Uruk, but he wrote to me personally, (1-' 6 )saying: "Write to Raii-ili and let him give the wheat to Nabtlli." (17-19) have just now sent yo[u] my tablet. (2-22)Give the wheat to Nabfi-l[&i] and let him sell to the 27 house which he prefers. (23- 24)(But) who will offer a higher price than the market place? (2 )Kidinni must not become angry with you. (28- 29)For my sake, Kidinni must not say: (3)"You did not write." COMMENTS Lines 2 and 14-It should be noted that elsewhere in this archive the spelling of um-ma-a with an extra vowel is usually restricted to this word's second appearance in a greeting formula (as in line 3 here). Line 8-For the meaning of the term nishu, "withdrawal" or "advance," see the note to No. 27:22. For the meaning "rate of exchange," see the note to No. 67:4. Line 10-The feminine suffix -Si refers to ut.tatu in line 7. The gender of ut.tatu is evidenced by the feminine adjectives which modify the term, including pesitu, babbanitu, and labirtu (see Ebeling, Glossar, pp. 69-70 sub u.tatu). Lines 21-22-a-na t i a-du-u lid-din is an asyndetic relative clause: "Let him sell to the house which he prefers." In the context, bitu probably signifies a merchant house or firm. Compare the use of this term in the passage ina biti [sa] ana pdnika [ma]bra [l]ili, "Let it go up in value in a house that suits you" (No. 44:11-14). Line 23-Although the use of the preposition kima (rather than ki or aki) is unusual in Neo-Babylonian, it is also attested in CT 54 212 r. 3, ABL 334:6, and ABL 752:18. Lines 23-24-The literal translation of mannu kima mahiri isaqqd, "Who will be high like the market place," can be paraphrased: "Who can match the high price that our wheat can fetch for us in the market place?" The sender of the letter implies that selling grain on the open market, to one of the merchant houses of the region, would be more profitable for their business than lending grain on account. Saqti is also joined with mati ru in the astrological omen apodosis mabtr mati isaqqu, "The exchange rate of the land will be high" (see Virolleaud, ACh. Supp. 33:64). The final vowel of isaq-qa-a in our text probably marks the ventive. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 107 No. 38 Letter 4.8 x 9.8 x 3.4 cm 1:2.2 IM 77086 12 N 109 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. IR-ka mEN-mu-al-[lim] 2. a-na di-na-an be-li-[iaJ 3. lul-lik dAG d[AMAR.UTU] 4. a-na be-li-ia lik-ru-rbul 5. um-ma-a a-na be-li-ia-a-ma of ... o.. . obv. Is. 6. "AG-APIN-eg ~i ul-tu UNUG.KI 7. il-li-ka (remainder of line erased) 8. um-ma rLU.TUR1.ME 9. ul il-li-ku-u-ni a-na UNUG.KI 10. a-na KUR.NIM.MA.KI it-tal-ka 11. a me-res-ti-gu-nu gab-bi 12. sak-na-at um-ma rkil-i 13. mdAMAR.UTU-LUGAL-a-ni it-tal-ka 14. ki-i ha-du-u a-na [KA.DINGIRl.RA.KI 10 15 15. it-ti-su lis-si u rki-il a-kan-Inal 16. a-na LU.DAM.GAR lid-din 17. en-rna al-na mdAMAR.UTU-rLUGAL-a-nil 18. rbe-lil lis-pu-ram-ma2 19. i-rnal GIS.MA.MES 2U. Sa LU.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.MES 21. a-na pa-an ITI.BARAI 20 oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 108 REVERSE rev. 22. ra-nal KA.DINGIR.RA.K[I lis-gi] 23. r41 ki-i a-na LO.DA[M.GAR.ME]S 24. dg-ti di-ni d "mMu-seb-si 25. DUMU mDa-bi-bi sd be-if i'-pur 25 26. di-in-su-nu a-na Mr.BARA 27. a-na KA.DINGIR.rRA.KI] a-na pa-an 28. ITUK-i-DINGIR DUMU mGa-bal Frs-kinl 29. um-ma mTUK-gi-DINGIR DUMU mrGa-ball 30 30. LO mu-kin-na mi-nam-ma 31. mNIG.BA-ia rDUMU1 mlna-PA.8E.KI-U.TU 32. ina UNUG.KI i-rdab-bul-ub um-ma 33. 1 GO.UN KIJ.BABBAR mMu-seb-sd-a-a 34. LJ.rSA.TAM LO.AD.ADI-ka 35 35. a-na mas-ka-at-rta kil-i is-kun 36. mMu-seb-sd-a-a ki i-mu-u-ti 37. 1 GO.UN KtJ.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-gs 38. it-ta-is en-na fD j[ur]-rsd-nal 40 39. pa-ri-si INIM.M[ES] 40. ina IT.BARA ina KA.DINGIR.R[A.KI] 41. a-na fD bur-gd-na ni-il-[lak] 42. en-na kit-tu-u gd [di-ni] 43. be-li lu-ul-mas-si-[ma] u. e. UPPER EDGE 44. lis-pu-ra ~"Your servant, Bel-musal[lim]. (2- )I would gladly die for [my] lord. May Nabil and M[arduk] bless my lord. "5 Say to my lord as follows: "-7NabQ-&res, who came from Uruk, • 9 )said: "The agents did not come to Uruk." (10- 2 a)He went off to Elam, and all their consignment was stored. ( 2 ~'6)They said: "If Marduk-sarrdni comes, let him carry with him to Babylon whatever he wishes. Or if (he wishes), let him hand it over here to a merchant." ('7-2 2)Now my lord should write to Marduk-sarrani [that he should transport (it)] to Babylo[n] in the boats of the men of Babylon before Nisannu, (23)even if it is to the me[rchant]s. 4(22)Conceming the case of Musebsi, son of Dabibi, about which my lord wrote: (26-28)their case will be submitted to Rasi-ili, son of Galal, at the beginning of Nisannu, at Babylon. (29)Thus says Rai-ili, son of Galal: is Qistiya, son of Ina-Isin-alid, spreading rumors in Uruk about the witness saying: (33-3)"After Musebsaya, the chief temple steward, your grandfather, had deposited the one talent of silver in the storehouse, 36)(and) after Musebsaya had died, (37-a8 )he took the talent (3-32)Why of silver for himself"? (4") 1In (3 8 39)Now the river o[rd]eal will be the decider of the(se) affair[s]. Nisannu, in Babyl[on], we will und[ergo] the river ordeal. (42 ")My lord should now find out the truth about [the case and] write to me. COMMENTS Line 8-Men designated in the letters of this archive as LO.TUR.MES (= Akkadian subadru, "boys, young men") seem to have functioned as agents of the sandabakku and the businessmen with whom he dealt. They are mentioned in connection with Nippur, Uruk, Babylon, Elam, and Bit-Sangibfti in the Zagros (see also Nos. 40:26-27, 64:5-9, 76:18-25, 81:20-29, 90:19-21, and 94:13-15). They prob- oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 38 109 ably also traveled to Assyria and the middle Euphrates trading center of Uindýnu. The duties of these sufdra included maintaining the sandabakku's palace buildings, preparing his fields, and representing him and others in the acquisition or ransoming of slaves. Parallels from other periods and regions may illuminate other possible duties of these subdrii. Over a millennium earlier, in Anatolia, the subdrd of the merchant families of Assur paid and collected debts on the family's behalf, organized sales and purchases, conducted negotiations, acted as representatives in lawsuits, and even took care of the supply of food for their families (see Larsen, Old Assyrian City-State, p. 101). Later, during the medieval period, the merchant families of Cairo also employed servants known as "boys" or "young men" (sg. ghuldm or sdbiy); and these also kept accounts and wrote letters, did business on their own accounts, and were entrusted with goods and cash as the agents of the merchants whom they served (see Goitein, Mediterranean Society, vol. 1, pp. 132-33 and 161-64). Line 11-The term mirestu, which features prominently in the letters of the Governor's Archive, means literally "what is requested." More specifically, in the eighth through sixth centuries, it referred both to the silver that investors put at the disposal of merchants who organized foreign caravan ventures and to the consignments of goods that these caravans brought back with them (see now G. van Driel, BiOr 43 [1986]: 15 n. 40; also M. Elat in M. Cogan and I. Ephcal, eds., Tadmor Fs., pp. 34-35 + bibliography in n. 90). "Trading capital" and "consignment" are perhaps the most convenient translations of the term; however, for other suggestions, see Oppenheim, JCS 21 (1967): 239; CAD M/II, pp. 22-23 s.v. 2b-c; and AHw, p. 645 sub miregtu II 1 "Bedarf(sgiiter)." The reader may find it interesting to note that just before the rise of Islam, Meccans with as little as a half-ducat of gold could invest in the caravans that went abroad from their city (see Lammens, "La Mecque," p. 233 [137]). Line 15-ki is probably an abbreviation for ki badd. Lines 21, 26, and 40-In these lines, the three different prepositions used with the month name Nisannu-ana pan, ana, and ina-seem to reflect, respectively, the temporal distinctions "before," "at the beginning of," and "in." Line 25-The Dabibi family is attested primarily at Babylon and Uruk from the early eighth through the early second centuries B.C. Among its members were many high temple officials, including a number of satammus of Esagil and Eanna (see Brinkman and Dalley, ZA 78 [1988]: 90 and n. 58). Lines 26-28-The expression dina ana pan X sakanu probably means "to submit a case to X," since it closely parallels the older expression, awdta(m) ma ar X sakdnu(m), which has this meaning in Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian texts (see CAD S/1, p. 150 sub sakdnu 7a). Lines 28-29-Between 747 and 626 B.c., the Gabal family attained great prominence in urban northwestern Babylonia (see, e.g., Brinkman, Prelude to Empire, p. 38). Our letter shows that at the beginning of this period one member of the family was already acting as a judge in Babylon in a case involving a high temple official from Nippur. Line 32-The context indicates that dababu should be translated "to spread rumors about someone," which is similar to the CAD's proposal to translate the verb sometimes as "to devise a plot, to conspire against" (see CAD D, p. 11 sub dababu 6). Line 34--LO also precedes AD in several other Neo-Babylonian texts (e.g., BRM 2 33:3, CT 4 32a:7, Pinches, BOR 4 (1889-90): 132:21); it is used passim before AD in the Amama letters. Lines 38-39-Literally, "the river ordeal is the decider of the affairs." This is a variation on the expression bursdna ina mujbbi X pardsu, "to decide to appeal to the river ordeal about X," which occurs in BR 8/7 84:6-7 and ABL 965 r. 12. For a recent discussion of the Mesopotamian river ordeal and a summary of the previous literature on the topic, see Gurney, MB Texts from Ur, pp. 10-12. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 110 No. 39 IM 77118 12 N 141 Letter 4.8 x 8.3 x 2.4 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSIE 1. r-na mKi-na-a qt-bi-ma 2. cm-ma "dAG-SUM.NA SES-kdm 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. um-ma-a a-na SE9-ia-ma ds-s me-res-ti sd SES-rT-nil is-pur a-du-ti "mAG-A.GAL 1EN-DO-US at me-res-ti ki-i in-bu*-ru-u-nu ina 9 mDUB-ku DUMU mBa-na-a-a il-tak-kan-na* t1 KA *over erasure *over erasure me-reg-ti-gi ik-ta-nak um-ma a-di mdAG-SUM.NA il-lak mam-ma KA me-res-ti-su-nu 10 kshFf4 REVERSE & rev. 14. ul BAD ki-i K[A] 15. me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] 15 16. ANSE.A.AB.BA ZJ.LUM.JMA1 17. in-da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* *over erasure 18. al-ka a-di la LU ma-dak-ti 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ta-kasl*-sd*-du* ki-i -mas-su-i a-na SES-ia al-tap-ra ha-an-tis Lo.DUMU sip-ri-ka lu-mur tup-pi rli&-purl-[m]a lil-li-ka* *over erasure 20 *over erasure ~4~4~9 4~ Kinf, thus says Nabfl-iddin your brother. (3)Say to my brother: (4-a)Conceming the consignment about which our brother wrote-(5~7)now when Nabf--l)i and BEl-ipuI received the consignment from me,'O)they stored it as usual(?) in the House of Sapiku, son of Binaya, and he sealed the door to his consignment, 5 you can't (ll-14a)saying: "Until Nabfl-iddin goes, no one should open the door to their consignment." (14t -1)If op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, (I6 9a)load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the (~-2Say to oi.uchicago.edu Ill TEXT NO. 39 campaigning army arrives. (g""~")When I got news, I wrote to my brother. messenger. Let him send tablets [o]r come. (22-24)Quickly! Let me see your COMMENTS Line 4 and passim-For the meaning of mireStu as both "consignment" and "trading capital," see the note to No. 38:11. Line 9-il-tak-kan-na is the Gtn pret. of sakanu. The particular semantic nuance of the form as it is used in this context is uncertain but perhaps means "to store as usual." Line 14-It is rare for a logogram to be used to represent a verb either in this corpus or other letter corpora from Mesopotamia. However, in No. 78:9, BAD is used for the verbal adjective of petu; and in No. 82:17, GAL is apparently used for ibassi. Line 17-inddmma is the m.sg. imp. of emedu + sg. vent. (emddmma > enddmma > inddmma). Line 18-The campaigning army mentioned here may have been the Chaldean force that another letter in this archive reports was intending to eat the wheat of Larak (see No. 34). No. 40 IM 77114 12 N 137 Letter 4.3 x 8.6 x 2.3 cm 1:2.1 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na mBa-lat-[sul [qf-bi-ma] 2. um-ma "AMAR.UTU-FAPIN]-[es 3. a-na ka-a-gd lu su[l-mu] ES-kdm] 4. um-ma-a a-na SES-id-a-rmal 5. da-sj me-res-ti d E§-fti-al 6. is-pur um-ma si 1 MA.rNA KU.BABBAR 1 7. me-res-ti ~d 5 LU Hi-in<-da>-a-nu 8. muli-ram-ma su-bil 9. 10. 11. 12. mim-ma ma-la ba-su-u gab-bi-sl me-res-ti mi-nu-ui Su-i me-res-ti sd SES-u-a 10 13. se-bu-u lu-mas-si-ma 14. lig-rpurl (erasure) 15. [x x] x me-res-ti 16. [x x] rxl jup-ram-ma1 LOWER EDGE 17. [lum]-rlurl-am-ma 10o.e. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 112 rev. REVERSE 18. r'lul-se-bi-lak-ka 19. /ci-i LO a-me-lu-tu 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 9d pu-tu-ru ta-ta(erasure)-mar pu-tu-ram-ma a-kan-na i-din mim-ma ds-nu-um-ma la ta-mab-bar me-res-ti Sa LU.TUR.MES a-di-kan-na sak-na-at • Pýý¶Jk4g <^*rtWYP->t$F 4"9 20 25 ý-ff a 28. ki-i LU a-me-lu-tu 29. ia-a '-nu 30. KO.BABBAR tir-ra[m-m]a 31. rxl x rt TUl [x] 32. [x] USiTArxl [x] 30 i .I3tT-, ^^^y .. j · l''^^ UPPER EDGE 33. [(x)] Tx x1 u. e. · fl·· ·- · ·. .· ·1·1~:~~1.~·~·4~~·. I····i·· ; · ~·Y~~' r·rI·,·.'r,5~~cF~~;ti~:J '5 · cy~ti to Balissu, thus says Marduk-er[es your brother]. 3)May you be we[ll]. (4)Say to my brother: ( 6")Conceming the consignment about which my brother wrote, saying (6")"Buy and send me a shipment worth one mina of silver from the consignment of the people of Hin<d>Anu." (9-'O)Everything that is on hand-it is 11 a)What is this consignment that my brother desires? ('3b'4)Let him specify in writing all a consignment. ("1 you see )If and send it. ("5-')[...] consignment [...] write to me; then [let me b]uy and send (it) to you. '9-2 22 slaves for ransom, ( -2)ransom (them) for me and deliver (them) here. (22)Don't buy anything else. (267)The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. ( 28 29 )If there are no slaves, ( 30)return the silver [a]nd [...]. (Remainder of letter broken.) (1-2)[Say] COMMENTS Line 7-The people or tribe called Iindnu are unattested elsewhere. The scribe probably intended to write Hindanu but omitted the sign -da-. In No. 41, UindAnu is said to be the origin of a consignment of iron. On the identification and location of this ancient city, see the note to No. 41:12. Line 9-mimma, an indefinite pronoun, can also function as a relative pronoun. When it does so in NeoBabylonian, it is often followed by either mala or sa. For examples of the use of mimma mala in Neo-Babylonian, see CAD M/II, p. 79 sub mimma d2'. Line 20-Sa putuiru means literally "of ransoming" (see the note to No. 4:12-13). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 113 No. 41 IM 77165 12N 188 Letter 5.5 x 11.3 x 3.5 cm 1:2.2 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. m 1. QFR-kal Mu-al-lim-dIM 2. fal-na di-na-an be-lf-ia 3. lul-lik dAG U dAMAR.UTU 4. 5. 6. 7. a-na be-ll-ia lik-ru-bu um-ma-a a-na be-li-ia-a-ma di-di AN.BAR &d be-if is-pur 20 GJ.UN AN.BAR sd na-sa-ka 8. "'AG-APIN-eg 9. DUMU LO.t.BAR dt-a 10. gab-bi ina URU Ka-ldtz 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. ik-te-mis ti me-res-ti gd ul-tu LO Hi-in-da-a-nu na-su-u it-tan-nu a-du-d a-na "Na-ba-gs at-tu-4-ni [all-tap-ra um-ma 5 ~~~ p^5?f~~Tr^ 17. FAN.BARI ma-la na-sg-a-ti ^ Pwz-f> .tVŽt^'f^^ r Pct4V oi.uchicago.edu 114 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. rev. [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din [gab]-[bil a-na-ku a-kdm-mis [1)] rmim-mal me-res-ti [id] rse-ba-a-til ki-i KOJ.BABBAR GIN rSAG1.DU [a-nam-dil-na-ak-ka [en-na a]-rdu kil-i AN.BAR 20 25. [be-li se]-bu-ai a-na mam-ma 26. [ul ad]-din-ma ul ds-qul 27. ra a-nal a-ra-pi 25 28. be-if ul is-pur 29. ul-tu m"a-bil-GI.NA 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. il-li-ka ul iq-ba-a' aAN.BAR ina pa-ni-su ad-din* en*-na* AN*.BAR* [ma-l]a be-li se-bu-i [lis-pu]-ram-ma *over erasure 30 UPPER EDGE 35. [a-na be]-li-ia 36. [lu-se]-bi-li 35 .. :;.',. . % .' t br~t iýErr ()Your servant, Musallim-Adad. (" 4)I would gladly die for my lord. May NabO and Marduk bless my lord. ()Say to my lord: (6)Concerning the iron about which my lord wrote-(7-"a)Nabi-eres, a member of the SangflEa family, collected in Kalbu all twenty talents of iron which I was carrying(?); ("'b")and they have sold the consignment that was transported from Uinddnu. ('~*6)Now I have written to Nablau, one of ours, saying: (7-8)Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody. (9)I myself will collect it [al]l; (2-23)[and] whatever consignment [that] you are desiring-even silver in shekels (or) original capital-I will give (it) to you. (24- 26)[Now t]hen, if (I had known that) [my lord wa]nted iron, I wouldn't have weighed (it) out and [so]ld (it) to anybody. ("-2)But my lord didn't write (to me) soon enough, (29-3)(and) he didn't say (anything) to me after Habil-kinu had come to me. (3 -3)Therefore, I sold the iron before him. (32 -36)Now my lord [should wr]ite to me for [as mu]ch iron as he wants so that [I can se]nd (it) [to] my [lo]rd. COMMENTS Line 7-Twenty talents is roughly equivalent to 606 kg or 1333 lb. The form na-sa-ka appears to be the Ic.sg. stative of nagfi. If so, it is an Assyrianism. (On the change s > s before a and u in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian forms of nasf, see Parpola, Assur 1/1 [1974]: 1-10). We might also consider emending na-sa-ka to the Babylonian form na-sd(!)-ka, since further on in the letter the 2m.sg. stative of nagi is spelled na-sd-a-tinot na-sa-a-ti(see line 17). oi.uchicago.edu 115 TEXT NO. 41 Line 12-- indanu has been identified as modem Tell al-Gabriya, located on the middle Euphrates between Abi Kamal and al-QW'im, near the modem Iraqi-Syrian frontier. For the identification and location of ancient Windinu, see Musil, Middle Euphrates,pp. 14-15 n. 12. A line drawing showing the ruins of a large city at Tell al-Gabriya may be found ibid., p. 17 fig. 8. Line 14-The personal name "Na-ba-g' seems to be closely related to the Safaitic name NbS, which stands for Arabic Nabbad (see Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 578). The Jamharatal-nasab of Hishim Ibn al-Kalbi lists one instance of al-Nabbds, a name which means "grave-robber" (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). This name is spelled mNa-ba-sd in BRM 1 17:10, a text that is probably dated to Nabonassar year 9 (= 739 B.c.). Line 22-On the meaning and potential significance of the phrase KiU.BABBAR GIN, see Introduction, p. 7 n. 27. For qaqqadu, "capital" or "original amount, principal," see, respectively, AHw, p. 900 sub qaqqadu(m) 9a, and CAD Q, pp. 110-11 s.v. mng. 6e. Line 29-For the personal name Habil-kinu, "The-faithful-has-been-shown-violence," see Stamm, Namengebung, pp. 296-97, and AHw, p. 302 sub tabalu(m) II G Id. This name is spelled 'Ha-bilGIN in BRM 1 17:9 (for dating see comment on line 14 above). Large quantities of iron were apparently moving among the market towns of the eastern Fertile Crescent by the middle of the eighth century B.c. According to the present letter, Nippurians, IJindlnians, Assyrians, and Arabs all participated in this trade. Also, according to a group of newly published inscriptions from the region of ,Anah, Ninurta-kudurri-usur, the governor of Silbu and Mari, ambushed an Arabian caravan of at least two hundred camels led by merchants from Tayma> and Saba> that had made an appearance at Hindinu around 750, plundering its loads of iron, bluepurple wool, and other goods (see Cavigneaux and Ismail, Bagh. Mitt. 21 [1990]: 346-47 no. 2 iv 27-38). The Assyrians probably came to regard Arab participation in the iron-trade as a threat to their economic goals, since Sargon II eventually imposed a ban on the selling of iron to the Arabs of the Syrian Desert (see CT 53 10 [= Parpola, SAA 1 no. 179]: 20-r. 6). No. 42 IM 77129 12 N 152 Letter 5.2 x 3.2 x 2.0 cm 1:0.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. um-ma a-na rESl-id-a-rmal a-du-i a-na SES-ia al-tap-ra mim-mu-ti2 me-res-ti sd ina pa-an ESd-ia lu-t-se-bi-la a-mat 56 ana-ku rtlat-ti _.^5=r_-= _"" - 5 r' LOWER EDGE 7. ritl-ta-lia-mes nid-bu-ub ' ^-.^. q•[• :f lo. e. ~~frI PX^^r^~·s~i· oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 116 REVERSE rev. 8. SEES-i-a la im-me-ri-ka 9. lil-li-kdm-ma it-ti-ga 10. lu-i-ud-bu-ub o a 10 ('Say to my brother: (2-3)I have now written to my brother. (3b-5Whatever consignment is in my brother's presence, let him ship to me. 6-7There is a matter that you and I should discuss together. '8)Let my brother not delay. (-"1 )Let him come, ' and then let me indeed discuss (it) with him. COMMENTS Line 1-The letter begins abruptly and with little formality, which is unusual in this archive. Line 6---atti, which is the feminine form of the second person singular independent pronoun, must of course represent atta, the masculine form. Lines 6-7-In the present context, nidbub exhibits neither a punctual nor a cohortative aspect of the verb dabdbu (as we expect in Neo-Babylonian). For this reason, the usage is probably that of a speaker for whom Babylonian was not his native tongue. ittahdmes is a crasis spelling of itti ahames (see the note to No. 16:25-28). No. 43 IM 77154 12 N 177 Letter 4.0 x 7.2 x 3.0 cm 1:1.9 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. ral-na mEri-ba-dAMAR.[UTU qi-bi-ma] 2. [u]m-ma mKi-rib-tu [ESA-kdm] 3. a-na ka-Id lu-ui s[ul-mu] 4. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-[a-ma] 5. d -ri tO-e-mu Sd LO rLa-hi-rul 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. &d SES-a-a is-pu-r[a] LO.DUMU sip-ri.MES &d [mx-x]-x-a ul-tu BAD i[l-li]-rku-u-nil ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i u]l raql-bi um-ma ma-la sd [se-ba-a-ta] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.[KI ib-ba-ka] 12. me-res-ti-rsvi K(J.[BABBAR x x x ()]15 13. gab-bi LO.DA[M.GAR X X X (X)] 14. e[n-n]a tup-[pi a-na SES-ia al-tap-r]a 1e 5 r /- \ 15. x x x Ix x x x x)j 10 15 oi.uchicago.edu 117 TEXT NO. 43 16. ina x (x)[x x x x (x)] 17. LO x [x x x x (x)] 18. Sd [x x x x x (x)] (1 line missing) REVERSE rev. (9 linps micsinog 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. [x x] ra-nal [x] x x (x) fa-dil 7-su a-n[a] rgES-ial al-tap-ra fba-an-tis1 LO.DUMU sip-ri-ku-nu t LO La-uil-ri lil-<li->kdm-ma lik-fru-bul 27. lu-sa*-ma* lu-li-rikl 25 *over erasure 28. dEN dAG lu-d i-du-i 29. ki-i sd la KU.BABBAR ni-bi ta-rnal-si to my brother: 56)Concering the report about the Labirians about which my brother wrote to m[e]---("the messengers of [P]N c[am]e here from Ddr(?). (9)Did I [no]t say as fo[llows]: (~~)"All that [you desire he will bring] from Ela[m]"? (2-13)His consignment, the sil[ver, and(?)] all the [...], the mer[chant ... ]. (14)[I have] n[o]w '-2)[Say] to Eriba-Mar[duk, t]hus says Kiribtu [your brother]. (3)May you be w[ell]. (4)Say [dispatch]ed my tab[let to my brother]. (15-21)[...] 24 26 24 (2)[...] to [...]. (2- a)As many as seven times I have written t[o] my brother. ( b- )Quickly, let your messengers <g>o greet the Labirians. (27)I will depart and go (too). (2-29)But may Bl1 and Nabil know that without silver you cannot carry away an(y) amount. COMMENTS Lines 5 and 25-Labiru was situated to the east of the Tigris, perhaps somewhere between D&r and Gannanate, to the northeast of the Jebel Hamrin on the Diyala. On the location and importance of Labiru, see Brinkman, PKB, p. 178 n. 1093. According to another letter in this archive, Labiru was one of the destinations to which Nippur's textile traders dispatched their agents to buy wool (see No. 46). Line 8-The logogram BAD is understood to be an abbreviation for the writing of the toponym BAD.AN.KI, or Der, which was probably situated not far south of Labiru, near the Zagros foothills. It is worth noting that the shape of the sign representing BAD is closer to the Assyrian form than the Babylonian (see, e.g., Labat, Manuel, no. 1528). Lines 25-26-These lines are difficult. The combination of the singular and plural verb forms is especially odd, because they appear to be joined in hendiadys. However, just as the omission of <li-> in lillikamma is a mistake, so perhaps also is the verb's singular ending. LU.DUMU Sip-ri-ku-nu is taken to be the plural subject of lik-rru-bul. Line 29-The substantive nibu, which means literally "name," is understood here to have the meaning "amount." This is also the term's meaning in the expressions nibu [sa] mo, "the amount [of] water" (see Saggs, Iraq 21 [1959]: 166 [NL LVI]:11'-12') and nrbasu sa suluppi, "the amount of dates" (CT 22 11:11; see CAD N/II, p. 205 sub nibu A 2). Verbs in oath formulae are generally marked subjunctive; however, the verb in the present formula-tana&si-appearsto be indicative. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 118 No. 44 IM 77188 12N211 Letter 4.3 x 6.3 x 2.1 cm 1:1.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. [I]R-ka m NfG.FDU1 2. a-na di-a-nu be-li<-ia> 3. lul-rlikI dAG u dAMAR.UTU 4. a-na be-rli-id lik-ru-rbul rrr 5. ruml-ma-a a-na be-lil-id-mal r..... ..^. . 6. rsFd1 be-If i-pur rum-mal 7. [kil-i me-res-ti 8. [LO.DAM.GARI ta-mar 9. r2 MA.NA 5 GIN1 i-din-ma 4Z4 10. rme-res-til bab-ba-n[i-ti] C~ .:rev. 11. rmub-raml-ma ina P 12. [&d] ra-nal pa-ni-ka 13. [ma]- - rral rev. REVERSE 14. [l]i-rfli-i ki-il 15. [/]a pa-ni tLO1 ka-rre-el 16. [(]a mab-ra al-rkdm-mal 17. [KCJ1.BABBAR 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 1 15 MA.[NA X GfN1 u me-[res-ti gab-bil a-rnaml-dak-rka ki-il t-mas(!)-rsu-ui a-na rbe-li-id [al-tapl-ra ba-an-til rGABA.RI tup-pi-id1 rsup-rul 20 [ser]vant, Kudurru. (24)I would gladly die for <my> lord. May Nabfi and Marduk bless my lord. (5)Say to my lord: (6)About what my lord wrote, saying: (74 )If you see the merchant's consignment, (9)give two minas, five shekels, and (l-"Ia)buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment, and then (Ib- 4 a)[let] it go up in value in a house [that su]its you(14 , 6a)because this does[n']t suit the investors, (16b- 9a)come and I will give you silver amounting to one mina, n 23 shekels, or the entire consignment. (191 2 1'a)When I found out, I wrote to my lord. (2b- )Quickly! Send me a ()'Your reply to my tablet. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 44 119 COMMENTS Line 2-The spelling of di>dnu for dindn (also found in No. 60:2) is reminiscent of the spelling in Assyrian of da >dnu for dandnu. Line 11-In the present context, bitu probably signifies a merchant house or firm. Compare the use of bitu in the passage u.tata ana Nabd-l[>'i]idinma ana bit iadf liddin, "Give the wheat to NabQ-l[Ai] and let him sell to the house which he prefers" (No. 37:20-22). Line 14-[l]i-li-il must stand for lili, the 3m.sg. G-stem precative of elu, which here seems to mean "to rise in value," a meaning that is also found in certain Old Babylonian mathematical texts (see, e.g., AHw, p. 207 sub eli(m) IV G B3b). elh appears to display this meaning also in the passage agsu biisi sa beliya ana muttlzi kaspi I1W, "Concerning the property of my lord-in terms of silver it has gone up in value" (No. 59:11-13). Line 15-Because [l]a replaces ana in the idiom ana pdn X mat9dru, it is posited to be a loanword from Aramaic corresponding to the preposition I-, "to." It can not represent the Akkadian negative la, the first syllable of the preposition lapdn, or the preposition la meaning "from," because these words are not apt here. la is also used prepositionally in the meaning "to" in No. 20:27 and No. 82:18. The term kari2, the primary meaning of which is "barley pile," in Neo-Babylonian also has the meaning "property held in common by several persons" (see CAD K, pp. 227-28 sub karu A 2). In the present letter, the determinative LU precedes kari, and together are understood to signify "the investors (in a caravan venture)." Lines 16-23-The sender of the letter makes several shifts between third- and second-person address in the final third of the letter. The reason is unclear. ·r oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 120 No. 45 IM 77153 12 N176 Letter 4.4 x 10.0 x 3.3 cm 1:2.4 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. obv. a-na mdAG-U-ni qi-rbi-mal um-ma mdEN-DO-[USl [SEs]-rkdml um-ma-a a-na SES-i[a-a-ma] ma-la me-res-ti-[Sd-nu] gi tas-rkun gab-bi at'-ta-din r KiU.BABBAR a-na lib-bi rmIll-tam-mes ki-i ad-din ta-fan-tis KA-tul a-pu-flu mNa-dil-nu x [(x)] a-na "Ba-tlatl-si i-din [(x)] 10. 5 ru1 SfG.Ufi.ME.DA.KUR.rRA a' 11. rsfG.ZAl.GIN.KUR.RA la rSU"1-[nti] ram-bur1 10 12. ria-nu-al-ma su-bil 13. SfGE.rjE.ME.DA.KUR.RA u SIG.ZA.GIN.KUR.RA 14. a-kan-na ma-a'-da* [DAM1.GAR *over erasure 15. ki-i sfG.ua 10 GUR (erasure) 16. Flal i-nam-di-rka INIM 1 17. [a-n]a mNa-di-nu DUMU mx-[x(-x)] 18. rqtl-bi-ma [KO.BABBARI gup-r[ag-gt] 15 rev. REVERSE 19. [x x x x x (x)] x [(x)] 20. [x x x xx (x)] x x 20 21. [gab(?)l-b[i(?) a-na L]O.FDAM.GARI.MES 22. a-kan-n[a-ka] ril-din-a-ma 23. LO a-mi-[lu-tu a]-ga-a* *over erasure 24. sg i-bu-[ka] ma-a'-da 25. rba-nal-[a k]i-i u-mas-[sul-u 26. [a-na] rsES-ial al-tap-ra 27. ha-an-tis a-rdil la LO bar-ra-a-nu 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. sad L gsd-kinl il-la-ku-u-[ni] i-[di]-ma al-kdm-ma ra-nal-din fki-il fna-kutl-ti a-na SES*-id* [d]g-pu-ra 25 *over erasure 30 oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 45 121 thus says BRl-ipus your [brother]. (3)Say to [my] brother: (4-5 Every single item of [their] consignment which you stored I have sold. ("a)And when I handed over the silver to Iltammes, I straightway satisfied the outstanding balance. "b-t'Nidinu gave [...] to Balassu. ""'-And I received from [his] hands the '-2)Say to Nabfini, imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool. (12)Send absolutely nothing. (13-4a)There is much imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool here. (14b-18)The merchant-if he will not give you ten kor of red wool-say something [t]o NAdinu, son of [PN], send [him] silver, "'9[and he will ...]. (-22)He indeed gave al[l(?) the ... to the m]erchants the[re]; (23-")but [th]ese sla[ves] whom he le[d here] 7 )Quickly, before the caravan are of very good qual[ity]. (2-26 )[W]hen I found out, I wrote [to] my brother. "23 of the saknu-official come[s], 29-a)ma[ke a depo]sit, come, and I will give (to you). (30b-32)In urgency [I] have written to my brother. COMMENTS Line 1-Nabdni seems to be an abbreviation of the name Nabt-bfin, which occurs in No. 51:15, and in Cyr. 23:5. Compare also the name NabO-bdniya in VAS 3 16:4. Line 6-The grapheme dIl-tam-mes represents dSames, which is perhaps a segolate Proto-Arabic percursor of Arabic Sams. For the various spellings of the name of the Sun-god in the texts of this corpus, see the note to No. 36:1. Line 7-FKA-tul stands for bdbtu. In Neo-Babylonian, the term bdbtu designates not only a city-quarter but also a deficit or balance outstanding from a commercial transaction or venture (see AHw, p. 95 sub babtu(m) I 3, and CAD B, pp. 13-14 sub babtu 3a-c). The term also has this meaning in No. 35:23. Lines 10 and 13-In Middle Babylonian and later texts, SfG.Ui.ME.DA signifies tabarru,"red wool" (see, e.g., CAD N/I, p. 22 sub nabdsu discussion section). However, sfG.IU.ME.DA.KUR.RA, which occurs only here, has no known Akkadian referent. Other items besides SfG.Ut.ME.DA are found together with the graph KUR.RA, which probably signifies a quality like "imported" or "foreign" (see, e.g., CAD K, p. 133 sub kamanu B). Lines 11 and 13-sfG.ZA.GIN.KUR.RA is the logographic equivalent of takiltu, "blue-purple wool." The term is written syllabically in No. 1:34, 37, 40, and 42. Line 12-The grapheme ia-nu-a-ma (= ydnu'amma?) also occurs in No. 77:10 but does not seem to be attested elsewhere. It is similar, however, in both form and function, to ia-nu-am-mi and ia-nu-am in EA 362, a letter from Rib-Hadda of Byblos to Akhenaton, pharaoh of Egypt (see Thureau-Dangin, RA 19 [1922]: 102-3:29 and 37; also Moran, Amarna Letters, p. 361 n. 6). In the present context its meaning seems to be "absolutely no(thing)" (compare Neo-Babylonian ydnu alla, "nothing but" [CAD I/J, p. 323 sub jdnu la2']). Line 14-DAM.GAR is written without the determinative LU also in No. 76:12 and No. 35:19. Line 15-One expects wool to be measured in talents or minas, not in a capacity unit as it is here. Line 23-The Neo-Babylonian demonstrative agd modifies nouns of both genders and numbers (see, e.g., Ebeling, Glossar,p. 15 s.v.). oi.uchicago.edu 122 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 46 Letter 3.8 x 7.2 x 2.7 cm 1:2.0 IM 77081 12 N 104 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBV ERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. .0. I .1. obv. IR-ka "dIM-be-lf a-na di-na-an be-l[f]-ia lul-lik dAG U dAMAR.UTU a-na be-lf-ia lik-ru-bu um-ma-a a-na be-li-ia-a-ma dg-gj SfG.UI.A ia be-It is-pur "AG-DjO-u& U mNa-ba-a al-tap-ra um-ma al-ka-a-ma a-mur ki-i ina URU La-he-e-rril DUMU-&u Sd mZa-bi-ni I.2. sfG.iI.A ig-rzul-zu 10 f L I.3. [fba]-an-ti sup-rral-nim-ma 4. [lul]-li-kdm-ma REVERSE rev. 15. [sfG.UI].A1 ina sUn-is 16. rlu-uml-hur sfG.UI.A 15 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 20 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. d LU Pu-qu-du ul ba-na-a u KI.LAM-si-na ul ba-na sfG.UI.A sd LO La-be-e-ri ba-na-a r) KI.LAM-&i-na ba-na sd 5 MA.NA KO.BABBAR sfG.UI.A ina Su" LU Pu-qu-da-a-a ki-i ag-zu-zu a-na 15 MA1.NA-i ul sd-lim 1 GIN.AM i-mat-tu ki-i u-mas-su-u ¶-r-. ^f%^ w^^Sta·B: ` "~~ na^^^ rev. 28. a-na be-li-ia UPPER EDGE 29. al-tap-ra u.e. ()Your servant, Adad-beli. (24)I would gladly die for [m]y lord. May NabQ and Marduk bless my lord. ()Say to my lord: (6Concerning the wool about which my lord wrote--(4 I have sent NabQ-ipus and Naba saying, (9)"Go and see. (l''2'If the son of Zabinu has sheared the wool in Labiru, ("-'"•)[qui]ckly write to me and [I will oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 46 123 c]ome and accept the [woo]l from him." (16 - 9a)The wool of the Puqidians is not good, and its price is not good. (l'- 22 )The wool of the Labirians (on the other hand) is good, and its price is good. 22b3)Of the wool valued at five minas of silver received from the Puq0dians-( 24)when I sheared (it), (26a)it(?) did not amount(?) to five minas. (26 -27a)They were each short one-third mina. (27" 29 )When I found out, I wrote to my lord. COMMENTS Lines 10 and 20-Labiru was situated to the east of the Tigris, perhaps somewhere between Der and Gannanate (to the northeast of the Jebel Hamrin on the Diyala). Aramean herdsmen pastured their flocks in the region around Labiru, which is evidenced not only by the present letter, but also by the inscriptions of Sargon II (721-705), wherein it is claimed that the Assyrian king received horses, mules, oxen, sheep, and goats as tribute from the shaykhs (nasikdte) of this region, which he called Yadburu or Yadibiri (see Fuchs, Inschriften SargonsII., p. 151:298-300 [= Lie, Sargon, p. 52:2-3]). According to No. 43, the people of Labiru conducted caravan trade with Elam via Der. On the location and importance of Labiru, see Brinkman, PKB, p. 178 n. 1093. Line 11-The name Zabinu, which means "bought," is derived from the common Aramaic root *ZBN, "to buy" (see, e.g., Zadok, West Semites, p. 122; Rosenthal, Aramaic Handbook, part 1/2: Glossary, p. 23 [Biblical Aramaic], p. 45 [Palmyrene-Hatran-Nabatean], and p. 59 [Jewish Palestinian Aramaic]; and Dalman, Aram.-Neuheb. Hw., p. 123). The name Zabinu also occurs in BRM 1 2:3, a text that is dated to year 10 of Nabfi-uma-iskun (ca. 750 B.c.). In this archive, the genitive construction X-su sa Y is attested only in the present context and in No. 111:13. The construction occurs also in Neo-Assyrian, less commonly in early Neo-Babylonian, and rarely in Old Assyrian, Old Babylonian, and late Middle Babylonian (see, e.g., Hecker, Grammatik, p. 203 §121e; CT 2 47:31, 34; CT 45 18:27'; AbB 9 38:14; etc.). In Neo-Babylonian texts, the construction X mdrsu sa Y is perhaps equivalent to Aramaic X b'reh di Y (compare von Soden, GAG §138k). Lines 17 and 23-The Puqidu were one of the more prominent Aramean tribes of Babylonia between 745 and 626 B.c. The inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon II, and Sennacherib indicate that the Puqidu were active along the Babylonian-Elamite frontier, while the correspondence of the Sargonids places them as far west as Bit-Amilkini and Uruk (see Brinkman, Prelude to Empire, p. 13 and n. 49). The correspondence of Nippur's sandabakku shows that this tribe was also very active in the Nippur region (see also No. 14, No. 53, No.105, and especially No. 27). Lines 19 and 22-bana is a graphic variant of bani, the 3m.sg. stative of bana (see also No. 92:27). Lines 25-27-Compare Gurney, Sumer 9 (1953): no. 18 (after p. 34):1-2: ana 1 MA.NA 1I GIN KlJ.GI i-ma-ti, "from the one mina of gold there is a one and one-half shekel loss" (see CAD M/I, p. 430 sub matfi la4'); cf. also ina 5 MA.NA-a 2 MA.NA-f sa siparri bftit, "In every five minas (of gold alloy) two minas of copper are added" (Dougherty, GCCI2 367:11-12). Line 26--For the writing 4GIN = "one-third mina," see Weissbach, ZDMG 61 (1907): 380. Line 27-The verb mussa is used passim in this archive and has various shades of meaning, including "to find (out), discover," "to get news, specific information," and "to identify, specify in writing." There is much emphasis on the gathering and relaying of news among the correspondents in this archive. In medieval times, merchants who were interested in the flow of trade between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean also made it their business to keep themselves well informed. They followed the fluctuations of prices of goods in the markets of Cairo and exchanged information on the movements of caravans. They were also sure to keep themselves abreast of political developments in the regions where they had business interests (see Goitein, Mediterranean Society, passim). oi.uchicago.edu 124 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 47 IM 77169 12 N 192 Letter 4.0 x 6.4 x 2.5 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. m 1. a-na NUMUN-Di qi-bi-ma kho.Ar k4-4 p,4gWd r rr-n 2. um-ma "Sul-lu-mu SES-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-ma 4. ki-i Us.UDU.UI.A 5. r•il LU A-ra-mu 5'i 6. ib-ba-ku-u-nu 7. la ta-me-rik-ka-rmal 8. ritl-ti-&s-nu 9. [all-kdm-ma a-kan-na 10. ni-ig-zu-zu 11. 10 c r'* 7-f><<7 T" ^f i·r>^[ -<^^r^~'??=r ik l+en UDU.NfTA 12. r[s'a-[la-nu-u-a (lower edge uninscribed) REVERSE 13. a-na KU.BABBAR rla tal-nam-din 14. a-di a-sap(!)-pa-rak-ka 15. 30 UDU.NITA.rMESi 16. la-pa-an mNUMUN-[x(-x)] 17. (erasure) la(!) ta-sd-x(-x) 18. u,-mu &6 a-na pa-ni-ka 19. it-rtall-[ku]-u 20. ma-la d rba-dul-d 21. li-is-bat 22. ki-i fatl-ta-rtal-kal 23. a-rnal pa-ran1 (x) x 24. Fil-na rUGU(?)l rev. n' ^^ Wr d r 4 rkFr^-^~~~ 15 20 UPPER EDGE 25. [x (x)] x r U.UDUi.[uI.A.MES] 26. [(x)] x x (x) * * *V'P" 25 '· "- ""' t *'t^ ''':. ' . "'•& •'-.• .. .. ^**j 'f , ".'@: : : ', ·.,. z i '.C" to Zera-ibni, thus says Sullumu your brother. ()Say to my brother: "Because they are leading the 3 flock of the Arameans here, (7)don't delay. ("'-)Come with them, and let us do the shearing here. (1-)Don't 7 sell a single sheep wi[th]out my permission. (14)Until I write to you, (•-' don't [...] the thirty sheep from Zara[...]. (1-9)When he go[e]s to you, (2-2 1 )let him take as many as he likes. (22-")When I saw you, [...] to [...] concerning(?) [...]. (25-26)[...] the flo[cks ... ]. ('-2)Say oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 125 No. 48 Letter 4.2 x 5.8 x 2.1 cm 1:1.4 IM 77110 12 N 133 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E 1. a-na mKab-t[i-ia qf-bi-ma] 2. um-ma mLUGA[L]-[al-[ni ES-kdm] 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. a-na ka-[a-i6] rlu-u s ull-mu um-ma-a a-rnal SEA-ia-a-ma sd tas-pu-ra um-ma SfG.UI.A a-kan-na ia-a '*-a*-nu 20 GO.UN SIG.UI.A ina let "dEN-SUM.NA a-du-u ina EN.LIL.KI *over erasure 10 su-u REVERSI E 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. rev. su-pur-ma ma-la s6d a-da-a-ta SIG.UI.A ina SUn-sui i-gi sft-ta lu sak-nu 4*z ^I 15 "f 7 NJ 1i .4 1-2)[Say] 3 to Kabt[iya], thus says Sarra[ni your brother]. ()May y[ou] be well. (4)Say to my brother: 5S)About 7 what you wrote to me, saying: ( )"There is no wool here." (")There are twenty talents of wool in B6l-iddin's charge. '"")He is now in Nippur. (12-5)Write and take from him as much wool as you wish. 16)The remainder will be stored. COMMENTS Line 2---arrdniis probably an abbreviation of a name such as Marduk-sarrani. Lines 12-13--mala sa is attested with temporal nuance both in RAcc. 136:282 (mala sa Enuma elis ana Bil inagld, "All the time they are reciting Eniima elis before B61") and in RAcc. 141:361-62 (mala sa NabO ina Bab-ili, "As long as Nabf is in Babylon") (liturgy of the New Year Festival). Compare also the use of mala in the passages imu mala sa PN baltu (YOS 7 66:17-18) and mala sa inagidmma (YOS 3 2:17). Line 16--aknu is a mistake for saknat. oi.uchicago.edu 126 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 49 Letter 3.2 x 5.0 x 2.0 cm 1:1.7 IM 77173 12N 196 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-[nal mrMan-nal-a qt-bi-ma 2. um-ma mBA-id-a S E-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na SFS-ia-a-ma 4. ai-si SfG.UI.A 5. s SES-at-a i&-pur 6. a-du-u LO.DUMU ip-ri-ia 5 ^W ^ 4 IF P-P, ,-Ff 7. a-na LIt Kal-da 8. it-ta-lak 9. ba-an-tis a-na ý " ,. r _,. LOWER EDGE 10. SEA-ia 10 REVERSE rev. 11. a-se-bi-li p^ 12. 44 MA.NA KiU.BABBAR ^^ 13. §E.GlS.1 muj-ram-ma 14. su-bil* 15. mim-mu-u se-ba-ta 16. mus-sa-am-ma 17. u-pur *over erasure (erasure) 15 ~-4$13 k4,- LEFT EDGE ME NA to Manna, thus says Iqisa your brother. ()Say to my brother: (-5)Conceming the wool about which my brother wrote--()my messenger has now gone off to Chaldea. 9-")I will send a shipment to my brother right away. ('2-4)Buy for me and send sesame worth four and one-half minas of silver. ~'5)Whatever you desire, (6-17 specify in a letter and send it. (-2)Say COMMENTS Line 1-Manna is probably a hypocoristic for a name of the type Mannu-ki-DN. oi.uchicago.edu 127 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 50 IM 77083 12 N 106 Letter 5.3 x 3.1 x 1.9 cm 1:0.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. a-na 'Sil-la-a qi-bi-ma 2. um-ma "EN-a-ni SES-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-Inal SES-ia-a-ma 4. a-du-di mzALAG-e-a a-na 5. pa-an SES-ia al-tap-ra 6. 41 fr~r^ ^<<^^?== 5 ^y^K^^P £^%^^^^ MA.NA KO.BABBAR SE.BAR 7. mu-bur-am-ma su-bi-rlil (reverse uninscribed) '-2)Say to Silld, thus says Blaini your brother. (3)Say to my brother: )I have now sent Nuireya to my brother. (-7)Buy and send to me wheat equal in value to four and one-half minas of silver. No. 51 IM 77091 12N 114 Letter 3.9 x 6.6 x 2.5 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE a-na mdAG-SES-ir rqfl-bi-ma um-ma mKab-ti-ia ESA-kdm a-na ka-a-sd lu sul-mu um-ma-a a-na SEF-id-a-ma 5. dr-gi KiU.BABBAR Sd mZab-di-l ds 6. EA-ti-a is-pu-ra 7. mZab-di-il i-qab-bi um-ma 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. 5 MA.NA KO.BABBAR ki-i id-din 9. 3-ga LU a-mi-lu-tu* 10. ki-i 3 MA.NA KO.BABBAR a-na 11. mBA-gd-a at-ta-din 12. 2 GU4.MES ki-i a-bu-uk 13. at-tan-na-dg-gsi a 14. sft-ta NfG.81D-ai LOWER EDGE 15. ina Su" ~PA-bu-ni *over erasure 10 15 .- T oi.uchicago.edu 128 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE rev. flf_/-lmdAk^AD lTrrT L- J IlIAVirfl.u I 1 A IV. n TLAT 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. ul-te-bi-la-s-s iul ki-i pi-i an*-ni*-i* SES-i-a is-pu-ra um-ma a-du- SEE.BAR ma-la LJUvLJ mT Ag -- IU se-ba-a-ti* U *over erasure 20 22. lu-d-Le-bi-lak-ka a-du-i 23. 24. 25. 26. 0 *over erasure ANSE.A.AB.BA a-na* l *over erasure pa-ni-ka al-tap-ra 41 MA.NA ki-i pi &d KI.LAM a-kan-Ina-kal 25 27. muj-bi-ram-rmal UPPER EDGE 28. stu-bil u. e. , ,q LEFT EDGE 29. "BA (erased) (-2)Say to Nabfi-n~sir, thus says Kabtiya your brother. 3)May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: 5-)Con- cerning Zabdi-Il's silver about which my brother wrote me, (7)Zabdi-Il says: (s")After he gave me five minas of silver, I sold three of his slaves for three minas to Iqisa; (12-l 7 a)after I had led away two oxen, I gave (them) to him; and the rest of his account I have sent to him in the hands of Nabt-bUni, the son of Ahulap-Marduk. ("b-9)Did not my brother write to me as follows, (2 24)saying: "Now let me send you as much wheat as you want"? I have now dispatched a camel to you. (25-2Offer me (an amount worth) four and one-half minas according to the rate of exchange there and send (it). COMMENTS Lines 5 and 7-The personal name Zabdi-'Il occurs frequently in Saff-itic and Thamfdic inscriptions (see Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 294 sub Zbdil). The word zabd means "gift" in Arabic, but it is a very rare word and obsolescent already at the beginning of the attested history of the language. The root *ZBD is also attested in Aramaic and Hebrew, especially in PNs (compare Hebrew Zabdi->El). Line 9--aldAslu amildtu is understood to mean "three of his slaves." For other attestations of the use of a personal pronoun after a cardinal number, see CAD S/I, p. 233 sub salak d2'. Line 15-The name Nabf-bfni also occurs in Cyr. 23:5. Compare also Nabd-buniya in VAS 3 16:4. Line 18-kipi annt, which occurs frequently in the letters of this archive, seems to be attested infrequently in the Neo-Babylonian letters from Kuyunjik (only find two attestations could be located: ABL 846:56 and CT 54 39:9). __ _·__· oi.uchicago.edu 129 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 52 IM 77134 12 N 157 Letter 5.4 x 3.0 x 1.4 cm 1:0.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. rrtrr1vt r a-na "'d-di-iaqi-b[i-ma] um-ma mBa-bi-ia SE-1kdml a-na ka-a-sd lu-u sul-mu um-ma-a a-na SEA-ia-a-ma rtI 4!tt" rFrrrrrfl^4{ rrA4, 4Zff 5. ki-i §E.GI§.I sd SaE-ia LOWER EDGE 6. 41 MA.NA KJ.BABBAR muh-ram-ma REVERSE 7. s u-bi-li-siu 8. 1 rmil-nu-u si-bu-ut-ka 9. u-pur lo. e. rev. I ""Op ^^^^NI^W N~f'^ (^^ ^ ,. to Iddiya, thus says Bibiya your brother. ()May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (-7)Accept four and one-half minas of silver as the equivalent of the sesame of my brother and send it. 9)And whatever your desire, write. (1-2)Sa[y] oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 130 No. 53 IM 77149 12N 172 Letter 4.2 x 8.4 x 2.9 cm 1:2.1 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. obv. mx-x-x(-x-x)] [IR-ka [a]-rna di-na-anl be-[lf-ia] lul-lik dAG [U dAMAR.UTU] a-rnal be-l-rial [lik-ru-bu] um-ma-a a-fnal [be-li-ia-a-ma] 6. Irdsl-td KI.LAM 'URU(?) 1 7. S SE.GIS.1 & [be]-rlil [i]s-pur 8. a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES 9. i-na KA BAD 10. i-na[m-di]-rnul 11. r[11 i-na 12. rdl ti-li-[tu] 10 13. [a-na] rl PI1 Ix BAN] LOWER EDGE 14. [SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES] REVERSE 22. si-il-l[i] 23. 24. 25. 26. rev. 1.e. 15. [i]-fnam-di-nu Wi 16. 3 MA.NA KU.BABBAR 17. a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES 18. i-na KA BAD 19. ki-i am-bur ul* 20. iz-nu A "Su-ma-a 21. a-na LW Pu-qu-d[u] ki-i be-if ha-[du-a] [ana(?)] LO Pu-q[u-du] [iul(?)-lik(?)] x x [x] [x x x] x [x] UPPER EDGE 27. [x x x x (x)] LEFT EDGE 28. fal-kdm-mal SE.GIS.1 m[u-jur] '¾ 15 *over erasure .. ' I Js 11 ..a' n~~ 20 ^t-i··' w~;· ·w.;5 z· 25 oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 53 131 ()[Your servant, PN]. (24)I would gladly die [f]or [my] lo[rd]. May Nabf [and Marduk bless] my lord. ('Say to [my lord]: 6 7)Concering the town's(?) price for sesame about which my [lo]rd [w]rote(-- o•)they were se[lli]ng white sesame for one panu, two sutu (per mina) in the town gate, (I-1 a)and they were [s]elling [white sesame for] one pdnu, n sutu (per mina) in the deliv[ery] house; (5b-20a)so when I accepted one pdnu, two stutu of white sesame for three minas of silver in the town gate, they did not become angry! (20 -22)The son of Sumi is m[y] protection for the Puqld[u] tribe. (23-25a)If my lord w[ishes, let me go(?) to(?)] the Puqfidu. ( 2527)[...] 28)Come and re[ceive] the sesame. COMMENTS Line 8--SE.GIS.I BABBAR.MES signifies samasgammu pesyitu, "white sesame." According to Kraus, modem varieties of sesame from India are distinguished by their color; these include white, black, and redbrown types (JAOS 88 [1968]: 119, citing K. van der Weer, Teysmannia 30 [1919]: 268). In later Neo-Babylonian texts, the commodity in question is spelled passim as SE.GIS.1 pe-su-tu (see Ebeling, Glossar, p. 227 sub samassammu). A price of 3 minas of silver for approximately 40 litres (if the ordinary Neo-Babylonian kor is used) seems extraordinarily high. Lines 9 and 18-A locution like KA BAD, literally "the wall's gate," suggests a town that was encompassed by a wall in which there was a single gate. KA BAD also occurs in No. 54:8. Both the present letter and No. 54 indicate that this was a place where business was transacted. Line 12-ti-li-[tu] (if correctly restored) stands for tilitu, "delivery" (see AHw, p. 1345 sub tilitu(m)). The term bitu sa tiliti, "delivery house," seems to occur only here. Lines 20-22-A look at Middle Eastern caravan trading practices earlier in the present century may help to illuminate the background of the statement, "The son of Suma is my protection for the Puqidu tribe." At that time, all who had a stake in the safe conduct of caravans across the desert between Basra and Aleppo formed brotherhoods among themselves to guarantee that all caravans passed safely from one destination to the next. According to Christina Grant: Some one of the merchants of the kafila [caravan] would have a 'brother' in every town or village on the route by which the caravan was intended to pass. That 'brother' would pave the way-with money or its equivalent-for the arrival of the caravan; and he would come out from his village to meet the caravan, and conduct it in person to the next village, where he would give over its safe-keeping into the hands of some other 'brother.' Of course these 'brothers' were well paid for their services by all the merchants of the caravan, because they benefited equally with the merchant 'brother.' Other escort than that of a 'brother' is dispensed with (Syrian Desert, p. 158). It is asserted here that the facilitation of trade among disparate groups was also a primary purpose of the brotherhoods that were formed in the eighth century B.c. For a discussion of these brotherhoods, see the note to No. 3:5. On the prominence and geographical distribution of the Aramean tribe of Puqfdu, see the note to No. 46:17 and 23. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN 132 GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 54 IM 77156 12N 179 Letter 6.1 x 3.1 x 2.0 cm 1:0.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. a-na "'nAG-SUMI.N[A qi-bi-ma] 2. rum-mal "AMAR.UTU-API[N-e]& rrrr k . ... :e.' )~fr~*j~kjjv4~' §E[S-kdm] 3. [a]-na ka-a-nd lu-i Sull-m[u] 5. [vu]l-ma-n[a] Fa-nal pa-[an] 6. [8EF-i]a ai-pu-[ra] 5 *^ : ,•I"• ^ &r^ ^^ rev. REVERSE 7. [en-na LU].TUR [&d] rSES1-i[a i] 8. [Ltr.DAM.G]AR-[vil a-rnal KA B[AD] 9. lil-lik-u-rma* fra-a-tul .Z,.:.:.. .. '":• :.¢ -', • " e•..t? . r-., ;"..: ·. •, •z ,.... 4. [u]m-ma-a a-na &Es-rial-[a-ma] " . ~ 4 ,'j~ *over erasure 10. [sd] ina let "TEril-ba 11. fli-bul-[ku] 10 • b., v. . 1 .' .c '. T r r... : 4.. " -..: to Nabf-iddi[n], thus says Marduk-Er[es your bro]ther. 3)May you be wel[l]. 4)[S]ay to my brother: (-)I have se[nt] a [g]if[t] to m[y brother]. (7-11 [Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge. (~-2[Say] COMMENTS Line 7-The activities of persons designated as suhadr (lit. "boys, young men") are discussed in the note to No. 38:8. Line 8-A locale known as the "town gate" (lit. "the wall's gate" [KA BAD]) also occurs in No. 53:9 and 18. Both the present letter and No. 53 indicate that this was a place where business was transacted. Line 9-On the term bdttu, "cash payment" or "installment," see the note to No. 10:13. oi.uchicago.edu 133 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 55 Letter 3.8 x 6.6 x 2.7 cm 1:1.9 IM 77085 12N 108 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. obv. [ a-na m]dAG-APIN-es [qi-b]i-ma <um-ma> mdAG-SU SEg-kdm fuml-ma-a a-na ESS-id-a-ma gs-aS GU4.MES* gd6 mDINGIR-APIN-es *over erasure ds ta-qab-bi-i <<D»>> a-du-d et-ti-bi pa-an-ia du-gu-lu* a-di a-se-bi-li-ka *over erasure GU4 .MES* sd-nu-um-ma *over erasure la* tu-ba-'a *over erasure ^%«^~ rlf^^ja~ tt _, dlh ki-i lu ul-te-bi-<lak->ka a-li-ka bu-u a-na KJ.BABBAR mu-rIur] rev. REVERSE mKi-rmul 14. ANSE*.MES* ina Su"(!) 15. DUMU mx*-x*-a* ul-te-bi-l[ak-ka] *over erasure *over erasure 15 (-2)[Sa]y [to] Nabfl-res, <thus says> Nabd-eriba your brother. (3)Say to my brother: (45)Concerning the oxen of Ilu-eres about which you are speaking: (- 7)I've gotten under way now. Wait for me. ('8 ')Until I send you (a dispatch), don't look for other oxen. ("-")But when in fact I have sent you (a dispatch), come, look, and buy. "'4-5)have sent [you] donkeys through the agency of Kimf, son of [P]N. COMMENTS Line 4-The writing i-dgs is a metathesis of 6-s~i. Line 6-The form et-ti-bi is understood to represent the Ic.sg. G-stem perf. of tebu in the sense "to get under way" (cf. AHw, pp. 1342-43 sub tebu(m) G7). Compare the form it-ti-bi in No. 89:19. Line 7-The form dugulu is understood to represent the m.sg. imp. of dagalu + sg. vent. It is also possible that the grapheme du-gu-lu stands for the 3m.pl. stative of the D-stem ("they are at my disposal"). The reader should note, however, that the D-stem of dagalu is otherwise unattested. Line 8-u-lse-bi-li-ka obviously stands for usebbil + -akka. Compare the form argfkku (for expected arSdkku or argdkka) in No. 104:9. Line 9-Something is wrong here. Either sanfmma is a mistake for sanimma, or the MES on GU 4 .MES is meant to mark "logogram" rather than "plural" (as it sometimes does also in Neo-Assyrian and peripheral Akkadian). oi.uchicago.edu 134 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Line 11-lu ul-te-bi-<lak->karepresents the asseverative locution lu ultubilakka, "I have indeed sent a shipment to you" (compare the function of lu- in the forms lu-lir-ma [No. 63:13] and lu-se-bi-la-ds-si [No. 63:21]); see GAG §81f. This letter, riddled with erasures and uncorrected errors, must be the work of an inexperienced scribe. No. 56 Letter 3.4 x 6.6 x 2.4 cm 1:2.1 IM 77099 12 N 122 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE i -tRIR-rikM. " , 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. obv. L myYx-x-(-YxYx) fa-nal di-rna-an be-lil-ia [lul-lik dAGi U dAMAR.UTU ra-nal be-rl'-ial lik-ru-bu Fum-ma-a a-nal be-li-ia-a-ma rdsl-sTd rKI.BABBAR GIN sda ina let r1EN1-l-s&eb-si &s be-li is-pur "EN-u-seb-si a-na fKUR 1 As'+ur.KI it-tal-ka a-na SES-a ki-i aq-bu-u um-fmal r81 MA.NA a-na sa-ma-du idANSE.KUNGA.MES 5 10 p oi.uchicago.edu 135 TEXT NO. 56 REVERSE 1.e. __ 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. u(!?)* sa-ma-du S6 ANSE.KUNGA.ME§ _ rev. _J IA 14. KI-I _2 1 .J2 ___ 1 A ia-amn-an-na-a-si *over erasure(?) rkil-i ni-bu-ka um-ma ul ba-nu-u LUGAL i-ta-ri um-ma KU.BABBAR-ma i-ig ul i-man-gur 15 20 um-ma ANSE.KUNGA.ME bab-ba-nu--rftul ab-ka-nim-ma [idl-na-ni en-na "dEN-ld-eb-si 24. ral-na KUR A&+jur*.KI* *over erasure 25 25. Fitl-tal-ka ki-i 26. FANSE1.KUR.RA.MES ki-i : 27. FANSE1.KUNGA.MES 28. ib-rba-kdml-ma LEFT EDGE 29. ril-[gap-par] (erasure?) ()Your servant, [PN]. (2-4)I would gladly die for my lord. May Nabfi and Marduk bless my lord. (5)Say to my lord: (")Concerning the silver in shekels that is in the charge of BEl-usebsi about which my lord wrote- 8 9)Bel-usebsi has gone to Assyria. ~-•")But when I spoke to his brother, he said: (12- 14)After he gave us eight minas for a team of mules, (5-'6)and after we brought a team of mules, he said: (' 7 )"They're no good! (I"-7 ('9h-22)He 9a)The king will return and say: 'The silver-where is it?' won't consent. He'll say, 'Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me.'" (23-29)Bel-usebsi has now gone off to Assyria. He [will write] whether he is bringing horses or mules. COMMENTS Line 6-On the meaning and potential significance of the phrase KO.BABBAR GIN, see Introduction, p. 7 n. 27. Lines 12 and 15-The term samddu means "team" and is attested only in connection with mules. The present letter shows that a team of mules could cost as much as eight minas of silver (about 8 Ib). Since mules are unlikely to have cost more than human beings, which sold at this time for about one mina each, a team of mules probably consisted of more than eight animals. Letter No. 57 mentions three such teams (pl., sa-ma-da); while an Esarhaddon text describing booty from Elam mentions teams of white mules (pl., sa-ma-da-ni; see Borger, Asarh., p. 53 §27 Episode 13 A iii 76). The mule teams of letter No. 57 also came from Elam. Line 19--9 = interrogative es, "where?" (see CAD A/I, p. 233 sub aji'). oi.uchicago.edu 136 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 57 Letter 6.6 x 9.9 x 3.5 cm 1:1.5 IM 77127 12 N 150 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. IR-ka mdAG-rAPINI-[es] 2. a-na di-na-an be-lf-ia [lull-lik 3. dAG U dAMAR.UTU a-na be-li-ia 4. lik-ru-bu um-ma-a a-na be-li-ia-[a-mal 5. "EN-d-sal-li d be-li is-pur 6. KASKAL a-na GIRU-jd al-tak-na 1 ME ARIN.[MES S41 GIA.BAN 7. it-ti-s 8. a-di BAD.AN.KI it-tal-ka mLa-qi-pu ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.KI it-tal-ka 9. 3 sa-ma-da sd AN§E.KUNGA.MES it-ti-su i-tab-ka 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. ma-a -da ba-nu-d mGu-lu-su um-ma 1+en sa-ma-da ab-ba(!)-ka 'La-qi-pu ul i-man-gur um-ma ul a-nam-di-ka INIM mMu-sal-lim ha-ranl-tis a-na pa-an mGu-lu-gi be-lf lis-pur a-di la SUi(!)-su i-sak-rkal-nu-ui-fmal 1+en sa-ma-da ib-ba(!)-ka mNu-fuml-mu-ru 16. DUMU mlR-GIR4.Ktf i di-ni it-rtil 17. mLa-ql-pu i-dab-bu-ub um-ma 18. mi-nam-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES LOWER EDGE 19. a-na "Gu-lu-su ul ta-a[d-din] 20. ul a-na-ku-u ANSE.KUN[GA.MES] REVERSE 21. a-bu-ka ba-tu u mi-res-t[i(!)] 22. be-li ki-i a-&e-bi-li ANSE.KUN[GA.MES] 23. ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA in-da-har u 'Nu-[um-mu-ru] 24. a-na be-li(!) di(!)-ni s be-li-ia it-tu-r[u] 25. ul a-na-ku-d a-na be-li-ia aq-bi 26. um-ma mNu-um-mu-ru(!) it-ti 27. mLa-qi-pu la(!) il-la-ka (0)Your servant, Nabl-Er[es]. (2)1 would gladly die for my lord. '~)May Nabfl and Marduk bless my lord. Say to my lord: (S)Bel-usalli, about whom my lord wrote, I have sent off on the road. One hundred bowmen went with him as far as Der. 8 LUqilpu came from Elam. (9)He brought three teams of mules with him. (l°O)They are of very good quality. (l~o"a)GulfiSu says: "I will lead away one team." (l-l'l)Lfqipu won't consent and says: "I will not give (it) to you." (12b-'Ia)Quickly, let my lord send Musallim's decision to Guloiu before he in fact gets his hands on one team and leads it away. (-"'Nummuru, son of Arad-Nergal, is arguing with 21 9)"Whydidn't you g[ive] the mules to Gulufu? (2")Didn't I myself bring the Laqipu (in) court, saying: ('" oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 57 137 obv. 5 ^^^^^^^^N'^r^W^^~ beWgrW~~r^^; rev. 25 mu[les] here?" ( 21 -24)After my lord sent both a cash payment and trading capi[tal], he came into possession of the mul[es] from Elam, and Nu[mmuru] becam[e] my lord's adversary in court. '~Didn't I myself say to my lord: ~26-27)"Nummuru must not come with Lqipu"? COMMENTS Lines 9-10 and 15-For a discussion of the term samddu, "team (of mules)," see the note to No. 56:12 and 15. Line 16--Most references to the institution of bft dini in later Neo-Babylonian texts associate it with the royal court in Babylon (see, e.g., e.g., CT CT22 105:23-28; YOS 77 31:8-10; and and TCL TCL 13 13 222:1-6). 222:1-6). court in Babylon (see, 22 105:23-28; Lines 18-19-In Babylonian, sentences introduced by interrogatory pronouns are otherwise negated by la not ul (see GAG §153c). oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 138 No. 58 Letter 4.1 x 8.4 x 2.8 cm 1:2.2 IM 77163 12N 186 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. [IR-ka mx-x-x(-x)] 2. [a-na di-na-an be-lf-ia] 3. lul-li[k dAG u dAMAR.UTU] 4. a-na be-lfl-[ia lik]-Fru-bul 5. um-ma-a a-rnal be-li-id-a-ma 6. rmlx-x-x sd be-if is-pur 5 10 7. ina m.rBARAl a-rnal 8. KA.DINGIR.RA.KI , ' t ^t IAI, 9. rill-la-kdm-ma 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. be-lf rDI1.KUs-rat mdrEN1-DfJ-US sad-da-qdd a-na pa-an be-li-ia al-tap-rral um-ma pa-an 10 '5 15. be-li-ia mab-r[a] 16. ANSE.KUNGA.MES 17. bab-rbal-nu-u-ti 18. ra-na bel-li-ia flu-s-sel-bi-li [u] rki-i ANSE 1.KUNGA.MES rul sel-ba-a-ta [be-lf li-ibl-ru-us fa-na pa-anl be-l-ia [x x] x x [x]-ma(?) (remaining lines completely broken) 20 X rev. i-fr'··^~r ttr rev. REVERSE 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 15~~ tA4? oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 58 ()[Your servant, PN]. ( 9)[PN], to my lord: sary will be BEl-ipus. 139 would gladly d]ie [for my lord]. May [Nabf and Marduk bl]ess my lord. (')Say about whom my lord wrote, is coming to Babylon in Nisannu; (•'")and his court adver(24)[I ('3)Last year I wrote to my lord, ("')saying: "(If) it suit[s] my lord, ('6- ) 9 let me send fine mules to my lord." (-22~ )[But] if you(!) don't desire mules, (22)let my lord cancel the order. (23-24)[...] to my lord [...] (re- mainder broken). COMMENTS Lines 20-21-This is the only attestation in this archive of the use of ul in a subordinate clause, although ul occurs where ld is expected in the obvious prohibitive expression sarru ul iqabbi lubrd, "The king must not say: 'Let me check'" (No. 20:22-23). For an example of the use of ul instead of ld after an interrogative pronoun, see the note to No. 57:18-19. The switch from third person to second in line 21 is awkward. See also No. 110 r. 21'. Line 22-On the meaning of bardsu, "to withdraw, deduct; to cancel an order, write off," see the note to No. 2:22-23. No. 59 Letter 4.0 x 5.6 x 1.8 cm 1:1.5 IM 77123 12 N 146 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE IR-ka "Ba-i-sar a-na di-na-an be-lK-ia lul-lik um-ma-a a-na be-l-id-a-fmal gab-bu u4-mu be-if il-ta-sap-pa-ra 6. um-ma ANSE.KUNGA 7. up-ra a-du-i 8. ANSE.KUNGA 3d a-ki-i obv. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 9. lib-bi sd be-lf-ia a-rnal 10. be-llf-ial al-tap-ra 11. d&-tiS NfG.U.FMES 1 sd be-li-ia LOWER EDGE 12. a-na rmub-zi K(J.BABBAR1 ^^f '^^^^in~ ^^^AC ~k* 10odw3 a,.,, lo. e. °. ' oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 140 REVERSIE 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. . e, en-na a-fdul-ui SAL1 "Tam-mes-la-ma-a-a a-di "AG-KAR-ir a-na rsul-mu tz be-li-ia al-tap-ra 15 Ai s mdTam-mes-la-ma-a-a be-if lig-kun-ma a-rna pal-an mla-da-a -ll lil-lik ul-tu UGU *over erasure u4-mu a-ga-a a-na DUMU* sd be-li-ia at-tu[r] a-mi-lut-ta ina l[et] KASKAL a-na GIR" UPPER EDGE 26. rev. i-lu-u a-rna maml-ma ul ad-di-is-si r 20 25 u. e. i Wst ýw ^rW< mla-da-a -il 27. i-ba-as-su LEFr EDGE 28. KASKAL a-na GIR"-S&d be-li lis-kun '-2)Your servant, Baysar. I would gladly die for my lord. ()Say to my lord: (45Every day my lord keeps writing, (&7a)saying: "Send me a mule." "-to)Now I have sent to my lord a mule after my lord's (own) heart. '")Conceming the property of my lord-('2-' 4 in terms of silver it has gone up in value. I have not given it to anyone. ('5- 8)Just now I have sent the woman of Tammes-lamaya together with NabQ-etir to greet my lord. (922 -24)From this day forth 20 22 2 0)My lord should set Tammes-lamaya on the road; ( b- a)and let him go to Yada'-Il. I have beco[me] a son of my lord. (25- 27)There is a slave in the ch[arge] of Yada>-Il. ~28)Let my lord set him on the road. COMMENTS Line 1-The linguistic affiliation of the name Baysar is uncertain. It does not appear to be Semitic. Line 5-iltasapparais a mistake for iltanappara. Line 11-The Akkadian equivalent of NfG.SU is biigu, "property." NfG.SU.MES, which represents a rare plural- ization of the logogram, occurs, e.g., also in KAH 2 83:14 and KAR 427 r. 23-24. Lines 12-13-The expression ana muhhi kaspi el, which is not attested elsewhere, does not appear to be related in meaning to the common Neo-Babylonian idiom ana mulibi ela, "to take over a charge, to enter upon an obligation" (see CAD E, p. 125 sub eld 4; AHw, pp. 207-8 sub eld(m) IV G B7). But the meaning of eld itself, "to rise in value," appears to be the same as that found in certain Old Babylonian mathematical texts (see, e.g., AHw, p. 207 sub eld(m) IV G B3b). ela apparently displays this meaning also in the passage ina biti [sa] ana pdnika [ma]bra [l]ili, "Let it go up in value in a house that suits you" (see No. 44:11-14). Lines 16 and 19-Tammes-lamaya is a West Semtic name. On the theophoric element of the PN, see the note to No. 36:1. The interpretation of its predicative element is uncertain. Lines 21 and 26-Yada-4Il was a common South Arabian PN, for which see the note to No. 3:2 and 10. oi.uchicago.edu 141 TEXT NO. 59 Lines 22-24-The locution "From this day forth I have become a son of my lord" represents a declaration of political allegiance to the lord of Nippur, who apparently concluded treaties with his vassals (see the note to No. 23:5-6). In fact, the declaration in the present letter is strongly reminiscent of the language used in a treaty between Suna~iura of Kizzuwatna and the Hittite king Suppiluliumas, in which Sunassura declared: ninu mari Suppiluliuma sarrirabt gabbin[i] u bitni lu iftin, "We are all sons of Suppiluliumas, the great king, and our house is one" (see Weidner, PolitischeDokumente, p. 86:8-9). No. 60 IM 77088 12N 111 Letter 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.5 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E mDan-ne-e-a [a-na] 1. IR-ka 2. di-a-nu be-li-id lul-[lik] 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. dAG U dAMAR.UTU a-na be-[l1-id] lik-ru-bu um(!)-ma-ral [a-na be]-rlf-ial-ma an-na-ni-ti lu-ud ds-rx1-ti id be-li-id sd be-if is-pur ruml-ma ki-i KASKAL"-ka a-na LO Du-na-a-nu i-ba-ds-su-ud gs-la-nu-u-a la tal-lak 2 MA.NA KUI.BABBAR .. lud-dak-kdm-ma it-ti-ka i-si-ma a-lik-ma 2 GU4.MES ba[b]-rbal-nu-ti s ina rit-ti ina [Su]r"1 mBa-bi-a-nu e-Fsil-ki(!)-ma bi-hi-ri-ma muji-ru ta-ad-di-nam-ma al-lik U 2 GU4.MES bab-ba-nu-ti an-iu-framl-ma it-ti-id a-bu-ku-am-ma al-lik u at-ta ta-qab-ba-a um-ma )6 20 _ g^^^fi i'^ blPr^e I^ s^ RW^^LStjI ^ 3^ipi ^^ ^ ^*' oi.uchicago.edu 142 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE rev. 21. ki-i gd-a' GU4 .MES 22. &d LUJ.UI.A ul ba-nu-4a 23. a-na-ku at-ma-ka um-ma 24. dAG u MES.TAK.KA b ki-i 255 25. as-si-qi-ma la ba-nu-u 26. en-na la tu-mag-gd-ra-a-ni 27. pu-tu-ra-i-ma LO sar-ru-ti ' , -tW tS 4 , r 28. lu-qab-bil-ma lud-dak-ka 29. a-na-ku gab-bi-su-nu i-de "-2)Your servant, Danneya. I would gladly d[ie for] my lord. 4')May Nabt and Marduk bless [my] lo[rd]. Say [to] my [lo]rd: ( 5)So-and-so(f.) is a [...] of my lord. (')About what my lord wrote, (6b~•saying: If your journey is to the Dunanu, don't go without my permission. (9b'l)Let me give you two minas of silver; carry it with you, and go; 0(l1 5 a)then either requisition, levy, or buy fr[om] Babidnu two f[i]ne oxen accustomed to the plow. (15b-9a)You gave (the silver) to me; and I went and bought two fine oxen and personally led them to you and departed. ('9 "2)But you are saying, "They aren't even as good as the oxen of slaves." (23)Ihave personally sworn to you, saying: (225)"By Nabfl and MES.TAK.KA, I did not choose any that were no good." (26)Now don't abandon me. (27-2Ransomme and I will take delivery of and give you the thieves. (29) know all of them. COMMENTS Line 2-The spelling of di>dnu for dindn (also found in No. 44:2) is reminiscent of the spelling of da dnu for dandnu in Assyrian. Line 7-The people called Dunanu were one of the thirty-six tribes of Babylonia labeled specifically by Tiglath-pileser III as Aramean (see Brinkman, PKB, p. 270). They are mentioned also in No. 61:8. Lines 11-12--alpu a ina ritti is understood to designate an ox that is accustomed to the plow (compare AHw, p. 990 sub rittu(m) A 9). For references to occurrences of the parallel terms alap ritti and alpu sa ritti, see the note to No. 91:9 and 11. Line 13-Baiadnu was the name of the eponymous ancestor of the Aramean tribe of Bit-Babiini, on the upper Khabir (see the note to No. 13:1). Line 14-bi-bi-ri-ma seems to represent the m.sg. imp. of beheru, an Aramaic loanword meaning "to select, to make a levy of" (see CAD B, p. 186 s.v.; AHw, pp. 117-18 s.v.; and von Soden, Or 35 [1966]: 7; 46 [1977]: 185). The form e-rsil-ki(!) is understood to be the G-stem imperative of the verb eseku (= esihu, "to assign"; with ina qat "to requisition"). The verb was spelled with final radical k also in Old Babylonian texts from Mari, and in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian. Line 18-a-bu-ku-am-ma obviously stands for abukamma. The broken writing that the form exhibits is very rare in this corpus. Line 24-The interpretation of MES.TAK.KA is uncertain. However, because it occurs in an oath formula where we expect the name of a divinity (specifically, the name of a divinity who is associated with Nabtf), it may be an unusual spelling of Marduk, written without the divine determinative. The PN Marduku is also sometimes spelled Mas-tuk-ku (Tallqvist, NBN, pp. 110-11). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 60 143 Line 25-The form as-si-qf-ma seems to represent assuquma (< nasdqu; compare rat1-ta-si-rqul in No. 97:8). Line 27-Based on the context, pu-tu-ra-i-ma should probably be understood as the G-stem m.sg. imp. of patdru + Ic.sg. acc. suffix, which in standard Babylonian usage would have been rendered putranni. The unusual spelling of the accusative suffix can be explained on the basis of phonological equiva- lencies attested in the Neo-Assyrian dialect, wherein a short vowel + geminated consonant is equivalent to a long vowel + single consonant (thus, qallu - qalu) and an intervocalic -n- is equivalent to an intervocalic aleph (thus, dandnu - da ,anu). Line 28-qubbulu, "to take delivery of, accept," is an Aramaic loanword (< qabbel; see von Soden, Or 37 [1968]: 264). The verb, which occurs only in the stative outside this corpus, is found also in No. 80:22. No. 61 Letter 3.2 x 4.7 x 1.6 cm 1:1.6 IM 77092 12 N 115 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE i. obv. - .. ,I MCI m". U-nau So.-l-a rI., qi-'i-[ima] m 2. um-ma SUM.JNA S ES-rkdml 3. a-na rkal-a-sd lu-rti su-lum 4. um-ma-a a-na S~E-ia-a-ma 5. di-t• LO.TUR.MES 6. sd tas-pur um-ma 7. e-kan-nu su-nu 8. a-du-ti ina LU D[u-na]-Fal-nu r 9. &u-nu a-na rml[x-x(-x-x)] 10 10. ki-i a-fqabl-b[i] l LOWER EDGE o.e. 11. um-ma a[l-kdm-ma] REVERSEr rev. 12. it-ti a-ba-m[es] 13. ni-i[l]-lik u 14. iu i-man-gur l•t ,.r-'. i "frk oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 144 (~2)Sa[y] to Silli, thus says Nidinu your brother. 0)May you be well. 4)Say to my brother: (")Concerning the agents about whom you wrote, saying: 7)"Where are they?" (s-")They are now among the D[un]5inu. (9b 1 4)Whenever I sa[y] to [PN]: "C[ome here and] let us go togeth[er]," he does not agree. COMMENTS Line 7-The grapheme e-kan-nu represents Okannu (or tkdnu), a Neo-Babylonian interrogative meaning "where?" (see CAD A/I, pp. 231-32 sub ajikdni). Line 8-The Dunanu were an Aramean tribe encountered by Tiglath-pileser III in Babylonia (see Brinkman, PKB, p. 270). They are mentioned also in No. 60:7. Line 13-The use of u here is odd and does not appear to be Babylonian. It could be the West Semitic u of apodosis, which is common in western peripheral Akkadian (see Huehnergard, Akkadian of Ugarit, p. 242). No. 62 IM 77151 12 N 174 Letter 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 4 obv. r- mm1 1. 1iIRR-Ka r / ""X-lX(-X)] 2. a-na di-na-an be-[If-ia] 3. lul-lik rum-ma a-nal 4. be-li-ia-a-ma as-sufl 5. r4+1 MA.NA rsa6 be-ll 6. r-l-&e-bi-l[a] 7. [LO(?)].SIPA(?) [id(?) a(?)-na(?)] 8. [LU(?)] [A-ram(?)1 x [x (x)] 9. [x] x x [x (x)] 10. [(x)] NA X (x) [(x)] x . -- rr 11. SUL X [XX / l X)J LOWER EDGE 12. [x x x x (x)] 5 10 oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 62 145 REVERSE rev. 13. [x x]x lil-[li-kdm-ma] 14. [GU 4] li-rdinl 15. rll KO.BABBAR d i-fta-d-s'i 16. [a]-na-ku lud-di[n] 17. [a]-di la GU4 ik-rful-[du] 18. LO.A.KIN &d be-li-ia 19. lu-mur ki-i 20. m 15 GIS.MI-a LI.SIPA 21. FANSEl.A.AB.BA 20 22. [a-kan-n]a-ka 23. ba-an-tis UPPER EDGE 24. up-ras-sti (')Your servant, [PN]. (2-3")I would gladly die for [my] lo[rd]. (3b-4")Say to my lord: (4b-6)Conceming the four(+) minas of silver which my lord shipped to m[e]-(7-a)[the shep]herd(?) [who(?) ... to(?)] the Arameans(?) (8-13a)[...] (13 4)Let him c[ome and] hand over the [ox]. (1-'6)And the silver about which he is anxious, I [my]self will giv[e]. (')But [b]efore the ox arri[ves], (8-19")let me see the messenger of my lord. (19-22)1 f Sillf the camel-herd is [ther]e, (2-24)send him here right away. COMMENTS Line 15-The verb in question is Jbasu, "to be anxious" or "to be concerned (about)." Outside the present context, the G-stem of this verb seems to be attested only four times: once in the lexical series a 1a m = nabnTtu, once in a Mari letter, and twice in Old Babylonian texts from Babylonia proper; its D-stem is also attested-in a Neo-Assyrian literary text (see AHw, pp. 334-35 sub hdau(m) I). fbdsu is probably related to huis in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic and Mishnaic Hebrew (see, e.g., Dalman, Aram.-Neuheb. Hw., p. 141 s.v.). For Ethiopian cognates, see Leslau, JAOS 84 (1964): 117. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 146 No. 63 IM 77119 12 N 142 Letter 3.6 x 5.9 x 1.7 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. a-na mBe-lf-APIN qi-bi-ma um-ma mDU-A EkS-kdm um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma ai-&zi GIS.KIN ma-gar-ra &d SES-4-a i[s-ku]n a-du-rfi ah-[t]ir a GIS [su-lul-la(!)-a(!)-nu al-tap-ra i-nam<-mu>-su-nu ak-ka-i a-na-pil man-na-ta-a r ~pfr dr>-<s^r~irrr 10 lo. e. LOWER EDGE 12. i-eb-bi-la[k] rev. REVERSE 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. lu-bir-ma ki-lal-le-e 1+en ina lib-bi 15 rfLO.TUR.MES Fil-leq-qam-ma a-na SES-ia i*-nam*-din* en*-na fSEwS-a-al ah-su la na-du ak-te-ra-ma lu-se-bi-la-ds-si um-ma ul-lam-ma lib-ba-ti-ia *over erasure 20 24. SES-a-ral UPPER EDGE 25. rlal i-ml-l1[a] 25 ", '.•.. P-- , ' '-2)Say to Bl1-Eres, thus says Mukin-apli your brother. (3)Say to my brother: (~S)Concerning the kiskana- wood for wagon(s) which my brother de[posi]ted (with me)-(6)I have now rea[d]ied (them); (7)and I have sent the wooden canopies(?). "9)They are on the <mo>ve. (10-12)How will I be paid? Should I send y[ou] my accounting? (13) have indeed fallen behind, (I-4a)but one among the agents can take both (wagons) and deliver (them) to my brother. 8•'' 9g)Now my brother should not be negligent. (20-2)Though I waited, I in fact wrote(?) to him (my brother), 2 2)saying: "It has indeed been a long time-( 23 -2)my brother must not beco[me] angry with me." oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 63 147 COMMENTS Line 4-On the various uses to which kigkand-wood was put in Babylonia, see the note to No. 10:12. The word magarru also means "wheel" (see CAD M/I, pp. 32-34 s.v.; cf. AHw, p. 575 sub magarru(m)). Line 5-The traces do not allow the reading i[s-pu]r at the end of the line, although some form of the verb sapdru is expected here. Line 7-For sulfulu, "roof, canopy," see CAD S, p. 242 sub sulfulu A 1, and AHw, p. 1111 sub sulflu(m) 1-2. The reading has been emended from su-lu-su-nu, a spelling which does not seem to have a clear Akkadian referent, unless perhaps it represents some odd status constructus of sulultu, "roof, canopy" (see CAD S, p. 241 sub sulultu A 1, and AHw, p. 1111 sub sulultu I) + the gen. suffix -sunu. Line 11--a-na-pil is understood to represent annapil, the N-stem Ic.sg. pret. of napalu (B), "to pay, compensate" (see CAD N/I, pp. 275-77 s.v.); while man-na-ta-a seems to stand for mandtu, "accounting," to which an extra vowel has been appended to mark a question. The spelling manndtu is also found in the Late Babylonian texts CT 49 122:13, 123:15, and 128:14; compare also 118:14 and 182 r. 5 (see CAD M/I, p. 208 sub mandtu B). Line 13-lu-hir-ma most likely represents the asseverative expression lu uhhirma (see the note to No. 55:11). On uhtpuru in the intransitive meaning "to fall behind," see AHw, p. 18 sub ahdru(m) D2. Line 20-According to CAD K p. 304, kataru (B) means "to think, hesitate." However, von Soden has proposed to connect katdru with Aramaic kattar, "to wait" (see AHw, p. 465 sub kataru II, and Or 35 [1966]: 12-13; 46 [1977]: 188). This is also the meaning that best fits our context. Line 21-lu-se-bi-la-d6-si represents asseverative li uetbila~su (see also line 13 above and No. 55:11). Line 22-For ulld, which has the approximate meaning "a long time," see AHw, p. 1408 sub ulla B mngs. 2-5. No. 64 Letter 3.7 x 5.3 x 2.2 cm 1:1.5 IM 77126 12 N 149 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSEobv. 1. a-na 2. 3. 4. 5. mBa-Tni-ia 1. -bi-maobv. a-na Ba-nil-i fqi-bi-mal um-ma 'Za-kir S[ES-kd]m a-na ka-a-sd lu fsull-mu um-ma-a a-na SEs-ia-a-ma 2 TOG.UI.A sd dBE id re-e-i 6. a-di mi-qit-ti-sti-nu 7. ina Su" mam-ma ina lib-bi 8. LJ.TUR.MES i-sam-ma 9. &u-bi-lu 10. ki-i na-kut-ti 11. si-mu-tu ki-Fil 1 lo.e. t_•r ý- -T ^ oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 148 LOWER EDGE 12. al-lik 13. ina tup-pi REVERSE rev. 14. id LO.GAR.KU 15. ul is-tu-ru 15 16. am-me-ni LO.A.KIN 1 L 17. id SES-id i-tal-kan-ni to Biniya, thus says Zikir [you]r br[other]. ()May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (-9)Fetch for me and send the two garments of the god Ea-sa-ri&i,together with their scraps, from the hands of any one of the agents. (' 0)It is urgent! ("1-5)They did not write in the tablet of the governor that I had gone to make purchases. ('6- 7)Why did the messenger of my brother leave me? (-2)Say COMMENTS Line 5-The graph dBE usually stands for the god Ea in Babylonian texts of the first millennium B.c., and for Enlil or BI6 in Assyrian texts (see, e.g., Borger, Zeichenliste, no. 69). A god called Ea-sa-resi is unknown elsewhere. He was probably a minor local deity. Line 6-miqittu is a variant of miqtu, which sometimes means "scraps" (see AHw, p. 657 sub miqtu(m) Ib). It should not surprise us that even the scraps of textiles used for divine vestments were saved, since the textiles put to this use were undoubtedly the finest available. Line 11-The term simaitu, which is not found in either the CAD or AHw, is understood to be an abstract noun from the root *SM (see Cole, NABU [1995]: 93-95). The word is also found in a recently published inscription from the region of (Anah, where it occurs in a narrative recounting the arrival in YIinddnu of a caravan from Taym53 and Saba). It is argued here that the term means "purchasing" in the passage in which it occurs, rather than "news" or "report" as it has been translated: L0 Te-ma-a 3-a-a Lf Sd-ba-a -a-a sd a-&ar-u'-nu ru-qu LO.A.KIN-g-nu a-na muh-bi-ia ul DU-ku i) a-na muz-bzi-ia ul itti-qu-u-nu a-na mub-bi ma(!)-mu PU MAR.TU u PC Hfa-la-tum a-lak-ta-sj-nu TE (ifte) u ittiqma u a-na URU Hi-in-da-a-nu ir-ru-bu ina URU Kar-dA.dIM i-na AN.BAR 7 si-mu-su-nu ds-me-e-ma ... , "The people of Taymd> and Saba', whose homeland is far away, their messenger did not come to me nor did they cross over to me. Their caravan approached but bypassed the water of Martu Well and Halatu Well, and they entered Uindanu. In Kar-Apladad, at midday, I heard about their purchasing, and ... (etc.)," (Cavigneaux-Ismail, Bagh. Mitt. 21 [1990]: 346 no. 2 iv 27-32; Frame, RIMB 2, p. 300 iv 27'-32'; and Liverani, Yemen 1 (1992): 111-12 [translation only]). It is interesting to note that the Old South Arabian noun s2>mt has a similar meaning in the passage kl s2 'mt w'qyd ys 2'mnn wstqdn, "all the purchases or exchanges which they may make or carry out" (RIS 3910:2 quoted by Biella, Old South Arabic, p. 509; for the translation of s2 )mt as "purchase(s), merchandise," see A. F. L. Beeston et al., Sabaic Dictionary, p. 130). Line 14-Sdkin te.mi was the principal term used to refer to governors in Babylonia between 860 and 626 (with the exceptions noted by Brinkman in Preludeto Empire, p. 17). Line 17-i-tal-kan-ni has been analyzed as the 3m.sg. Gt-stem pret. of aldku + the Ic.sg. acc. suffix -anni. The accusative suffix on atluku, a verb which is both intransitive and separative, almost certainly oi.uchicago.edu 149 TEXT NO. 64 conveys an ablative sense. Jacobsen collected numerous examples of these "ablative accusatives" (especially from Old Babylonian grammatical texts and letters) in studies he published in the 1960s (see JNES 19 [1960]: 101-16; 22 [1963]:18-29 = Moran, ed., Tammuz, pp. 271-92 and 293-310; for a different view, see von Soden, Or 30 [1961]: 158-60). The form i-tal-kan-ni also occurs in No. 107:7. No. 65 IM 77139 12N 162 Letter 4.0 x 6.7 x 2.2 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na m'ES.MEA-Sd-a 2. um-ma "A-na-qi-bi S[ES-kdm] 3. um-ma-a a-na rFEI1-ia--ma] 4. KIU.BABBAR d SES-rTfl-[a] 5. iSg-gU--rnul 6. ANSE.A.rAB.BAl 7. i-ta-ba-ka-m[a] 8. KJ.BABBAR tir-ram-[ma] 9. 10. 11. 12. lu(!)-bi-bu-nu ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i i-n[a UG]U rmldA[G-A]PIN-es d6-pu-rrak-kal 10 REVERSE rev. 13. um-ma KCJ.BABBAR sa ad-di-ka 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. ul at-tu-u-a jid- gu-bi-lam-ma a-na be-li-sd lud-din am-me-ni a-na di-na-a-t[i] ta-ad-di-na-an-ni (erasure) 15 ~"F~·,4I7f ~e V ~7~i=K S .. ... -. . Abb•Ui, thus says Ana-qibi [your] br[other]. '3)Say to my brother: (7)The silver which m[y] brother brought-he led away the camel (upon which it was still loaded). ~("Retum the silver so [that] they may (1-2)To oi.uchicago.edu 150 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR clear me of the claims. ('02)Did I not write to you a[bou]t Na[bQl-]res in the following manner, (13-4)saying: "The silver which I gave to you isn't mine. ('5-6)Send it to me so that I may give (it) to its owner"? '(7-1'8 Why have you handed me over to the cour[t]? COMMENTS Line 9-lu(!)-bi-bu-nu seems to represent the plural precative lubbibu to which has been appended an abbreviated variant of the lc.sg. acc. suffix -inni (on the spellings of the Ic.sg. acc. suffix, see, e.g., Woodington, "Grammar," p. 39). Also, compare the suffix on the form umassar-ni, "he will abandon me," in CT 54 483:7. Line 17-The plural of dinu means "court" also in Nuzi (passim) and in Old Babylonian (e.g., LIH 105:11) (see CAD D, p. 155 sub dinu 5b). No. 66 Letter 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.3 cm 1:1.8 IM 77147 12N 170 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. a-na "Qi-bi-ia qi-bi-rmal um-ma mdAG-ga-mil SES-kdm a-rna kal-a-sd lu- sudl-mu um-rmal-a a-rnal SES-ia-a-rmal an*-rni-tul lu-l i-da-at rul-tu i-na URU 1 Qi-bi-dEN a-[na pal-ni-rial te-ru-ba-am-ma rtaq-bal-a um-ma 8 GIN KU.BABBAR rgd(?) i1 sd-hal ina(!?) EN.LfL.KI ra-na IRIN1.MES s d-rha-lu-ui-rtul rit-tal-din rdsd-lu-ma rki-il x rGfN KCJ.BABBARI-ka 4(?) GIN i [ x GI]N KO.BABBAR ad-din-ak-rkal [sun-k]a i-din-ma kin-si kit-rmu-sal 15. [x x]x x x x (x) 16. [en-na ina] URU qu-tur-rtul LOWER EDGE 17. [am-rat x] x x 18. [x x x x (x)] obv. *over erasure 10 15 1 0. e. " . , . ,'•' "•.., ..";:.. ;.• ..':.', X.L.: -."," :...' .' .:"" '."."':, "' 't·' o : oi.uchicago.edu 151 TEXT NO. 66 REVERSE rev. 19. [X X X (x)] full x [x (x)] 20. [x] x fdsl-pu-ra UA.L[A] 21. IDINGIR mul-li fsa tul-sa-ra[p] i ,S 22. dTEN dlAG a E-a l l ••. " " 23. rlal ik-kal ('-2)Say to Qibiya, thus says NabQ-g5amil your brother. (3)May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (-"a)This is to attest that after you entered my presence in Qibi-B@l and said to me: (8b-a)The eight shekels of silver which the bit sabhl in(?) Nippur should have given to the sabiallfltu-workers, I squandered. And (~~'3)as your [n] shekels of silver, I gave you [n+ shek]els of silver. ( 14)Lend [me a hand]. I'm on bended knee. (15)[...] (16-)[Now] smoke [has been seen in] the town. (18-19)[...] (20a)[...] I have written. (2 0'2"a)Allot the god a full sha[re]. (21b 2 3)That which you scorc[h], Bel, Nabtf, and Ea may not eat. COMMENTS Line 5-On the meaning of annttu lu idat, "This is to attest that," and the relationship of this phrase to idatumma, see the note to No. 12:7. Line 6-The toponym Qibi-Bel was probably located in southeastern Babylonia. It is mentioned in association with both Elam and Diir-Yakin in ABL 899 and may be the same GN as Iqbi-Bl6, which occurs in texts of Sargon II dealing with his Babylonian campaigns (see Parpola, NAT, p. 175). Lines 9-10-The terms 1 svd-bal and [tRIN 1.MES Sd-fbal-lu-i-Ttul are unattested elsewhere but should probably be connected, respectively, with sabilu, "to filter, sift," and satalla (a milling product?) (see CAD S/I, p. 77 s.v.). Line 11-The verb sala, which means literally "to throw away, to hurl," is understood in the present context to mean "to squander." Line 14-The expression kins. kitmusa means literally "My knees are bent." Line 21--mul-li stands for mulli, the m.sg. imp. of mullt, "to pay or deliver in full, to allocate" (see CAD M/I, pp. 181-83 sub malt 6). The letter, which is very broken, seems to have two separate parts. In the first, the sender of the letter quotes a speech that the recipient had made in his presence in Qibi-B l. In the second, the sender expresses concern that the recipient had been scorching the divine offerings; and since the gods could not eat offerings that were scorched, he was depriving them of their fair share. Neither the sender nor the recipient is attested in the other letters of the archive. oi.uchicago.edu 152 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 67 Letter Fragment; upper half of obverse IM 77167 12 N 190 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-rnal mSES-[SUM aq-lIbi-mal 2. um-ma "mdlAMAR.UT[U-X-X(-X)] 3. um-ma-a [a]-na SE[S-ia-a-ma] 4. [nil-is-bu yd taq-b[a] 5. Fal-di la x [x x (x)] 6. [x] x [ xxx (x)] (remainder of tablet missing) 5 ('-2)S[ay] to Aha-iddin, thus says Mardu[k-... your brother]. (3)Say [t]o [my] broth[er]: (4)(Concerning) the advance payment/rate of exchange about which you spoke [to me]-(5--before [...] (remainder broken). COMMENTS Line 4-In Neo-Babylonian, the term nishu means both "advance payment" (see the note to No. 27:22) and "rate of exchange" (see, e.g., Cardascia, Murafi, p. 57; van Driel, JEOL 29 [1985-86]: 52 and n. 9; Stolper, Entrepreneurs,No. 84:2; idem, JCS 40 [1988]: 144:11-12; and idem, RA 86 [1992]: 73). No. 68 Letter 4.2 x 6.5 x 2.2 cm (broken at bottom; approximately 1 cm missing) 1:1.6 IM 77171 12 N 194 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1 a-na 'm A-RR1 nt-h[i-man 2. um-ma mdEN-AD [SES-kdm] 3. um-ma-a a-na SESl-[ia-a-a-ma] 4. d5-si KU.BABBAR Sd tas-rpurl 5. 1-en-J~ mE-rres1 6. ki-i il-lik 7. 1 MA.NA KP.BABBAR at-tan-na-dsci 8. ft2 MA.NA 5 ýb - 9. a-na lib-bi me-rres-tul 10. ki-ri ad-din1 11. m NU[MUN-x(-x)] (approximately 3 lines missing) l0 oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 68 153 REVERSE rev. (approximately 3 lines missing) 1'. mim-ma [KU.BABBAR-g'Il-[nu] 2'. ul ub-bu-[ur a] ffV 3'. 1 MA.NA rKU.BABBARI-k[a] 4'. ud tas-gu-u a-di-rkanl-[na] 50. ul tu-se-bil (•'Sa[y] to Apla-usur, thus says B61-abi [your brother]. (3)Say to [my] brother: (4)Concering the silver about which you wrote-'")Once, when Eresu went, (7)I gave him one mina of silver; ('"Oand, after I gave two minas for trading capital, (")Z[ra-...] (approximately 6 lines missing) (r. '-2')None of the[ir] silver is outstan[ding]. (2b'-5)[But] you haven't ye[t] sent yo[ur] one mina of silver that you took away. COMMENTS Line 5-The writing 1-en-gs represents the adverb iltinSu, "once, one time, firstly" (for which see CAD I/J, p. 284 sub iStissu, and AHw, p. 401 sub igtiSgu). The same graph (or a ligatured counterpart) appears also in No. 2:21, and may be found as well in ABL 716:5 and ABL 1237:23. Line r. 2'-The verb in question is uhburu, which in the stative means "to be overdue, outstanding, in arrears" (see AHw, p. 18 sub abhru(m) D 3). No. 69 Letter 4.3 x 6.2 x 2.2 cm 1:1.4 IM 77178 12N 201 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. obv. ftfrAAW^^F a-na 'Id-di-id q(-[bi-ma] um-ma 'Ba-bi-id E[S-kdm] a-na ka-a-gd lu ,ul-ul-mu um-ma-a a-na tES-id-a-m[a] as-su-mSu-la-a sa ýE-u-al [i]s-pur um-ma lil-li-kdm-ma Fal-na pa-ni "mu-zu-bu r-y^T^ 4twrA44» 4"krrfr wc^tr!tdci- f T'kt 8. a-na KA.BAD.KI lu-us-pu[r] 9. 10. 11. 12. ul a-sib LO A-be-en-na a-na KUR Tam-tim il-tap-ra-sut a-de-e-kan*-na ul ib-bi-si rmAl-a-it-te--i-su 10 *over erasure t 4Fk r r VI^ =? < -f Aft W^^^T ssr oi.uchicago.edu 154 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERS E 13. 14. 15. 16. . e. [nu]-bat-ti ul i-ba-rtil rds-si ba-tu KOJ1.BABBAR SAL.BI ral-na ml1E-td-ri rSES1-[g]-a liq-bi um-ma rev. 4·', r C.~; T:fr PTA-r^WýI 17. mi-nam-ma pa-rnal-ma KJ.BABBAR 18. ta-as-su-bu-ma KASKAL 19. a-na mub-bi tal-lak P n 25. ki-i DUMU sip-ra-a* UPPER EDGE 26. a-na fTEs-id al-tap-r[a] 27. ba-an-tis [GABA1.RI-ka - 20 irr~r< 20. a-de-e-kan-na mim-ma 21. ul ta-ad-din dAG 22. lu-u i-de ki-i 23. a-di l+en i-ni -lil-ftu(?)l 24. a-mab-ha-ru-ku isr^ ^--^ ^' 25 grtrf' rr *over erasure u. e. TIfr $tr Z• Wrr0 ,C. LEFT EDGE 28. [a-na] rtupl-pi-id lu-mur (-2)S[ay] to Iddiya, thus says Babiya [your] broth[er]. ()May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (-)Concerning Sili about whom my brother [w]rote saying: "Let him come, and then let me sen[d] him to Sfzubu at Bab-dfri"--()he is not here. (9b-O)The Abennian sent him to the Sealand. (")He has not yet returned. ( 123 )[mAl-a-it-te-ti-su will not stay the [ni]ght. (-1 - 6)Conceming the cash payment of silver for that woman-let my brothe[r] speak to Eteru, saying: (72 a")"Why previously did you take an advance of silver and go on a caravan venture with it (if) until now you haven't delivered a thing?" (21b24)May Nabfl know that before I receive even one or two dried figs from you, (25-26)I will have had to sen[d] my messenger to my brother. (27-28)Quickly, let me see your reply [to] my tablet. Line Line Line Line Line COMMENTS 5-The name Sild, which means "Street-child" or "Foundling," is attested also in No. 124:2. 8-According to the inscriptions of Sargon II, Bab-dFri was one of the strongholds in the chain of fortresses set up by Sutur-Nabbunte on the border between Elam and the trans-Tigris region of Babylonia that was called Yadburu (see, e.g., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons I., p. 150:295 and pp. 151-52:300-301 [= Lie, Sargon, p. 52:3-4, 15]). The reference to Bab-duri in the present letter is the earliest known. 9-A people or tribe called Abenna are otherwise unattested. 12-One expects in this context to find the clause [ki-il it-te-e4-su, "when he has returned." But the signs point rather to the personal name rmAl-a-it-te-t-su, the meaning of which is unclear. 14-The signs SAL and BI at the end of this line are clear. However, the reading SAL.BI (= sinniftu si), "that woman," should perhaps be considered tentative, since the demonstrative is not otherwise represented logographically in this archive. On the term bdtu, "cash payment" or "installment," see the note to No. 10:13. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 69 155 Lines 18-19-The idiom barranaalaku means "to make a business trip" and occurs also in the passage libba amili Sa itti bil dabdbisu KASKAL" illaku libbdiu KASKAL" ittiya tattalak,"Just like a man who makes a business trip with his enemy, just like him you have made a business trip with me" (CT 22 144:5- 9). Line 25-The lack of genitive in the construct formation DUMU sip-ra-a may indicate that this formation was considered a compound like mdrbanatu or berkabtu (see the note to No. 119:12). No. 70 Letter 3.7 x 7.0 x 2.7 cm 1:2.0 IM 77183 12 N 206 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS E obv. 1. Fa-na1 mfLal-ba-si rqi-bi-mal 2. rum-mal m BA-sa SES-kdm 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. a-rna kal-a-sd lu-u sul-mu u[m-m]a-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma u4-mu-us-su man-nu DUMU URU sd a-tam-mar sul-mu &d SES-ia a-d->a-la en-na rrrrtPw. 10 GESTU"-a GCO.DJ.Dt-a ma-la an-ni-i rKOf.GI (= qux-tdru) sd GESTU" i-na Su" 1*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU rFd1 a-na i-si-in-na *over erasure #4ý ^c^ · v^\ j-w^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^y~~4Ff ^ >^ j oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 156 REVERSE I1 r J... 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. rev. n% U~L• eta rtLl•.'LL.I ft IVT " 15 il-la-ka SES-t-a lu-ui-e-bi-li an-ni-ti si-bu-ta-a ina let SES-ia ki-i na-kut-ti d6-gi KO.GI (= qux-tdru) sa GESTU" a-na SES-ia s-pur jza-an-tig SE-d-a lu-u-se-bi-li SES-i-a wtup-pi-si su-lum-su lis-pu-ra 20 25 (~)Say to Laibai, thus says Iqisa your brother. ()May you be well. (4)S[a]y to my brother: (")Daily, whatever native of the city I see, (-")I inquire about the well-being of my brother. (8b-Now my ears are constantly pounding. ("'17 )My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival. ("'-1This desire of mine is in my brother's charge. (2-)In urgency I have written to my brother about fumigant for the ears. (224)My brother should send a shipment posthaste. ('-6Mybrother should send me his tablet (and) his greeting. COMMENTS Lines 9-11 and 21-On the reading KUi.GI / KJ.GUR = qu,-thru, see CAD Q, p. 321 sub qutdru. A remedy of fumigants for earache is known from several standard Mesopotamian medical manuals (see, e.g., Labat, RA 53 [1959]: 16:29-18:32; see also BAM 3 iv 25-27 and 33-34; LKA 155:27; AMT 33,1:3132; 35,1:8, 10; TDP 68:8-11; CT 51 147:19; and Parpola, LAS 1 no. 253). In Mesopotamia, fumigation seems to have been the principal means of introducing medication into infected ears and was accomplished by placing the drugs to be fumigated upon glowing embers (see Parpola, LAS 2, p. 250). oi.uchicago.edu 157 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 71 IM 77185 12 N 208 Letter 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.5 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. obv. a-na 'dAG-FAW.GAL qt-bi-ma um-ma m NIG.DU AD-kim um-rmal-a a-na DUMU-ia-a-ma "- am-me-ni ma-la a-gan-ni-i 5. UD.MES rLLl.DUMU Sip-ri-ka 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 5 ul am-mar t a-na si-bu-tu ul ta-sap-par ki-i na-kut-ti di-pu-rak-ka tup-pa-a-nu an-nu-tu ma-la dg-pu-rak-ka (lower edge uninscribed) 4 ~ $0A ^^^-ti-^ REVERSE rev. 13. [ta]-Fmu-ul-ru 14. [x x x]-li 15. [x x x] x x SI DI(?) 16. 15 [mdx-(x-)API]N-es 17. [li&(?)]-Fpur(?)l to Nabf-1ki, thus says Kudurru your father. ()Say to my son: -7)Why don't I ever see your messenger, and why don't you ever write for what you want? (")In urgency I have written to you. ( 1 -13)Have [you s]een all these tablets that I've sent you? (1'•1)[... let ... se]nd(?) [DN-d]res [...]. '-2)Say COMMENTS Lines 4-6--On the expression mala aganntimu, see note to No. 107:5-7. oi.uchicago.edu 158 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 72 Letter 4.4 x 7.5 x 2.6 cm 1:1.8 IM 77193 12 N 217 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1 r-nka-l m[d.C)fl-mnn-rAPIM1-OPr obv. 2. ra-na di-[na-a]n be-iF-ia 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. rlul-likl d'A-numl u dl-rtarl [a]-rna be-li-i[d] rlikl-ru-sbul um-rmal-a ra-na be-il-[id-a-ma] rGO.MES1 ki-ri ahl-t[ir] rbe-l l ki-i rul-gd-a[s(?)-bit(?)] rum-ma a-du-ul [KUJ.BABBAR] f 5 9. ai-se-bi-la-a[k-ka] 10. mim-ma be-li ul [ui-se-bi-li] 11. LU rA sip-ril-ka ra-bal-[>a] 12. ti-is-bi rSA1 ta-mat-ti 13. a-na-[ku] r21 Ga.ME rsfG1-[id] 10 *r LOWER EDGE 14. su(!?)-[us(?)-b]u-[ta-u(?)-?)] - y lo. e. 1. e. REVERSE 15. rev. mS[U-dAMAR.U]TU DUMU 16. mMU-S[ES ana] man-de-rsil 17. ki-i ds-rpurl mx-x-x 18. ip-ti-rsil-[su-ma i-na] 19. URU Hi-in-da-[a-nu] 15 20. id-di-nu-su a-n[a-ku] 21. a-na 11 MA.N[A KO.BABBAR] 20 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 2 ap-ta-tar- i ral-[du-u] ina UNUG.JKI 1 ki-i t[ak-tu-su a-na] mSUM.NA-SES rdsi-pu-[ra a-na] [LO.DAM.rGARl-ra SfG-i[a u] a-rna mSUM.NAl-SES [be-l 27. rliq-bil-ma rki-il 28. 2 GO.ME sfG-rial u ki-i KO.BABBAR 29 a-nan n Y-Y(-Yx)-iA UPPER EDGE •t 2-4 30 30. x x x KA 31. A x x SU TA(?) (X) 32. x-x(-x) be-if rlis'-[pur] '-" oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 72 159 servant, Sulmin-ere[s]. (24)I would gladly die for my lord. May Anu and Istar bless m[y] lord. to [my] lord: (7)As soon as I prep[ared] the loads, my lord had them sei[zed](?), (8-9)saying: "Now I have sent y[ou silver]." (•'My lord has not [sent me] anything. (")I am loo[king for] your messenger. ("2)(But it's like finding) a bumper crop in the heart of a barren waste. (~3-4)I have been d[epr]iv[ed](?) of [my] two loads of wool. (o-20')When I sent Er[iba-Mard]uk, son of Nidin-a[bi, for] information, [PN] hid [him, and then] they sold him [in] UJindi[nu]. (20`-22a )I m[yself] had to ransom him for one-and-a-half min[as of silver]. (22b 24a)N[ow], because you were [delayed] in Uruk, I wrot[e to] Nadin-abi. (24 -27 a)Let my lord speak [to] the trader of m[y] wool [and] to Nidin-abi. (27b-30)And whether it is my two loads of wool or whether it is the silver that ()Your (5)Say [should have been exchanged for] my [wool, ... ] ( 3 -32)let my lord se[nd ... ]. COMMENTS Lines 3-4-The divine pair Anu and Istar are also invoked in the greetings of ABL 781 and 1095, where their names are spelled exactly as they are in the present letter: IR-ka mdAMAR.UTU-SES-ir a-na di-na-an LU.SUKKAL be-li-id lul-lik dA-num u diS-tar [a-n]aLf.SUKKAL be-li-id lik-ru-bu (ABL 781:1-4), and IRka mdAG-NUMUN-SUM.NA a-na di-na-an LUGAL be-li-id lul-lik dA-num u dIs-tar a-na LUGAL lik-ru-bu (ABL 1095:1-4). The first letter probably originated in Der: it mentions a caravan from Labiru and an Elamite force in Bit-Imbiya (located in Raisi, northeast of D&r), and it closes with a request for Assyrian troops to be stationed in Der. The second letter, which is fragmentary, may have been written in southern Babylonia, because it refers to people from Ur. Elsewhere in this archive Nabf and Marduk are the divinities invoked in the greeting formula DN u DN 2 ana beliya likrubd. Lines 6, 13, and 28---GO apparently signifies "bale" or "load" in the present letter (compare CAD B, pp. 22930 sub biltu la-b, and AHw, p. 126 sub biltu(m) I 1). In this archive, the three principal meanings of biltu-"tribute,""talent," and "load"-seem to be represented in three different ways. In the meaning "tribute," biltu is spelled syllabically, either with the graph bi-lu-tu-u or bi-lat; in the meaning "talent," the word is spelled with the logogram GO.UN; and in the meaning "load," it is spelled with the simple Gu-sign, which was also a common way of representing this term in Old Assyrian and Old Babylonian. Line 11-The author of the letter lapses briefly into second-person address here. Line 12-The signs are clear, but their interpretation is difficult. Elsewhere the term hisbu ("abundant produce" < basdbu II "to be green, dense with foliage") is most often associated with some topographical feature, such as "sea" or "mountains." In the present text, the associated topographical feature is referred to as bamattu. Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884) uses this word to describe the terrain that he encountered when he marched from the southern end of Wadi Tharthar toward the Tigris: issu muhzbi pidte ga fD Tartaraittumus ina libbi ha-ma-te eqel namrdsi artedi ina eqel margdni ndrdte dtamar, "I(!) departed from the mouths of the TharthIr River. Into the heart of the hamdtu, a difficult tract, I advanced. In a tract of meadows I saw canals" (Schramm, BiOr 27 [1970]: 150:46-48; compare Grayson, RIMA 2, p. 173:46-47, and Gelb, JCS 15 [1961]: 27 n. 3). bamattu / bamdtu is perhaps related to Arabic hammdda, which Dozy defines as "grand plateau rocailleux et st6rile" and which occurs in the form hammdd in Syria (see Suppliment, vol. 1, p. 320b). Today the term designates a strip across the center of the Syrian Desert that has been characterized as a "stony, waterless desert," which is "hard and barren" (see Grant, Syrian Desert, pp. 12 and 38). Line 16--The spelling of manditu as mandisi seems to be another example of the spirantization of postvocalic t in early Neo-Babylonian and perhaps reflects the well-known Aramaic phenomenon. This phenomenon is also exhibited by the spelling of bil pitati as bil pajas in several exercise tablets in this archive and by the spelling of surrubat as Surrubas in an early eighth-century inscription from Sibu on the middle Euphrates (see the note to No. 119:5). oi.uchicago.edu 160 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Line 18-The first three signs of the line are absolutely clear. The form in question is restored as ip-ti-rsil[I'-ma] and interpreted as the 3m.sg. G perf. ofpesinu, "to hide, conceal." (There does not seem to be enough room to restore -in- before the suffix; but note the spelling ip-te-si-su-nu-ti found in Landsberger, Brief, p. 8:35.) The form is less likely to derive from psi ("to rejoice"; lex. only) or from ps' (meaning unknown; stem vowel a). Line 25-The signs LU and DAM are clear, and so is RA. Also, the traces visible between DAM and RA are not inconsistent with GAR. However, the reading of the line should be considered tentative in view of its damaged condition. No. 73 Letter 4.5 x 7.3 x 3.1 cm 1:1.7 IM 77194 12 N 218 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1... a-na.. "AG-Af•S-ir obv. na-h[i-mal L. J 2. ruml-ma mNIG.DU SES-kdm 3. ral-na ka-a-sd lu-u ul-m[u] 4. um-ma-a a-na FSES-id-a-mal 5. rd-tisd UAD-[i -nu-ru] 5 6. id RES-a-al [is-pur] 7. mAD-i'-[nu-ru] 8. [x] x SES-rial [x x x (x)] 9. um-ma x x [x x x (x)] 10. dr-ka mKab-ti-[ia] 11. um-rma mim-mal DIS [x x (x)] 10 12. sd x x x (x) [x x (x)] rev. REVERSE 13. [x x] rki-i di-purl [x (x)] 14. [x (x) R]U KiJ.BABBAR a-nal x [(x)] 15. [x (x)] x IsIl [x x x (x)] 16. [x x x x x x x (x)] 17. [x x (x)] x x x [x] LA 15 18. [a-n]a SES-ia a-rJapl-par 19. [S]EA-d-a lu-u-se-fbill 20. a-rqull-ku rmi-nul-i si-[bu-tul F 20 21. gd [SEl-ia a-na-ku [ai(?)]-[pur(?)l (remainder of reverse erased) "r r oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 73 161 (-2)Sa[y] to Nabf-nisir, thus says Kudurru your brother. ()May you be wel[l]. (4)Say to my brother: ( 6)Conceming Ab[i-nfru] about whom my lord [wrote]-(7-)Abi-[nfru ...] my brother [...], saying: [...]. ( 2)Afterwards Kabtiya said: "Whatever [...] that [...]. (l3- 15)[...] when I wrote [...] silver to [...]. (16-7)[...] () am writing [t]o my brother. ( 9)Let my [br]other send a shipment. (203)I have heeded you. (2 0b-21)Whatever desire my brother has had, I myself have [se]nt(? it). COMMENTS Lines 5 and 7-For the writing of the PN, see the note to No. 83:8-9. No. 74 Letter 5.0 x 8.1 x 2.4 cm 1:1.7 IM 77202 12 N 227 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. obv. ruml-ma-a a-Inal SE&-id-a-mal aml-me-ni dib-bi rlal sa-an-rqul-[ti] SEA-d-a i-sap-rparl um-ma tL6.TURI.MES df a-na [Hatl-ti.rKII 5. rill-lik x [(x) p]u-.tur-a-[ma] 6. ral-na KA.rDINGIRI.RA.[KI] X X (x) 7. [a-na-ku u]l i-rdel [ki-i x x x] 8. [X X (x)] x BI [X X X X (x)] 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. [x x]-ka-ma x [x x x x (x)] rdibl-[bi] Ila sa-anl-[qu-ti x x (x)] x x LA KASKALn-ral [x x x (x)] x x (x) A TA X [X X (X)] x-ta x x [L]J.KOR U-sab-bit [x x x (x)] 10 14. x x [x (x)] LUGAL [X X ()]15 15. x x [x x x x x (x)] 16. x x x x [x x (x)1 lo. e. xs io LOWER EDGE 17. x x x (x) [x x x (x)] oi.uchicago.edu 162 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE rev. 18. x (x)] x x..-(x) -- --[x . '-I. \- /J . x. .. \'-/ 19. x x x FLO.GO.rEN1 .NA 20. [x] x x x Fal-na-ku A x [(x)] 21. ra-kanl-na-ka ina rpa-anl LJ.rGU1.[EN.NA] 20 22. r~ LO1.SAG.f.MES rdIl EN.LfL.[KI] 23. tisl-sa-bat u [KAl ka-lak-k[a] 24. [x x x x x (x)] x KA 25. [x x x (x) ki-i] na-kut-ti 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. x x [x x (x)] x x x x x [d-p]u-ra-rkdml-[ma] ril-na rlibl-bi rLOI-ti.[MESI rd LO qal-lal-lu-ti rpaq-dul-nik-ka ma-a >-du-a-t[i] 25 30 ()Say to my brother: (2-3)Why is my brother sending unsubstan[tiated] reports, saying: (")"[R]ansom(?) the agents who went to Syria [and ... ] to Babylo[n ... ]." (-9)I [myself do]n't know [if(?) ... or if(?) ... ]. (o)[...] unsubst[antiated reports]. (11-3)[...] my(?) caravan [...] the [en]emy seized [...]. (14)[...] the king [...]. (518)[...] (1-20)[...] the sandabakku [...] I myself [...]. (2 -23a)He seized the [...] there in the presence of the sand[abakku] and the heads(?) of the houses of Nippur, (23 2')and [he ... ] the door of the storehou[se]. (2 5 ~ 7)[It is] urgent! [... I] have [wri]tten to you. (28-3 )Among the slave men and slave boys are man[y] who should be handed over to you. COMMENTS Line 4-The reading [ratl-ti.rKIl, which seems fairly certain, is problematic. In first-millennium texts the geographical term Hattile is otherwise preceded by one of the determinatives KUR, MA.DA, LU, or SAL (the only other exception is the form Ha-at-ta-a-[a-telin Fales and Postgate, SAA 7 no. 24:15 = ADD 914 r. 5). Also, Hattile is rarely followed by KI (the only other exception is the writing KUR hiat-ti.KI in Winckler, Keilschrifttexte Sargons, p. 172:22 and AfO 18 [1957-58]: 334 no. 873). Most of the pertinent citations of this GN have been collected by Zadok in RGTC 8, p. 157 sub Hattu, and by Parpola in NAT, pp. 157-58 sub Hatti, to which one should add those listed by Hawkins in RLA 4 (1972-75): 152-53 §2.1. Line 22-It is unclear how rLU1.SAG..MES should be read. Line 29-Here and in No. 79:4 and 18, No. 82:7, and No. 83:26, LO qallalitu obviously refers to slaves, as does SAL qallaldte in ABL 494 r. 2. However, qallalu, adj., does not otherwise seem to refer to persons. LO qallalitu in this archive probably functions as the plural of (LU) qallu, "slave boy." Compare the terms qallatu, "slave girl" (see CAD Q, pp. 60-61 s.v.) and qalluttu, "slavery" (Ras Shamra; CAD Q, p. 66 s.v.). · __·_ oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 163 No. 75 Letter 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 cm 1:1.9 IM 77158 12 N 181 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1 A.* obv. na-na m"'pE-x-x(-x) " L "L . -, % "\ " 2. um-ma nf-hi-mna .... . J mBUL-[Ta-mesl [SES-kdm] 3. um-ma-a a-na RES-ial-[a-ma] 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. rull ki-i pi-i an-rnil-[i] [ti-e-mu akl-n[a-ta] um-ma sd-la-nu-[il-[a] a-na fURU Mal-rad la t[al-l]a-kdm(!)-[ma] ta-riapl-[pa]-rraml-ma fl+enl a-sib U[RU Ma-rad] a-nam-da[k-ka] 10 12. rki(?)-i(?)i SES-tl-[a] 13. a[t-t]a sup-Tra-mal R~EVERSE -„ . re v 1.e. 14. LU.DrAM.GA1R TUR.MES 15. ral-[s]eb-rbill 16. bur-pa-am-ma jup-ru 17. mim-mu-i KASKAL"-ia 15 18. gab-bi ab-tir u,-mu tal-tap-ra ul am-me-rik-ka KJ.BABBAR sd tas-[purl ub-lu-d rKASKAL"-ial 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. ta-sal-lim 24. ZI.MES lu-up-t[ur-ma] 25. a-na Lu.TUR.MES-[ka] 26. id 1 fMA1.NA rKI'.[BABBAR (x)] IT -.. T -.. UPPER t 20 t^T 25 - DGE 27. x [x] x [X x (x)] 28. [x x x x x (x)] LEFT EDGE 29. e-si-tu ina bi-rit-e-nu 30. la tas-sd-kin bi-bil-ti i-i 31. bab-la-a-nu u. e. ,t. , . oi.uchicago.edu 164 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR (1-2)[Say] to Ab[...], thus says BUL-Tames [your brother]. ()Say to my brother: (~)Did[you] not give the followi[ng] instructions(")You must not g[o] to Marad without [my] permission. Rather, (-")you will wri[t]e to me, and I will give [you] one of the residents of [Marad]. (12- 15)If(?) y[o]u are [my] brother, write to me, and I will d[is]patch a m[erchan]t (and) agents? (6)Hurry and write to me! (7-1)I have readied all the proceeds of my caravan venture. (19-2 0)On the day that you wrote to me, I did not delay. (21-23)I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed. 24-27)Let me rans[om] the living beings [and deliver(?) them(?)] to [your] agents for one mina of sil[ver each(?)]. (28)...] (29-)Let no trouble arise between us. (") 1 )This wrong would be our own doing. COMMENTS Line 2--"BUL-rTa-mes1 may be read as "Pul-rTa-mesl, which perhaps represents /Pa-Sameg/, "Word of Sames," or it may be read as Ippuha(BUL)-Sames, "Sames has risen." It seems less likely that BUL represents the theophoric element that is manifested later as Bdl in Palmyrene (b6l < bdl < batl), because of the time gap (cf. Hoifner, "Stammesgruppen," p. 431 sub Bel). Nevertheless, Zadok has argued that the name Bu-lu-zak-ru, which occurs in Fales and Postgate, SAA 7 no. 5 (ADD 857) ii 48, contains this element (see Zadok, West Semites, p. 198). Lines 7 and 10-Ancient Marad has been identified with the ruins of Wanna wa-Sadlim, located almost due west of Nippur on the Euphrates (see, e.g., Smith, Sennacherib, pp. 19-20). At the end of the eighth century B.c., this town was ruled by the shaykh of Bit-Dakkiiri (see ibid., and OIP 2 52:38-39). The residents of Marad mentioned in line 7 had presumably been taken captive and were being offered for sale by the trader to whom this letter is addressed. Slave raiders roamed the Babylonian plain during this period, and they plundered both town and countryside to obtain their human cargoes. On one occasion, raiders from Bit-Yakin kidnapped residents of Nippur and sold them to a dealer in Uruk (see No. 18). On another occasion, they stole people from Nippur and Parak-ma~ri (see No. 19). Lines 14 and 25-TUR.MFE occurs without the determinative LU also in No. 35:20. Line 24-For a discussion of the social connotations of ZI.MES (= napsatu), "souls, living beings, persons," see the note to No. 1:10. Lines 29-31-esitu = egitu, "trouble, confusion, disorder" (see also No. 84:10). The expression esita ina birit PN u PN,2 akdnu also occurs in the passage bantis upraisunitimmaesiti ina birit sar mat Elamti u sar mdt Assur Id tasakkan, "Quickly, send them to me, and don't make trouble between the king of Elam and the king of Assyria" (CT 54 580 r. 10-13). The idiom bibiltu babil does not seem to be attested elsewhere. oi.uchicago.edu 165 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 76 Letter IM 77160 12 N 183 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.2 cm 1:1.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. a-na mNIG.DU fqil-[bi-ma] ruml-ma mrDa-dil-[ia SES-kdm] um-rmal-a ra-na SESl-[ia-a-ma] rag-gu di-il-ni rit-ti al-[b]a-mes stas'l-pu-ra d a-na Lo Ej1 A-fmukl-[a-nu] ni-il-li[k] aidi-ni [sd] mE-re-[Ji] ni-par-ra-si mi-Ina-al KASKAL["] lo. e. LOWER EDGE 12. [rd 10 e .' ? ""'^ ^ ^ ^ DAM.GAR-nil 13. [il-la-ku] REVERSE rev. 14. rLOT.M[ES] i-rna-d6s-s 15. FGIR1" a-na-ku ral 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. rr5 V4Ž - rat-tal a-na mu#-b[i-sd] nu-sal-lam a-na LO.TUR.MES SES-t-a liq-bi-ma lil-li-ku-nim-ma 21. LU a-me-lu-tu 22. li-bu-uk [KJ.BABBAR] 23. d SE--id a-fsap-pal-[ra] 24. KASKAL a-na G[IR" LO.TUR.MES] UPPER EDGE 25. su-ku[n] 20 25 ____ ;'' $ 1 : *' ' to Kudurru, thus says Didi[ya your brother]. (~)Say to [my] brother: (&5a)Conceming the case about which you wrote to me-(5b- 0)let us g[o] toge[th]er to Bit-Amfik[ani], and we will judge the case [of] Ere[su]. (- 1' 4)Whatever caravan journey that our merchant [makes] that brings along slav[es], (~s-'we-both you and I-will guarantee safe conduct(?) fo[r it]. ("8 22")Let my brother speak to the agents, and let them come 1-2)S[ay] and conduct the slaves. (22b-23)I am sendi[ng] my brother's [silver]. (24-25)Se[t the agents] on the road. oi.uchicago.edu 166 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COMMENTS Line 2-Dadi[ya], if correctly restored, is either a hypocoristic of a longer theophoric name containing the element dddu, "darling," or it is a name meaning simply "My darling" (PNs with dddu also occur in Old Akkadian, Old Assyrian, and Neo-Assyrian). It is also possible that the name is West Semitic. Ddy ("My uncle") is attested in Thamfdic and Old Aramaic (see, respectively, van den Branden, Inscriptions thamouddennes, p. 89 [HU. 128] and 339 [Jsa. 336], and Maraqten, Semitischen Personennamen,p. 76). For Dd as a theophoric element in Lihyanic, Thamfidic, and Sabean names, see Ephcal, Ancient Arabs, p. 114 and n. 384; also Hoifner, "Stammesgruppen," p. 432. Compare also Hebrew D6d6 and Dawid. The name Dddiya also occurs in No. 124:16. Line 12-DAM.GAR occurs without the determinative LU also in No. 45:14 and No. 35:19. Line 14-For nagfi, "to bring (along) people or animals," see CAD N/II, pp. 89-92 sub naga A 2a3'. Lines 15-17-The idiom sepi Sullumu does not seem to be attested elsewhere. The translation "to guarantee safe conduct" is based on the context. The topic of the first half of this letter appears to be related to that of No. 14. No. 77 Letter 4.0 x 5.8 x 2.4 cm 1:1.5 IM 77184 12 N 207 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSEobv. 1. a1 mdNAPINeobv. 1. Tal-na m"dEN-APIN-es7 2. qi-rbi-mal um-rmal 3. "Ka-rri-ba-a-al SES-rkdml 4. um-ma-a a-na SES-fid-al-ma 5. LO a-rmel-lu-ti 6. id ul-tu URU Sd-rpi-ial 7. tal-rlik-mal 8. rfl mx-[x] 9. rig-si'-i- rKO1.BABBAR ina rUGU-mal 10. ia-a-nu-a-rmal 11. su-bi-lam-m[a] 5 I oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 77 167 rev. REVERSE 1' I TF. h t1n UM rI 13. rLO(!) al-m[i-lu-tu] 14. 15. 16. 17. rlud-dakl-[ka] r•i ki-i FKASKAL"' x X a-rnal BAD.[A]N.rKI1 ta-mur mx-x 15 18. LU.DUMU.KIN Fit-ti Kfj.BABBAR1 19. d LO.EN.rNAM 1 20. il-lak 20 ('-)Say to BZl-Eres, thus says Karibaya your brother. (4)Say to my brother: ("-O)The slave who came from Sa-pi-BNl(?) and [PN] took away-there is absolutely no silver for (him). ('" 4)Send me (some), so th[at] I may ransom him [and] give yo[u] a sl[ave]. (Is-ma)And if you see the caravan of [...] bound for D&r, ('27 0[PN], the messenger, will come with the governor's silver. COMMENTS Line 3-In view of the surprising number of Arabian names in this archive, the name in question is understood to be a hypocoristic for the frequently attested South Arabian PN Krb)l (see, e.g., Harding, Pre-Islamic Arabian Names, p. 497, and Tairan, Personennamen altsab. Inschr., pp. 183-84). A Sabean king named Krb>1 is mentioned in one of the inscriptions of Sennacherib, where his name is spelled mKa-ri-bi-il (see OIP 2 138:48-49). A similar hypocoristic-Krb-is found in a Proto-Arabic inscription discovered at Tell Abu Salabikh, in the far south of Iraq (see Roux, Sumer 16 [1960]: 27-28). Also, the Jamharatal-nasab of Hisham Ibn al-Kalbi has a number of attestations of the names Karib and Aba-Karib (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). It is also possible that the name mKa-fri-ba-a-al is based on Akkadian kdribu. However, no masculine PN is known to have been derived from this term, only the feminine 'Kdribtu (BE 8 110:4, VAS 3 109:4, VAS 4 50:5, and VAS 5 50:2). Line 10-On the grapheme ia-nu-a-Fmal on its apparent relationship to ia-nu-am-mi and ia-nu-am in the Amama correspondence, see the note to No. 45:12. Line 19-On the reading of LO.EN.NAM, and on the office which it represents, see the note to No. 94:12. oi.uchicago.edu 168 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 78 Letter IM 77084 12N 107 4.3 x 8.1 x 2.7 cm 1:2.0 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS;E obv. 0ý4,4Krr 1. a-na mKi-na-a qi-bi-ma 2. um-ma "La-mis-lfSES-fkdmI 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. rj 9t ^w~r^^^5 a-na ka-a-sa lu-d Sal-mu um-ma a-na SES-ia-a-ma sd ES-a-a is-pur um-ma Lu-tu-a am-me-ni tab-liq a-rnal(erased)-kan-na-ka 6g-bat dENt dAG lu-u i-du-u Ug NUBAD-ta ina IGl-ia S^C ^^^V~f ^^ 5 p&.d'P *^ a~tff^^® 0 "' 1 ^R%^^rr~F 1 i-pet-tu ki-i il-lik ^At um-ma mNu-um-mur a(!)-na LO Ha-bi-iP is-pur-an-na p9ree-p^A dr-ka a-na-ku mi-nu-d lu-u-uq-ba-da ZID.DA.KASKAL a-na ku-lu-ku-gS aIa-na LU at-ta-du* Ha-bi-i> 15 *over erasure IfT ^«r^Aw~·~ *i^s4?- it-ta-lak-ka (Reverse is uninscribed except for a few signs which have been erased.) ('-2 )Say to Kind, thus says Lamis-Il your brother. ()May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: "-7)(Concerning) that which my brother wrote, saying: "Why did my slave run away (and) settle there?" (-'")May B61 and Nabi know (that) they will open an unopened ewe in front of me if he has not gone, (-12)saying: "Nummuru has sent me to the HabP tribe." (131 4a)Afterwards, what could I say to him? (14b 16)I deposited travel provisions in his storehouse, and he went to the I1abP tribe. COMMENTS Line 2-The first component of the personal name is understood to represent Arabic Lamis, which is attested three times in the Jamharatal-nasab of Hishaim Ibn al-Kalbi, twice as a tribal name (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). It may also be identical with a name that is spelled Lms in a Thamfidic inscription (see van den Branden, Inscriptions thamouddennes, p. 107 [who transcribes it Lamis]). The second element is the divine name >11 (usually with a long /I/ in Arabic names), which according to Zadok is "the commonest theophoric element in the West Semitic onomasticon from first-millennium Mesopotamia" (West Semites, p. 28). If the name in question is indeed to be interpreted as Lamis-,l, one might venture the translation "Touched by II." Line 9-The adjective la petitu, which is often represented by the logogram GIS.NU.ZU, modifies various words for young female sheep, cows, and goats. It occurs most often in connection with uniqu "female kid" (see AHw, 858 sub peta(m) I 5). The expression labra ld petita ina pdniya ipetta, "they will open an unopened ewe in front of me," implies an act of bestiality. The verb petd also has sexual connotations in the passage [gumma a'ilu] batulta [sa bit a]bisa [usbu]tuni ... [...] ld oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 78 169 pateatuni... kidaadni ... isbatma umanzesi, "[If a man] seizes by force and rapes a young girl [who liv]es in her fath[er's house (and)] has not (yet) been opened, ..." (Middle Assyrian Laws §54 = KAV 1 viii 6-22). Lines 12 and 16--The grapheme LU Ha-bi-i) does not represent an official or occupational title in Akkadian and has therefore been interpreted as the designation of an ethnic group. The name HabP is unattested in Mesopotamian sources but may be related to Saffitic /Hb (see Harding, Pre-IslamicArabian Names, p. 213). Line 15-kulukku = kalakku, "storehouse." For other examples of the shift a > u in the vicinity of a liquid, see the note to No. 119:17. No. 79 Letter 3.9 x 6.2 x 2.5 cm IM 77089 12 N 112 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E 1. a-Inal mKi-rib-tu [qil-[bi-ma] 2. um-rmal mNfG.DU [AD-kdml 3. um-ma-a a-Fna DUMU-ia-a-mal 4. LO qal-la-flu-u-tul 5. id tap-tu-ru fat-tu-u1-a 6. gs-nu a-na 1 MA.rNAl IG IN 1 8 GIN KJ.BABBAR 7. pa-at-ru i-na 1 GIN 8. IGI.4.GAL.LA KO.BABBAR-ka 9. i-si mi-nam-ma 10. a-na mMu-seb-si ta-qab-bi 11. um-ma 3 MA.NA KO.BABBAI R 12. a-mab-bar-ka 13. a-na pi-i rKA 1.DINGIR.RA.KI LOWER EDGE 14. mu-bur-gs REVERSE 15. mMu-seb-si 10 lo.e. K < rev. 15 Sd ds-pu-rak-ka 16. ri-qu-us-su 17. la i-tur-ru 18. LO qal-la-lu-d-tu 19. ki-lal-le-e 20. in-na-dsg-um-ma 21. it-ti-&d li-bu-uk 20 ^<^[^^-^~t~ oi.uchicago.edu 170 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR (~2)S[ay] to Kiribtu, thus says Kudurru, your father. (3)Say to my son: (")The slave boys whom you ransomed belong to me. (&-7)They were ransomed for one mina and twenty-eight shekels of silver. (7b- 9 )Take 9 one-quarter per shekel as your silver. (g9')Why are you saying to Musebsi, (11-2)t"I will accept three minas 1 from you"? (3- 4)Accept from him according to (the rate of) Babylon. (7)Musebsi, whom I sent to you, must not return empty-handed. ('- 21 )Give him both slave boys that he may bring (them) with him. COMMENTS Lines 4 and 18--On L&qallaluitu as the plural of (Lu) qallu, "slave boy," see the note to No. 74:29. Line 6-For the writing 1 GIN = "one-third mina," see Weissbach, ZDMG 61 (1907): 380. No. 80 Letter IM 77090 12 N113 4.0 x 7.1 x 2.2 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. obv. IR-ka mKi-)i(?)-ni(?)l [(x)] a-na di-na-an <be->l[i-id] lul-lik um-ma-a a-na be-li-id-a-ma ul-tu re-es IRIN.MES-ku-nu 1 DUMU.MES-ku-nu ni-i-nu am-me-ni "Il-a-AD a-na pa-an be-rli-ial i-rlil-kdm-ma 8. a-na di-ni-is UGU di-ni-ds 9. i-sab-bat-ds en-na a-na 10. a-kan-na-ak-ka um-ma 11. lul-lik pal-fa-ka ki-i 12. tu-ta-kal-la-a-nu 13. su-mi DINGIR.MES be-i rlul-se-la-a LOWER EDGE 14. a-na pa-ni-ka lul-rlikl 15. mA-a-uir-rtul 10 oi.uchicago.edu 171 TEXT NO. 80 REVERSE rev. 1.e 16. ina(!) t mSES-ba-ni 17. be-lf lu-ge-sa-a-si 18. ina pa-an be-li-ia lu-u 19. sab-bat a-du-u LU ti (mistake for si) 20. a-kan-na ina 0u" mKu-ta-a 21. ap-tu-ru-5u a-na-ku 22. u-qa-ba-al-su 23. "mEN-si-numAm-me-ia-bab 24. KtJ.BABBAR-sid a-na da-na-ni 25. 26. 27. 28. ig-gi be-lf lu-mas'-AR li-qet-fu ki-i i-mas-su-f a-na be-l-ia UPPER EDGE 29. al-tap-rral 30. ha-an-tisl Ajj 20 t 25 ' 4j e4t u.e. 30 f P> f LEFT EDGE 31. be-lf lu-mas-si-ma lii-pu-ra (')Your servant, Kioini(?). (2-3)I would gladly die for [my] <lo>rd. Say to my lord: (4-5 From the beginning we have been your servants and your sons. (- 9a)Why should IlI-abu have come before my lord if he (i.e., my lord) was going to hold him captive at his court on account of his case? (9b12)Now, over there, he is saying: "I would go, but I am afraid. If you would give me assurances, (13-'4)let my lord swear an oath to me, (and) I will come before you." ( 1-'7)Let my lord evict Ay-birtu from the House of Ahu-bani, ("8-9a)and let her be held captive in the presence of my lord. (' 9b 22 )Now the slave whom I ransomed here from Kuta-I will take delivery of him in person. (232)BMlsunu (and) Amme-yabab carried off his silver by force. Let my lord release (it). (26)Let them approach(?). (27 29)When I got news, I wrote to my lord. (3 -31)Quickly, let my lord get news, and let him write to me. COMMENTS Lines 1-3-The invocation DN u DN, ana bJliya likrubu has probably been mistakenly omitted from the greeting formula. Line 4-In early Neo-Babylonian, the prepositional phrase ultu res(i), which means "from the beginning," or "already previously," occurs also in CT 22 155:16 and ABL 1260:5, Streck, Asb., pp. 24 iii 5 and 130i, TuM NF 2/3 255:7, and BIN 1 43:8. The Neo-Assyrian equivalent-issu reTile--occurs in ABL 43 r. 4, ABL 390:6, ABL 561 r. 11, ABL 879:3 and 9, ABL 896:7, ABL 1108:3, and ABL 1285:13. For attestations of the related phrase (ultu) rissu in the Neo-Babylonian letters from Kuyunjik, see Dietrich, Aramder, p. 138 n. 1. Line 6---Il-a-AD is understood to represent the personal name iIldh--ab, which is attested twice in Lihydnic, where it is spelled ,lh4b (see Harding, Pre-IslamicArabianNames, p. 71, and Caskel, Lihyanisch, p. 38). >Ildh (which is perhaps the vocative of 4l1 which eventually became the regular noun) is found most commonly in inscriptions from Dedan, Lihy-n, and Thamid (see Hofner, "Religionen oi.uchicago.edu 172 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Arabiens," pp. 369, 371, and 375). The name Illdh-'ab, however, may not be Arabic, since names of this sentence type apparently do not exist in Arabic. The theophoric element Iladh also seems to be a component of the name mAD-ll-a in No. 100:17, as well as a component of m'lldh-ndr (mil-aZALAG), "'Ildh is light," in BRM 1 17:2, and of l1dh-rdm (mil-a-ra-mu), "'lldh is exalted" in BRM 1 18:2. (The text BRM 1 17 is in all likelihood dated to Nabonassar year 9 [739 B.c.], while BRM 1 18 is dated to Nabonassar year 10 [738].) Zadok believes that spellings such as il-a and -i-la- represent the divine name >11 plus a hypocoristic suffix -d, which in turn is thought to be identical with the Aramaic definite article (see West Semites, p. 149; though Zadok offers a different explanation on p. 230). Lines 15-19-The use of the 3f.sg. ace. suffix in line 17 and the use of what appears to be the 3f.sg. stative affix in line 19 indicate that the masculine Personenkeil on the name in line 15 is a mistake. The writing sab-bat, although unusual, probably represents the 3f.sg. G stative of sabatu. Line 20-The PN Kutd means literally "the Kuthian." Line 22-The verb in question is qubbulu, an Aramaic loanword (see also No. 60:28). Line 23-According to Zadok, the name mAmme-yabab is composed of the kinship term camm ("paternal uncle") and a West Semitic (i.e., Aramaic) perfect of a verb built upon the root *YBB (see West Semites, pp. 55 and 88). mAmme-yabab is also a component of the toponym BAD sdNmAm-me-ia-bab, which is mentioned in BRM 1 3:12, a text dated to Nabui-uma-iskun year 13 (ca. 750 B.c.). The graph "Am-me is interpreted here to represent cAmmi (with lc.sg. gen. suffix). Lines 24-25-The expression ana dandni means "by force" in other contexts in which it occurs, and this meaning also fits our context (see CAD D, p. 82 sub dandnu s. mng. 2). One hesitates to read the sign SAR in lu-maS-SAR as -sirg. Did the scribe intend to write -sir? Line 26-li-qet-tu perhaps represents the D-stem m. pl. precative of qatf, "to approach," an Aramaic loanword that is also attested in an early eighth-century inscription of Samas-resa-usur, governor of Sfilu and Mari ([Weissbach, Misc., no. 4 iii 6]; see von Soden, Or 46 [1977]: 192). In NeoBabylonian, the D-stem precative usually has the preformative lu-, not li-. No. 81 Letter 3.7 x 6.0 x 2.2 cm 1:1.7 IM 77104 12 N 127 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. a-na "Bir-Il-ta-mes q(-b[i-ma] 2. um-ma "Ti-ik-ia-a-nu SES-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 4. LO a-mi-lut-tu sd SES-ia oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 81 173 obv. 5. sd tab-liq a-du-u' 6. i-na URU Ki-ip-ra-a-nu 7. am-rat ba-an-.tis KO.BABBAR 8. REg1-ti-a lu-se-bi-lam-ma 9. lul-lik-ma lu-up-tu-ras-si 10. a-di la fa-na 1+en1 a-bi 11. i-nam-di-nu-su 12. LU sar-ru-ti-suf 13. ki-i iq-bu-nu 14. Sun a-na mub-bi-su-nu tr~ k~iAt~Y~· I5I;I... ....... ^^wj"EirC ~~~~rr ~ ~SEw-r^^^L;P~ 10 WM?<f^f" ~QIj A*ff LOWER EDGE 15. ul ds-kun r <'ff4 <^~ ^WvF4 *4' 15 15 REVERSE 16. [ki-i SES1-z-a la il-lik 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. KfO.BABBAR a-nal 1+en lib-bu-u a-lik KASKAL".ME SES-i-a lu-u-se-bi-li LU.DAM.GAR-sV te-ku-tu la i-sak-kan um-ma a-na fa-ra-pi ul taq-ba-nim-ma ul ak-li-gs LO a-me-lu-tu a-na bu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-asg-g 1 LO.TUR.MES ik-te-lu-su UPPER EDGE 30. ki-i a-di 31. qi-it IT 32. an-ni-i i. e. rev. 20 Il 25 30 f* rr4# ^^g., LEFT EDGE 33. flal ta-at-tal-ka ki-in-gu 34. ina sA-su ia-a -nu '-2)Sa[y] to Bir-Iltames, thus says Tikianu your brother. ")Say to my brother: ("7)My brother's slave who ran away has now been seen in the town Kipranu. (7-)11 Quickly! My brother should send me silver that I may go and ransom him before they sell him to someone else. (2-'5 )(As to) his kidnappers-because they told me (about the slave)-I didn't take them in hand. ('6 )If my brother himself hasn't (yet) come, ("7-9)my brother should send silver to one of the travelers. (2-21)His merchant mustn't lodge a complaint, (22-2 4)saying: "You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him. (25- 29)The slave-you've allowed him to escape, and agents have detained him." (3-34)If you haven't come by the end of this month, there will be no sealed tag for him. oi.uchicago.edu 174 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COMMENTS Line 1-Bir-Iltames is a West Semitic personal name. The first element is understood to represent the Arabic word birr, "lovingkindness," while the second element, Iltames, represents Sames, the pronunciation of the Sun-god's name in the Semitic dialect spoken by at least certain of the non-Babylonian Semitic peoples who at this time inhabited the Nippur region, or had reason to visit it. (The interpretation of the name as Bir-Sames, "Son of Sames," presents semantic difficulties.) The name can be interpreted as (Proto-)Arabic, since the form Sames is a (segolate?) precursor of Arabic Sams (s > s, and s > s regularly in Arabic). On the correspondence between cuneiform *ilt- and West Semitic s, see Fales, Or 47 (1978): 91-98. Line 2-It is unclear how the name Tikidnu should be interpreted, but the ending indicates that it is probably West Semitic. Line 6-According to Sennacherib's account of his first campaign to Babylonia, KiprAnu was one of the walled towns of Bit-Amikini (see OIP 2 53:46-47). Lines 17-18-libba in the expression iltin libbd alik-jtarrdnatirepresents libbu + loc. adv. Compare iltin ina libbi abbieu (No. 2:13); iltin ina libbi suhdra (No. 63:15-16); iltin ina libbisunu (No. 83:35-36); and iltin ina libbi marT dli (No. 70:12-13). iltin libbf also occurs in other early Neo-Babylonian letters, e.g., iltin libbi sdbini (ABL 1114 r. 4) and iltin libbadunu (BIN 1 13:22). Line 20-tekuitu represents tikitu, "complaint," not only here, but also in the passages enna te-ku-u-rtul la tasakkan, "Now don't complain" (No. 95:13-14), and te-ku-ut-ka ul murrirat,"Your complaint isn't (even) being looked into" (No. 92:32-33). Line 27-The verbal form natantassu is one of the more unusual forms in this corpus. It is obviously a hybrid composed of n'tantd, the 2m.sg. Aramaic perf. of *NTN, "to give," and the Babylonian 3m.sg. dat. suffix -asgsu. The lack of assimilation of the final radical n to the initial consonant t of the secondperson marker is characteristic of Old Aramaic (see Segert, Altaram. Gramm., p. 264 §5.7.1.1.5). It is also characteristic of Hebrew, but not in forms *NTN. Lines 33-34-The meaning of the expression kingu ina libbisu ydnu is uncertain. Does kingu (kinku) in this context refer to something worn by slaves to identify them? A group of small texts from the reign of Sargon II were long identified as "slave documents" until Durand recently interpreted them as dockets for packets of wool (see JA 267 [1979]: 245-60). No. 82 Letter 5.2 x 8.7 x 2.8 cm 1:1.7 IM 77116 12 N 139 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. a-na m PAP-ia qi-rbil-[ma] um-ma m NfG.DU SES-k[dm] um-ma-a a-na SES-id-a-m[a] lu-i gil-mu a-na SE§-[ia] oi.uchicago.edu 175 TEXT NO. 82 5. 9E. u-a tup-padd l M -m[ud "] 6-Fil-mu T'AlZar-na-[ni-tu] J &4&-f A Uj I obv. V Lp 7. rfi LO qall-la-lu-u-[ti-~d] 8. ra 9d LO(?).ME(su(1-g?) [li`(?)-pur(?)-ma(?)] 9. lu-mas-s[i d-&ai] 10. SAL a-rmill-[tu] i SE•-Ful-[a] ris-purl 11. a-na-ku ds-p[ur] ral-na fgd-a-asi 12. a-di LO.DA[M.GAR] di-pur-ma 5 13. ul-rtul U[RU.BAR]A.DUMU 10 ra-bul-kas' rt anl-ni-i fa-dil 'Tam-mes-[Il] rig(?)-pur(?)l um-ma dc m'PAP-rial i'i MU.7.KAM fGAL(?) ki-il 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. la pa-an mKab-ti-id 15 LOWER EDGE 19. fill-lik 0% r% 1- __%to,__ ZU. [XJ X" X" "over erasure? lo. e. 20 REVERSE 21. SAL gFi-il ina t1 x (x) TEm /KIDS[U]/S[U] 22. si-ril [t]a-rqab-bil um-ma 23. SAL mu[g-gur-ti] [rd1 dNa-na-a 24. a-n[a-ku 1 MA.NA] GIN 9 GiN rKU.BABBAR 1 •" -. ' . , . ., rev. 25. SAL x [x (x) a]-na lib-bi-ia 26. na-ad-[na(?) en]-[nal ki-i pa-an 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. SES-id ma[h-r]u ta-dig la-pa-an LO.DAM.FGAR 1 lu-usg-am-ma flul-ge-rbil-lak-ka SAL mus-rgurl-ti r'i-i kil-i a-na a-kan-na-ka [l]a fat-tall-ka mi-nu-ti rel-ep-pu-ug-m[a] [a]-nam-rdakl-ka rEN1.M[ES] rhi(?)l-tu i-rqabl-b[u]-u ruml-ma a-na da-a-su up-ras-[si] 36. ina SU" m 25 30 BA-gd-a a-na3 37. SES-ia a-gap-pa-ra[s-si] (upper and left edges erased) ('-2)Sa[y] to Nasiriya, thus says Kudurru, y[our] brother. (3)Say to my brother: (4)May[my] brother be well. (s-9)Let my brother [write(?)] so that I may have new[s] of [his] well-be[ing], of the well-being of Zarpa[nitu], of [his] slave b[oys], and of his slave men(?). (9"~'o)[Concerning] the slave wo[man] about whom m[y] brother wrote--")I myself se[nt] a letter to him. (12)I sent (it) along with the mer[chant], and (13-14a)I then led her(?) 4 -5)He sent(?) this (message?) along with TammeS-[Il], (16)saying: "She belongs to from [Par]ak-miri. (1' Nlsiriya. (7-9)Seven years it was(?) that he did service for Kabtiya." (20)[...] (21)That woman is in the House of [...]. (22)[S]he herself is saying: (2-24a)"I a[m] a [free]dwoman of the goddess Nanay. (2b-26a)[One mina(?)] nine oi.uchicago.edu 176 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR shekels of silver [... were gi]ven(?) for me." (26b 29 a)[N]ow if it su[it]s my brother, I will gladly convey her from the merchant and have (her) brought to you. (29b-30a)She is a freedwoman. (30- 33a)If I had[n]'t gone there (myself), what would I do or [g]ive you? 33b-35)(Even) the owner[s] of the payment(?) are sa[yi]ng: "Send [her] to him." '(3-37)I will send [her] to my brother through the agency of Iqisa. COMMENTS Line 7-On LO qallalutuas the plural of (Lu) qallu, "slave boy," see the note to No. 74:29. Line 13-Parak-mari was one of the thirty-nine walled towns of Bit-Amikiini that Sennacherib claims to have conquered during his first campaign to Babylonia in 703-702 (see OIP 2 53:42-47). Parakmari was located in the vicinity of Nippur. In the eighth century B.c., people from Parak-mari are said to have resided with people from Nippur (see No. 19:6-8); and in Kassite texts, Parak-mairi was often associated with towns of the Nippur region (see Nashef, RGTC 5, sub "Parak-miri," "BitbEri," and "Diir-Sin-muballit"). According to a Late Babylonian theological compendium about Nippur, the town's patron deity was Ninurta of Parak-mfiri-and of course Ninurta was one of the oldest of Nippur's gods (see George, TopographicalTexts, p. 150:28'). Line 15-The grapheme Tam-mes represents an attempt by the scribe to produce spoken Sames, which is perhaps a segolate Proto-Arabic percursor of Arabic Sams. For other spellings of the Sun-god's name, see the note to No. 36:1. On the West Semitic theophoric element >1, see the note to No. 78:2. Line 17-MU.X.KAM = x sanatu (see AHw, p. 1201 sub sattu(m) I Ib). GAL (if the correct reading) stands for ibasgi, which functions adverbially in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian, and perhaps also here (see AHw, p. 113 sub baga(m) Glf; cf. CAD B, p. 155 sub basu 2). Although it is rare for a verb to be spelled logographically in Neo-Babylonian letters, the GAL-sign in our text is relatively clear. Lines 18-19-For examples of the use of aldku in the meaning "to serve, do service," see CAD A/I, pp. 30910 s.v. 3c. On the correspondence of la with the Aramaic preposition 1-, "to," see the note to No. 44:15. Lines 23 and 29-musgurtu is the feminine verbal adjective of mussuru, "to set free, abandon, release" (see AHw, p. 1498 sub (w)ussuru(m)). (m)ussuru, which can be used substantivally, is probably the Akkadian equivalent of the logogram LJ0.U.BAR.RA, a term denoting a class of persons that is at least once coupled with Li.GIR.St.KI, "attendant" (see Falkenstein, UVB 15 [1956-57]: pl. 34:9'). Although we cannot at present uncover the institutional setting in which a designation such as "freedwoman of Naniy" may have arisen, we can guess from our text that it referred to a woman who had formerly served as a slave in the temple of the goddess of this name but who had been redeemed from such service, perhaps as part of a general emancipation decreed by the crown (= subarrd?). After her emancipation, the woman designated by the term musgurtu in our text may have been adopted by Kabtiya. Nisiriya then served Kabtiya for seven years to obtain her. Line 28-lu-u&-&am-ma < nat2d. Lines 33-34-The term bil jbti is .usually translated "malefactor" (< bT.tu A), but this translation does not fit our context. Here (Itu(if correctly read) seems to refer to the payment (= i'.tu B) mentioned in lines 24-26. It is possible that this letter refers to a practice in Babylonia of one man serving another for seven years in order to obtain the latter's daughter or slave. One thinks of course of the two sevenyear periods of service that Jacob devoted to Laban in order to obtain Leah and Rachel (see Genesis 29:15-31). One is also reminded of the ten-year period of service that an Assyrian named Samas-amranni agreed to give his fellow Assyrian Amurm-nasir in order to receive from him a wife, food, and clothing (see the Middle Assyrian contract VAS 19 37, edited by Postgate in Iraq 41 [1979]: 93-95). oi.uchicago.edu 177 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 83 IM 77120 12 N 143 Letter 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.5 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. obv. [lR 1-ka m-LOd--a a-n[a di-na-an] be-lf-id lul-lik dAGc1l [dAMAR.UTU] a-na be-li-id lik-ru-bu um-m[a-a] a-na be-[l]f-id-a-ma ki-i ds-m[u-u um(?)-ma] i-na TEN.LIL 1.KI ma-a -da d rxl [x (x)] t Li Ga-a-mu gab-bi a-na m[ub(?)-bi(?)] LU Ru-bu-u> it-rtall-ku ril[ki-i] ds-mu-fil um-ma 'Ti-ru-rtul i[t(?)-ti(?) Vd(?)] muh-bti URU 1.TuGGd mAD-i'-nu-ru r•1 Lu qal-flal sd 'Sag-gil-d i-na rpa-anl m SUM.NA-[a i-na ap-pal-ru am-me-ni 5 J•;" 5 10 15 12. LO qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-sib 13. lil-rlil-kdm-ma NINDA.rUI1.A lis-be-e-ma li-kul 14. a rlM1.GID.DA it-ti LO.SAMAN.LA.MES 20 , . 15. liq-rbil a-di DINGIR.MES tu-bu ig-tak-nu 16. lib-[ti-s]a-am-ma lil-li-ka a-na-ku 17. 18. 19. 20. ra-ial-lu- ki-i aq-rib-u-su-ma a-rnal pa-an-id be-if la is-pur-ds-su KI.LAM-ia la ra kil-i kit-ti ai-a [ba-n]u id pa-an be-lf-id mah-ra be-li 21. [lisl-pu-rram-ma NINDA 1.UI.A i-na fpal-ni-id 22. li-ku-lu ki-i a-rkan-nal-ka rev. REVERSE 23. 24. 25. 26. mam-ma uS-su-nu is-sab-tu-ma a-rna 1+en(?)l [a(?)-hi(?)] it-tan-nu (erasure) mi-nu-u be-lf u-tar-ra ki-i a-na tu-bi be-li-id sak-na 2 Lt qal-la-lu-tu lu- sd 'Kul-la-a 27. lu-t id 't-sag-gil- sd mam-ma i-na 28. lib-bi-si-ni sd a-na tu-bi be-lf-id sak-na 29. a lu-a a-me-lut-tu mim-ma d be-lf-id 30. lu-a 'Ti-ru-tu lu-u fQi-rbil-DItG.GA 31. lu- 25 30 35 d6ba-du-fi be-lf li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik 32. a-na-ku pu-us-su-nu na-sd-k[aai ki]-i 33. a-na tu-bu be-li-id la &ak-rnul [il be-l][ ma-a -da 34. la il-lak rLOI.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.JMESS 35. &d a-kan-na i-du-in-ni a-na 1+en i-na 36. lib-bi-st-nu be-lf lid-din-ma rlil-bu-kdm-ma 40 45 F 0^&^i» '.--J.' - oi.uchicago.edu 178 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 37. lid-di-ni a-na-ku a-kan-na mim-mu-i rxl KUN/tJU 38. sd a-na mub-bi-s'i-nu ig-mu-ru [a-naml-din 39. ki-i na-kut-tu a-di 7-su s -TFsil [a-m]e-lut-tu 40. a-na be-if-id ds-pu-ru it-ti m SES.MES-SIL[IM] 41. m"Su-ma-a a-me-lut-tu be-if lis-pu-[ra] 42. ri1 [p]u-us-su-nu a-ki(?) pa-ni-id na-[sd-ka] 43. a-m[e-lu]t-tu a-na si-ti be-li la [ud-e-sa-a] 44. be-lf lis-pu-ram-ma lu-ai S[AL] UPPER EDGE 45. sd be-li-id ti LO qal-lum-ma 46. la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] 47. IM.GfD.DA liq-bi (")Your servant, Amil-Ea. (b-2a)I would gladly [die] fo[r] my lord. (1 3 a")May NabO and [Marduk] bless my lord. (3 4a)Say to my lord: (4b)So I have hea[rd]: (5-7")"In Nippur, many of the [...] and all the people of Gmu have gone ov[er](?) to the Rubu> tribe." (7b-la)[So] I have also heard: "The woman Tiriitu, t[ogether with(?) the one who is] in charge of the textile quarter of Abi-niru, as well as a slave boy of the woman Saggilu, are in the presence of Nadna in the marsh." (1 b-2)Why is a slave boy living in the marsh? ( 3)Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, ("4-I')and learn to read with the scribal apprentices. ('•S")For as long as the gods deem fit, let him c[om]e and go. '6 8 ' )Can I be an ally if I have approached him and my lord did not send him to me? ('9-22a)And if it is true that my offeringprice (for him) isn't [goo]d, let my lord write to me whatever suits my lord that he(!) may eat bread in my presence. (22b 24)If someone there has taken his(!) hand and given (him) to someone(?) [else](?), what will my lord give me in return? • 5)If my lord deems fit, (2"31)my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boyseither of the woman Kulls, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tiriitu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers. (32 )Imyself a[m] acting as their guarantor. (32b-34a)[But i]f my lord does not deem 35 fit [and] my [lor]d will not come, (34- a)there are many men of Babylon who know me here; (35b-7a)let my lord give (the slave) to one of them, and let him bring (him) and give (him) to me. (37b 38 )I myself will here pay whatever [...] they have used up on their behalf. (39-40 )It is urgent! As many as seven times I have written to my lord about a [sl]ave. (40I4)Let my lord sen[d me] a slave with AhhE-sull[im] and Suma, (42)and I will a[ct] as [gu]arantor for him(!) on my own(?). (4 3)(If) my lord will not [release] a sl[av]e (man), (445)let my lord write to me. And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, (46a)she/he should not delay. (46 47)Let her/him co[me and] learn to read. COMMENTS Line 6--The ethnic designation Gamu, which is found also in No. 9:20, is not otherwise attested in Akkadian texts. Line 7-During the eighth century B.c., the Rubuw Arameans were active over a broad area extending from the Upper Euphrates to the Lower Tigris. For more on this tribe, see the note to No. 6:6. Lines 8-9--[a] muihji dl subdti means literally "the one in charge of the textile settlement." If the restoration and interpretation of this broken passage are correct, the establishments at Nippur that devoted themselves to the production of textiles were located in a separate quarter or settlement. A separate district for weaving also existed at Nuzi in the Late Bronze Age, as is evidenced by the mention in Contenau, RA 28 (1931): 33 no. 1:8 of a "district of weavers" (AN.ZA.GAR US.BAR.MES) (see oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 83 179 Zaccagnini, Iraq 39 [1977]: 174). For other attestations of the title sa muhhi dli, see ABL 530:13, ABL 1034:10, and ABL 1230:4. The aleph at the end of the first element of the PN "Abi-niru indicates that the preceding vowel was probably pronounced (see, e.g., Hyatt, Treatment of FinalVowels, p. 56). Lines 10 and 27-The woman who is called Saggilu in line 10 is called Esaggilu in line 27. The alternation of the name-elements Sag(g)il and Esag(g)il also occurred in earlier and later Babylonian texts (see, e.g., Stamm, Namengebung, p. 85 and n. 2, and Tallqvist, NBN, p. 180). Lines 13 and 21-22-Compare the use of the phrase "to eat bread" in the passage aki a sarru bili ina mubbi urdisu ispurannimd mdt Marqasitusaskansunu md ina libbi kusdpu ekkulti, "Just as the king my lord wrote to his servant, saying: 'You are to settle them in Marqasi, they will eat bread there' ..." (see ABL 966 + CT 53 211:10-14 = Parpola, SAA 1 no. 257:10-14 [Neo-Assyrian letter containing instructions for the resettlement of a group of deportees]). Lines 14-15 and 47-In Assyrian contexts, the expression liginna qabu, "to recite a school tablet," can refer either to a teacher or pupil and therefore can mean either "to teach to read" or "to learn to read" (see Meier, AfO 12 [1937-39]: 238-39 n. 15; and Parpola, LAS 2, p. 39 note to r. 9). But in Babylonian, apparently, liginna qabu means "to learn to read," while liginna suqba means "to teach to read" (see now Beaulieu, ZA 82 [1992]: 103-5). It may be that the slave whom the sender of this letter, Amil-Ea, expressed such an ardent desire to purchase was destined to be adopted by him. This happened in at least one household some two centuries after our letter was written, when NabO-abbe-iddin, the head of the Egibi family, adopted a man about whom it was said in the adoption record: "Nabui-ahhe-iddin raised him from childhood and taught him to read" (see Moldenke, Cuneiform Texts, no. 21:4-6; quoted by Beaulieu in ZA 82 [1992]: 104). Line 15-For other attestations of the idiom ana tibi sakdnu (of which the phrase adi ilu tabu igtakna seems to be a variant), see lines 25, 28, and 33 below, No. 108:13-14, and ABL 23 r. 27 (Neo-Assyrian). Line 19-The suffix -ya, which is here appended to a word that is clearly nominative, is perhaps a mistake. Compare also LO-ia, in No. 86:4. Line 26-On LO qallalatu as the plural of (Lu) qallu, "slave boy," see the note to No. 74:29. Line 28-The 3f.pl. gen. suffix is spelled -sini instead of -sina also in ABL 521:8 (mullisini, "their compensation"). Line 30-The feminine personal name written 'Qif-bil-DOG.GA has been transcribed as Qibi-dumqi, and not as Qibi-tiubi, based upon the existence of a goddess named Qibi-dunqi who is included in a list of the deities inhabiting the temple of Marduk in Assur (3 R 66 iii 28, for which see Menzel, Assyrische Tempel, vol. 2, p. T 116). Lines 32 and 42-In Neo-Babylonian, the idiom put X nasv means "to espouse, champion the cause of X" or "to act as guarantor for X" (see AHw, p. 763 sub naSu(m) II G 4 and CAD N/II, p. 106 sub nagS A 6). Line 43-It appears that the writer has inadvertently omitted ki at the beginning of this line. The lacuna after lai has been restored with a form of the verb gtsa, which is frequently coupled with situ. According to AHw, the idiom ana siti(m) sisa(m) means "to issue" (see p. 1106 sub sqtu(m) I Clb). The CAD on the other hand translates the idiom as "to release," which seems to be its sense in the present context as well (see vol. A/II, p. 372 sub astf 5e). This long rambling story, with its reference to elementary learning, may be a scribal exercise. Compare text No. 89, which contains both a letter and an exercise. oi.uchicago.edu 180 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 84 Letter IM 77145 12N 168 3.7 x 6.3 x 2.4 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. a-na mx-x qf-bi-ma rum-mal mlx-bi-di-si SES-kdm rum-ma-a al-na SES-ia-a-ma Li a-mi-lut-tu &d tap-fur at-tu-frt-al 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mirterk^4A 6. &i-i a-na mam-rmal 8. a-du-i KU.BABBAR-rkal 9. [il-seb-bi-lak-rkal 10 ,1, R.n4 1 ^e-.p t=^ >ctQ 10^^ e-si-ta i-na rbi-ri-i-nul la ta-rraml-m[a] a-na-ku la-x-x Id a-na pit-ril rta-adl-din 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ^t^ REVERSE 15. u-sal-lam-ga 16. ki-i Fiq-bu-t"i-[n]u 17. zur-rpa(!)l(erasure?)-am 1 [ja]r-ra-a-nu 18. pa-an rLJO 4^^ 4 , ^^^^T ^i·f.a^ I 7. la ta-nam-di-fsul :· . g t ~r rev. 15 19. ki-i [al-dag-gal 20. 21. 22. 23. ul am-me-Frikl-ka al-rla-k6ml-ma it-rti-kal a-dab-bu-rubl (3 personal names, perhaps erased) (PN on edge; illegible) 20 25 I r T . -% ('-)Say to [PN], thus says [...]-bidisi your brother. (a)Say to my brother: (45)The slave whom you ransomed is mine. ( 7)Don't sell him(!) to anyone. (9)I am now sending you your silver. (o'')Don't caus[e] trouble between us. (2-15)I myself will pay you in full for the [...] which you gave as ransom. (6-20)Because they told [m]e "Hurry"-even though I am waiting for the [ca]ravan, I will not delay. (2-23)I will come and speak with you. COMMENTS Lines 6-7-The 3f.sg. independent pronoun si in line 6 and the apparent 3m.acc. suffix in line 7 (realized as su) both refer to amilThu in line 4. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 84 181 Lines 10-11-esttu (= esitu) is also used with sakanu and aldku, as in esitu ina biritenu Id tasgakkin, "Let no trouble arise between us" (No. 75:29-30), ban.tis upraisunutimma esiti ina birTt sar mdt Elamti u sar mat AFsur ld tasakkan, "Quickly, send them to me, and don't make trouble between the king of Elam and the king of Assyria" (CT 54 580 r. 10-13), and ki ittu ld ban ti tattalku ana sarri ... umma ittu esiti tattalka, "If an unfavorable sign came, [he would say] to the king: 'A sign of trouble has come'" (ABL 1216 r. 3-4). No. 85 Letter IM 77177 12 N 200 3.7 x 5.4 x 2.3 cm 1:1.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. obv. ra-na ml[x-x-x qi-bi-ma] um-ma 'SES-u-ta S[ES-kdm] a-na ka-a-sd lu-uti [l-mu] ruml-ma-a a-na SES-id-ral-[ma] [an]-ni-ti lu-i i-rdal-[a]t 6. [a(?)-me(?)]-rlut(?)1-ti i-na URU t x-[x-x] 7. rap(!?)-tur-rak(?)-ka(?)l a-na x 8. [x x x x x x x (x)] 9. x (x) [x x x x x (x)] 10. 11. 12. 13. 10 a-na-ku x [x x x x ul] aq-bak u[m-ma x x x (x)] u-tu-l[u x x x x (x)] a-na a-ka[n-na-ka] x x (x) REVERSE 14. en-na EME-ai mit-tu Fam(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l 15. i-na Gf[R.A]N.BAR ta-ku-rus-sil 16. ina rza-qapl tan-ki-si rev. 15 17. Lf.DUMU.KIN-rkal ul am-mar 18. a fsul-lum-rgul ul ta-rsap-parl 19. ba-an-tig u-Ilum-gu mus-sil-ma 20. &up-ramdAG-rSE~E.MES-fSUM.NA 1 20 21. rLO.DUB.SAR-kal-ma 22. dAG u drAMAR.UTU1 a-na be-li-id 23. lik-ru-bu [lis-tur-ma] 24. u-lum-&a [b]e-li lu-mas-s[i-ma] 25. lis-pu-ra 25 oi.uchicago.edu 182 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR '-2)[Say] to [PN], thus says AbbUtu [your] br[other]. (3)May you be w[ell]. (4)Say to my brother: (s)[Th]is is to att[es]t that (7")I ransomed(?) [a sl]ave(?) for you(?) in the town Bit-[...]. (7b -10o)[...] to [...] I myself [...]. ('0`b 3)Did I [not] speak to you, sa[ying: "...] the good[s ... ] th[ere ... ]"? his tongue is dead. Why? ('s-6)Did you flay it with an [i]ron dagg[er], or did you cut it off while it was sticking out? (17")don't see your messenger, ~'"nor are you sending your greeting. (19-20a)Quickly! Find your greeting and send it to me. (2 0b-21 )NabQ-abbe-iddin, who is your scribe, (22-23)[let him write]: "May Nabf and Marduk bless my lord." [Then] 24-25)let my [l]ord fin[d] his greeting [and] send it to me. (4)Now COMMENTS Line 2-For the name A hhftu (here spelled with complement -ta), see Tallqvist, NBN, p. 5 sub Ah~atu. Line 5-On the meaning of anniti li idat, "This is to attest that," and its relation to idatumma, see the note to No. 12:7. Line 14-mittu is the feminine singular of the adjective mitu, "dead," and modifies li&anu, a feminine noun. mitu usually functions as a substantive (for examples of this usage, see CAD M/II, pp. 140-43 s.v.). Line 15-The form ta-ku-rus-sil seems to stand for takus, the G-stem 2m.sg. pret. of kdsu, "to flay," plus the 3f.sg. acc. suffix -si. Line 16-ina rza-qapl is understood to represent the infinitive phrase ina zaqdp, "while sticking out" (see CAD Z, pp. 53-54 sub zaqapu A le), while tan-ki-si probably stands for takkisi (< nakdsu). The third sign from the end of the line might also be DAG, which would be read here as tdk. Line 21-The enclitic affix -ma emphasizes mar siprika, "your scribe," the subject of the sentence. Lines 22-23-The greeting "May Nabu and Marduk bless my lord" occurs in practically every letter in this archive which is addressed from servant to lord. Line 23-The signs lik-ru-bu are squeezed in just below the signs a-na be-lf-id of line 22. Line 24-The position of sulumsu at the beginning of the sentence lends emphasis to the word. At the time this letter was written, the sandabakku apparently had not communicated for some time with the sender of the letter. This prompted the sender to ask, hyperbolically, if the addressee had flayed or cut off the sandabakku's tongue. The sender urged the addressee to write to his lord, apparently so that his lord would then be reminded to write to the sender. No. 86 Letter 4.0 x 7.0 x 2.5 cm 1:1.9 IM 77180 12 N 203 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. a-na mBa-la-tu qi-bi-ma 2. [u]m-ma rm dEN-BA-d t ES-kdm 3. [um-m]a-a a-na SES-id-a-ma 4. FLUl-ia, ?id ina let SE&-id oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 86 183 5. fal-du-u LO.DAM.GAR 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. obv. [a]-sap-pa-rak-ka [SE]S-t-a la i-qab-bi um-ma a-na bu-ul-lu-qu ki-i ib-ba-ku-us sES-u-a la i-kil-li-gs 5 10 ^^^.^r^^^s~ r^ ^^f g^^tr4fyqcl^^ li'-pu-ras'-um-ma LO sa-dr-ru-ti-su to lu-kin an-ni-ti 14. lu-u i-da-at ren'^^^.up ^^ir^^<^^ ^ 4^^>El'ifrd~r^^\ LOWER EDGE 15. ul-tu a-qab-bak-ka 16. TOG tah-lap-ti 10~ i~F^^w~' ^^-^ ^ 15 REVERSE 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. x-x(-x) ki-i a-na(!) EN.JLfL 1.KI at-tal-ka mi-nu-u i-qab-bu-4-nu at-ta ki-i pi-i ran-nil-i ta-qab-ba-a Fuml-ma la ta-pal-ldb 1.e. rev. 20 23. md•rTUl-eri-ba LO.MA.LAU 4 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. [itl-ti-ka a-sap-par-ma FMU LU1 sar-ru-ti-gi il-qab-bak-ka [5+1 GIN KIJ.BABBAR ta-nam-da-as-su *over erasure ren1-na LO* la im-me-rik-ka m [ E]-res [li]-bu-kas-sum-ma LFLba-bi-ta-ni &ab-tl 'A e-q 25 .'.4 I:I 30 UPPER EDGE 32. liq-ba-a U.e. ~-r tŽE=r II LEFT EDGE 33. [ 34. [ URU] Ka-par-si-nu-um-ma ] xxx ('-2Say to Balitu, [t]hus says BEl-iqiTa. ()[Sa]y to my brother: (4)(Conceming) my slave who is in my brother's charge--()[I am] now sending a merchant to you. (7-")My [broth]er must not say: "Because he is leading him away in order to allow (him) to escape, my brother must not keep him." ('"13a)Let him send him to me so that I may establish who his kidnappers were. oi.uchicago.edu 184 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR (13 b-48)This is to testify that after I was speaking to you, he(?) ... a cloak. (17 - 9 )If I had come to Nippur, what would they say to me? (22-24)Have (2- 2 1)Are you yourself saying as follows: no fear. I will send Samas-eriba, the boatman, with you; -27)he will tell you the names of his kidnappers, and you will give him five shekels of silver? (28)Now the man must not delay. 29- 32)[Let E]resu bring him here, and let him tell me (the names of) the marauders who have plundered. (•4)[...] Kaparsinummu [...]. COMMENTS Line 4-The scribe seems to have intended to write the preposition assu at the beginning of the line, because [LOl-ia, has a genitive suffix. For another problematic uses of this suffix, see No. 83:19. Line 8-The infinitive phrase ana bulluqu, which means "to allow to escape," also occurs in No. 81:25-27: amilutu ana bulluqu natantagsu,"The slave-you've allowed him to escape." Lines 13-14-On the meaning of anniti lu idat and its relation to idatumma, see the note to No. 12:7. Line 15-The use of the present-tense form here is puzzling. Line 16-tablaptiseems to stand for tahlupti, "a cloak" (AHw, p. 1302 sub tahluptu). For other examples of the shift a > u in the vicinity of a liquid, see the note to No. 119:17. Line 31-The word bdbitdnu is attested in this letter and in No. 28:7 and 17. The phrase bdbitdni babtu is understood to be an asyndetic relative clause in which the stative babti exhibits active voice and transitive force. Line 33-The toponym Kaparsinummu also occurs in No. 16:25. No. 87 Letter 5.8 x 3.7 x 2.2 cm 1:0.6 IM 77189 12 N 212 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na "AAG-Di-uS qi-bi-ma 2. um-1 mal "E-ht-ri SES-kdm rrF-r r py-^ I . F 4f 3. um-rmal-a a-na [•EE-idl-a-rmal 4. a-du-ui 1 sab-ta a-na pa-ranl-ka 5. [i]l-lak [mi-nu-mu-ul sar-ra-a 6. [&d] a-na pa-an-ka a-bu-ka-ti FTF.ffl' .: .. · 5 LOWER EDGE 7. [Kil.BABBAR i-bi-ni aq-ba-a> lo. e. rA~4 - ^ ^''I ., ... :t oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 87 185 REVERSE rev. 8. Sd Fal-bu-ka-su mi-[naml-ma 9. ra-nal l+en KUi.BABBAR rta-naml-din i f =. "'-2Sayto NabQ-Ipus, thus says Eteru your brother. (3)Say to my brother: (sa)One prisoner is now coming to you. 5 ")But what about this criminal of mine whom I (already) brought to you? (7)Please give me silver, I 9 said. ")(And) with regard to the fact that I did bring him: why are you giving silver for just one? COMMENTS Lines 4 and 6-The lack of the genitive or other case marker in the prepositional phrase ana pdnka is noteworthy. Line 5-mi-nu-mu-ui = minf + emphatic -ma (here realized as -mu) + question marker. Line 7-i-bi-ni is understood to represent ibinni, a crasis spelling of the interjection ibi and the G-stem imp. of nadanu (which can be either inni or inna in Neo-Babylonian). All attestations of the particle ibi (or bi) precede some form of the G-stem imp. of nadanu (usually inna or inni); and almost all of these attestations are found in texts from the Neo-Babylonian period (see CAD B, pp. 216-17 s.v.). Von Soden has proposed to derive binna < (h)ib (Aramaic *WHB "to give") + inna (< idna "give me") (see Or 37 [1968]: 269; and 46 [1977]: 197). No. 88 Letter 3.7 x 5.7 x 2.2 cm 1:1.6 IM 77157 12 N 180 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE (6-8 lines missing) 1'. [x x x x] x [x (x)] 2'. x x [x x x x (x)] 3'. [x x x] x [x x (x)] 4'. ul uil-[sa-t]ir-au-m[a] 5'. a-na KUR jd-ni-tlm-[ma] 6'. ul in-rnal-[bit] 7'. am-me-ni a-rnal [§ES-ia] 8'. [al-tal-[par x x x (x)] 9'. x [x x x x x (x)] (remainder of obverse destroyed) obv. oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 186 REVERSE rev. (approximately 8 lines completely destroyed) 1'. x x x x [x x (x)] 2'. rL0 sar-ru-i-tul 3'. [x x x (x)] x xx 4'. [x] x x [x x x (x)] 5'. [x (x)] sd a-rnal-[ku(?)] 6'. [ap(?)]-tu-rraml-ma 7'. [x x] FNUMUNI x [(x)] 8'. [x x] x (x) [x (x)] (remainder of reverse destroyed) not make him [chan]ge allegiance, an[d] he did not fl[ee] to anoth[er] land. ('-B)Why whom [I(?) my]self(?) [ran]somed did I wri[te] to [my brother]? (b'- ')[...] (2')the criminals (3-4')[...] (5-')[..] ('-3)[. (4'-6) I did [...]. COMMENTS Line 4-For this sense of subjuru, see CAD S, p. 4 8 sub saadru 8d. Line 5-The sign TOM is also used with the syllabic value trm in the word i-da-thm-ma in No. 24:4. No. 89 IM 77122 12 N 145 Letter + exercise in measures 4.0 x 8.9 x 2.8 cm 1:2.4 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. a-na mKi-rib-tu qi-bi-ma um-ma mKi-na-a ES-kdm a-na k-a-a6d lu-u sul-mu um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 5. ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 6. a-na SEA-ia aq-bi 7. um-ma LO.TUR.MES dul-lu 8. ina pa-ni-ka li-pu-us 9. t mim-mu-iU LO.ARAD.A.GAL. ME§1 K-nu-ti 10. ir-ri-nsu-u-ka in-na-d-s 11. am-me-ni ul-tu a-na KUR LW Kal-da oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 89 187 12. al-li-ka a-di-kan-na dul-lu 13. ul ta-mur i mam-ma ina pa-an 14. LO.ARAD.I.GAL.MES ia-a >-nu-um-rmal 15. GIS.FiR1.MES obv. 5 gis-tal-li 16. GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GI s i-i-pi 17. a GIS.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-d-asj l 18. dul-lu-su-nu musg-ur 19. it-ti-bi be-li-a-ni 20. ki-i il-li-ka 21. mi-na-a ni-qab-bi 22. en-na ki-i na-kut-ti 23. ds-pu-rak-ka u4-mu tup-pi ta-mur 24. nu-bat-ta la ta-ba-a-ti 25. a-lik-ma t.MES ina pa-ni-ka 26. lu-u-sa-lil a-na-ku ja-an-tis 27. a-na pa-ni-ka al-la-ka A4, 10 MF 15 O ~~F~ Tf f Ijft~i~f qr:-3 f 20 25 REVERSE rev. (school exercise in measures) ft fr* fr^ ('-2)Say to Kiribtu, thus says Kina your brother. (')May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (-)Did I not say as follows to my brother: 78)"The servants should work under your supervision; (9-~)and whatever the builders request of you, give (it) to them"? (11-13a)Why have you not supervised the work from the time I came to Chaldea until now? (13 -14)And (inasmuch as) there is absolutely no one in charge of the builders, (15-7)no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon. (")Their work has been abandoned. (19 20)He's gotten under way-our lord. When he has come, (21)what will we say? (22-23")Now I have written to you in urgency. (2 3• '4)When you see my letter do not delay even overnight. (25- 26a)Go, or I will have to roof the buildings in front of you. (26 -2 7)Right away I myself will come to you. COMMENTS Line 9-For examples of the use of mimmu in relative constructions, see CAD M/II, p. 83 s.v. mng. 2d. LO.ARAD.I.GAL = aradekalli, "builder," for which see Oppenheim, ArOr 17/2 (1949): 235 and n. 17; also Dandamayev, Or 55 (1986): 467. Line 14--ydnumma is emphatic and supplies the implicit subject "no one" for the verb in the following clause. ydnumma also occurs in ABL 1255 r. 5. Line 17-The form i-nam-din-da-r~iil should perhaps be emended to i-nam-din-a-rsudl<-nu-tu>. Line 19-The form it-ti-bi is understood to represent the 3m.sg. G-stem perf. of teba in the sense "to get under way" (cf. AHw, pp. 1342-43 sub teba(m) G7). Compare the form et-ti-bi in No. 55:6. In the Neo-Babylonian letters from Kuyunjik, be-li-a-ni and EN-a-ni are commonly attested nominative forms of belu + Ic.pl. gen. suffix (see Ylvisaker, Grammatik, p. 25). The form is analogous to nom.-acc. be-lf-a, which occurs passim in the Harper corpus. For Neo-Assyrian, see K. Deller and S. Parpola, "Neuassyrisch 'unser Herr' = bilini nicht *bjlni," Or 35 (1966): 121-22. Reverse-The reverse is inscribed with measures of volume that ascend incrementally from one situ to one kurru. Inasmuch as these measures constitute a scribal exercise, should the letter on the obverse also be viewed as an exercise? oi.uchicago.edu 188 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 90 Letter 3.8 x 7.0 x 2.6 cm 1:2.0 IM 77182 12 N 205 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. [a-n]a "dEN-APIN-es qi-bi-[mal obv. 2. fuml-ma ""EN-SES-ir SES-kdm 3. a-na ka-a-sd a-na sul-mu 4. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 5. 6. 7. 8. dg-gi mKi-rib-tui satas-pur ul a-sib a-na ID Pu-rat-ti [i]t-tal-ka a-du-d [mlEri-ba a-na pa-an SES-ia 9. [all-tap-ra ba-an-tig 10. li-ih-hi-si dul-la-a 11. mus-sur asg-g SE.BAR 12. gid ta-pur 10 GUR SE.BAR 13. a-na m SES-SUM.NA 5 5 y T Al 10 15 14. at-ta-dinl u a-na 15. ["L]a-Fqil-pi aq-ta-bi REVERSE rev. 16. [um]-rmal 20 SE.BAR lum-rzurl 17. si-it-ti SE.BAR-gI 18. ina let mZa-kir 19. rdsl-ld r1El.GI.t sad tas-pur 20. [x] x SE.GIS.1 LO.TUR.MES 21. rini-da-bar-u-ni 22. am-me-ni re-es 23. UN.MES 20 ul ta-na-as-su 24. rull a-na-ku-u aq-bak-ka 25. ruml-ma re-es 26. UN.MES t i-ju a-di 27. a-na-ku al-la-ka P--r 25 )F^pUl ^lf4<i (-2)Say [t]o B61-eres, thus says Bdl-nasir your brother. (3)May you be well. (4)Say to my brother: (S)Concerning Kiribtu about whom you wrote(6-7a)he is not here; he has [c]ome to the Euphrates. ("b'a)Now I have sent Eriba to my brother. (9"b-)Lethim return quickly. My work lies abandoned. (lb-1 4a)Conceming the wheat about which you wrote-I have given ten kor of wheat to Aha-iddin, (145)and to [L]5qipu I spoke, ('6 )[say]ing: "Let me receive twenty (kor of) wheat (from you)." (7-'S)The rest of his wheat is in Zakir's charge. ('9)Concerning the sesame about which you wrote--(2-2 1)the agents received from me [n amount of] sesame. (22-23)Why aren't you paying attention to the household dependents? (2 27)Didn't I myself tell you: "Pay attention to the household dependents until I come in person"? oi.uchicago.edu 189 TEXT NO. 90 COMMENTS Line 3-ana sulmu is obviously a mistake for lua ulmu. Lines 22-27-For the idiom resa na&l2, "to pay attention," see CAD N/II, p. 108 sub naSi A 6 redu d. For niis biti, "household dependents," see CAD N/II, pp. 287-88 sub ni&iu 3a. No. 91 IM 77082 12 N 105 Letter 4.3 x 7.2 x 2.6 cm 1:1.8 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERS E 1. a-na mSUM.NA-a qi-bi-fmal 2. um-ma mId-di-ia SES-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma 4. GU4.MES id ina pa-ni-id 5. tu-mas-sir GU4 bi-ri 6. a-[dil-kan-na ul i-fir 7. GU4 at-tu-u-a 8. ku-tal ni-ri-gs 9. al GU 4 rit-ta 10. it-ta-rsil-iz-zu 11. GU4 rit-ta 12. ab-kdm-ma e-re-su 13. ni-ris LU.G(.EN.NA 14. um-ma up-ras-rFum-mal obv. 5 ir^^^c^^^T iWt^^> Bp^ ^^}~fW^ D^Q 10 10 rrJSt-^^ ti^ar ^;F ^^^^[^CL~- ^a»=f^^A^ REVERSE 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. lil-li-kdm-m[a] qaq-qar kas-da-ds-[st•] la tam-me-r[i]k-ka fal-kdml-ma qaq-qar rsal-bat rev. 15 · ~Q·-r~rev.~ j^^t^ ^npF (-2)Say to Nadni, thus says Iddiya your brother. 3)Say to my brother: (4)(About) the oxen which you let me have: the breeding bull until now has not been well. (7-'OMy own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plow- ox are (also) halt. ("'"')Bring me a plow-ox so that we can cultivate. ('•b- 6) The sandabakku is saying, "Send him a message that he should come, an[d] a plot will be gotten hold of for h[im]." (")Don't del[a]y. ('•-9)Come and seize the plot. oi.uchicago.edu 190 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COMMENTS Lines 4-5-In Neo-Babylonian, the expression ina pdni X mussuru means "to cede, entrust, let have" (see AHw, p. 1486 sub wadsrum lie). Line 6-For the meaning of eseru, "to thrive, prosper, be all right," see CAD E, pp. 354-55 s.v. mng. 2a-c. Lines 9 and 11-Von Soden tentatively translated alap ritti as "ein Pflugrind?" (AHw, p. 990 sub rittu(m) A 9). His translation seems to fit the present context as well, which shows that such oxen were indeed used in cultivation. For other attestations in Middle Babylonian and early Neo-Babylonian texts, see BE 14 41:1; 123:1; Peiser, Urkunden, 96:5' (alap ritti); and BBSt no. 9 iii 18; iv A 12 (alpf/u sa ritti). See also No. 60:11-12 (alpu ... sa ina ritti). Line 16-The meaning of the phrase qaqqar(a)kagddu is probably similar to the meaning of eqla kagddu, "to get hold of a plot," in BBSt no. 3 i 27-28: ana abbifti ana Takil-an[a-ilisu] ld qerbf eqla ld kuldu su[nu], "They have not approached Takil-ana-iliSu about a brotherhood relationship, nor have they gotten hold of a plot" (cf. CAD K, p. 280 sub kaiddu 2h). Lines 18-19-Other occurrences in Neo-Babylonian texts of the phrase qaqqar(a) sabdtu, "to seize a plot," include ABL 540:3-4: enna ammini iltin qaqqar tasbatmaina Nippur tigib, "Now why did you seize even a single plot and then reside in Nippur?"; and Pohl, AnOr 9 1:4 and 97: 1 ME 50.AM qaqqaru sabtu(ma), "They have seized plots of 150 (cubits of canal frontage) each." The expression qaqqar(a) sabdtu parallels the older eqla sabdtu, which is especially well attested in Old Babylonian texts (see CAD S, pp. 14-15 sub sabdtu 3d). The land tenure system of mid-eighth-century B.c. Nippur is partially illuminated by the final lines of this letter, in which it is indicated that the sandabakku made grants of unreclaimed land to his allies and clients. Such was the practice also of local rulers in lower Iraq during the early Islamic period, who made donations of unreclaimed lands to their followers in order to reward or secure their loyalty (see Morony in Khalidi, ed., Land Tenure, pp. 210-17). No. 92 Letter 4.8 x 10.0 x 3.6 cm 1:2.2 IM 77096 12 N 119 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. ral-[na mx-x-x(-x) qf-bi-ma] 2. ruml-[ma mx-x-x(-x) ES-kdm] 3. a-rnal k[a-a-~d lu-ai Sul-mu] 4. um-ma-ral [a-na SES-ia-a-ma] 5. GIS.APIN.rMES [1 GU4.MES] 6. id LO.ENGAR.MES a-di(?)1 [x]-x-fkal oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 92 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 191 gab-bi a-na KIN Lbe-lf-i-nul a-bu-uk-ma Si-il-[bu] sd be-l1-i-nu s ina KA-TFil pi-si-ir-ti lup-sur LO.ENGAR.ME sd Si-i-bu um-ma kur-ban-nu si-i-bu(!) ma->a-da ki-i la pa-ds-ra T·I T. 18. GIS.APIN.MES 15^^.r~~ ^ i'r s^L~ fe- ' 1 t> ]^ = c^ y; ^ luS4^ ^ ^ " · rev. 4PM¶ *K 20 3.VlyS^ u. e.ir&IWbf Pr=^ ^Ml^e~4 ^T^-,& ^n~ff 25. ina pa-ni-ka dul-la-ka 25 35~ ^tC- r dE'f"i^^^ ff^ p "* e'p4JQ'^'-^K^ er^V?^^ o^-^ M 30 UPPER EDGE 37. ra-bu-u-tu su-[nu] 38. ina muf-bi-i-[nu] t]o [PN], [thus says PN, your brother. (3)May] you [be well]. (4)Say [to my brother]: (s-'O)Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter. ('-3)The cultivators of the farm are (1-2)[Say .~·e~ rTT·r J ·I:"''1;I~P:i'' · ^^: ~jo I *pn~~pr 15 ia te-ep-pu-us mal-a -da lu-a ba-na a-nal pa-an TrI.8U dul-la-ka gab-bi a-na qi-qar lu-u gd-kin u mim-mu-u td-e-mu sak-na-a-ti gab-bi lu-sam-bi-i-ri te-ku-ut-ka ul mur-ri-rat sd a-na sak-ni-ka um-ma ul be-ra-ka ba-ru 3i be-li-i-nu u-ba-sd-pb[u] ....r. 10Wt 1 0" 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. E kA :t d pi-i be-ll-i-nu REVERSE 19. a l -na SES-ia ds-pu-ra 20. a at-tu-u-ka 21. dul-la-ka am-mar 22. la ta-qab-bi um-ma 23. man-nu dul-lu li-pu-us 24. 3 ME tRIN.MES e-rpisl dul-lu t04. . ^rtr 4^~· f· ^'^' 'c 16. en-na ki-i na-kut-ti di-st . kP. E, 15. ul ta-a-bu a-na e-re-si 17. \4' *~r · oi.uchicago.edu 192 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR saying, "The clods of the farm are numerous; ('4-5)if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting." ('' 9)Now in urgency I have written to my brother concerning the plows that were ordered by our lord. •(22')And will I see your work? (22 23 )You mustn't say: "Who will do the work?" (24-"')Three hundred laborers are at your disposal. (2S-27a)There is a great deal of work for you to do. Let it be good. (271' 29)Before the beginning of the month of Duufizu, let all your labor be allocated to the land. (3 j-32)And you make all kinds of reports-Should I treat them all the same way? (32 -33a)Your complaint isn't (even) being looked into. 3 b-34)(And) about what you are saying to your Saknu-official: (35a")" am not a digger." (3 b-36)Our lord's diggers are bringing starvat[ion]. (37-38)Are th[ey] the chiefs over [us]? COMMENTS Lines 8, 11, and 13-&ibu seems to signify "farm" or "farmstead" (see AHw, p. 1232 sub Yihu IV). The term also occurs in No. 93 (line 11), a letter that closely resembles this one in shape, script, and topic. Line 10-This seems to be a unique attestation of the cognate expression pisirtapasdru. When said of land, pad&ru by itself means "to loosen" or "to break up" soil (see AHw, p. 842 sub pasaru(m) G 1). Line 27-banais a graphic variant of bani, the 3m.sg. stative of bana (see also No. 46:19 and 22). Line 29-The graph qf-qar is understood to represent qaqqaru.The writing, however, may also be interpreted as representing the logogram KI.GAR. If so, KI.GAR would be a variant either of KI.GAL (= kik/gallt), "barren, fallow land" (see, e.g., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., p. 37:36 [= Lyon, Keilschrifttexte Sargon's, p. 6:36]) or of KI.KAL (apitu), "inarable land" (see, e.g., MDP 10 pl. 11 i 4). Line 32-On the meaning ofS umhuru,"to treat in the same way," see CAD M/I, p. 70 sub mabdru 10g. Line 33-murriratseems to represent murrurat.For the meaning of murruru "to examine, scrutinize closely," see AHw, p. 609 sub mardru(m) I D 3. Line 35-ba-ru is understood here to represent the plural of bdrd, "digger," a word that is spelled fLO1ta-re-e in No. 93:27. Line 36-According to the dictionaries, bussujzu means "to deprive" or "to bring into want" (see CAD j, p. 136 sub badabu 4 and AHw, p. 333 sub basdbu(m) D). The meaning "to bring starvation" also fits the contexts in which the verb occurs. No. 93 Letter 4.7 x 9.7 x 3.2 cm 1:2.1 IM 77187 12 N 210 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. faR-ka d"EN-APIN-e-l 2. Fal-na di-n[a-an b]e-lf-rial 3. lul-lik bdAG u dAMAR.UTU1 4. fa-nal be-li-ia Flik-ru-bul oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 93 193 obv. 5. rum-ma-al a-na be-rl(-ia-a-mal 6 frmr"'lMrrI-ial lil-li-k-m-ma 7. SE.NUMUN a-na LI.ENGAR.MES 8. lid-din ul(!)-tu UD.I.rKAMI id ITI.APIN GIS.APIN.MES 9. 10. 9d be-lf-ia il-flakl 11. 70 ftRIN.UI.A L01 si-i-b[u] 12. sd rbe-lf-ia u-tir a' 13. FLUOl.S.SA.rDU.MES URUl 14. gab-bi e-re-es-rsu-nu' 15. [uql-ta-at-tuu-[l 16. [x x] Sl x [x (x)] 10 15 REVERSE rev. 17. 18. 19. 20. FrE.NUMUN I1 DI ki(!)(text: NI)-i na-kut-ti(!) (x) fu 4 i-mu tup-pi be-lf ril-mu-ru 'NUMUN-ia 21. nu-bat-ta [lal i-ba-ti 22. lil-li-kdm-ma 23. SE.NUMUN a-na LO.ENGAR.MES -·^',^ -, f -." 1~ 4 20 ~-; Ti V + ~iP$~Ef Z.( A ' 4 t 24. lid-din W1rSE.BAR 25. ra-nal LO.SIMxGAR.MESýA 26. 27. 28. 29. flid-dinl-ma KAS.SAG frd LO1 ta-re-e [9d be]-[lfl-ia lib-lul [ki-i] i-mas-su-rAUl 25 " ^. '-- 30. [a-na be]-lf-i[a] 31. [a]l-tap-[ra] ^ 30 (')Your servant Bl-ere. (2-4)I would gladly die for my lord. May NabQ and Marduk bless my lord. ()Say to 8-O)After the first day of Arabsamnu, my lord: (")Let Zeriya come and give seed to the cultivators. (~ the 1 )My lord's farm-manager has (already) returned seventy workers; and all the plows of my lord will go. "2 city's neighbors have completed their planting. (1"17)[...] seed [...]. ()It is urgent! (19)When my lord has 22 24 seen my tablet, ZEriya must not stay the night. ( - a)Let him come and give seed to the cultivators. (241-28)Also, oi.uchicago.edu 194 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR let him give wheat to the brewers that they(!) may brew beer for the diggers [of] my [lo]rd. 29"")[When] I found out I wro[te to] m[y lo]rd. COMMENTS Line 11-The logogram tRIN was most frequently pluralized by UI.A in the letters and economic texts from Kassite Nippur (see CAD S, p. 49 sub sabu fl') and by MES in Neo-Babylonian documents (CAD S, pp. 52-54 sub sabu ml', 3' and ol'). The use of UI.A in our text (if the correct reading) indicates that by the mid-eighth century MES had not yet completely replaced UI.A. sifu seems to signify "farm" or "farmstead" (see AHw, p. 1232 sub Sibu IV). The term also occurs in No. 92 (lines 8, 11, and 13), a letter that closely resembles this one in shape and script, and also in the subject matter that it addresses. LUO Whu, which is unattested elsewhere, is here translated "farm-manager" based on the context. The term is probably equivalent to sa ifbi, which occurs in BRM 1 17:7 (probably to be dated to 739 B.c.). Line 13-The Akkadian equivalent of the logogram LO.OS.SA.DU is ita, which in early Neo-Babylonian has a plural form itdan (BE 1 83 r. 9 [1100 B.c.]) and which in Neo-Babylonian exhibits the plural iti (see AHw, p. 407 sub ita(m) B; cf. CAD I/J, p. 316 sub itM B). Lines 24-28-A beer brewed from wheat (ut.tatu) is also mentioned in RAcc. 75:3 and 10, and in VAS 6 85:4. With regard to the use of wheat in the brewing of ancient Mesopotamian beer, it may be interesting for the reader to compare how the Nubians of modem Egypt prepare the type of beer which they call bouza. According to A. Lucas, A good quality of wheat is taken; the dirt and foreign material are picked out and the wheat is ground coarsely .... Three-quarters of the ground wheat are put into a large wooden basin or trough and kneaded with water into a dough, yeast being added .... The dough is made into thick loaves [~ Akk. bappir'?],which are baked, though only lightly, so as not to destroy the enzymes or to kill the yeast .... The remaining quarter of the wheat is moistened with water and exposed to the air for some time, after which, while it is still moist, it is crushed .... The loaves are broken up and put into a vessel with water and the crushed moist wheat added: the mixture ferments on account of the yeast present in the bread, though in order to induce a quicker fermentation a little old bouza from a previous brewing is often added .... After fermentation, the mixture is passed through a hair sieve, the solid material being pressed well on the sieve with the hands (Ancient Egyptian Materialsand Industries, p. 11). No. 94 Letter 3.9 x 7.3 x 2.6 cm 1:2.0 IM 77124 12 N 147 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. IR-ka E mIlm-rdi-bil 2. a-na rdi-na-an be-ll-ial 3. lul-lik rdAG1 a dAMAR.UTU 4. a-na be-lf-rial lik-frul-bu oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 94 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 195 obv. um-ma-a a-na be-lf-ia-a-ma dg-ga iGIý.BAL-gal.MES sd be-if is-pur 3 ME GIS.KAK.rMES• sa ral-na SA t.GAL.MES Fal-na be-lf-ia rull-te-bi-li rt15 FME GIS.KAK1.MES 11. [sd(?)] rt kut-al-bi t a-di-is-su-d 12. ra-nal LU.EN.NAM sid URU 1 x(-x)-DIN(?) 10 13. rull-te-bi-li a-du-u 14. LU.TUR.MES ral-na t LO Sag-gi-bu-ti 15. 16. 17. 18. [all-tap-ra ma-la(!) [s]i-rbul-u-ti d be-lf-ia [sd is-p]ur u GIS.KAK.MES [a-na be-li-i]a u-rgeb-bill REVERSE 19. [en-na i-n]a lib-bi rrI.A[PIN] 20. [ANSE].rKURl.RA.rMES gab-bil 21. [O.UI.A] FrE.BAR 1 ik-kal rNUMUNI 15 rev. 20 26. lik-tab-bi-si GU4 .NINDA.MES 27. ul-tu lib-bi rAB(!?).GU,.UI.A 4 1 28. r150+1 GIS.APIN.rMES be-lf 29. rlil-is-bat-am-rma al-di la 30. qaq-qar il-la-fa > lu-tir(?)-ram(!?)l-ma 31. ina muh-izi-su-nu se-sek lu-rtu kun(?)l 32. FGU 41.MES ni-ri se-e ul rikl-[kal] .. r JlATrr^ip^rWA " 22. [ni]-rirl-ri-su-rul 23. ra-di U,1.UDU.UI.A sd be-li-rial 24. i-na Fral-am-ra O.UI.A SE.rBARI 25. ik-kal be-fi i-te se-sek mu-ut-ti -·^ i^ f^'w ^ 30^-^A^-^wT^^. 30 35 .41Fc= ?^ ^~i ^^^^^ a i::^;; Nr -' * *W rr.Ly-:;:'.- n. t***..· : , 33. [x x] O.JI.A SE.BAR U SE(?) GU(?) LA(?) 34. [x (x)] x TI a-du-fur u.e. ^ ^ t^ ^ v-. 35. a-fnal [pa]-an LU.SIPA.rMES(?)1 36. rtdl-[e-m]u be-li lis-rkun-mal UPPER EDGE 37. ANS[E.KUR.RA.ME] X X [X] 38. IR X [X X] Su(?) X [X] (')Your servant Imdibi. (4)I would gladly die for my lord. May Nabfi and Marduk bless my lord. (')Say to my lord: (&7)Conceming the ballukku(?)-wood about which my lord wrote--'b9)three hundred pegs, which are for the palace buildings, I have sent to my lord; (10- 3 a)and five hundred pegs, [which] (are for) the bit kutdji (and) bit adiggt, I have sent to the governor of the t[own ... ]din(?). (13-'15)I have now dispatched agents to Bit-SangibUti. (~"b--)Every single one of my lord's [de]sires [about which] he has [writt]en-even the pegs-I am sending [to] my [lord]. oi.uchicago.edu 196 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR -21a)[Now i]n Arab[samnu], all the [ho]rses will be grazing on the [stubble] of the wheat. (2 1"'4 ')Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat? (25b26)Let my lord keep contracting(?) the boundaries of the facing scrubland(?). ( 26 -29a)Let my lord take the young bulls from the cows (and also) one hundred and fifty(+) plows; and 29"")before the holding is lost to us, let me retur(? it to cultivation?), or (3 1)let it be assigned(?) as scrubland(?) for their use. ( 32 Oxen in the yoke do not e[at] grain. (33-3a)[...] wheat stubble [...]. (- 36)Now let my lord issue an or[de]r t[o] the shepherds(?), and (37-3)[...] the ho[rses(?)] ... (broken). ( 9 COMMENTS Line 1-The linguistic affiliation of the personal name Imdibi (if read correctly) is uncertain. Line 6-The writing FGIS.BAL-gal.MES perhaps represents ballugga, a variant of ballukku, which was a type of imported wood. The tree from which the wood came also produced a resinous substance that was used in perfumes, medicines, and ritual fumigations (see CAD B, pp. 64-65 s.v.). The term is spelled syllabically as ba-lu-ga in CT 29 13:8, an Old Babylonian letter. However, other attestations of the logographic writing of the term exhibit neither the phonetic complement nor the plural marker shown by our form. Line 11-The functions of the two buildings or institutions called here bit kutdati (less plausibly bit qutdli, tardbi, Sildbi, or jbaidhi) and bit adiali are unknown. According to the CAD, kutdbu signifies a type of lance (see vol. K, p. 603 sub kutdau). And Landsberger suggested that i ku-ta-bu AN.BAR (which occurs in ABL 1077:6) means "an iron case for lances" (see Date Palm, p. 31). adigSti, on the other hand, should perhaps be identified with adi&&u (the Neo-Babylonian spelling of atdaiu), a plant that had medicinal and ritual uses similar to those of ballukku (see CAD A/II, pp. 480-81 sub atdriu). Line 12-According to the bilingual lexical texts published in this volume, the colloquial Babylonian equivalent of LU.EN.NAM was bil pabas (see the note to No. 119:5). Until these texts were uncovered, it was presumed that the Babylonian reading of LO.EN.NAM at this time was bil pTiati. The use of the term to designate a province governor, other than in Assyria, seems to have been quite rare before 600 B.c. The usual title for province governor at this time in Babylonia was sakin timi (other than in provinces governed by old cities such as Nippur and Ur). The fragmentary condition of the tablet unfortunately prohibits the identification of the toponym at the end of the line. Line 14-Bit-Sangibfti was situated in the Zagros highlands, perhaps somewhere between Hamadin and Khorramabid. It is mentioned in Assyrian sources in association with Guti, Namri, Bit-Uamb•n, Bit-Abdadini, Uarhar, and Ellipi (see Parpola, NAT, p. 303). J. Reade (most often following Herzfeld) has located Guti in northern Lfiristfin, Namri in the Mahi Dasht (west of Kerminshih), Bit-Hambin around Bisittn, Bit-Abdadani near or north of Hamadan, Uarbar near NahWvand or Malhyer, and Ellipi somewhere in Liristin (see Iran 16 [1978]: 138-43). Reverse-The month of Arabsamnu (mr.APIN) corresponds to October/November in the Julian calendar. This is the month when the farmers of southern Iraq have traditionally started preparing their fields to plant their winter crops of barley and wheat (see, e.g., Poyck, Farm Studies, pp. 42 and 45). The sender of the present letter expressed his concern that he and his men would not be able to begin cultivating the fields of their lord in the month Arabsamnu, because the flock of their lord would be grazing on them at that time. He stated that their feed would be O.Ir.A SE.BAR (= Sammi uttati, literally "herbage of wheat"), a term that must have referred to the stubble of the wheat that remained in the fields from harvest time in April/May to planting time in October/November. (Even today such stubble is the main source of feed for livestock in southern Iraq during this summer season; see Poyck, Farm Studies, p. 52.) oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 94 197 The letter's sender also expressed the concern that this grazing would take place in an area called bamru, a term which typically included topographical features called tamirtus, which were probably the areas between the intersecting lines of contemporary and abandoned river and canal levees. These intersecting lines formed basins that would have been inundated during the process of irrigating the backslopes adjoining them. These basins received regular inundations and even contained areas of standing water, as may be seen by the existence in at least some of them of causeways, fords, and fish (for evidence and more discussion, see Cole, JNES 53 [1994]: 81-109). The terms tamirtu and bamru occurred together in construct, in the formation tamirti hamri in Middle Babylonian, and tamirat bamar in Neo-Babylonian (see, e.g., BE 17 39:9-14, VAS 3 105:3, VAS 3 121:2, and YOS 6 40:13 [read GARIM not AMBAR], cited in CAD G, "Additions and Corrections to Volume 6 ())," p. 152 sub bamru C, and in AHw, p. 318 sub bamru(m) 3). Thus, hamru appears to have been a riverine area that received regular and abundant inundations of water. In northern Mesopotamia, the term was used to designate a precinct that was sacred to Adad, the god of storms, one of whose principal epithets was "supervisor of irrigation of heaven and earth" (gugal same u erseti) (see CAD U, p. 70 sub bamru A; AHw, p. 318 sub bamru(m) 1-2; Tallqvist, Gotterepitheta, pp. 73-74). Finally, it is interesting to note that in Iraq today, landowners sell the right to graze flocks on such irrigated lands at the highest possible price (see Poyck, Farm Studies, p. 52). Of course, land supplied by an abundance of water provided not only the best grazing for flocks, but it also had the potential to produce an abundance of crops where it was not permanently waterlogged or oversalinized. Therefore, the sender of this letter (and here the text becomes quite difficult) seems to have suggested that his lord adjust the boundary between this irrigated area and the scrubland, and that he (the sender) be permitted to use 150 young bulls to plow it, and in this manner return it to cultivation. If not, prime agricultural land would be given over permanently to scrub that was good only for grazing. The sender then apparently concluded his letter with the suggestion that his lord issue an order to the shepherds to move the animals from the area to be cultivated. It is admitted that this interpretation is tentative, because it is not known precisely what se-sek (st. constr. of sesseku?) means. "Scrubland" is a guess based on the context. Line 26-liktabbisi is perhaps the Dtn precative of kabasu, a verb that has the meaning "to become contracted" in the G-stem (see AHw, p. 443 sub kap/bds/su(m) II). In Neo-Babylonian, the D-stem precative usually has the preformative lu-, not li-. Line 30-ela seems to have the meaning "to forfeit" in this context (see CAD E, pp. 124-25 s.v. 3b2'). This sense is usually expressed by the G- or Gt-stem + ina + object to be forfeited. Here, however, the object to be forfeited, qaqqar, is the subject of illd--"the land will be lost to us(= ventive)" (lit. "the land will go up"). oi.uchicago.edu 198 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 95 Letter IM 77172 12 N 195 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 cm 1:2.0 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na mBe-lf-APIN qt-bi-ma 2. um-ma mdE-a-DO-u SES-k[dm] 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma ^rký-tT4Nt4v rrf 4. ki-i ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES 5. 6. 7. 8. sd i-di ta-ta-mar SE.BAR i-sam-ma al-ka ul i-na mah-ri-i td-e-mu ds-kun-gu 5 9. um-ma ma-ma-la SUKU.JI.A 10. id [ORIN.MES-ial SE.BAR 11. x x ra(?)1 x x it-tu f h^r~h WPýAr f^t4fpff 5r~ 10 12. [u]-rbi-lil 13. en-na te-ku-ti-tul 14. la ta-sak-kan 15. SE.BAR-a la ta-se-[lu] 1 "i~, ' ^ '' A~·''"'-'^;' ^ *^*^ w~· r.· ,··I ~~ REVERSE rev. 16. [en(?)-na(?)] rmdEN-bal-ni ·iv c'^^P'^r tr W 17. [a-na] rLO(?) na-gil-r[i(?)] 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. rFupl-ra-ds-sum-m[a] si-ip-nu fitl-ti LUO.TURI.[ME§] rlil-is-Fpul-un GU4.MES LUO.ENGAR1.MES ki-i ds-pu-ru i-na t mNa-td-ri i-sap-pa-nu a i *^pyl?^ '.j:·-~ a ," ·1^~A4 riel 20 20 9f4f~N ^t;^lff: <^r ^<^^r ^^r'wr^ w MK *^1»>wr .^·~·' ^'? · to Bel-eres, thus says Ea-ipus y[our] brother. ()Say to my brother: (4-~If you see camels for hire, (6)fetch the wheat and come. (7-)Didn't I previously instruct you, (9'2)saying: "S[e]nd me each and every bit of ('-2)Say my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]"? (~''4)Nowdon't complain. (')Don't be negli[gent] about my wheat. (16- 8)[Now(?)] dispatch Bel-bini [to] the hera[ld](?), an[d] (9- 20a)let him do flattening work with the servan[ts]. (20 -21)When I have sent the oxen and the farmers, (22-23)they will flatten in the House of Niteru. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 95 199 COMMENTS Line 7-For the adverbial expression ina mabrt, "previously, formerly, earlier," see CAD M/I, p. 113 sub mabrf adv. lb. Line 9-ma-ma-la is understood to represent mammala, which is probably connected with the adverb malmala, "each one" (see CAD M/I, p. 170 s.v.). Its formation from the combination of mala + mala is analogous to that which is evident in words such as dandannu, "almighty" (< dannu, "strong" + dannu) or babbana, "fine quality" (< bandI, "good quality" + bani). Lines 19-23-In Neo-Babylonian administrative texts, the verb sapanu, "to flatten," refers to one of the processes used to prepare fields for the cultivation of sesame (samassammd). AHw translates sapdnu "to flatten a sesame field for sowing" (p. 1025 sub sapdnu(m) G1), while CAD translates it "to sow linseed [sesame]" and "to sow (a field) with linseed [sesame]" (vol. S, p. 160 s.v.). Both dictionaries cite Kraus, JAOS 88 (1968): 116. The noun sipnu, which obviously derives from sapdnu, is otherwise unattested. (CAD cites two Old Babylonian attestations sub sipnu, but these refer rather to zibnu, a reed mat.) The expression sipna sapdnu has been translated "to do the flattening work" based on the meaning of the root and the context. According to lines 20-23, the action denoted by the verb sapdnu required both oxen and farmers to perform it. Line 22---Na-td-ri is understood to represent the Arabic PN Ndzir (< *NZR "to look"). It is less likely that it derives from the Aramaic cognate, which is manifested as *NSR in the roughly contemporary Old Aramaic inscriptions from Sfire and Nrab and as *NTR beginning only in post-Old Aramaic texts (see, e.g., Moscati et al., eds., Comparative Grammar,p. 29). Since in the present corpus of texts t is sometimes used to represent the fricative lateral / S/ (as in Tam-mes for Sames), it may also be the case that t was used to represent /z /. Also, the pronunciation of the sound conventionally transcribed / z / is described by the ancient grammarians as a voiced "emphatic" interdental, but at one point it must have been voiceless (as it still is in some Yemeni dialects) just as in Aramaic and Hebrew. An almost identical name also occurs in the witness list of a legal text from Nippur, which is dated to V-29-664 B.C. (NBC 6142:13; cited by Brinkman, Prelude to Empire, pp. 12-13 n. 46). The man who bears this name (spelled there "Na-te-ru) is identified as a member of the Ru'ua tribe of Arameans. In the text, Bit-mNdteri may refer to the holdings of a West Semitic clan of this name who resided for at least a portion of the year within the larger area ruled by the sandabakku. It is interesting to note that a clan bearing the almost identical name bnw Ntr is found in a Lihyynic inscription from northwestern Arabia (see Harding, Pre-IslamicArabian Names, p. 591). oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 200 No. 96 IM 77176 12 N 199 Letter 4.6 x 8.5 x 2.7 cm 1:2.0 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE Fal-na mAMAR.rUTU1-LUGAL-[a-ni] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. rqPl-bi-ma um-m[a] "ml-ku-nil-iaT8l1-[kdm] a-na ka-a-sad lul-d 5u[l-mu] um-ma-a a-na ESS-ia-a-rmal 4?-IGlGIS.SE.UAR SES•-a-a ris-pul-ra a-du*-u 10 GUR *over erasure sd [x].x.MES GIS.SE.UAR bab-ba-nu-u 9. a-na [SES 1-ia ul-te-bi-lu 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. ki-i ds-mu-u um-ma AN.BAR &d SEA-ia i-ba-ds-su 10 &d 1 MA.NA KI.BABBAR SES-u-a rlul-ge-bi-lu rkil-i KU.BABBAR 1 SIG.UI.A a-na SES-ia Fludl-din a ki-i qaq-qar [SES]-rt-al se-bu-a 15 REVERSE rev. 17. [n G]U 4.MES U 180 rLOu.ENGAR.ME[s] 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. rsai1 ES-ia lil-lik-i-nu let rrr w ^#t44Agz ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-au la rtal-qab-bi um-ma i-na td-mi-ia ul al-<li->ka-ak-ku-u 23. ren*-na*l ki*-i 20 f[LI.ENGAR.MES 20 *over erasure 24. la i-ba-s-su-u s d ul-tu 25. LU A-ram il-li-ku-nim-ma 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. i-na EN.LfL.KI ma-ra-a-ril i-de-ku-i ki-[i na-kut]-ti a-na SES-ia a[l-tap-ra] rGABA 1.RI tup-[pi-ia lu-mur] (erased) 25 30 LEFT EDGE (erased) : oi.uchicago.edu 201 TEXT NO. 96 ~-3)Say to Marduk-sarr[ini], thu[s] says Ikiniya [your] brother. (4)May you be w[ell]. ()Say to my brother: the GI.SE.UAR about which my brother wrote to me-I have now shipped to my brother ten kor (69)Concerning of [...] of fine-quality GIS.SE.tAR. (O)As I have heard: (")"My brother's iron is available." (12-13 )Let my brother send me an amount equivalent to one mina of silver. (~3b-6)If it is silver or wool (that my brother desires), I can give (that) to my brother, but if it is land that my [brother] wants, (17-19)let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows. (•22)Don't say: "Didn't I come to you on my own volition?" (23- 24 a)Now if twenty farmers are not on hand, (24 -27a)those who have come from Aram can move the mayydru-plows in Nippur. (27b-2)I have w[ritten] to my brother i[n urgen]cy. (2)[Let me see] a reply to [my] tab[let]. COMMENTS Line 3-Ikaniya is perhaps a hypocoristic of a name of the type Ikan-pi-DN. Lines 6 and 8-The Akkadian equivalent of GIS.SE.UAR is unknown. It probably signifies a kind of herb, but its identification is uncertain (see Thompson, DAB, p. 323). Lines 18-19 and 26-27-The expressions let mayydri deka ("to mobilize the blade of the mayydru") and mayydra deka ("to mobilize the mayydru") are in all likelihood Neo-Babylonian equivalents of mayydra maudsu ("to strike the mayydru"), an expression that was current in Babylonia during the Old Babylonian period and at Nuzi during the Late Bronze Age (see CAD M/I, pp. 120-21 sub majdru la-b, and AHw, p. 587 sub ma(j)jdru(m) 1). The term mayydru designated a plow that was used to break through compacted soil. This onerous task had to be accomplished before one could "break up clods" (pasdru,jeberu, mardru), "harrow" (sakdku), or "sow" (eresu) and thus bring new land into production, as evidenced by the following sequences of agricultural operations attested in documents from the Old Babylonian period: mayydri mabdsu mayydri mabdsu mayydri malasu mayydra mayydra mayydra mayydri maadsu mayydri mabdsu mayydri mabsu mayydri mabtdsu mayydri mabdsu pasaru seberu mardru mardru - sakdku Jakdku sakdku Iakdku sakdku sakdku - sakdku akdku sakdku eresu eresu eresu ereisu eresiu eresu - YOS 12 370:9-11 Szlechter, TJDB, p. 77 MAH 15934:11-13 Grant, Haverford, p. 230 no. 3:8-13 YOS 12 401:11-14 YOS 13 495:12-13 UCP 10 163 no. 94:1-3 BIN 7 197:8-10 CH § 44:26-29 Fish, Letters, 10:8-9 CH § 43:12-14 BIN 7 56:7-9 Line 21-For t(mu in the meaning "volition, free will," see AHw, p. 1386 sub t(mu(m) 6g. oi.uchicago.edu 202 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 97 Letter 6.5 x 9.4 x 2.7 cm 1:1.5 IM 77181 12 N 204 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. [IR]-ka obv. mSUM.NA-a a-na 2. [di]-na-an be-lf-rid lull-lik 3. dAG dAMAR.UTU a-na be-li-id 4. lik-rrul-bu um-rmal-a a-na be-li-id 5. GIS rgaml-mis sd be-lil iq-ba-Fal t ter^. 6. ra-du-d• GIS gam-mis ki-ri a-murl 7. ana pi a-na 1 GIN LU.DAM.GAR 8. [i]p-ta-ra-as latl-ta-si-rqul 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. [m]a-qar-ra-ti 3 rGIN1 ki-i [p]a-an be-lf-ia mab-rrul [a]-na rpil-i rad1 ana 1 GIN lu-hir-[ma a-n]a [b]e-ll-ia lu--e-bi-[li] rmal-bi-ra-a-ti rid SE.BAR a1 [SE].GIS.I.MES sd be-if [is-pu-ra] [L](O.DAM1.GAR ul i-man-[gur] FF- Wr4 . 15 ^^=r ·· t 4f 16. [x(-x)]-x-ti ul i-nam-[din] 17. ruml-[m]a GAL-ti qal-la-Itil 18. SAL a-a-i-ti <if^ 19. it-ti a-ba-mes i-si REVERS]E 20. r[El.BAR d be-li is-pu-ra 21. [u]m-ma a-du-u a-nam-din 22. [m]an-nu sd UGu-ka-ma 23. [I ] sd u-pa-la-ka 24. [a]-iib rsE1.BAR be-li it-tan-nu-rstil 25. Fal-na-ku i-de ki-i r•UKU*1.I.[rA1 26. Iil-ba-ds-su-i gab-bi 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. rev. 20 A--W * over erasure 25 ral-sem-mu-ma um-ma a-ga-fal [NfG].rGA1 LU sd be-li-su ri-mu-rtul ri-ril-mu-rsul en-na i-na pa-an 1 rmDU1-NUMUN be-if lid-din-ma lu-ri-uj-sib-ma lu-ui a-ma-ka a-na-ku GIS gam-mis a-sar i-ba-di-su-u ul u-mas-si U-ba-a >-i(!)-ma a-na be-rll-id ud-e-b[i-li] ki-i u-mas-su-u a-na be-li-ia al-tap-ra it-ti .tup-pi-idl 8 GIS.UMBIN.MES a-na [be-ll-ia 37. rull-te-bi-flil 30 C'*t H- .f~ "--^^^ 35 0ý-rý7- Ptf^ ^^7^OW ^4 vA 4vt^. * WT .^ oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 97 203 '-2)Your [servant], Nadni. I would gladly [d]ie for my lord. '-)May Nabf and Marduk bless my lord. Say to my lord: "5(Concerning)the gammis-wood about which my lord spoke to me-6)now when I saw gammiswood, 7")the merchant [d]ivided (it) into exact one-shekel portions (and) I made a selection. ("'2)If it [s]uits my lord, let me prepare a [b]undle of three shekels [i]n exact one-shekel portions, [and then] let me sen[d] it [t]o my [l]ord. 3-'")Equivalents in wheat and [ses]ame, about which my lord [wrote], the [mer]chant will not acc[ept]. (16)He will not se[ll ... ]. "'79)(He is) sa[y]ing: "Big or small, any woman whatever, deliver (her) together with it." (222 wheat(-acreage) about which my lord wrote to me, ( )[s]aying: "Now I will give"24)[Wh]oever [is s]ettled upstream [or] downstream of you, my lord has given him wheat(-acreage). (25-26a) myself know that allotments for sustenance exist. (26" 27a)In fact I hear everyone say: (27 -29")"This is the [est]ate (20)The of a man whose lord has given it to him as a land grant." C29b-0)Now let my lord make the gift in the presence of Mukin-zEri, so that I too may settle, and (3 1a)so that I too may be a dependent. (3b-32)(P.S.:) I couldn't find the place where the gammis-wood was available; (33)but I searched around and have (now) se[nt] (some) to my lord. (335a)When I made the discovery, I wrote to my lord; (35 " 37 (and) with my tablet I have sent to my lord eight bundles. COMMENTS Lines 5-6 and 31--GIS gam-mis is obviously related to fr gam-mi-[i]s, an herb that is included in the Mesopotamian pharmacopoeia known by the title 0 u r u. an. na = 0 magtakal (see Kticher, Pflanzenkunde, no. 30b ii 10'). It probably signifies the woody stems of this plant. Lines 7 and 10-11--The translation "in exact one-shekel portions" for the phrase ana pi (sa) ana 1 GIN is tentative. But if gammis was a rare drug, the merchants who traded in this commodity would have been careful to measure it out precisely, and in small quantities. Line 8-The form fatl-ta-si-fqul is understood to be the Ic.sg. G-stem perf. of nasaqu,"to choose," a verb that usually exhibits a and u as stem-vowels. Line 9-The term maqarratuis otherwise attested as a measure for straw. Previously it was found only in Neo-Assyrian documents. CAD tentatively translates the term "bundle (a measure for straw or reeds)" (see M/I, p. 240 sub maqarrutu);AHw translates it "a measure for straw" (see p. 605 sub maqarrutu); while Parpola believes that the term signifies "bale" (see SAA 1, p. 219 sub maqarrutu). maqarrutu is once preceded by the sign KU, which may stand either for is, "cord, rope"(see CAD M/I, p. 240 s.v.) or TOG, "textile" (see Parpola, SAA 1 no. 26:2). The existence of two distinct signs rather than one to represent the values QAR and GAR in the contemporary scribal repertory is indicated by differences in the respective shapes of the signs QAR and GAR in the words ma-qar-ra-ti(line 9) and LU.DAM.GAR (line 15). Line 13--mal-jbi-ra-a-tiis a rare syllabic spelling of the plural of matiru, which, when attested, is almost always represented by the logographic writing KLLAM.MES. Line 14-The plural marker MES is found with SE.GIS.l in Nuzi texts and occasionally also in Assyrian documents (see, e.g., CAD S/I, p. 301 sub Sama&&amma). The first four signs in this line may also be read [n] GIS.KAK.MES, "n wooden pegs." Lines 20-26---The context indicates that the sender desired wheat acreage, not merely grain, as a grant from his lord. Such a grant would have perhaps included the right to use the seed, plows, and oxen of the &andabakku,who in return would have probably required the political allegiance of the grantee and a portion of the harvest that was produced on the land given to him. The acreage in question is designated in line 25 as SUKU.Ut.A (= kurummatu), a term that means roughly "allotment for suste- nance." In first-millennium Babylonia, kurummatu usually referred to the food allowances that households, temples, and government institutions gave to their dependent personnel; but the term oi.uchicago.edu 204 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR could also refer to fields, just as it had in the early second millennium. This is evidenced by a diary entry from the reign of Antiochus I Soter (281-261): SE.NUMUN Fa ina MU.32.KAM ina timi ja &arri ana kurummat LO Bdbilaya LO Nippuraya u LO Kutdya SUM.MES, "The fields which had been given by the command of the king in the thirty-second year as sustenance allotments for the people of Babylon, Nippur, and Kutha ..." (see Sachs and Hunger, Astronomical Diaries, vol. 1, no. -273 r. 36'-37'). The author slips momentarily into second-person address in lines 22-23. Lines 28-29-In Neo-Babylonian administrative texts, the term NfG.GA (= makkuru) is most aptly translated "estate" in the majority of its attestations (see CAD M/I, pp. 135-36 sub makkiru bl'). In Babylonia, from the Kassite period until at least 715 B.C., the verb rdmu referred to the act of giving a land grant (for the pertinent references, see Hinke, Kudurru, pp. 304-5 s.v., and AHw, p. 952 sub rdmu 1I 1-2). At least one Kassite king (or sandabakku?) donated an entire settlement to one of his subordinates (see BE 17 24:22; also PBS 1/2 52:9). rimita rdmu, which is the expression found in our letter, is also used in the kudurru inscription published as VAS 1 37, where the phrase refers to Merodach-baladan's donation of three fields to Bel-abl3-eriba, governor of Babylon, in 715 (see col. v 33-35). Line 30-The reading lu-rul-us-me-ma is also possible, but it is not as apt in the context. lu-[ul-us-sib-ma is understood to represent the G-stem volitive form lIdib + encl. -ma, although it looks as if it should be D-stem volitive. The D-stem of asdbu, however, is attested only in an inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II (see VAB 4 84 no. 5 ii 1-10), where it seems to refer to the process of hardening the iron of a grate that was placed over a canal drainage outlet in order to prevent robbers from entering the city through it. Line 31--amdka is the 1c.sg. stative of tama, which is usually translated "to rely, depend on." However, it is suggested that hamd in the present context means "to be a dependent." Line 36-GIS.UMBIN.MES, which usually stands for magarru ("wagons, chariots, wheels"), makes more sense if taken here as a playful logographic writing of maqarrdtu,"bundles" (see the note to line 9). No. 98 IM 77192 12 N 215 Letter Fragment TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. [IR-ka mx-x-x(-x)] 2. [a-na di-na-an be-lI-ia] 3. [lul-lik dAG U dAMAR.UTU] 4. [a-na be-ll-ia lik-ru-bu] 5. Iuml-[ma-a a-na be-li-ia-a-ma] oi.uchicago.edu 205 TEXT NO. 98 obv. 6. as-siul [EN] rbar-bil.[MES] 7 X« r.A --l :b xIr...i I U. 'U1Ce-I tL-'/pur-ra~I 1 8. 9. 10. 11. 5 ruml-ma la ritl-[tal-l]ak-ka rpa-ni-ial flidl-gu-rlu,l ra-ki-il [zab(?)]-rtal-nu k[i-i] TEN bar-bi.ME§1 12. a-na pa-an rbel-li-ia 13. ni-il-tap-ra 14. qaq-qa-ra ki-i ni-is-gu-ri 10 15. 4 LIM I 1 ME 15 REVERSE rev. 16. [a]-inal muh-bi mi-ril-[ni] 17. rna-sikl LO J-bu-lu4 18. um-ma rMU DINGIR 1 19. u-[l]a-a "Ba-ni-ia 20. rul tal-pal-ldh 21. um-ma rL01 be-fli l ar-Fbi-nil 22. rlill-li-ku-rniml-ma 23. [a-na] mujz-bi rli-isl-mu-u 24. ki-i u-mas-su-u 20 25. [a-na b]e-rlil-ia ral<-tap>-ral 25 (')[Your servant, PN]. (4)[I would gladly die for my lord. May Nabui and Marduk bless my lord]. ()S[ay to my lord]: ( 7 Concening the [owners] of harbu-plow[s] about whom my lord wrote to me, (8-9)saying: "They(!) must not le[ave] you. Let them wait for me." ('"3)It was because we were [plunder(?)]ed t[hat] we sent the owners of barbu-plows to my lord. (~-5)The holding, when we laid claim to it, was 4000 (cubits) and 100 (cubits). ('6-2 0)[O]n wh[at] account is the shaykh of the Ubilu tribe saying: "Sw[ea]r an oath by god to me (that) you will not fear Baniya"? (2123 and: "Let the owners of our harbu-plows come and hear [i]t"? (24)When I got news, I w<ro>te [to] my [I]ord. COMMENTS Lines 6, 11, and 21-The harbu-plow was used to break up or turn over soil. The great majority of attestations of the term occur in Old Babylonian and Middle Babylonian administrative texts (see AHw, p. 325 sub barbu(m) II, and CAD H, pp. 97-98 sub barbu A). In the former, harbu is often mentioned in the same context as magkakatu ("harrow") and epinnu ("seeder-plow"), while in the latter, the term is frequently mentioned in connection with men who are designated igsakka ("farmers"-who in these contexts are often said to have possessed harbus, and who may have been holders of land as well). oi.uchicago.edu 206 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR It is interesting to note that barbu also signifies "wasteland," which may suggest that Babylonian farmers used the homonymously named implement in their work of reclaiming desert tracts after completing the canals that they needed to supply these tracts with water. If this is true, then the barbu-plow was probably used just before or after the mayydru-blade (see the note to No. 96:18-19 and 26-27). Line 9-The expression pdn(i) X + dagalu usually means "to wait for X," but it can also mean "to be the subject of X" or "to belong to X" (see CAD D, pp. 23-24 sub dagdlu 2a and c, and AHw, pp. 149-50 sub dagdlu(m) G8a-d). Lines 10-13-It is unclear how to translate the subordinating conjunctions in the passage aki [Jbab(?)]tanuk[i1 bell barbi ana pan biliya niltapra, because the sequence aki VERB, ki ... VERB, seems to be unattested elsewhere. The translation offered here, therefore, is tentative. (For an exhaustive typology of early Neo-Babylonian subordinating conjunctions, see M. Dietrich in M. Dietrich and W. Rtllig, eds., Lilan mitburti, pp. 65-99.) Line 14-According to the CAD, the verb na&sru means "to cut off a piece of a land holding" or "to expropriate part of a holding" (see vol. N/II, p. 61 sub naadru A 1). AHw translates the verb "to partition off' when its object is a field (see p. 759 sub na&dru(m) G 1). Line 15-In Neo-Babylonian administrative texts, landholdings designated by the term qaqqaru were most often measured by the length in cubits of their canal frontage (see, e.g., CAD Q, pp. 120-21 sub qaqqaru4b2'). For this reason, it is suggested that the numbers "4000 and 100" in the present letter represent the measurements of two separate plots of a single holding rather than the dimensions of a single parcel of land (with area 4000 x 100 cubits). Today, in southern Iraq, sections of cultivating tribes often possess land in parcels scattered across the larger area cultivated by their group rather than continuous blocks (see, e.g., the map showing the quiltwork of parcels belonging to the Elbu Blaw section of the El Shabina tribe, whose domains are situated between Hillah and Diwdniyah, in Fernea, Shaykh and Effendi, p. 192). Similarly, it has been observed that in the cultivated regions of southern Iraq during the late Ottoman period, ... parcels usually consisted of strips of land extending at right angles to the primary source of water and reaching to either the extremity of the cultivated zone or to the boundary with the lazma [holding] of a neighboring tribe or tribal unit. The sizes of the parcels were determined on the basis of the frontage along the waterway from which it was irrigated, since the nazzdl (length) was not taken into account. Thus the actual cultivation of tribal lazma was done on separate parcels by individual family or household units. Rather than being contiguous, however, the strips farmed by a family or household were frequently dispersed throughout the tribal lazma. Accordingly, all those allocated a share of the land at the head of a canal would also be entitled to an equivalent share of the land at the bizaiyz (tails) of the canal. In this way a measure of equity was achieved, since all would share in both the consequences of any contraction of the cultivation zone in some areas and would profit from its extension in others, as, for example, it encroached on the marshes as a result of the annual deposits of silt left by floods (A. Jwaideh in T. Khalidi, ed., Land Tenure, pp. 336-37). Line 17-The inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon II, and Sennacherib all mention the Ubilu, counting them among the Aramean tribes of Babylonia (for the attestations, see Parpola, NAT, p. 364). Outside the present corpus of letters, the Ubilu are mentioned in Neo-Babylonian sources only in UET 4 140:8 (see Zadok, RGTC 8, p. 317). The letter is apparently concerned with a dispute over a parcel of land involving the sender of the letter and the shaykh of the Aramean tribe of Ubilu. This parcel was perhaps traditional Ubfilu pasture land that had attracted the Sandabakku's cultivators after a canal had been extended into the area. · oi.uchicago.edu 207 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 99 IM 77166 12N 189 Letter 3.6 x 5.5 x 1.8 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na "Ba-ni-ia qi-bi-ma 2. um-ma mdE-a-DfJ-us ^wsmrt^ SES-kdm 3. um-ma-a a-na SES-id-a-ma 4. [k]i-i ds-mu-i um-ma 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10ybrFfr ^^»r B~46W- ffir^ a? 10P~4~b4r ib~5~Lp l^^N^^wr ^i^^^ er4 5 iU mA-tim-ma-a > ral-na URU BARA.DUMU pa-nu-su-nu LO.ENGARI.[MES] sd mI-ba-[a d] mRi-mu-tu b;[^:phi-^-^ 10§19p?< 10. ritl-ti-si-n[u] 11. ab-kdm-ma a-n[a-ku] 12. lu-ad&-[ba-ka] rev. REVERSE (approximately 6 lines completely destroyed) 1'. [x x xxx(x)]-x-ma 2'. [x x x (x)]-Su 3'. [x x x x (x)]-ma 4'. [x x x (x)] a-mat-su-nu 5'. [x x x (x)]-x-ma UPPER EDGE 6'. rlui-[par(?)]-rril-si 5' u. e. (-2)Say to Baniya, thus says Ea-ipus your brother. (3)Say to my brother: (-8")[Be]cause I have heard that Rimitu and Atimml) are proceeding toward Parak-mari, (s-"a)bring me the farmer[s] of Iba [who are] with the[m], (l- 12 )that I too might se[ttle]. ''( '"-)[...] his [...] their word [...] and let me/him decide(?). COMMENTS Line 6-Atimmda is similar to the personal name >tm, which is found in Saffitic, Thamudic, and other Old North Arabian dialects. It is also similar to the Sabean name )tmm. For a tentative analysis of Atimmad, see the note to No. 23:15 and 26. Lines 7-8-The phrase ana Parak-maripdnfuunu is probably an ellipsis of ana Parak-maripdanisunu saknu. For the idiom pdna gakdnu, "to proceed in a certain direction; to look in a certain direction; to oi.uchicago.edu 208 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR intend," see Oppenheim, JAOS 61 (1941): 257, where other elliptical forms of the idiom are cited (from, e.g., ABL 211:15 and ABL 885 r. 15-16). The town of Parak-mari, which was counted among the possessions of Bit-AmUikini at the end of the eighth century, was located somewhere in the vicinity of Nippur (see the note to No. 82:13). No. 100 Letter 4.3 x 7.7 x 2.8 cm 1:1.9 IM 77093 12N 116 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E 1. 2. 3. 4. a i-na mAm-ia-a-nu qi-bi-ma mKi-4i-i-ni SEý-kdm Utm-ma um-ma-a a-na SES-ia-a-ma SE.BAR s d taq-bu-u 5. um-ma a-lik-ma mGAR-MU 6. lid-dak-ka ki-i aq-ba-dag-g 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ^tFT t-^r^^ 10~~ 4~P~~ I> ^ kr W V99ir vwgrt-gI4.irr¶ um-ma mim-ma a-na rkal-a-gs ul a-nam-dak-ka a-di su-a i-sap-pa-ram-ma i-na-d-as-s--ma i-nam-dak-ka *over erasure 3-su a*-na pa-ni-ti ki-i al-lik LOWER EDGE 14. [ig-pul-ra Io.e. •".• :::';:¢" " ;:.."^ ':'""',"'" " "* "•' - t:•'.-,:, :-•'-.....y*-~ *..,'i= '·.>* ^-.*y.jpf rev. REVERSE 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. um-ma i-na maft-ri-i gd-la-nu-usg-g a-na mAD-Il-a ki-i ad-din lib-ba-ti-ia in-da-al ki-i at-ta tal-lak pa-ni-ka lud-gul u ia-a-nu-u gup-rraml-ma lul-lik 15 20 f^ ^ 4 P fl*^ ^^>or to Amyanu, thus says Ki)ini your brother. (3)Say to my brother: (4)The wheat about which you spoke, (5'saying-"Go, and let Swikin-sumi give to you"--When I spoke to him, (7-"he said: "I won't give (1-2)Say oi.uchicago.edu 209 TEXT NO. 100 anything to you until he himself writes a letter, conveys (it), and gives (it) to you." (12-4)After I went to him the third time, he wrote to me, (t- 19a)saying: "Before, when I gave to Abu-Ila without his permission, he became angry with me." (19b 22)If yOU go, I will wait for you; but if not, write to me so that I may go. COMMENTS Line 1-The name Amydnu seems to be the same as Thamildic <myn (see van den Branden, Inscriptions thamoudeennes, p. 54 [HU. 29]:1; also Ryckmans, Noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1, p. 166). It should be noted, however, that the name is not attested in the Jamharatal-nasab of Hisham Ibn alKalbi, although this work contains the names of about 36,000 persons (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). Line 12-(ana) SaldaiSu, "(for) the third time" (cf. CAD S/I, p. 235 s.v. d2'). Line 15-For other attestations of the adverbial expression ina mabrt, "formerly, previously," see CAD M/I, p. 113 sub majbri adv. lb. Line 17-- • AD-Il-a may be a cuneiform spelling of the personal name )b)lh (>Ab-Illdh) (see, e.g., van den Branden, Inscriptionsthamoudeennes, p. 346 (5), and Ryckmans, Noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1, p. 217). The name may not be Arabic, however, since names of this sentence type apparently do not exist in Arabic. For a discussion of the theophoric element )Ilah and its relationship to 3Il, see the note to No. 80:6. Line 19-indal = imtali. The absence of the final stem vowel in this form is noteworthy. No. 101 IM 77101 12 N 124 Letter 4.3 x 6.8 x 2.3 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. rFR-kal mBa-rfil-ia-ral-ni 2. ra-nal di-na-an be-li-id lul-lik 3. Fuml-ma-a a-na be-li-id-a-ma 4. S-SUti SE(!) sib-si 5. &dbe-if is-pu-ra 6. mSUM.NA-a lil-li-kdm-ma 7. a-kan-na lis-si 5 ay io tw 8. t at-ta 9. a-kan-na-ka 10. SE.BAR mu-jtur-sti 11. be-lI la i-qab-bi 12. um-ma am-me-ni ae^n-^ 5~i^^^r-^^:~ ^-^ # [t ^^4l 10 ITF^*(^~ j r '*< '4. oi.uchicago.edu 210 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rev. REVERSE 1. rlal tal-l i-.a] 14. 15. 16. 17. ma-a >-da x [x (x)] 'I-ba-rxl-[(x)] 3¼ i-na pa-an [be-li]-id6 ds-ba-tu 18. i'r-Jv KJ.BABBAR 19. a-rnal be-li-id lu-se-bi-flal a 1 - ' ViSS^^ ,^-Kt >v ()Your servant, Babinu. (2)1 would gladly die for my lord. ()Say to my lord: (")Conceming the rent in grain about which my lord wrote to me---7 )Let Nadn5 come and transport (it from) here. (8-')And (as for) you-receive the wheat from him there. ("-")My lord mustn't say, "Why didn't you co[me]?" (14)[...] very [...]. 5-' 7 The woman Iba[...], who lives in my [lord]'s presence-s 18'~woo her (for me). ~'~'9)I will send silver to my lord. COMMENTS Line 1-Babianu was the name of the eponymous ancestor of the Aramean tribe of Bit-Babiani, on the upper Khibfir; see the note to No. 13:1. Lines 8, 10, and 18-The author of the letter lapses with alacrity into second-person address. Line 18-b-ir-is = birsi < bdru, "to ready, prepare; to woo a woman" (cf. CAD U1,pp. 119-20 sub bdru A-B; AHw, p. 343 sub iadru(m), zbru G1). No. 102 IM 77138 12 N 161 Letter 4.5 x 6.4 x 2.1 cm 1:1.5 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1 tR-kn mAmAm-mlna-in 2. a-na di-na-an be-li-ia 3. lul-lik um-ma-a a-na be-ll-ia-a-ma 4. lu-i sul-mu a-na be-li-ia 5. s i-ib-su sa be-li 6. is-pur a-du7. aj-tir DUMU sip-ri 5 8. M¼ be-li-ia it-ti 9. mSUM.NA-a lil-lik-ma 10. SE.BAR li-in-du-rdul-[ma] 10 oi.uchicago.edu 211 TEXT NO. 102 12. a-na E[N.LIL.KI] 13. 14. 15. 16. rev. 1.e. REVERSE 111 li;[;r-,1 , ki-i a[l-lik] a-na b[e-lf-ia] dul(!)-la [e-pu-us] i-na mub-rbi-ial 17. 5 AN.BAR mar-ra-a-Ftil 18. be-if lu-ui-se-bil 19. ma-a>-da si-bu-ut 20. ana be-lf-ia a-na-asg-g UPPER EDGE 20 21. ki-i na-kut-ti 22. Igil-Ju AN.BAR mar-ra-a-ti LEFT EDGE 23. a-na be-lt-ia ds-pur ')Your servant Amme-ladin. 2-3)I would gladly die for my lord. Say to my lord: (4)May my lord be well! 57a)As to the rent about which my lord wrote: I have now readied (it). (7b- 2)Let the messenger of my lord go with Nadnd, and let them measure out the wheat [and] trans[port it]. (12-'3)When I w[ent] to N[ippur], "4-5)[I performed] service for [my] l[ord]. ('6-")To me (now) let my lord send five iron shovels. (9-20)Great is the desire which I am conveying to my lord. (21 It is urgent! 22-23)Concerning iron shovels I have written to my lord. COMMENTS Line 1-The name "Amme-ladin is related both to the name of a shaykh of the Aramean tribe of Yasian (mAmma-ladin; see ABL 280:13-14) and to the name of a king of the North Arabian tribe of Qedar (mAmmu-ladi; see, e.g., Streck, Asb., p. 134 viii 31 + variants). It is composed of the kinship term 'amm ("paternal uncle") and a predicative element of uncertain interpretation. According to Zadok, this uncertain element is an Aramaic precative of the root *DYN, "to judge" (see West Semites, pp. 55, 92, and 202); however, there does not seem to be other evidence for an Aramaic prefix la-. The graph "Am-me is understood to represent <Ammi (with Ic.sg. gen. suffix). Line 5-For Sibgu, "rent" or "grain-tax," see AHw, pp. 1227-28 sub sibsu(m). According to CAD S/II, pp. 383-86, gibsu, in Middle Babylonian, signified a tax that was assessed on cereal crops, while in Neo-Babylonian the term seems to have referred to a tax that was levied on the produce grown beneath date palms. Line 16-ina mutbi here seems to have the same sense as ana muhiti. The substitution of ina for ana may be an Assyrianism, since the two prepositions seem to have been frequently interchanged in NeoAssyrian orthography (see Parpola, LAS 2, p. 47 note to No. 39 r. 3). Lines 17 and 22-It is unusual to see AN.BAR placed before, rather than after, an item (here, shovels). These attestations, together with the attestation of an iron ax (or axes) in No. 35:23, probably represent the earliest known documentary evidence for the use of iron tools in Babylonia (excluding the mention of an iron dagger in a land-sale document dating to 1033 B.c., for which see Lackenbacher, RA 77 [1983]: 143-54, with corrections by Brinkman and Walker, RA 79 [1985]: 72-74). Most oi.uchicago.edu 212 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR cutting and digging implements at this time were made of iron (see Brinkman in Curtis, ed., Bronzeworking Centres, p. 140 and pp. 155-56 nn. 48-49). Line 19-20-ma da sibat ana beliya anagid seems to be an asyndetic relative clause. No. 103 IM 77143 12N 166 Letter 4.4 x 7.2 x 2.2 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. IR-ka mKi-i-n[i] 2. a-na di-na-ranl be-li-[ia] 3. Flull-lik 4. u[m-m]a-a a-na be-li-ridl-a-ma 5. LU n[a-qid-d]i I.DINGIR.MES-ni n 6. am-m[i]-ni GIR a-na 7. pa(!)(copy: la)-ranl DINGIR.MES-e-ni 8. ta-p[ar]-ra-si 9. Id LO.TEN1.LIL.KI la i-du-fr•u 10 TrP 10. a-na pa-an be-li-id 11. i-qer-ru-bu 12. en-na [U gl.UDU.UI.A.MES 13. id m"Gu-dul-[x(-x)] 14. [L(].rSIPA ul-tir-ri 15. [a] ANSE.A.AB.BA 15 REVERSE 16. [ds 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. rev. m"dAG-A.GAL rnil-i-ni nu-tir a-rdi' i-mat ki-i e-rperl-ti a-ga-a i-na [g]u-ru-un-nu ak-na-rat si DUMU.MES mDUB-NUMUN sad be-li is-pur um-ma e-per-rtul gu-bil man-nu [lig-p]ur LO.GAKKUL ta-nal t-f-r(?)1 26. ni-i-ni nu-tir 27. ki-i ril-mas-su-a 28. a-na be-li-ia 29. rall-tap-ra 20 25 oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 103 213 (')Your servant Kin[i]. (2)I would gladly die for [my] lord. (4)S[a]y to my lord: (")The he[rdsm]en of our temples-w[h]y are you b[ar]ring them from our gods? 9-")Those who don't even know a Nippurian can enter the presence of my lord. (12-4)Now the [sh]epherd has returned the flocks of Gudu[...]. (~-' 7)[And] we ourselves have returned the camel [of] Nabfl-lei. (' 8-")How long will it be before this baked brick must be placed in a [h]eap? (2b-22)About the sons of Sipik-z&ri of whom my lord wrote, (23- 24)saying: "Send baked brick"-who [should se]nd (it)? "-26)We ourselves have returned the brick-molder(?) to his house. (27 29)When I got news, I wrote to my lord. COMMENTS Line 5-ndqidu is restored with reduplicated d because the word exhibits reduplication elsewhere in the archive (li. n a. g a d a = na-qid-da [No. 122:24]). The occupation of temple herdsman is attested in later Neo-Babylonian texts as naqidu sa DN: e.g., ndqidu sa dBilti sa Uruk (YOS 7 7:61; TCL 12 50:4-5; YOS 6 26:1; YOS 7 41:4 and 7), naqidu sa dNabf (TCL 13 132:2 and 6-7; 133:9), ndqidu sa Idti sa dBilti sa Uruk (YOS 7 96:3; 159:1-2), and naqidu sa sinu sa dBilti sa Uruk (YOS 7 55:1; cf. YOS 7 184:6). Line 7-For DINGIR.MES-e-ni, compare DINGIR.MES-e-a in ABL 295 r. 8. Line 11-The most common meaning of qertbu in Neo-Babylonian is "to attend" or "be present." A number of attestations of qeribu with this meaning are collected in CAD Q, p. 230 s.v. mng. Id. Line 18-adi imat = adi immati, "how long?" The spelling a-di i-mat does not seem to occur elsewhere, although a close parallel for it is found in the Neo-Babylonian personal name mA-di-ma-at-DINGIR (YOS 6 108:4 and passim). Lines 19 and 23-Aside from the present attestation and one attestation in an inscription of Adad-nirari I, the word epertu is found only in texts from Elam (see CAD E, p. 184 s.v.). In Akkadian, the term agurru is much more commonly employed to signify "baked brick" than is epertu. In ABL 1049:5, e-bir-ti sa NA4.AD.BAR refers to basalt (floor-)slabs, not bricks (contra CAD A/I, p. 163 sub agurru discussion section; see Parpola, SAA 1, p. 54). Line 25-The profession denoted by LU.GAKKUL does not seem to be attested elsewhere, although there was a Neo-Assyrian official who bore the title rab qaqqulldte (see ADD 1077 viii 16, and ABL 152:8). In first-millennium texts, kakkullu, the Akkadian equivalent of GAKKUL, denoted a wooden box (see CAD K, p. 59 s.v.; cf. AHw, p. 422 sub kakkullu II). Since the person designated as LO.GAKKUL (= &sa kakkulli?) in our text was evidently associated with brick production, it is suggested that he had the job of using a wooden grid, which was called a "box" in local parlance, to mold the bricks. The more common Akkadian words for "brick mold" were nalbanu and nalbattu. oi.uchicago.edu 214 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 104 Letter 3.8 x 6.5 x 2.4 cm 1:1.8 IM 77179 12 N 202 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE i - r. li mrl j. -e _ri 1 - ia-ai-ia' q[-oti-maj 2. um-ma [gES-kdm] 3. um-ma-a a-rna SES-idl-[a-ma] 1. a-'nai mx-x 4. raml-me-rnil ul-rtul 5. a-na LU t A-Traml 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 5 tal-rlikl td-en-rgal t su-lum-Fgal [lal a-sem-rmul na-kut-ti dr-rgik-kul ral-du-n mNUM[UN]-MU 10 11. [a-na pa-ni-ka] LOWER EDGE 12. [al-tap-ra] rev. pfl.B rTV CDIfC c'*T? 13. [l]a rta-me-rik-kal 14. al-kdm-ma 15. rFUs.UDU.rUI.Al 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 15 sd aq-rbak-kal ab-kdm-ma [KIU.BABBAR] lud-din rki-il [la] i-ba-rds'-[gsi-i] ina mub-rfil-[sd-nu] 20 21. ra-nal f [x-x(-x)] 22. rsul-p[ur] ('-2)S[ay] to Iddiya, thus says [PN your brother]. (3)Say to my brother: (-)After you went to the people of Bit-Aram, why don't I hear your news or your greeting? (9)I have started worrying about you. (~~2)[N]ow [I've sent] ZE[ra]-iddin [to you]. (~"[Do]n't delay. (14- 7a)Come and lead in the flock about which I spoke to you, and (l7 8")a)then let me give you [silver]. ("'8 9)If they are [not] avail[able], (2-22)se[nd a letter] concerning [them] to Bit-[...]. COMMENTS Line 5-The reading LO t A-traml is reasonably certain. Whether this graph represents "Aram" or "Arameans," or whether it stands for a specific tribe or settlement of Arameans called Bit-Aram is uncertain. The name is similar to that of the town or village called Bit-Ablam8, which was located on the Babylonian-Elamite frontier (see Grayson, AfO 20 [1963]: 90:24, and OIP 2 39:62). oi.uchicago.edu 215 TEXT NO. 104 Line 9-For the translation of the idiom nakutta raid, "to start worrying," see CAD N/I, pp. 198-99 sub nakuttu a. AHw translates the same expression "to fall into difficulty" (see p. 745 sub naquttu 2). The writing dr-Ik-kul obviously stands for arsi + -akku (a variant of -akka). Expected instead is argdkku or argdkka, but compare the writing i-se-bi-li-ka (for expected usebbilakka) in No. 55:8. No. 105 IM 77200 12 N 224 Letter 3.6 x 5.4 x 2.2 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE i 1. r.. .1- m)..nB rl,÷ ua-nau Cu- ua .it-' l,.,, ibi,; r.,,l fL-ut-i u 2. [um]-ma "md-ma-aI'-lSES-kdm 3. [um]-ma-a a-na SES-lial-a-rmal 4. [ki]-ri Ug.UDU1.ULA.fMES1 5. [a]-Fnal LO Pu-qu-d[u] 6. [ib]-fbal-ku rLO Al-ram[.MEi(?)] 7. [&d it]-rti-kal x x (x) 8. [x x] ri-na(?)l [x x (x)] 9. x [x (x)] [SAL [x x (X)] 10. x x SA x [x (x)] 11. x x x x x (x) 5 10 rev. REVERSE in :1 1.. 'KI'-i . L. CA rx. 1I UCaq--Ua-,' U' 13. [x x (x)] ral-na r§Esl-[ia] 14. [x x (x)] x x [x (x)] 15. [X X (x)] x KU.BABBAR X [(X)] 16. 17. 18. 19. [x x x] X x [(x)] [x x (x)] x [x x (x)] x x [x x xx (x)] [x] x x [x] x [x x (x)] 20. x x [x x x (x)] 20 21. NI [x x x x (x)] to Balhssu, [th]us says Sama'-Il your brother. (3)[S]ay to my brother: (4")[Whe]n they [le]ad the (12- 14)When I flocks to the Puqfid[u] tribe, (6")the Aramean[s(?) who are wi]th you [...] in(?) [...]. (-1)[...] spoke to him, [...] to [my] brother. (5-21)[...] silver ... (remainder broken). (1-2)[Sa]y oi.uchicago.edu 216 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COMMENTS Line 2---Sd-ma-a -il stands of course for Samac->l, ">I/ has heard," an Aramaic PN. On the theophoric element >1, see the note to No. 78:2. Line 5-On the prominence and geographical distribution of the Aramean tribe of Puqgdu, see the note to No. 46:17 and 23. No. 106 Letter 3.6 x 6.4 x 2.4 cm 1:1.9 IM 77100 12 N 123 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. obv. a-na "Dan-ni-DINGIR qf-bi-ma um-ma mPAP-ia 8ES-kdm um-ma-a a-na SiE-id-a-ma rr-^rr twrrrr'V4AW $,, f~ pp;;ET P4ý$~;~ "dEN-SILIM-im la tu-mas-sar-ma a-na di-na-a-ti la i-man-ni-ka ki-li-su-u-ma ~~ 10 11. i-na eq-li-ka 12. AVi~f rJE44 rev.c4~~4 ma-la KU.BABBAR-ka ad i-na pit-ji f-^ 4T 7 to[4'L-( 4: i-il-mu REVERSE 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. rev. mam-ma la i-par-frakl-ka-a-ma ra-man-gu la ta-fab-bil dib-bi-su-nu gab-bi al-te-mu ('•2)Say Asr r&4 15 k 15 ^ f ^ to Danni-ili, thus says Ndsiriya your brother. 3)Say to my brother: (4~)You must not release BEl3 )And let no one bar you from any of usallim, and (67)he must not hand you over to the court. s)Detain him. "9your silver which is safeguarded in the hole in your field. ("4-)Don't cheat yourself. ("'7)I have heard all their talk. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 106 217 COMMENTS Line 1--mDan-ni-DINGIR represents the Akkadian PN Danni-ili, "My god is my strong one." Line 8-The extra vowel that is appended to the accusative suffix -Su perhaps serves to make the command more emphatic; see also line 13 (this text), No. 57:14, No. 42:10, and No. 28:12. Line 12-&i-il-mu is almost certainly a colloquial spelling of salmu, 3m.sg. stative of saldmu + subjunctive. Line 13-The verb pardku, which regularly exhibits the stem-vowel i, can also occasionally show the alternation a/u. And, as in line 8 above, the extra vowel appended to the accusative suffix -ka (to which is also added here enclitic -ma) perhaps serves as an exclamation point on the injunction in question. No. 107 Letter IM 77102 3.7 x 7.2 x 2.5 cm 12 N 125 1:2.1 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. obv. [a-na "K]i-na-a q[i-bi-ma] [um-m]a mNa-ba-a S[[E-kdm] a-[nal ka-a-gd lu-ui u[l-mu] ruml-ma-a a-rnal ýES-ia-a-ma am-me-ni ma-la-gan-ni-i rUD 1.MES LO.DUMU sip-ri gd SES-ia i-tal-kan-ni na-kut-ti ar-ta-si a-du-f LO.DUMU -ip-ri a-na sul-mu 11. sia§E§-ia al-tap-ra 12. fra-anl-tig r§E-ti-al 10 oi.uchicago.edu 218 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. rev. tup-pi-s u u-l[um-su] lu-i-mas-sa-rmal li/-pu-ra r-ft 5 15 "AG-D-[U] sa a-na pa-an [S]EF-ia as-pu-rFral 19. KASKAL [a]-na GIRn"-sut 4 Af 20. SES-il-a liM-kun 20 r *.. '-2)S[ay to K]ina, [thu]s says Naba [your] br[other]. ()May you be w[ell]. (4)Say to my brother: (7)Why has my brother's messenger (been) gone from me so long? s)I've started to worry; (9-")now I've written to inquire about my brother's well-being. (12-5)Quickly, let my brother find his tablet and [his] greet[ing] and let him send a letter to me. 8 ('6'-Nabfl-ip[u]s, whom I sent to my [br]other, (9-20)let my brother set him [o]n the road. COMMENTS Lines 5-6-malagannf imu represents mala aganni umu1, "(for) so long, (for) a long time, ever" (lit. "all these days"). Compare the use of this expression in the passages: mala aganntImu mamma tabnitu ina bit ili ul ubanni, "For a long time no one has arranged the sacrificial table in the temple" (No. 17:35-37), ammeni mala agannt dmu mar iprika ul ammar u ana sibatu ul tasappar,"Why don't I ever see your messenger, and why don't you ever write for what you want?" (No. 71:4-7), and ammini mala agd imui mdr siprika la dmur, "Why haven't I seen your messenger for so long?" (Saggs, Iraq 18 [1956]: 53 [NL XXXVIII]:8-10). Compare also ABL 451:8-10; BIN 1 18:6 and 74:6; and YOS 3 154:15-16. Line 7-On the use of the accusative suffix to signify an ablative sense, see the note to No. 64:17. Line 8-The expression nakutta rasi means "to start worrying, to become afraid" (see CAD N/I, pp. 198-99 sub nakuttu a). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 219 No. 108 Letter 4.3 x 6.7 x 2.6 cm 1:1.6 IM 77117 12N 140 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na mx-(x-)-ia-a-x [q]i-bi-ma 2. um-ma m ESE-X-X rESl-kdm 3. um-ma-a fa-nal SES-ia-[a-m]a 4. x x r •is SES-idt a-na[m]-rbil 5. [x x] x a-na q(-[i]t rn 6. [an-ni]-ril a-dan-n[u (x)] 7. [(x) LO].r[A.KIN ~d SE[S-ia] 8. [x (x)] [a-kan-nal x [x (x)] 9. [UD].[J.KAM1 LO.rUNUG.KI1.M[ES] 10 10. [X] X KU(?) [LOt.D[AM(?).GAR(?)] 11. 12. 13. 14. [x] x-x-ma ritl-ti [x x (x)] [lis]-fpu-raml-ma [ki-i] [a-na tul-bi-su [s]ak-Inul REVERSE 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. flill-l[ik] t Sd mim-ma ina m[uh(?)-hi(?)-id(?)] i-ba-ds-su d i-il x[(-x)] ki-i KO.BABBAR ra kil-[i x(-x)] lu-sal-lim u4-rmul il-tap-ru-nu-m[a] rlul-us-pur rlul-qar-rib-si-nu<-ti> rev. 15 20 ^.r~j: fs's ^b y I 4r"w''2 A!Fr· 1,'' .''' (-2)[S]ay to [P]N, thus says Alb[...] your brother. ()Say to my brother: (4)I will na[m]e the [...] of my brother. (5-7a)[...] at the e[n]d of [thi]s month, the ter[m ... ]..(7")The [me]ssenger of [my] broth[er ... ] here [...]. (9-'0 )On the [... da]y, the Urukian[s will(?) ... ] the m[erchant(?)]. (-'2)[Let him se]nd [...] with [...], and 17 7 '1whether it is ('-~5 )[if] he [d]eems it fit, let him g[o]. (1"a)And for any (claim) there is a[gainst(?) him]-("' [...], or silver, o[r ... ], (19a)I will make full restitution. ('9b-20)When they have written to me, (21)let me write. (22)Let me bring the<m>. oi.uchicago.edu 220 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COMMENTS Lines 13-14-For the idiom ana tgbi sakdnu, "to deem fit," compare CAD S/I, p. 147 sub sakdnu 5b (there rendered "to deem good"). Other attestations of this idiom are found in No. 83:25, 28, and 33. It probably occurs also without ana in No. 83:15. Lines 16-17-If the end of line 16 should indeed be read as ina m[ubbzisu], the indefinite pronoun mimma before it probably stands for ralfitu, as the following parallel expressions indicate: rardtu &aEkur ina muli btindu &jSu ibagsi, "Is there a claim of Ekur against this sack?" (TCL 12 120:19) and ki ra~itusa Ekur u sa mamma Sandmma ina mujbbi ibai i ld ide, "If he does not know about a claim of Ekur or anyone else against (it) ... " (ibid., lines 20-21). Line 22-The form of the accusative suffix -sunu, which could be interpreted as Assyrian, has been taken instead as a mistake for -Iuniti (or -sunutu), the suffix's ordinary (Neo-)Babylonian form(s). No. 109 Letter 3.6 x 5.9 x 2.4 cm 1:1.7 IM 77135 12 N 158 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE obv. 1. a-na Im-ba-a [ql-[bi-ma] 2. um-ma "dAGE-rSE-irl [r&E-kdm] 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. um-ma-a a-na rEF1-ia-a-m[a] Id u,-mu-us-su rTSE-il-[a] il-ta-nap-par um-ma mi-nam-ma Id-la-nu-t-a 5 KO.BABBAR a-na mlb-na-a ta-nam- di-nal-[ds-sI] i-na Su"(!)-di n[a(?)-din(?)] 11. r21 rMAT.[NA] • o117'=t• n s 10 r-• :X •':' g•-*"~ •• ' - J oi.uchicago.edu 221 TEXT NO. 109 rev. REVERS EB 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 1 fKU.BABBAR at-tan-na-si en-na S§ES--a la im*-mi-rik-ki lil-li-kdm-ma di-i-nu it-ti-Mii nid-bu-ub ia-a>-nu *over erasure 15 LO Ai-la-mu-u 1+en d tLO sarl-[ru-ti] ku-sip-pe-ti na-d[a-a] ki-i is-su-u 22. il-ta-par u UR.GIR,s 20 ('-2)S[ay] to Iba, thus says Nabf-nisir [your brother]. ()Say to my brother: 4-')About that which my brother daily keeps writing to me, (")sayingWhy are you giving silver to Ibn& without my permission? (O)It wa[s delivered(?)] into his hands. (1-12)I gave him two and one-half mi[nas] of silver. 13-4)Now my brother must not delay. (5-7"a)Let him come so that we may institute proceedings against him. 7' 9 )There is not an AblamQ or one single dog-of-a-crim[inal] around. 2)The kusippu-breads are st[ored]. (21-22)When they brought (them), he wrote. COMMENTS Lines 16-17--For the idiom dina (itti X) dabdbu, "to institute proceedings (against X)," see AHw, p. 147 sub dabdbu(m) II G 3b; cf. CAD D, p. 10 sub dabdbu 4d. Line 18-After 1000 B.c., the term Ablamdf was used as an archaism for "Aramean." In this usage, it is encountered most frequently in the inscriptions of the Assyrian kings and in the reports written to them by their scholars (see, e.g., Parpola, NAT, pp. 5-6 s.v., and Zadok, RGTC 8, p. 3 s.v.). Line 20-According to CAD K p. 585, kusipu designates a "flat, thin bread (used to transfer food to the mouth)." In Neo-Babylonian, the word is usually spelled kusippu in the singular and kusippitu in the plural (see, e.g., BE 8 153:1 and passim). oi.uchicago.edu 222 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 110 Letter IM 77161 12N 184 4.8 x 8.9 x 2.8 cm 1:2.0 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. [l]R-ka nrdAMAR.UTUl-APIN-e<. [a-n]a di-na-an rbe-lil-ia [l]ul-flikl dAG u dFAMARI.UTU [a]-rnal b[e-li]-ia lik-ru-bu [um-ma-a a-n]a be-li-rial-a-ma 5 [m]MU-[SUM LO.DUMU sip-ril-ia rtd-el-mu i-rris a-na be-lif-ial liq-bi rds-gd dib-bi rsai 10 "AMAR.UTU-rLUGAL-al-ni sd be-li is-pur am-me-ni dib-bi an-nu-u-rtul ia-a-rmal-a-ti be-i rtal-tir rkit-tul-u sYd kil-i 15 m[dAG-DO1-USu FDUMU m"'TK-ti-DINGIR Frslai be-lf- ia fki-il pi-i an-ni-i i-fdabl-bu-bu-rf al-ga-a 20 x [x (x)] fil-na ze-e-ri [x x (x)] NUl1 0 x [(x)] [X X X] x NU SAG [X (x)J [X X X X] X DI [X X (X)] (lower edge broken) rev. REVERSIE 1'. [x x] X II RU [x x x x] 2'.[x (x)] x ina UG[U] rdib-bil an-[nu-tu] 3'. a-rna pi-i d*1 be-li Ftal-du-rtl 4'.be-li li-pu-us mi-nu-d 5'. a-rnal b[e-lf-i]d lu-ru-uq(!)-bul 6'. dib-bi a[n-nu]-rd-tu sd1 be-li is-mu-ru1 7'.riq-bul-ma "Kit-nu-sid L01.EN.LIL.KI 8'. [k]i-i a-na UNUG.KI rit(?)-tur(?)1-ma 9'. DINGIR.MES lii-al-d-rnil k[i]-ril 10'. dib-bi an-nu-d-tu [ki-nu]-r[(?)l 11'. a-na ID bjur-&d-na be-i Fliisl-[pur]-rgd-nu-til-ma 12'. ki-i it-rtul-ru-i- rnil 13'. Fal-na bi-bil<-ti>-su-nu rbe-li 14'. li-x-x-su-nu-rtil 15'. Fadl la mA-a-ba-u-su [a-na] 5' 10' 15' 20' U.e. n.rA4h.·C.k drJr ^ i r-iy **x^^rM ^ *:.^-.' <;=t oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 110 223 16'. i dfD ur<-sd>-na l[a(?) il(?)-la(?)-ku(?)] 17'. pur-ru-su Fal-na m[uh-bi]-nu 18'. 19'. 20'. 21'. [be-l]i la i-na[m-d]i-i [en]-Inal lib-bi [rd be-ll-[ia] [mim(?)-ma(?)] la i-ma-al-lu-u ul tal-rlal-kdm-ma UPPER EDGE 22'. [a-n]a be-lf-ia 23'. ul al-la-ka ('Your [serv]ant Marduk-Eres. ("4) would gladly [d]ie [fo]r my lord. May Nabf and Marduk bless my l[ord]. ( 5)[Say t]o my lord: ("-)Suma-iddin, my messenger, has requested instructions. Let him speak to my lord. (8b"')Conceming the words of Marduk-sarrini about which my lord wrote--'0 ~'2)Why has my lord reit true that according to Nabf-ipus, son of Rai-ili, 6•8 they are speaking without the permission of my lord as follows: ' -' "This [...] in seed [...]"? • 2*'[...] (. 2b4"'Let my lord do exactly what my lord would like (to do) abo[ut] th[ese] words. (4 b'-5)What should I say(?) to m[y lord]? ("6 -7'They in fact spoke t[hes]e words which my lord has heard. (b'-1)[I]f Kitnusa, the Nippurian, peated(?) each and every one of(?) these words? (12`-6a)Is has returned(?) to Uruk, let them ask the gods whether these words are [tru]e. (l•r 14 Let my lord se[nd] them to the river ordeal; and if they are proved guilty, let my lord [...] them for their wrong<doing>. •"-' 6')But [they must no]t [go(?) to] the house of the river or<de>al without m'A-a-ba-u-su. '7 "'8 ')M[y lord] must not rep[udi]ate (his obligation) to make a decision co[ncerning] us. (19 - 20 ')[No]w [my] lord must not [on any account(?)] become angry. ( 2 1')(But if) you will not come (to my aid), ("'23')1 will not come [t]o my lord('s). COMMENTS Line 11-The final word in the line appears to be yama/uttu, "each and every," which is otherwise attested only in Middle Assyrian and Neo-Assyrian texts (see AHw, p. 411 sub jama/uttu, and CAD I/J, p. 322 sub jamutu). Line 12-The sense of turru in this context is unclear. The extra vowel appended to kittu marks a question, as does the final vowel appended to the verb in line 16. Lines r. 3'-4'---For ana pt sa bill badd bill lipus, "Let my lord do exactly what my lord would like (to do) ... ," compare the passage appt sa sukkal biliya badu lipus, "Let the vizier of my lord do exactly what he would like (to do) ...," in ABL 1052 r. 8-9. Line r. 12'-For the meaning of the verb tdru, "to be proved guilty, to be convicted," especially in the context of the river ordeal, see Gurney, MB Texts from Ur, pp. 48-49 (also p. 12 and pp. 54-55). Line r. 15'-The personal name is unattested elsewhere, and its meaning is unclear. Line r. 16'-It is possible that the function of the "house of the river ordeal" referred to in our letter was the same as that manifested in the Assur version of the Marduk Ordeal wherein we read: [ina libbi bit akite &a]illakuni bdtu &aina mubtbi &aptesa hursdn ina libbi isa "ulduu, "[The Akitu House where he] goes-that house is on the bank of the river ordeal; in it they interrogate him" (see, e.g., Livingstone, SAA 3 no. 34:7 [= VAT 9555 + VAT 9538 + ND 812a] and previous editions cited ibid.). Line r. 18'-For examples of nadi in the meaning "to repudiate an obligation," see CAD N/I, pp. 78-79 sub nadt2 Ic 6'. Line r. 21'-This clause, which is obviously conditional in sense, exhibits several oddities of usage, including a switch from third person to second, the omission of the conjunction ki, and the use of ul instead of Id. oi.uchicago.edu 224 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 111 Letter 4.0 x 6.5 x 2.3 cm 1:1.7 IM 77190 12 N213 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERS E 1. [iIR-ka "x-x]-x a-na 2. I.di-nal-a[n be-li-ia] 3. liul-[li]k 4. um-ma-fal a-na be-[li]-rial-ma 5. ral-na [m]dEN-mU-SIG, 6. LO e-ri-bi UKKIN 7. id f"t.DINGIR be-li liq-bi-ma lig-al um-ma 9. id-del-e re-ril 10. ina t r"mRa-pa-a , 11. ina A mla-a-sar 12. [ina] rti mHa-a-ria-al-nu 13. [ina] rl 1 man-ni rgab-bil-u sa 8. 10 REVERSE 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. [LOt] rd 1 ZAG i-qab-bu ruml-ma t-suWi d-de-e e a-Wbu-ril sad a(!)-nra bu-du 4a-al-qa i-na up--pa be-lf lu-Ifmas-sil-ma lis-pu-rrc be-rlf LUr(?)I.SUKU-ia x x [x c x] x x [x x]( -x)-x-su rev. 15 k1 W^ 20 T7 t ff (.vdJ--4 :i 4<(: iF ~: ('3)[Your servant P]N. I would gladly die [for my lord]. (~)Say to my lo[rd]: (,)Let my lord speak to Belmudammiq, a member of the temple assembly, and ask: ("~)""Are the copper utensils in the House of Rapa>? In the House of Yasar? [In] the House of •jayyinu? [In] whose house?" ('- )All of those attached to the sa bddi-official are saying that (they are in) his house. (16-s)The copper utensils which are (intended for use) at the b6du-ceremony have disappeared. ('9-2)My lord should identify them in a tablet and send it to me. (2224)My overseer(?) of ration-recipients(?) [...]. COMMENTS Lines 6-7-LO eribi UKKIN ja bit ili, a title that is otherwise unattested, means literally "an enterer of the temple assembly." In first-millennium Babylonia, assemblies not only served as temple courts but oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 111 225 also performed extensive administrative functions in the temples (see San Nicolb, BR 8/7, pp. 14647). It is suggested that the sign UKKIN in the title LO eribi UKKIN sa bit ili does not stand at this period for the Akkadian word pubru but rather for its Aramaic equivalent knistd ("Knesset"). The latter is rendered in Neo-Babylonian as kinistu, kinaltu, or kinaltu and is translated in the dictionaries as "priestly collegium" or "class of priests of a low status" who were "concerned with the preparation of food offerings" (see AHw, p. 480 sub kinistu, kinaS/ltu; and CAD K, pp. 386-87 sub kinistu). The definition of kinigtu as a class of priests concerned with the preparation of food offerings perfectly fits the context of our letter, the topic of which is the disappearance of copper utensils used specifically for such offerings. Also, pubru is seldom if ever coupled with bit ili or the names of temples, whereas kinistu usually is (see, e.g., CAD K, p. 386 s.v. mngs. a-b). The reader should note that the recently published astronomical diaries confirm the proposal made by von Soden that LI.UKKIN signifies kinistu in Late Babylonian (see AHw, pp. 876-77 sub puhru(m) A 4; and Sachs and Hunger, Astronomical Diaries,vol. 2, no. -245 B 'obv.' 4; cf. van der Spek, BiOr 50 [1993]: 101). Lines 9 and 16-For udO, "utensils," and for references to the use of ude in construct with other Akkadian words designating metals, see AHw, p. 1402 sub uda(m) I 2. Parpola translates ude as "tableware" in his edition of CT 53 1, and this translation may be apt here as well (see SAA 1 no. 158:12). Our scribe may have construed ude as a feminine plural, since the term governs what appears to be a feminine plural stative in line 18 (ha-al-qa). Line 10-Rapa' is the 3m.sg. Qal perf. of the common West Semitic root *RP>, "to heal." It is an abbreviation of a name of the type DN-rapa>("DN has healed"), for which see Zadok, West Semites, p. 87. Line 11-Yasar is the 3m.sg. Qal perf. of Aramaic or Hebrew *YSR, "to be straight, right." Line 12---"a-a-Fia-al-nurepresents Hayydnu and is an exact parallel of Hyn in Safaitic and Lihyanic (see Ryckmans, Noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1, p. 91; Caskel, Lihyanisch, p. 100 no. 52; also Harding, Pre-IslamicArabian Names, p. 211; and Wiistenfeld, Register, p. 197). In Greek inscriptions from the Syrian Desert the name is transcribed as Atav, Atavrg, and AtavIov (gen.) (see Wuthnow, Semitischen Menschennamen, p. 14). The name also occurs in Palmyrene and Nabatean inscriptions (see, e.g., Stark, PersonalNames in Palmyrene, p. 88; and Cantineau, Le Nabatien, vol. 2, pp. 95-96). Finally, Hayydn is also a common Arabic name, attested over thirty times in the Jamharatal-nasab of Hishaim Ibn al-Kalbi (see Caskel and Strenziok, eds., IK, vol. 2: Das Register). Line 13-On the genitive construction X-su sa Y, see the note to No. 46:11. Lines 14 and 17-In addition to the Old Babylonian references to the word budu, which signifies a ceremony or festival that required the sacrifice or consumption of various foodstuffs (including onions, fish, fowl, and sheep), one should also note the Neo-Babylonian passage Camb. 265:1-4, wherein is recorded a delivery of dates, emmer, and sesame for the badu naSbiptu of the betrothal (bzaSdu) of Belet-Sippar. Line 22-Both the reading and interpretation of this line are uncertain. oi.uchicago.edu 226 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 112 Unregistered 12 N 216 Letter Fragment TRANSLITERATION obv. OBVERSE 1' r A.* L Jl 2'. [ 3'. [ 4'. [ ]x ] rfIi1 rSgEl-[x] ] 5'. [ 6'. [ 7. [ 8'. [ 9'. [ 10'. 5" ] ]xx ] x LA A X X ]-x-i lig-pu-r[am-ma] ] SE BI rd'-pul-[ra-~d] ]xxx[ 1 ] 11'. ] x 12 P r AL . J 13'. [ ].rME(?)1 r1-,UlrTTTI REVERSE 14. [ 15'. [ 16'. 17'. 18'. 19'. [ [ [ [ rev. ]xx[ BA(?) X X (x) ] i]t-tal-ka-ma a]l-kdm-ma ] x A MU(?) [(x)] s]EA-rial [(x)] ] l15 This letter is too broken to merit either translation or comment. No. 113 Unregistered 12 N 225 Letter Fragment TRANSLITERATION OBVERSE 1'. S a x. obv. RA I "F an-fnul-fx x 0 v' .. L.-" s x ' xL (x \' /J 2'. [x-n]a muh-bi-gfil [x x x (x)] 3'. ra(?)1 a-na LA rBI(?)l x [(x)] 4'. [a(?)-n]a(?) pi-i li-d-Fsa(?)l-[x] oi.uchicago.edu 227 TEXTNO. 113 rev. REVERSE 1'. [x (x)]-jUu-il-nu-ui-tu x 2'. x x (x) [x] x [x x] ['4 F Z-sq lith 'iLpf j~·c;·· s ~x~ The text is too broken to translate. No. 114 Exercise tablet: Sb Tablet II; middle column of signs only IM 77077 12N 100 16.0 x 21.3 x 2.2 cm 1:1.3 TRANSLITERATION In the following transliteration, the numbers in parentheses correspond to the line numbers of Sb II as given in MSL 3 132-53. The uppercase letters in the right-hand column represent the signs in the middle column of the three-column version of Sb II; and the values in parentheses after them stand for the Sumerian pronunciations of these signs. The uppercase letters in the left-hand column represent the signs produced on the present Nippur tablet; and these are followed by their probable Sumerian pronunciations. Finally, the signs in boldface represent significant variants from the main text presented in MSL 3. In this exercise the scribal apprentice seems to have been expected to produce the signs of Syllabary B from dictation. This is clear from the large number of homophonic variants that appear on the tablet, including NE (= bi l) for BfL (= b 11), KAD (= k i d) for SU-KAD (= ka d4), AM-A (= a ma x) for AM (= m a), DUB (= s u m u g) for UMxSA (= s i m u g), DUB (= s a m a g) for UMxLAGAB (= s a m a g), NUNtena (= a g a rg a r a) for NUN.KU 6 (= a g r g a r a), PA-DUsesig (= m a k i m) for PA-DUguna (= m i k i m), ABxME-EN (= e m 4) for ABx8A (= ' ? m), LUJxSA (= Ag a ?) for LO.GAN (= S a g a), uv (= n i t a) for ARAD (= n t a), and EZENxA-LAL (= a s i a 14) for EZENxLAL (= a s i I a 1). COLUMN I 1.(1) 2.(2) 3.(3) 4.(4) 5.(5) 6.(6) 7.(7) 8.(8) 9.(9) 10.(10) 11.(11) 12.(12) AN (An [AN] (An a) [AN] (d i n g i r) [NAB] (n a b) AN (d i n g i r) NAB (n a b) MUL (m ulu) UR (u r) UR (ur) URhx (ur (U bingu) FMULl (m ul u) UR (u r) UR (ur) S(ur b i n g u) URgunOdeasig (d a) n 4) UReSig (n i m g i r) NE (n e) NE (i Zi) NE (b il) URseHsig (n i m g i r) URguntisesig (d U n 4) NE (n e) NE (i z i) Bf (bfl) oi.uchicago.edu 228 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR obv. col. V col. iv col. iii col. i col. ii col. vi oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 114 229 rev. col. xii 'j7 p1 col. xi col. x col. ix col. viii col. vii oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 230 COLUMN I (cont.) BfL(gib il) 13.(13) BfL (gib il) 14.(14) BLf(gibil) Bft (g i b i1) 15.(15) DU(d u) 16.(16) 17.(17) 18.(18) DU(ri 6) DU(g u b) DU (d u) DU (ri 6) DU (g u b) DUguna (S u b u S) DUgmun 19.(19) 20.(20) DUgSefig (k a 4) DUSeSgig (k a s,) I(i) 21.(21) 22.(22) 23.(23) 24.(24) I (i) IA (i a) Su (s u) I(i) I(i) IA (i a) SU-KAD (p e s) SU-KAD (p e ,) 25.(25) SU-rKAD1 (p e ,) 26.(26) 27.(27) 28.(28) rKAD1 (k d) SU"-NAGA (tU, !) SU"-rNAGA 1 (tu !) SU-KAD (p e s,) SU-KAD (k a d4) 29.(29) (subu S) Su (Su) SU-NAGA (t U,) SU-NAGA (t U,) DA (d a) DAl(d a) Lines corresponding to Sb II 30-40 broken. COLUMN II 1.(41) 2.(42) 3.(43) 4.(44) 5.(45) SU-AN ( n) SU-MUL (S u 1 u b) SO-URgunaSelig (s u d u n) UOL (d ku s) UUL (bd 1) 6.(46) UiL (bibr a) 7.(47) 8.(48) S0-SE-KU-KAK (si g g a) SUSANA (U s a n a) SUSANA-rISxTAR1 (g i d i m) 9.(49) 10.(50) SANABI (s a n a b i) S0-AN (6 n) SO-MUL (S Ub Ub) SO-URgunafeigig (S U d U n) UUL (6 k uS) UUL (b d 1) UUL (bibr a) SO-SE-KU-KAK (s i g g a) SUSANA (SUsan a) SUSANA-ISxTAR (g i d i m) SANABI ( a n a b i) SANABI-ISxTAR (u d u g) 11.(51) SANABI-ISxTAR (u d 12.(52) 13.(53) 14.(54) 15.(55) rKINGUSILI1 (k i n g u s i i) SA (SA) SAxSi (g u d u,) SAxA (pet 4) rKINGUSILI1 (k i n g u s i i) 16.(56) SA (p e Sx) SAxA (p e s 4) 17.(57) 18.(58) 19.(59) 20.(60) 21.(61) 22.(62) SAxU-A (bir 6) SAxAM (n a n a m x) SA (na,) SA (s a) BAD (idim) BI-NiGguna (b a n s u r) [GURUN-GURUN(?)1 (g U r U nx) AS (dil i) AS (dil i) SAxU-A (b ir ) 23.(63) 24.(64) 25.(65) g) SA (SA) SAxSO (g uu ,) SAxA (p e S 4) SAxNE (n a n a m) SA (na ,) SA (S a) BAD (idim) BI-NfGguna (bi n u r) GURUN ([g u ] ru n) AS ([dili]) AS ([dili]) oi.uchicago.edu 231 TEXT NO. 114 26.(66) 27.(67) 28.(68) 29.(69) TAB (t a b) TAB (t a b) TAB (ta b) TAB (t a b) ITAB1-[TI] (m e g i dd a) TAB-TI (m TAB (ta b) TAB (ta b) e g i d da) Lines corresponding to Sb II 70-78 broken. COLUMN III 1.(79) UD (U 4) UD(U4) 2.(80) U-UD (u S U) U-UD (6 S U) 3.(81) 4.(82) U-UD-KID (n g i n) U-UD-KID (n g i n) UD-DU (6) UD-DU (6) 5.(83) 6.(84) 7.(85) UD-KOUU (6Ib u) UD-K0UU (6 b u) mr (it u) mI (it u) ITIBAD (ft u) ITIxBAD ( t u) 8.(86) mIgunf (m i r u) mIguna (n i s a g) D (t mu n) Dt (d 6) ITmgunz (m d ru) rITguna (n i s a g) Dt (u m u n) Df (d 6) D( (s i 7) Dt (Si 7) AD (a d) GIR (gir 4) UDUN (udu n) AD (a d) GIR4 (g i r,) UDUN (u du n) GU4 (g u 4) AM-A (a m a x) GU4 (g 4) AM (am a) UL (u U) UL ( 1U) UL(ulu) UL (ulu) 20.(98) 21.(99) UL (d U7 ) tTA1 (t a) UL (du 7) TA (t a) 22.(100) rTA1 (t a) 23.(101) TA[xMI] (g a n s i s) 24.(102) T[AxMI] (g a n s i s) Lines corresponding to Sb II 103-113 broken. TA (ta) TAxMI (g a n s i s) TAxMI (g a n s i s) 9.(87) 10.(88) 11.(89) 12.(90) 13.(91) 14.(92) 15.(93) 16.(94) 17.(95) 18.(96) 19.(97) COLUMN IV 1.(114) 2.(115) 3.(116) 4.(117) 5.(118) 6.(119) 7.(120) 8.(121) 9.(122) 10.(123) 11.(124) 12.(125) DUB (sumug) DUB (s a m a g) UM (um u) UM.ME.DA (U m - m e - d a) MES (m e s) MES-TI (k i ib x ?) IS (i i) IS (s a b a r) GAL (g a 1) GAL-BUR (U S U m g a 1) GAL-SUBUR (u k u r) GAL-UKKIN (k i n g al) UMxSA (s Um u g) UMxLAGAB (s a m a g 5) UM (umu) UM.ME.DA (u m - m e - d a) MES (m e s) MES (k i s i b) Is (isi) lS (s a b a r) GAL (g a 1) GAL-BUR (U umga GAL-SUBUR (u 1) ku r) GAL-UKKIN (k i nga 1) oi.uchicago.edu 232 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COLUMN IV (cont.) 13.(126) ZU-AB (abzu) NUN (nu n) 14.(127) NIR (nir) 15.(128) NUNtenO (agargara) 16.(129) KD (erbura) 17.(130) NUN-LAGAR (t i r) 18.(131) ZU-AB (abz u) NUN (n u n) NIR (nir) NUN.KU 6 (ag firg a ra) KfD (erbura) NUN-LAGAR (t iur) 19.(132) NUN-FLAGARxMUNUS1 (S ila m) to Lines corresponding Sb II 133-145 broken. NUN-LAGARxMUNUS ( il a m) COLUMN V 1.(146) 2.(147) LAL-LAGAB (n a n g a) LAL-A (1 >U) LAL-LAGAB (n a n g a) MI(ge 6) MI (g e 6) DUGUD (d U g u d) 3.(148) 4.(149) 5.(150) 6.(151) 7.(152) 8.(153) 9.(154) 10.(155) 11.(156) 12.(157) 13.(158) 14.(159) 15.(160) 16.(161) 17.(162) 18.(163) 19.(164) 20.(165) 21.(166) 22.(167) 23.(168) 24.(169) COLUMN VI 1.(178) 2.(179) 3.(180) 4.(181) 5.(182) 6.(183) 7.(184) 8.(185) DUGUD (d u g u d) LAL-A (I> u) GIG (gi g) DIN (tin) GESTIN (gesti n) DUB (du b) BALAG (bala g) AMAR (a m a r) AMARxSE (s i s k u r) TUM (fb) TUM (t u m) EGIR (e g ir) ZADIM (mu g x?) ZADIM (zadim) DIM (dim) rGfR1 (g fr) [DIMxKUR] (m u n) [U-DIMxKUR] (g a k k u 1) [U-DI]M[xKUR] (g a k k u 1) [BULU]G (bulu g) (SBU imbulu g) [ [BJ]R (U s u) Lines corresponding to Sb II 170-177 broken. GIG (gig) ERAl (ra) KI (k i) KI(ki) KI (ki) abru d) KlxU (b1 DI (di) DI(silim) RA (ra) SA (s a) SA (S a) DIN (ti n) GESTIN (g e s t i n) DUB (d i b) DOB (ba la g) AMAR (a m a r) AMARxSE (S i s k u r) TUM (fb) TUM (t U m) EGIR (e g i r) MUG (mu g) ZADIM (Z a d i m) DIM (d i m) GfR (g f r) DIMxKUR (m u n) U-DIMxKUR (g a k k u 1) U-DIMxKUR (g a k k u 1) BULUG (b U I u g) BULUG S ( i m bulu g) BOR (USU) KI (k i) KI(ki) KI (ki) KIxU (b abru d) DI (d i) DI (s i l i m) oi.uchicago.edu 233 TEXTNO. 114 9.(186) 10.(187) 11.(188) 12.(189) 13.(190) 14.(191) 15.(192) 16.(193) 17.(194) 18.(195) 19.(196) 20.(197) 21.(198) 22.(199) 23.(200) 24.(201) 25.(202) 26.(203) 27.(204) AB (a b) AB (a b) AB (ý ) AB (&S) ABxES (unu) ABxSIG7 (u n u gi) ABxGAL (urugal) A[BxGIN] (a g a ri n) NINDAxES+DIS (u n u) [zi] (z ) zf (zi) IGAR 1 (q a r) GAR (q a r) NfNDA (g ur 9) NINDAxSIG 7 +DIS (u n u g ga 1) (a g a r i n) NfNDAxGIN+DIS NfNDAxGAL+DIS (u r GU4-NINDA (gUrx ?) NINDA (nfnd a) NINDAxES (b S) NINDAxES (z i k) NINDA (nind a) NfNDAxES (bU S) [N]fNDAxES (z i k) NfNDAxi-AS (ur u 6) NfNDAxi-AS (U g U d i (u r u6) NINDAxU-A NINDAxi-AS (u g U d i 1i) i) NfNDA(!)xNUN (6 Z u) NfNDAxNUN (u Z U) NfNDAxSE-A-AN (S &m) NINDAxSE-A-AN (S6 m) NfNDAxNE (•k a) NINDAxNE (Ak a) NfNDAxNE NfNDAxNE ( k a) (f k a) KUM (k u m) KUM (k u m) Lines corresponding to Sb II 205-209 broken. COLUMN VII 1'.(210) 2'.(211) 3'.(212) 4'.(213) 5'.(214) 6'.(215) 7'.(216) 8'.(217) 9'.(218) 10'.(219) 11'.(220) 12'.(221) 13'.(222) 14'.(223) 15'.(224) 16'.(225) 17'.(226) 18'.(227) 19'.(228) 20'.(229) 21'.(230) 22'.(231) 23'.(232) 24'.(233) [PA-TOG1 (n u s k u) [PA-TOG1 (n u s k u) PA-LU (sip a) PA-LU (sip a) PA-AN (garz a) PA-AN (g a rz a) PA-AN (b i 11 u d u) PA-DUeaig(m a ki m) PA-AN (bi 11 u d u) PA-AL (s a pr a) PA-AL (s apr a) PA-IB (s a b) PA-IB (s a b) PA-IB (sa b) PA-IB (s a b) IB (d r a) IB (i b i) BAD (b a d) IB (d ira) IB (ibbi) BAD (b a d) BAD (6 S) BAD (U S) BAD-UD (l BAD-UD (1U g U d) g U d) FBAD-MI (a d a m a) 1 PA-DUgun (m d s k i m) AL (a 1) rBAD-MI1 (a d a m a) AL(al) IL (il) IL (i 1) US (uS) US (us) USxA (k As) KU7 (k u 7) USXA (k &s) KISAL (k i s a 1) KISAL (k isa 1) t (6) A(6) KA (k 6) KA (k A) KID (g f) U-KID (S ita 4) i) KU, (ku 7) KID (g i) U-KID ( ita 4) oi.uchicago.edu 234 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COLUMN VII (cont.) (234) DAG (bBr a) 25'.(235) 26'.(236) DAG(umbisag x?) 27'.(237) 28'.(238) SID (Sit i) SID ( k) U-KID (S i t a 4) DAG (b rr a) SIDxA (U mbisa g) SID (sit i) SID ( k) Lines corresponding to Sb II 239-244 broken. COLUMN VIII 1'.(245) 2'.(246) 3'.(247) 4'.(248) 5'.(249) 6'.(250) 7'.(251) [u]N(kalam a) NUNUZ-KISIMsxLU-MAS (a m a x) NUNUZ-KISIMsxGA (u b u r x) INUNUZ-KISIMxGA 1 (a k a n x) NUNUZ-KISIMsxKID (k i S i x) DAG-ZIB-KISIMsxJ-GIR(!?) (b a r u b x) UN (kala m a) a) DAG-KISIMsxLU-MAS (a ma DAG-KISIM,xGA (u b u r) DAG-KISIM,xGA (a k a n) DAG-KISIM 5 xU-GfR (k i S i 9) DAG-KISIM, xU-GIR (b a r u b) NUNUZ-KISIMsxBAR (k i im x) DAG-KISIM 5 xU-GfR (k i S i m) 8'.(252) 9'.(253) 10'.(254) 11'.(255) AB (A b) rABxXl(libis x) ABxSA+SA (u b ) rABxSA1 (k fr) 12".(256) ABxME-EN (s e m4) 13'.(257) ABxME-EN (m e z e) ABxFDOB1 (liii z) AB (A b) ABxSA ( i bi s) ABxSA (i b) ABxSA (ki r) ABxSA (s m) ABxME-EN (m e z e) ABxDOB ( iliz) URU (uru) URUxUD (U r u) URUxNfG ( r i m) 14'.(258) 15'.(259) 16'.(260) 17'.(261) 18'.(262) URU (ur u) URUXUD (d r u) URUxNIG (brim) URUxTU (s e g 5) 19'.(264) 20'.(265) URUxBAR (U k k i n) URUXTU (s e g,) URUxBAR (u kk i n) URUXMIN (g i g a 1) URUxMIN (g i s ga 1) 21'.(266) URUxIGI (s i I i g) 22'.(267) URUxIGI (Si 1i g) URUxURUDU (b a n Su r) 23'.(263) URUxGU (g ur 5) 24'.(268) TUK(t k) URUxGU (g ur ) TUK (t u k) 25'.(269) (270) 26'.(271) 27'.(272) UR4 (ur4) UR4 (ur 4 ) COLUMN IX 1.(281) 2'.(282) 3'.(283) 4'.(284) 5'.(285) 6'.(286) URUxURUDU (b a n s u r) UR4 (ur 4) KIN (k i n) [KAB1 (g i b u) Lines corresponding to Sb II 273-280 broken. KIN (k i n) rKAB1 (gib u) fMA1 (m i) MA-MUG (d i m g u 1) MA-ZADIM(!?) (d e ll ux ?) [0]z (i z) OZ-DA (S urru x) Z-DA (s u r r u x) MA (m i) MA-MUG (dimg u l) MA-MUG (d e 11 u) Oz (iz) MA-SIG7 (S rr u) MA-SIG 7 (S U rru) oi.uchicago.edu 235 TEXTNO. 114 7'.(287) 8'.(288) 9'.(289) 10'.(290) 11'.(291) 12'.(292) 13'.(293) 14'.(294) 15'.(295) 16'.(296) 17'.(297) 18'.(298) 19'.(299) 20'.(300) 21'.(301) 0Z-DA (g ua n ax) APIN (e n g a r) MA-SIG,-GAM (g u a n a) APIN (a pi n) APIN (a pi n) APIN (uru, 4) APIN (uru,) AG (a g) AGxERIM (m b) AG (a g) AGxERIM (m 6) GIS-LIS (d e I ?) ERIM (e r i m) NUNUZ (n u n u z) NUNUZ (n u n u z) LIS (d 6 1) NUNUZ-KISIMsxASGAB (h S a n) NUNUZ-KISIM 5xASGAB (iS a n) NUNUZ-KISIM5 xLA (1 a b t a n) NUNUZ-KISIMxLA (1 a h t a n) NUNUZ-KISIM,xBI (m i d) KUR (ku r) NUNUZ-KISIM 5xBI (m APIN (e n g a r) ERIM (eri m) NUNUZ (nunu z) NUNUZ (n u n u z) tl d) KUR (k u r) KUR (k u r) Lines corresponding to Sb II 302-311 broken. KUR (k u r) 1'.(312) 2'.(313) 3'.(314) 4'.(315) 5'.(316) 6'.(317) KAR (k a r a) KAR (ka ra) SIG (S ig) SIG (Si g) KAR (k a r a) SUL (s u 1) SUL (S U1) SUL (du n) SUL (du n) 7'.(318) SUBUR ( a b) SUBUR (S a b) SUBUR (s ub u r) SUBUR (Subur) LU (I 6) LO (1 6) L(gigam) COLUMN X 8'.(319) 9'.(320) 10'.(321) 11'.(322) 12'.(323) 13'.(324) 14'.(325) 15'.(326) 16'. 17'.(327) 18'.(328) 19'.(329) 20'.(330) KAR (kara) SIG (si g) SIG (si g) LL-LU (g i g amx) LO+(reversed)LO (a d a m i n) LO.US-KU (16 . gal a) LOxSA (e 3o ?) LO+(reversed)LO (a d a m i n) LU.US-KU (16. gala) LUxSA (siga?) LO.SA (saga) L(j.BAD (a d) LUxBAD (ad 6) LU.GAN (s e 3 ?) LUxBAD (ad,) LO-NE (d u ,4) LO.TUG-UD (1 6. a z 1 a g) LO-ME-EN (d fn i g) LO-LAGAB (t)r LO-NE (du 4) LO.TOG-UD (1 6. a z 1a g) LU-ME-EN (d fn i g) a) LO-LAGAB (b b Lines corresponding to S II 331-337 broken. COLUMN XI 1'.(338) 2'.(339) 3'.(340) 4'.(341) 5'.(342) rAS1 ( is) AS (d u) AS (ds) GAB (d U 8) DUB (du ) s) GAB (g a b a) DUU (d u) GAB (dU As (a u) DUg (g a b a) r a) oi.uchicago.edu 236 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR COLUMN XI (cont.) 6'.(343) 7'.(344) 8'.(345) 9'.(346) 10'.(347) 11'.(348) 12'.(349) 13'.(350) 14'.(351) 15'.(352) 16'.(353) 17'.(354) 18'.(355) 19'.(356) 20'.(357) 21'.(358) 22'.(359) 23'.(360) 24'.(361) COLUMN XII 1'.(366) 2'.(367) 3'.(368) (369) 4'.(370) 5'.(370a) 6'.(371) 7'.(372) (373) 8'.(374) 9'.(375) 10'.(376) DUt (du b) uS (n it a) DUU (du b) d) EZEN (e z e n) EZEN (k ed a) EZEN ( i r) EZENxBAD (b Ad) EZENxA-LAL (a s i a 14) EZENxKASKAL (ubar a) BARA (b r a) BARA (s ar a) NM (ni m) NIMxKAR(!) (t h m) uzu (u z u) SUJUR (s u b u r) GALAM (ub i) LIL (li l) GALAM (g a 1a m) FGALAM 1 (S Uk u d) Lines corresponding to Sb II 362-365 broken. ARAD (ara d) rGOgunal (m i n s u b) GO-UN (g u n) Gf-KAK (d u r) fD.IDI[GNA] (i d i g n a) fD.U[D.KIB.NUN.K]I (b u r a n u n) ID[IGNA] (d a I a) [PAB-NA] (zub u) GOguna (m i n s u b) - PAB-NA (g t m) N[A] (n A) NA (n a) DAR (d Ar a) ARAD (nfta) ARAD(ara [DAR] (d r a) [ALAM] (a I a m) EZEN (ez e n) EZEN (k e d a) EZEN (s1r) EZENxBAD (b t d) EZENxLAL (a s i 1 a 1) EZENxKASKAL (u b a r a) BARA (b r a) BARA (s ar a) NIM (ni m) NIMxKAR (t h m) uzu (u z u) SUUUR (subu r) GALAM (Ub i) LIL (li 1) GALAM (g a 1a m) GALAM (s u k u d) GU-UN (g u n) GO-KAK (d Ur) GOguna (usan) fD.IDIGNA (idign a) ID.UD.KIB.NUN.KI (b u r a n u n) IDIGNA (d a 1 a) PAB-NA (z u b u) ALAM (a la m) COMMENTS Column i 7-The sign URBINGU, which is here written with one UR-sign over another, is otherwise represented by two crossed UR-signs (see Fossey, Manuel II, p. 1033). Column i 8-9-The order of the signs DUN 4 and NIMGIR is the reverse of that found in the other extant exemplar of this section of Sb II (VAT 8410; see MSL 3, p. 132). Column i 12-The scribe has written the NE-sign (b i 1) where the two other exemplars have the BfL-sign (b f 1). Column i 26-The three-column exemplars of Sb II in which this line is preserved show the sign KAD 4 in the middle column and k a - a d (= k a d 4) in the first column. Our text instead shows KAD. It should be noted, however, that PBS 12/1 54, which repeats this section numerous times, also shows KAD here. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 114 237 Column i 27-28-TU5 is represented by the sign-group SU"-NAGA rather than by SU-NAGA, as TU, is usually written. Column ii 16-I--nstead of expected SAxA (p e s 4), the scribe has written a simple SA-sign. Column ii 18-For SAxNE (= n a n a m), the scribe has produced instead SAxAM. Column ii 23-The scribe seems to have reduplicated the GURUN-sign. Column iii 17-The entry in question is written as AM-A instead of as AM (= a m a). Column iv 1-2-For the signs UMxSA (= s i m u g) and UMxLAGAB (= s a m a g ) our text has instead DUB (= s u m u g, s a m a g). Column iv 6-The TI-sign after MES is probably an error. Column iv 16-Instead of the sign configuration NUN.KU 6 (= a g 6r g ar a), the scribe has produced instead NUNteni (= a g a rg a r a). Column v 8-9-BALAG is distinguished from DUB in our text, but apparently not in the three-column exemplars of Sb. These signs are differentiated also in PBS 12/1 11, another one-column version of Sb from Nippur (see obv. col. ii 45'-46'). This was a distinction that was made as well in Proto-Ea (see the remarks of Landsberger in MSL 3, pp. 191-92, and p. 199). Moreover, in our text the forms of both signs differ slightly from those illustrated in Labat, Manuel, no. 352, in that each exhibits an extra vertical wedge before the final Winkelhaken. Column v 15-16-MUG and ZADIM also appear to be differentiated in our text. Compare the shape of the signs here in col. v 15-16 with the shapes of the "MUG"-components of the composite signs representing d i m g u 1and d e 11 u in col. ix 2'-3' below. Column v 18-The remaining traces of the GfR-sign point to a shape that must have originally resembled the Middle Babylonian form that Labat has put in parentheses in Manuel, no. 10. Column vi 11-14-The shapes of the signs entered in these lines differ slightly from the shapes of the signs appearing in the other exemplars of Sb that preserve this section. In our text their overall shape is that of the AB-sign; in the other exemplars their overall shape is that of NINDA+DIS. Column vi 17-The scribe has mistakenly written a GU4-sign before the NfNDA-sign, which is otherwise a logographic writing for Akkadian biru, "bull (for breeding)" (see, e.g., No. 94:26). Column vii 5'-The other exemplars of Sb II that preserve this entry have PA-DUguna (= m &ik i m); our text has instead PA-DUseSSig (= m a Sk i m). Column vii 19'-20'-The KU,-sign has an extra Winkelhaken at the bottom. Also, the shape of the KISAL-sign differs significantly from the Neo-Babylonian form illustrated in Labat, Manuel, no. 249-it is closer to the Middle Babylonian form. Column vii 24'-25'-The sign that corresponds to the middle-column entry of line 234 in Landsberger's edition of Sb II (s i - t a = U-KID = Suk-lu-lu [see MSL 3, p. 144]) is lacking in our text. Column vii 26'-Our scribe has written a DAG-sign instead of SIDxA, as in the other extant exemplars. Column viii 2'-7'--Our text shows NUNUZ as the first component in five of the six complex signs in this group, while the other exemplars preserving this section show DAG as the first component. In the case where our scribe has not written NUNUZ (line 6'), he has erred instead by writing DAG-ZIB. There are also errors in the signs in lines 5' and 7'. Column viii 9'-In this entry we expect to find a SA-sign inscribed inside an AB-sign; but the remaining traces point to a sign other than SA. Column viii 10'-There is not only a SA-sign inscribed inside the AB-sign, as we would expect, but there is also one inscribed after it. oi.uchicago.edu 238 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Column viii 12'-ABxSA (= S6 m) is expected here; but the scribe has given us ABxME-EN (= s em 4) instead. Column viii 23'-In the other exemplars of Sb II, the sign URUxGU comes after URUxTU and before URUxBAR (see MSL 3, pp. 145-46). Column viii 25'-26'-The sign that corresponds to the middle-column entry of line 270 in Landsberger's edition of Sb H (u r = UR4 = e-se-du [see MSL 3, p. 146]) is lacking in our text. Column ix 2'-3'-See the note to col. v 15-16 above. Column ix 5'-7'-The forms of the signs in these three lines differ markedly from the forms preserved in the other exemplars. Column ix 13'-The GIS-sign inscribed before the LIS-sign is probably an error. Column x 7'-8'-The IUBUR-signs here are differentiated from the SuL-signs in the preceding lines by an extra oblique wedge. Column x 10'-L0-LO does not seem to be otherwise attested as a writing for g i g a m. Column x 13'-14'-It is not surprising that the scribe has written LCxSA where other versions of Sb II have LU.GAN. The graphemes LOxSA and LU.GAN (and their variants LO.SA and LOxGANrenf) were used almost interchangeably in the lexical texts to represent the Sumerian lexemes /' e/ and / agaa/ and their Akkadian equivalents hablu, kamf, and sagsu (see, e.g., the lexical sections in CAD I, pp. 16-17 sub hablu, and S/I, p. 74 sub sagsu). Column x 15'-16'-The repetition of the sign LUXBAD (or LO.BAD) does not seem to occur in the other extant exemplars of Sb II (although it should be noted that in two of the three manuscripts in question, the entry LO.BAD occurs either immediately before or after a lacuna in the text). The signs LUXBAD and LC.BAD are used interchangeably in lexical and bilingual texts for Sumerian /ad/ (= Akkadian pagru or &alamtu)(see CAD S/I, pp. 203-4 sub galamtu lex. section). Column xi 3'-6'-Although the scribe has tried to differentiate the signs GAB and DUg in this section, he has written GAB-signs in lines 3' and 4' where he should have written DUO-signs. On the differentiation of GAB and DUO in the Neo-Babylonian script, see W. Farber, ZA 66 (1976-77): 261-75. Column xi 7'-We expect the sign ARAD (= n it a), but the author of our text has produced instead the sign uS (= nita). Column xi 13'-EZENxA-LAL (= a s i 1a 14) occurs here for the expected EZENxLAL (= a s i 1a 1). Column xii 3'-4'-The scribe has omitted the entry (entries) that correspond(s) to line(s) 369(ab) in Landsberger's edition (see MSL 3, p. 152). Column xii 7'-8'-The scribe has omitted the entry PAB-NA (= g Am). oi.uchicago.edu 239 TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS No. 115 Exercise tablet: list of Akkadian words IM 77195 12 N219 4.8 x 7.6 x 2.9 cm 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION obv. OBVERSE 1. nd'el--si 2. ba-ra-ba-ra 3. ril-me-[ri] 4. i-su-ril 5. pa-rru-ul 6. bu-sa-[bu] 7. e-si-ritl-ti 8. nu-sa-rbal 9. da-al-ftil 10. i-ga-ra 11. rsil-ik-ku-Frul 12. na-rai-lil 13. qa-rpal-ti "lion" "wolf" "donkey" "pit" or "depression" "mule" "twig" "pestle" or "a tax on date orchards" "drain pipe" "door" "wall" "bolt" "wadi" "a basket made of palm leaves" LOWER EDGE 14. ti-ib-ni "straw" 10 lo. e. 15 5 15. x x . " REVERSE 16. al-rpil -su-ku-ul-rtul 17. "fodder" rev. "fodder" 4 #( L-% COMMENTS Line 2-ba-ra-ba-rastands for barbaru. This spelling is apparently also attested in the lexical equation r a SAR = [MIN(= bassu) ba]-ra-ba-ra,"wolf's lettuce" (Hh. XVII 330-331; see, 3 i. is. ur.r. e.g., CAD J, p. 128 sub bassu lex. section). Line 4-i-su-dl = issu or essi (vars. isa and esa) (see CAD I/J, p. 204 sub issa; and AHw, p. 250 sub e(s)si). Line 7-esittu designates both "pestle" and "a tax" (see CAD E, p. 337 sub esittu A and B; and AHw, p. 250 sub esittu(m) I and esittu II). It is also an Old Babylonian variant of isittu, "storehouse" (see CAD I/ J, p. 243 sub isittu). Line 8-nu-sa-rbal= nussabu, which is otherwise an Old Babylonian variant spelling of nassabu (see CAD N/ II, p. 52 sub nassabu A b; and AHw, p. 758 sub nassabu(m), nanlmsabu 1). Line 12-na-rab-lilrepresents a common variant of nafballu (see CAD N/I, pp. 124-25 sub nafallu; and AHw, p. 712 sub naballu(m), natilu(m) II). Line 13-qa-rpal-ti= qappatu(see CAD Q, p. 92 s.v.; and AHw, pp. 898-99 sub qappatu(m)). Line 17-s'ukultu also means "feeding" or "banquet" (see AHw, p. 1265 s.v.). oi.uchicago.edu 240 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 116 Exercise tablet: list of Akkadian words 3.6 x 5.5 x 2.1 cm 1:1.5 IM 77196 12 N 220 TRANSLITERATION OBVERSE obv. 1. [(x)]-rxl-ti 2'. [Isf]-du-ui 3'. [&d]-jbu4'. Fa-bi-ti 5'. gd-ra 6'. za-ba-la 7'. rndl-e-si 8'. i-sa-ta "mountain" "pig" "female pig, sow" "wind" (a silver alloy?) "lion" "fire" 5' REVERSE 9'. i-dsa-ril 10'. a-ta-ra-nul 11'. mu-ra-&i-ti 12'. sa-rab-le-el 13'. 14'. 15'. 16'. sa-mu-rtul ta-ba-ra pa-ru-u pa-ru-tu rev. "straight" or "penis" "mare" "female wildcat" "cress" "red cakes" or "fragrance" "red wool" "mule" (a type of alabaster) 10' 1...^ ,5 r."^ COMMENTS Line 4'-See CAD S/I, p. 98 sub sabiftu, and AHw, p. 1132 sub sabitu(m). Line 5'-See AHw, pp. 1192-93 sub sdru(m) I. The several homophones of saru "wind" are rarely attested (see ibid., p. 1193). Line 6'-The writing za-ba-la stands for zabala, for which see CAD Z, pp. 12-13 s.v., and AHw, p. 1503 s.v. Line 11'-muragitu is otherwise attested as a female personal name (see CAD M/II, p. 219 sub muraga A b, and AHw, p. 675 sub muraggi 2b). Line 13'-The writing sa-mu-Ftul may stand for either sdmutu (see CAD S, p. 129 sub samu adj. a8') or for sammitu (see CAD S, p. 120 s.v., and AHw, p. 1019 s.v.). Line 14'-ta-ba-ra= tabarru (see AHw, p. 1298 s.v.). Line 16'-See AHw, p. 837 sub parutu I. For other possible translations ofpa-ru-tu, see the entries paratu(m) II, parutum III, and pardtu, which are found directly below the entry just cited. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 241 No. 117 Exercise tablet: nouns, verbal forms, phrases 10.9 x 15.6 x 3.3 cm 1:1.4 IM 77078 12 N 101 TRANSLITERATION OBVERSE obv. (only a portion of one column preserved) 1'. UR-[x-x(-x)] i-mid e-mid i-mid-u-ni dib-bi iq-bi4 tam-bur nim-tur 9'. nim-ta-war 10'. aq-bak*-ka 11'. mub-ras-sum-ma 12'. a-dab-bu-ub 13'. i-dab-bu-ub 14'. nid-bu-bu 15'. ni-dab-bu-bu 16'. Fitl-tal-ka 17'. [qur]-rib-&u 18'. [l-qa]r-[r]ib--u 19'. rdl-[qar]-rib-&i-nu-ti I 2'. 3'. 4'. 5'. 6". 7'. 8'. 20'. r[l-[qar]-rrabl-&a 5' *over erasure 10' 15' 20' oi.uchicago.edu 242 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rev. 5' 10' 5' 15' 10' 20' 15' 25' 20' col. i col. ii col. iii oi.uchicago.edu 243 TEXT NO. 117 REVERSE Column i 1'. 2'. 3'. 4'. 5'. 6'. 7'. 8'. 9'. 10'. [is]-sab-tu-[(x)] [x]-rtal-[x] [x]-fx1-[x] rnil-ze-er-[id(?)] rnil-ig-m[ur] ral-fbal-lutl rabl-lut 11'. rxl-[x]-rx-xl 12'. 13'. 14'. 15'. 16'. 17'. 18'. 19'. 20'. 21'. 22'. 23'. 24'. [x(-x)]-rx-xl rniml-hur rx-xl-x flal ta-kud-da-ad-sui-nu<-ti> ul a-ras-sd nin-dal-lik x-DI-x(-x)-ma [m]u-gur(!) [mu]&-Ju-rat [x]-fxl [x]-gur [te]-rel-pis-si [x(-x)]-KAL 25'. [x(-X-x)]-KAL x-x-x[(-x)] ribl-bu-un-[ni] [x]-X-ME-x Column ii 1'. rxl-[x(-x-x)] 2'. rx-xl-[x(-x)] 3'. rx-x(-x)l-[x] 4'. IB-[x] 5'. ra(?)l-sa-ad -x-xl-ma 6'. 7'. rxl-x-a 8'. [ni(?)]-ri& 9'. rte(?)-risl 10'. APIN 11'. 12'. 13'. 14'. 15'. 16'. 17'. 18'. 19'. e-re-es sup-i-il u-sep-r>il-li i-rak-rkdsl-am-ma i-rak-kds i-gat-tar-rgul-nu-gs u-ses-sib-an-ni -sesg-sib-ki ul-te-rsWib 20'. sul-f misl Column iii 1'. rUD1-[x-x(-x)] 2'. 3'. 4'. 5'. 6'. 7'. 8'. 9'. 10'. 11'. rx-xl-[x(-x)]-rtil rx 1 LU AS BAD x [x] gd KUR.KUR rx-xl ina mub-flil-i-fnul tal-ta-kan fx-xl gd tas-su u-sal BU-x-du-tu paq-da rxl-[x] la tu-x-x na-pa-frga(?)1-ao 12'. GIS BU x x[(x)] 13'. LO a-mil-tu-sg 14'. ki-i as-bat 15'. mi-nam-ma rxl [(x)] 16'. IG xx 17'. ul-te-rib-gs 18'. rxl-gir-fxl 19'. 20'. ril-qab-bak x DIN 21'. tak-bit 22'. rkabl-tu 23'. rtl-[x]-rxl 24'. ui-ab-slaql 25'. tu-sab-liq 26'. [x(-x-x)]-fxl 27'. [x(-x-x)]-KUR 28'. [x(-x-x)]-KUR 29'. [x(-x-x)]-KUR COMMENTS Reverse, Column i 2'-The entry has been read as ribl-bu-un-[ni] (< imbu "deficit") based on the parallels in No. 9:11 and No. 20:10 (see the comments on these lines). Reverse, Column i 15'-The verbal form of this line is understood to be from kadu, "to detain, arrest" (compare No. 2:18 + comment). Reverse, Column ii 12'-13'-The verb in question is Supelu, "to exchange." The manifestation of a strong aleph is unusual in Babylonian forms of this verb, but it happens also in u-gap-'i-lu in BR 8/1 no. 40:3, 8, and 13. Reverse, Column ii 20'-Since the adverb sulmis is not attested elsewhere, the word in question is probably galmig, "safely, intact, in good condition." This form occurs also in No. 24:7. For other examples of the shift a > u in the vicinity of a liquid, see the note to No. 119:17. Reverse, Column iii 13'-The scribe (or apprentice) has mistakenly used the masculine determinative LO with aniltu, "slave woman." oi.uchicago.edu 244 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 118 Exercise tablet: nouns and verbal forms 15.1 x 22.3 x 3.8 cm 1:1.5 IM 77079 12 N 102 obv. 5' 10' 15' 20 5' 25' 10' 30' 15' 35' 20' 40' 25' col. i col. ii col. iii oi.uchicago.edu 245 TEXT NO. 118 TRANSLITERATION OBVERSE Column i Column ii Column iii 1'. rxl-[x-x(-x)] 1'. [x-x(-x)-x] 1'. SI-[x-x(-x)] 2'. [x-x(-x)-x] 2'. UD-rx-xl-[x] 2'. TAG-[X-X(-X)] 3'. [x-x(-x)]-x 3'. i-[x-x(-x)] 4'. UR-[x]-x-[x] 3'. rxl-[x-x(-x)] 4'. [x-x]-rx(-x)l 5'. SI[M-x-x(-x)] 5'. [x-x(-x)]-zib 6'. [x-x(-x)]-zib 7'. [x-x(-x)]-ka 4'. [x(-x)]-Sxl-ka 5'. [t-masl-sir 6'. [ri-ma-Ji]-srul-ka 7'. [x-x(-x)]-id 8'. ul-t[e-bifl]-ri1 9'. u-hd[r-re]b-si 10'. ul-te-[rib]-Jui 11'. rx1-[x(-x)]-rx1 12'. 13'. 14'. i-rqabl-[ba]k-k[a] ral-qab-[bak]-rkal rx-xl-Fkal 15'. 16'. 17'. 18'. 19'. 20'. 21'. 22'. 23'. 24'. 25'. 26'. 27'. 28'. 29'. 30'. 31'. 32'. 33'. 34'. rxl-[x(-x)] e-[mid] i-mid-ai-[n]i lu-[mur] ig-rmurl tam-bur nim-bur rnim-tal-bar aq-bak-ka rmubl-ras-sum-ma [i]-dab-bu-ub ral-dab-bu-ub [i]d-bu-bu [n]i-i[d-b]u-bu [x]-rx-xl qur-rib-[~i] lu-qar-rib-[s4 ] lu-qar-rib-si-rnu-til u-qar-rrabl ra-taml-ru 35'. 36'. 37'. 38'. 39'. 40'. 41'. 42'. 43'. Fil-tam-ru rta-taml-ru [i-ta]-mar [a-ta]-rmarl [mab-rakl sup-ral-iS-nu-tim-ma mujb-ra-ran-nil ni-ni sul-ma-a-nu 44'. x-§l 6'. tu[L-x-x(x)] 7'. ul-[x-x(-x)] 8'. ul-[x-x(-x)] 8'. 9'. i-se[s]-rmul-[a] 9'. [x-x-(-x)]-rxl 10'. 11'. 12'. 13'. AG-rxi-[x(x)]-rxi u-baq-rqar-xl mus-sar-[r]e tag-ru-[u]r 14'. TAG-rX1 15'. 16'. 17'. 18'. 19'. [a]l-ftap-ra(?)l ril-tapl-[r]a tal-tap-[r]a ta[l]-tap-rraml-[m]a [x-x-x]-x 20'. [x-x-x(-x)] 21'. 22'. rxl-[x-x(-x)] ruRl-[x-x(-x)] 23'. KAL-rx1-[x-x] 24'. sab-tu-[tu] 25'. bab-tu-rtul 26'. a-[s]ib 27'. tu-[sib] 28'. su-jib-[vi(?)] 29'. 30'. 31'. 32'. 33'. 34'. 35'. bfr-J[u(?)] rbur-sal-am-m[a] a-tab-kas-su ril-tab-kaK-[IA-n]u-t[i] li-bu-ka&-r1il-[nu]-t[i] ta&-&d-[x(-x)] e-x[(-x)]-r[ul 36'. x-[x(-x)]-&u 37'. [x-x-x(-x)] 38'. fx1-TAR-X-X 39'. fubl-te-e 40'. rX1-DAN-NI 41'. 42'. 43'. i-uu-[(x)]-x LIB-[X] a-UU-DAN [(x)] 44'. x-rxl-[x]-rxl 45'. rx-xl-[x-x] 10'. 11'. 12'. 13'. 14'. [x-x]-rx-ME(?)1 [x]-DI-[rx [x]-rxl-mu-u [x-x]-mu-u [x-x]-rmu-il [x-x]-rx-xl 15'. U[R-x-x]-ral 16'. 17'. UR-rxl-[x-x] ZUM-x-[x-x] 18'. ul-te-[x-x] 19'. 20'. 21'. rxl1-D-[x-x] UD-[X-X-X] 22'. GAL.MES[rx-[X] 23'. 24'. 25'. 26'. 27'. rxl-te-nim-rxl i-bat-tu-rl ui-seb-Fqir-xl ul-te-[x]-rxl &u-rxl-[x]-rxl TUM-[x-x-x] oi.uchicago.edu 246 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE (very few signs and no complete words are preserved) COMMENTS col. ii 12'-There are no exact parallels for the writing mus-sar-[r]e.It may stand either for musarO, "inscrip- tion," or for musari, "garden" (compare the spelling mu-sar-re-e in Hh. VII A 244, cited CAD M/II, p. 234 sub musart B lex. section). col. ii 29'-The sign UAR has been read in the present context as frr, the G-stem m.sg. imp. of bdru, "to prepare, get ready." This verb occurs frequently in the letters of the Governor's Archive. col. ii 39'-The form in question is understood to be the D-stem perf. of bu"^, "to seek." The same spelling occurs in letter No. 13, in the passage mNuru erbesu dibbu ana mubpiya ub-te-e, "Ndiru has four times sought an agreement with me" (lines 11-14). col. ii 43'-The writing a-UU-DAN may of course be read as a-hu-lap, which would represent the well-known interjection. But in view of the entry in line 41', a verbal form seems to have been intended here. If so, the only possible readings are a-bak-kal and a-pak-kal, although neither *BKL nor *PKL is attested. No. 119 Exercise tablet: bilingual list of offices and professions 4.6 x 7.7 x 2.3 cm 1:1.7 IM 77106 12 N 129 Four of the five lists of offices and professions published below were edited previously by Cole in JAC (1986): 127-43. obv. W-T f^tF- ioFW 10 rev. - 15 PFF- M p%(f~r / ^^^fP *½4 Jwrr ^?^ ^q ^^ M 20 4rpTfr -T Tr -r r r r 25 - 't- r r oi.uchicago.edu 247 TEXT NO. 119 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. lugal dumu.lugal dumu.munus.lugal I .g i. en.na S. en.nam I6. A. tam Ii. gar.umus I6.nu. i 16.ku 4 .6 = sar-rum = mar MIN = mar-ti MIN = sd-an-da-bak-ku = be-el pa-fbas = sat-ta-mu = sd-kin td-e-mu = ni-sak-ku = e-rib t = &d-an-rgul-u "king" "prince" "princess" "governor (of Nippur)" "governor" "chief temple steward" "governor" 16.sipa Id.en.gis.gigir = re-e = be-er-kab-ti "high priest(?)" (a person allowed to enter the temple) "chief religious administrator" "shepherd" "charioteer" S16. UAL = ba-ru-ril = DUMU Jip-ri = dr-du t.GAL = ma-as-sar a-bul-lum = nu-ku-rib = ma-az-pan = rsarl-rum "diviner" "messenger" "builder" "gate-guard" "gardener" "courtier" "king" 1u. 1.BAR REVERSE 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. l i.a.kin Id.arad.e.gal li.en.nun.kd.gal iu.nu.gis.kiri, lii.igi.gub rlugall sd "Sil-rlal-a x mSil-rla-al x mSil-rlal-a-a-ma 24. xxx 25. x NU x (x) X X COMMENTS Line 4-In the 1960s, Landsberger argued convincingly that (1 . )g u.en. n a should be read as gandabakku in post-Old Babylonian texts (Landsberger, Brief, pp. 75-76). His insight is now confirmed by attestations of this exact equation here (see also No. 121:4 and No. 123:1). Line 5-pafbas represents either the colloquial Babylonian pronunciation of pihatu or an early spirantized form of the Aramaic word loaned from Akkadian. The form is paralleled by surruba', which stands for *surrubat, and occurs in a mid-eighth century inscription from Sibu on the middle Euphrates (see Cavigneaux and Ismail, Bagh. Mitt. 21 [1990]: 380 no. 17:3 and note on p. 382). It is also paralleled by pibas-ta, which represents pliata, found in a Late Babylonian copy of a tablet recording the privileges granted to the town Sa-Usur-Adad by the Babylonian monarch Bel-ibni (702-700; see Walker and Kramer, Iraq 44 [1982]: 74:27'). On the occasional alternation of S and t in the spelling of Akkadian texts, see von Soden, JNES 27 (1968): 214-20. Alternations like &/tand l/k have been adduced as evidence for the spirantization of stops in Akkadian (see ibid.; also von Soden and Rollig, Syllabar, pp. xix-xx; and Knudsen in Dietrich and Roillig, eds., Lisan mitburti, pp. 147-55). Von Soden has proposed post-vocalic position as a condition for spirantization (see GAG oi.uchicago.edu 248 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Ergdnzungsheft, p. 4** §29a). It should be noted, however, that Kaufman has raised a number of Line Line Line Line Line Line objections to the conclusions reached by both von Soden and Knudsen (see Akkadian Influences, pp. 116-19). Another oddity that is evident in the form pahasls is the spelling with initial vowel a, which is usually found in texts from Mari, Boghazkoy, Assyria, and occasionally also in Babylonian texts of the Achaemenid period (presumably because of influence by Official Aramaic phh) (see Brinkman, PKB, p. 296 n. 1940). bilpabas is also attested in No. 121:5, No. 122:1, and No. 123:3. 6-The spelling sattamu for satammu is also found in No. 121:6 and in No. 123:4. 8-For the connection of title nisakku with the god Enlil, and then the god B6l, at Nippur, see the note to No. 125 iv 23. 11-refd is also written re (pri) in a first century B.c. Babylonian dedicatory inscription in Greek characters (see Schileico, AfO 5 [1928-29]: 13). See also No. 121:11. 12-The new form b&rkabtu, which stands for expected bil narkabti, compels one to reconsider how to read (16.)en.gi s. gigir in Babylonian texts of the early Neo-Babylonian period and later, since this is the only syllabic equivalent of the logogram that is known. The equation in which the new form is attested occurs also in No. 121:12. 15-Babylonian LO.ARAD.t.GAL was rendered in Aramaic as 'ardikal, which is perhaps reflected in the spelling dr-du-t.GAL in this line and in No. 121:15. For a full discussion of the term, see Oppenheim, ArOr 17/2 (1949): 235 and n. 17; see also Dandamayev, Or 55 (1986): 467. 17-Apart from the canonical lexical texts, where we always find the traditional spelling nukaribbu, the only indication of how this word was actually pronounced in Neo-Babylonian until now has been a syllabic spelling of its abstract: nu-ku-ri-bu-tai, in VAS 5 11:6. This and the new syllabic spellings from Nippur (see also No. 121:17 and No. 123:17) indicate that the colloquial pronunciation of the word in early and later Neo-Babylonian was nukurib(bu) rather than nukaribbu. Edzard made a similar proposal in ZA 71 (1981-82): 287. The alternation of a and u before the liquids r and I seems to have been fairly common in Akkadian. Von Soden has suggested that the alternation points to the existence of the sound o, which occurs especially before r after a labial or emphatic (see JCS 2 [1948]: 291-303; GAG §9ef). However, the vowel change in question seems to have occurred also before 1,as shown by the following examples (to which may be added many more): bargallu/ bargullu (Middle Babylonian, Late Babylonian), kalbanu / kulbdnu (Standard Babylonian, Neo-Assyrian), kaldd (= kaSdu) / kuldu (Middle Babylonian), mallahtu / mullabtu (esp. Middle Assyrian), malmallu / mulmullu (esp. Middle Assyrian), and Gahal/ Gabul (Neo-Babylonian). Compare also the Hatra PN 'bd-Nrgwl = CAbdi-Nergul, "Slave of Nergal" (Donner and Rtillig, KAI, vol. 2, No. 240:1). Examples of the change before r include Barsipa / Bursipi (Neo-Babylonian), Ndr Sumandar / Nar Sumandur (NeoBabylonian), sarpu / surpu (Emar), tarbu>(t)u / turbu>/ttu (Standard Babylonian), targumannu / turgumannu (all periods, Old Babylonian), tartdnu / turtinu (Neo-Assyrian), Til Barsip / Til Bursip (Neo-Assyrian), etc. In the present archive the alternation of a and u is evidenced not only by the occurrence of nukurib(bu) for the expected nukaribbu but also by the occurrence of kulukku for kalakku, "storehouse" (No. 78:15). Line 18-In the equation 16. igi. g ub = ma-az-pan, both the logographic writing on the left and the Akkadian form on the right are unique, since 16. g ub. b a i g i = manzaz pdni or mazzaz pdni is expected (see, e.g., CAD M/I, pp. 233-34 sub manzazu). Perhaps the closest parallel to the Nippur equation is the sequence LU.GUB.IGI, LO mazzaz pdni in the Neo-Assyrian list of professions from Kuyunjik (see MSL 12 239 iii 29-30). But the Nippur attestation differs from the Kuyunjik example in the reverse order of the signs in the logogram, the absence of the genitive, and the truncation or syncope of mazzaz, a form which in the first millennium B.C. occurs relatively rarely in comparison to manzaz and thus far has been found only in texts from Assyria (e.g., Frankena, Takultu, p. 25 i 25 oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 119 249 and ABL 1042 r. 10). The severe truncation or syncope that is evident in maz may indicate that mazzaz pdni was no longer regarded as a construction in two distinct components, but rather as a compound in one, perhaps analogous to the modem English compound shepherd. In Akkadian, the juncture between the nomen regens and the nomen rectum of the construct formation was sufficiently close to occasion changes in the form of the regens, as evidenced by assimilative, phonemic spellings at the word boundary (e.g., qa-sa-bi-ti= qdt + sabitti [see Reiner, Or 42 (1973): 36-37]) and by sandhi spellings accompanied by vowel reduction (e.g., a-gib-ti-Isin = agibat + Isin [see PBS 1/2 30:4; cited by von Soden, GAG Erganzungsheft, p. 13** §64h]). That such word groups were de facto compounds is demonstrated by the existence of variant phonemic and morphonemic spellings of forms such as those just cited, and also by the affixation of the plural marker to such forms (e.g., qan/rtuppati= qan + tuppi + pl. [see Reiner, Or 42 (1973): 36 n. 2]). The equation 16. i g i. g u b = ma-az-pan occurs also in No. 121:18 and No. 122:6; and a person named Nabu-&res is designated by the logogram LO.IGI.GUB in No. 16:8. The five 16 -lists in this archive do not belong to any known canonical 1ii-series. In form they most closely resemble the Neo-Babylonian 1i -lists from the temple of Nabfl sa Hare at Babylon, which date to Nebuchadnezzar II or later (see Cavigneaux, Textes scolaires, pp. 107-11); and they also resemble the Neo-Babylonian u16-lists from Kish (see Civil, Gurney, and Kennedy, MSL Supplementary Series, vol. 1, pp. 50-52 and pls. XI-XIV). In function, however, they are more similar to the Neo-Assyrian lists from Kuyunjik and Sultantepe (see MSL 12 233-41), in that each is a "practical" vocabulary reflecting the contemporary nomenclature of the officials and professions of the particular administrative milieu in which it was drafted. This is in contrast with the recondite, pedagogical nomenclature of 1 i = sa and the semi-canonical 1 -lists of Nabt saa Uare (see Civil, MSL 12, p. 223, and Cavigneaux, Textes scolaires,p. 10). oi.uchicago.edu 250 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 120 Exercise tablet: bilingual list of offices and professions IM 77108 12 N 131 3.9 x 5.9 x 2.3 cm 1:1.5 obv. rev. 4. ~ 4 k 5 S .. : · · r *1 10 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. lI.su.b a 2. l1i.kur.gar.ra 3. l6 . .sur 4. 5. 16.gfr.l l . a.zu 6. lu. mas. mas 7. 1 . §U.DUg.A 8. 9. I fi.u.i lti.kir 4 .dab 10. 11. 12. 13. 1u.sag [lU].IrkU1.dim [li.dub.sar] [1 x x (x)] = = = = = = = = = = ba-r>il-[ru] ku-l[u-i] sa-ti-rtul ta-bi-bu(!) a-su-r4l a-r•i-pul sd-qu-u gal-flal-bu sak-ru-ma-s.i [--r]-es = rkutl-[tim-mu] = [tup]-rlarl-ru = [x (x)]-bi(?)-lu "fisherman" (a performer in the cult of lItar) "oil-presser" "butcher" "physician" "exorcist" "cup-bearer" "barber" (a high-ranking military official) (an official) "gold- or silversmith" "scribe" COMMENTS Line 2-( 16.) k u r. g a r.r a elsewhere has the Akkadian equivalent kurgarra.The latter, however, is listed as a synonym of kulu'u in CT 18 5 (K.4193) r. i 11 and LTBA 2 1 vi 47 (see CAD K, pp. 557-58 sub kurgarralex. section). See also No. 122:22. Line 9-The logogram LfJ.KA.DIB, until now read as kartappu, should probably be read as sakrumas in Kassite and post-Kassite Babylonian texts, according to the new evidence provided here by the equation 16. k i r4. d a b = sak-ru-ma-si (and rli. k i r4. d a b 1= sak-rrul-mas in No. 123:2). The sakrumas held a military position often connected with chariotry or horses and was usually of Kassite descent (see Brinkman, PKB, pp. 305-7). He never appears lower than third in witness lists (see ibid., p. 301 and n. 1978; p. 302; and p. 305 [N.B.: kartappu= sakrumas]). oi.uchicago.edu 251 TEXT NO. 120 Line 10-The spelling s[d-r]eg indicates the existence of a colloquial form sares. Compare sd-re-gS in Igitub short version (Landsberger and Gurney, AfO 18 [1957-58]: 83:232), sdris in Aramaic and Hebrew, and saris in Arabic. On the problem of interpreting the office represented by the title sa reAi in Babylonian texts, see Brinkman and Dalley, ZA 78 (1988): 85-86 n. 27. No. 121 IM 77125 12 N 148 Exercise tablet: bilingual list of offices and professions 4.1 x 7.3 x 2.3 cm 1:1.8 obv. 5 10 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. lugal dumu.lugal dumu.munus.lugal 16.gu.en.na 1 . en.nam Iu.Is .tam li.gar.umus 1 .ku 4 .6 1 i. .BAR Iu.nu.S' 1ii.sipa lui.en.gis.gigir 13. I u. UAL 14. liU.a.kin(!) 11. 12. = sar-rum = mar MIN = mar-ti MIN = sd-an-da-bak-ku = be-el pa-has = sat-ta-mu = gd-kin td-e-mu = e-rib = sd-an-gu-u = ni-sak-ku = re-e = be-er-kab-tu = ba-fru-tl = DUMU gip-[ri] "king" "prince" "princess" "governor (of Nippur)" "governor" "chief temple steward" "governor" (a person allowed to enter the temple) "chief religious administrator" "high priest(?)" "shepherd" "charioteer" "diviner" "messenger" oi.uchicago.edu 252 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR l.e. rev. 15 N 4 A^ 20 O 25 U. e. x^^ ^<^i~ , i»^[ 4^ frt 4 T " <'* 4ff > r· ^^^ ^' REVERSE 15. 16. [1]i.arad.6.rgall [l]ui.en.nun.ki.gal 17. lui.nu.gis.kiri, 18. lfi.igi.gub = [drl-[du L.GAL] = ma-a[s-sar a-bul-lum] = nu-ku-rib = ma-az-pan "builder" "gate-guard" "gardener" "courtier" 19. "Na-ba-a 20. "Ba-tu-td 21. "nEN-ZI(!).MES 22. " EN-DUJ 23. "dEN-NUMUN 24. 25. mEN-i-rib-an-ni mEN-d-sa-tu 26. " 27. GIS.BAN-APIN-e& mLUGAL-a-ni 28. "EN-a-ni LEFT EDGE 29. "Eri30. PAP 10 tRIN.MES rsa1 ina Su" na-rxl-x COMMENTS Line 10-For the connection of title nisakku with the god Enlil, and then the god Bel, at Nippur, see the note to No. 125 iv 23. Line 26-The name in this line can of course be read also as "DINGIR-GI9.BAN-APIN-eS, Ilu-qasta-eres, "The god has requested a bow." But because such a name would be odd, and because qaftu is such a rare component in Mesopotamian personal names (perhaps occurring only in the PN "GIg.BAN-dIM in YOS oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 121 253 7 147:17), the name has been read instead as "GIS.BAN-APIN-eS. Thus, the grapheme dGIS.BAN, which is not otherwise known to represent a Mesopotamian deity, is understood rather to stand for the North Arabian/Edomite deity Qaus, a word that means "bow" in Arabic. (Hybrid West SemiticAkkadian names such as this are not unknown: compare, e.g., Salm-usezib, the priest on the Taym&' stele.) This god's name occurs as a theophoric element in two Edomite royal names from the eighth and seventh centuries B.c., where it is spelled syllabically as dQa-us: Qaus-malaka (see Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIHl, p. 170 Summ. 7 r. 11' [= 2 R 67 r. 61]) and Qaus-gabri(see Borger, Asarh., p. 60 §27 Episode 21 A v 56). Qaus is also a theophoric element in several Dedinite and early LihyAnic personal names (including the PN Qwsmlk, transcribed in Greek as KoacpaaXog; see, e.g., Caskel, Lihyanisch, pp. 38-39 and 47; Ryckmans, Noms propres sud-semitiques, vol. 1, pp. 222 and 235; and Hofner, "Stammesgruppen," p. 461). Qaus also occurs as a theophoric element in at least two Nabatean personal names, including Qwsntn (Greek Kovcaravog) and Qwscdr (Greek KoaaSapog); see Cantineau, Nabatren, vol. 2, p. 142; Wuthnow, Semitischen Menschennamen, pp. 65 and 164; and Negev, Nabatean Archaeology, p. 16. And, finally, from Mesopotamia proper, the following names with Qaus are also attested: "Qa-u-su (ADD 427:7 = Kwasman and Parpola, SAA 6 no. 37:7), "Qu-i-su-ia-da-a' (Dar. 301:16), [m]dlQU-su-DG.GA (VAS 4 203:4), and "Qu-su-ia-a-ta-bi (BE 9 1:1, 23, 25, and right edge). On the god Qaus, see Bartlett, Edom, chap. 11. For a catalog of PNs containing Qaus as a theophoric element, see F. Israel, "Miscellanea Idumea," Rivista biblica italiana 27 (1979): 171-205, and idem, "Supplementum Idumeum," Rivista biblica italiana 35 (1987): 337-56. The personal names on the reverse of the tablet and the notation on the left edge perhaps constitute a separate scribal exercise. For discussions of this document's unusual forms and equations, see the comments to No. 119. oi.uchicago.edu 254 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 122 Exercise tablet: bilingual list of offices and professions IM 77140 12 N 163 5.1 x 10.0 x 3.3 cm 1:2.0 obv. . e. rev. -1 V -^ II 7^ ^- y-·'· ^tW 15 ~ 5'A4~.kn( $>^~T1 '-l'... r. e. z·· r-<^ i*^t~r 7 -4 5 ^^[^^^ WF 320A 20 04 25f $ ~~ dAE^ ^[^'^^yf tc ^X~t y^* 10 v*fVAke A 4t25 t^f^^w~~4Cer ^<^' ^t^< *o~i ; ^^-r^^ ^^ w^i ^^*^F~t%crf~pr ^ -44 ^^p?^^< 1^ ·. ^ "n^^p ;^^ ^P 30^^^f^^ll ^<^<^^ ^ A-^^ $YtrtY ^-^'~ 4 .wt. I '^Wjr~ff ^r6f U. e. TRAN¾ITRATINAD•T..SLTIO TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. li. en.nam 2. lu.gar.umus 3. 1 .musen.dti = [be]-el pa-[jzas] = ds-kin Tt.-el-[mu] 4. = sa-an-Fdu-uil 1u. s u.ha = ba-a'-i-ri 5. 16.md. lab, 6. 1u.igi. gub = ma-la-bu 7. = pa-qa-a-a 1 u. ku s. tag 8. 1Ui.u.i 9. 1Ui.SU.DU8.A 10. 1 6.gfr.li 11. Id.sipa 12. Id.en.gis.gigir ' m 13. l6 .ki. dim 14. [l]t6.kab.sar = ma-az-pan = gal-la-bu = sd-qu-u = ta-bi-bu = re-e = GIS.GfGIR = kut-tim-mu = kab-sar-frul "governor" "governor" "fowler" "fisherman" "boatman" "courtier" "mat-weaver" "barber" "cup-bearer" "butcher" "shepherd" "charioteer" "gold- or silversmith" "jeweler" oi.uchicago.edu 255 TEXT NO. 122 REVERSE 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. [ld].NA.B[u(?)] r1 U1.ad. KID r116l.us IU. SAR 16u.r.ar I .nar SAL. I 6.nar 16.kur.gar.ra 16.sipa.tur 1 .na.gada 16.gar.mfis.anse lui.lab 4 .lab, 1 i.. r. SAL 1 . DU.DU li.gub.rbal rld. m a 1. ma = = = = = = = = = = = = [bl]p-pu-d at-kup-pu re-du-d ba-qil tex(EN)-i-ni na-ral-ra na-ar-tum ku-lu-ui ka-par na-qid-da ds-kin bu-lu la-as-ma = si-nigs(!)-a-rnul = mut-tag-fgis1 = mah-rhu-ul =a-sip (a weaver) "reed-mat weaver" "soldier" "maltster" "miller" "male musician" "female musician" (a performer in the cult of litar) "young shepherd" "herdsman" "manager of the herds" "courier" (a performer in the cult of Istar) "traveling inspector(?)" "ecstatic" "exorcist" UPPER EDGE 31. Ild.dubl.sar 32. r16Fl. UAL = tu[p--ar-ru] = ba-[ru-d] "scribe" "diviner" LEFT EDGE 33. DIS ka-na-ku(?) ba-ta-q[u](?) 34. KU BA(?) GA DOB(?) pa-qa-a-a RIGHT EDGE 35. X X TA x IU ZA(?) COMMENTS Line 1-See the note to No. 119:5. Line 3-The spelling sandd, which is a variant of usandi, seems to be limited elsewhere to Neo-Assyrian texts, including a list of offices and professions from Sultantepe (MSL 12 233 ii A 2) and a tablet inscribed with a short version of Igitub from Assur (Landsberger and Gurney, AfO 18 [1957-58]: 83:253). Also, the related form sanddnis(u) is found only in the inscriptions of Sargon II (see Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., p. 34:21 [= Lyon, Keilschrifttexte Sargon's, p. 4:21], and Gadd, Iraq 16 [1954]: 199:19). Line 6-See the note to No. 119:18. Line 11-See the note to No. 119:11. Line 12-It is argued that LO.EN.GIS.GIGIR and GiS.GIGIR both represent Babylonian berkabtu. The argument is based on the syllogism GIS.GfGIR = LO.EN.GIS.GIGIR (this entry) // LU.EN.GIS.GIGIR = berkabtu (No. 119:12 and No. 121:12)// therefore GIS.GIGIR = btrkabtu. Line 13-If the sign zI represents anything other than a scribble, it is unclear what it should be. Line 15-The term buppf designates a cultic dancer in texts from the Old Babylonian period and a weaver in documents from later periods (see AHw, pp. 356-57 sub buppO(m) II; cf. CAD J, p. 240 sub buppa oi.uchicago.edu 256 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR s.). Also, in contexts other than the present one, the logographic equivalents of buppa are (LO.)utB.BU and (LO.)uOB.BI. Line 19-There can be no doubt that the sign EN represents a value of / te/, inasmuch as this reading would yield the word tf>inu, one of the two known Akkadian equivalents of the logogram found on the other side of the equation. The sign EN does not have this value elsewhere. Was the scribe intending to produce the sign NE (.t)? Line 21-The use of both the masculine and feminine determinatives in the left-hand term SAL. 1 . n a r is unusual. Line 22-On this equation, see the note to No. 120:2. Line 25-The title "manager of the herds" is otherwise attested only in a kudurru from Nippur dated to the sixteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar I (1125-1104). This monument records a grant of land to the chief administrator of the temple of Enlil, who was also mayor of Nippur, along the Tigris in the province of Bit-Sin-seme (Hinke, Kudurru, passim). The person who bears the title in question is called "manager of the herds of Bit-Sin-Seme" (LU GAR-kin bu-lim t1-"30-se-me), and he appears fourth in the list of witnesses after the sakrumal,ga bdb ekalli, and sa resi officials of Bit-Sin-seme (ibid., p. 152 v 9-13). Line 26-la-as-ma must represent ldsma, an unusual spelling of Idsimu, "courier," which otherwise has the logographic equivalent (LO.)KAS 4(.E/A), as well as perhaps also the equivalents LO.DU(.E/A) (CAD L, p. 106 sub lasimu s.) and LU.KASKAL (AHw, p. 539 sub ldsimu(m)). The reduction of the short vowel -i- in the G-stem part. is unexpected, as it results in what is generally considered an impermissible Akkadian sequence: long vowel + consonant + consonant (VCC). Line 27-LU.UR.SAL usually has the Akkadian equivalent assinnuand occurs in association with both kurgarrf and kulu'u (see, e.g., CAD A/II, p. 341 sub assinnu lex. section). But in the commentary UAR- g u d, both assinnu and sinnisanu are listed as equivalents of LO.UR.SAL, with sinnisdnu being the contemporary translation of LO.UR.SAL and assinnu the older translation (see MSL 12 226:133). The terms LU.UR.SAL and sinnisanu, which literally mean "male-female man" and "womanaccording-to-circumstance" (see GAG §56r), probably designate transvestites who performed in the cult of I'tar in female dress (contra, e.g., CAD A/II, pp. 341-42 sub assinnudiscussion section; CAD S, p. 286 sub sinnisdnu; and AHw, p. 1047 sub sinnisdnu). It is hardly surprising that litar's cult should have included transvestites, since the deity had both male and female aspects (see Groneberg, WO 17 [1986]: 25-46, and Harris, History of Religions 30 [1990-91]: 261-78). Line 28-muttaggisu, which means literally "the roving one," may designate a traveling inspector, since it is associated with bacatu, "inspector," in the group vocabulary 2 R 44 no. 2 (lines 4-5). Elsewhere, the logographic equivalent of muttaggisu is either DAG(.DAG) or DIN (see, e.g., CAD M/II, p. 303 s.v. lex. section). oi.uchicago.edu TEXT COPIES, TRANSLITERATIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTS 257 No. 123 Exercise tablet: bilingual list of offices and professions IM 77155 12 N178 3.9 x 7.1 x 2.7 cm 1:1.8 obv. rev. 15 5 10 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION OBVERSE 1. rlti.gi.en.nal 2. rliu.kir 4 .dabl 1 = rtupl-sar-rrul = rnal-ag-rga-rul = nap-pa-r ul "governor (of Nippur)" (a high-ranking military official) "governor" "chief temple steward" "governor" "high priest(?)" (a person allowed to enter the temple) "chief religious administrator" "lamentation-priest" "scribe" "carpenter" "smith" = = = = = "gold- or silversmith" "jeweler" "boatman" "miller" "gardener" = ds-an-rdal-bak-rkul = sak-rrul-mas 3. 4. rlfi.en.nam rlii.sah.taml 5. rl6i.garl.umus 6. rlill.nu. es = sat-ftal-mu = gi-kin rtel-e-rmul = ni-sak-rkal 7. rfl.kul.6 = e-rib fgl 8. 1fi. t.BAR = sd-an-gu-u 9. 10. rltil.g[ala] rli.dub.sarl = ka-lu-r[ul 11. rlfil.nagar 12. I1. simug REVERSE 13. rlid.ku .dfml 14. rlti.kab.sarl 15. 16. 17. 18. lf.m[6].lab 4 ld. Ir.arl I i.rnu.gis.kiri,1 xx = [be]-el pa-has ku-ut-t[im-mu] k[ab-jar-ru] ma-[la-hu] ftexl(EN)-i-rnil nu-[k]u-rib-bu COMMENTS Line 1-See the note to No. 119:4. oi.uchicago.edu 258 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Line 2-On the implications of the equation I6. k i r,. d a b 1= sak-ru-mas, and on the office designated by these terms, see the note to No. 120:9. Line 3-See the note to No. 119:5. Line 6-For the connection of title nisakku with the god Enlil, and then the god BlI, at Nippur, see the note to No. 125 iv 23. Line 16-See the note to No. 122:19. Line 17-For the spelling alternation nukaribbu / nukuribbu, and for other attestations of the vowel change a > u before a liquid, see the note to No. 119:17. No. 124 Exercise tablet: measures IM 77133 12N 156 5.5 x 9.5 x 2.9 cm 1:1.7 TRANSLITERATION OBVERSE obv. 1. r0.0.1.01 mgul-ma-a 2. r0.0.2.01 mgu-la-a 3. r0.0.3.01 "La-ba-si 4. r0.0.4.01 mGAR-MU 5. r0.0.5.01 "md-lim 6. 0.1.0.0 mE-res 94T. 7. 0.1.1.0 mE-te-ri 8. 0.1.2.0 m DUMU.Us-a 9. r0.11.3.0 mNUMUN-rial 10. r0.11.4.0 mNUMUN-ral 11. 0.1.5.0 m NUMUN-rMU(?)1 12. 0.2.0.0 "dAG-LUGAL-DINGIR.MES 13. 0.2.1.0 mSUM.NA-rSESi 14. 0.2.2.0 m SUM.NA 15. r0.2.3.01 m SUM.rNAl-a 16. 0.2.4.0 mDa-di-ia 17. 0.2.5.0 mBa-bi-ia 18. 0.3.0.0 mMa-bi-ia 5 y y'^-TP^ f^ ert^ 4 ^ l ^ lEr^ ^TLr^ 15~~ fe~rwll ^\^^ ^^^ cc ., oi.uchicago.edu 259 TEXT NO. 124 rev. REVERSE 1 0 myx-Y-f(-x)Y 190 0 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 0.3.2.0 mKi-rnal-a 0.3.3.0 mBe-lfl-ia r0.3.4.01 mrTaql-bi-sI.sA r0.3.5.01 mBA-gi r0.4.0.01 mSES1l-ba-rnal 20 25. r0.41.1.0 "SES-APIN-e& 26. 0.4.2.0 "'KASKAL.KUR-a-a 25 mBi-ritl-ta-a 27. r0.41.3.0 28. 0.4.4.0 mSil-la-a 29. 0.4.5.0 "KAL-X 30. 1.0.0.0 mNu-rum-murl 31. PAP 15.2.5.0 <SE(?)>.BAR(?) 30 COMMENTS Line 2-The name Sula, which occurs also in No. 69:5, means "Street-child" or "Foundling" (< S lu [sulu], "street"). Compare the name Sfqaya in No. 22:2. Line 12-The Neo-Babylonian personal name Naba-sar-ili,which means "Nabft is king of the gods," does not express a novel theological concept. Nabfi was considered by some to have been "king of the gods" already in the Old Babylonian period, as is evidenced by the existence of the PN dNa-bi-umsar-[i-l[1 in YOS 13 304:14. In first-millennium Assyria, Nabfl was also called "father of the gods" (dPA-ja-am-me-DINGIR.MES, see ADD App. 1 i 48). Nabai-ar-illis also the name of the recipient of letter No. 26. Lines 13-15-The names in question are interpreted to be Nadin-abi, Nadinu, and Nadni. For the reading SUM.NA (rather than SUM-na, because na is no longer an Akkadian phonetic complement by this time), see Brinkman, Or 34 (1965): 246 n. 2. Line 16-The name Dddiya is discussed in the note to No. 76:2. Line 18--Ma-bi-iacannot be identified and is perhaps a fabrication. Line 22---Taq1-bi-sI.sA represents Taqbi-lifir, a name which is also found in BE 10 60:18, TCL 12 16:3, and TCL 12 68:19. Line 24-The name written here as m RiES'-ba-rnal is understood to represent Akkadian Ahu-bani ("a brother has been created"). But it is also possible that the writing stands for West Semitic ,Ah-band ("the [divine] brother has created"), because ba-na(-a') was the regular spelling of the Qal perf. of West Semitic *BNY in Neo-Babylonian and Late Babylonian texts (see Zadok, West Semites, p. 86). Line 26-mdKASKAL.KUR-a-a probably represents Balifaya, "the Balihian" (see Gordon, JCS 21 [1967]: 70- 82). This name also occurs later in the Neo-Babylonian period (see, e.g., TuM NF 2/3 114:3 and 238:13). Compare also the Babylonian toponym Ddr-Bilifaya ("Stronghold of the Balibians"), which was probably founded or populated by expatriates from the Balikh region (see ABL 1292:5). It is also possible that mdKASKAL.KUR-a-a stands for Illataya (see Reiner, Surpu, p. 60 n. to viii 39). oi.uchicago.edu 260 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Line 27--"Bi-fit1-ta-a is possibly identical with Palmyrene Bt, for which see Stark, Personal Names in Palmyrene, p. 80. The scribal exercise recorded on this tablet is similar to the one found on the reverse of No. 89. However, in the present exercise the scribe has attached names to each of the measures that he has entered; and he has also totaled them (though erroneously: the total should be 15.2.3.0). No. 125 Roster of female weavers 7.5 x 10.7 x 2.7 cm 1:1.4 IM 77162 12 N 185 obv. 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 col. i col. ii oi.uchicago.edu 261 TEXT NO. 125 TRANSLITERATION COLUMN I 1. f'lln-rsil-ni-[far-ratl 2. rf1Dan-rnatl*-NIN-rtil r'lZum-ba-ti 3. 4. r'lGa-ba-lat 5. r'Sar-rat-uRU-sal 6. 7. 8. r'lx(-x)-d -ba-ka [fdN]a-na-a-i-lat [dN]a-na-a-s-min-ni 9. [dNJa-a-a--rx-xl 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. [fdN]a-na-a-rmat-rat 1 rnl[d]rNa-nal-a-ba-rnal-ti rldNa-rna-al-a-sat 'lfUI.L[I-x-x(-x)] rfluR-[x-x-x(-x)] 15. r'lHi-ib-[ta-a] 16. 17. 18. 19. ['x]-PA-[X-X] [']fx-x-x-xl rl'X-KI-rXl I'l[x]-rx-til 20. r'1[x]rx-x-xl 21. ['(x-)]fx-x(-x)l 22. 23. ['x]-.i-rxl-[x] [']Nu-rxl-[x(-x)] 24. r'Ba-nal-[ta-a] 25. ['x]-fxl-[x]-fxl 26. ['f]x-xl-rkil-i-Ttil COLUMN II 1. 'EN.LIL.fKIT-i-ti 2. 'fSAG1-DINGIR-ki-i-Si* 3. 4. 5. 'rMel-re-nat 'Ri-mat 'Ri-Jat 6. '•.DUL.LU-i-rtil 7. 'Ba-na-ftal-i-na-tA.KURI 8. 9. 'Be-let-su-rnul 'x-la-[x(-x)] 10. 'x-rx-xl[(-x)]-rtil 11. 12. 'Na-rxl-[x-x(x)] 'rTul-[x-x-x(-x)] 13. 'Ma-fxl-[x-x(-x)] 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. ['x]-NI(?)-rxl-[x] 'TV-ma-rni-til 'Su-ta-rtal-ti 'I-flul-a-qar-rad r'x-x-x-xl ['Na-ah-lu-Ul l'1Be-[liL-u-ti I'llm-ba-ni-Itil rfln(?)1-du-rlu(?)-xl f'x-x1-[x(-x)] r'In-bul-[es-su] *over erasure oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 262 rev. 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 col. iv COLUMN III 1. 'fMi-na-al-e-pu-rus1-[Iu] 2. 'Mi-nu-ru-x-xl[(-x)] 3. 'Mi-nu-i-ab-rti-i1 4. 'Mi-rxl-t-d--ri(?) 5. 6. 7. 'Man-nu*-i-ma-si-Fkil 'Ba-tul-rti-kil 'Ina-GIS.MI-su-a-ban<-ni> 8. 'ZALAG-SU-ban 9. 10. 'rx-x(-x)-x-x-xl frLu(?)a-ba-a-rti(?) 11. 'IGI-URU-rX-X1 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 'A-frtel-ma-qar-rrada Ku-rbul-i-h-rx-xl 'Ri-mu-su 'A-rarl-le-i-ti 'Me-fresr-ti col. iii COLUMN IV 1. rKul-ti-ri-i-ti 2. 'fTal-ri-man-ni 3. 'Ra-am-me-ni-ti 4. rfBa-nal-ti-ina-i-lf 5. 'A-dir-ti 6. 'Na-mirl-ti 7. 'Na-ratl-kdt 8. 'gar-rat 9. 'Sam-ba-ti 10. 'Sar-bu-ui 11. ft.SAG.fL-be-let 12. fSd-bu-un-du 13. 'Qu-un-nu-du 14. 'Ba-na-ti 15. 'E-muq-ti fMu-ra-si-ti 16. oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 125 263 17. 'Tas-rril-u-su 17. 18. 19. 20. ,Si-ma-qar-rad 18. 19. 20. fflTi-ri-in-du 'Ga-du-u PAP 140(!) SAL.US.BAR SIG 21. 22. 23. ina Su" "dPA.TUG-SUM "dEN.ORU-DJ-MA.AN.SUM LO.NU.rfS 1 dEN 21. 22. 23. dBa-l-i-ti dNIN.LfL-ra-batl d-qa-ti-dlNNIN 'rQi-isl-ti-um-ma-a 'Tx-xl-na-rx1 'Ql-bi-i-ti COMMENTS Column i 1-The writing is a crasis spelling of the name 'Ina-Isin-sarrat,which occurs in the Middle Babylonian texts published as BE 15 185 (see line 31) and 200 (see col. i lines 19 and 23) (cited by Clay, PersonalNames, p. 89). Column i 2-The name is interpreted as 'Dannat-eriftu, "The request is urgent" (compare the name spelled 'NIN-ta [EriSta] in No. 31:11). Column i 3-The name 'Zumbatu, if not West Semitic (compare mZumbutdnu in No. 1:10), is perhaps a feminine counterpart of the Neo-Babylonian masculine name mZu-um-bu, "Fly," which occurs in VAS 6 152:4 and passim (note also the writing mZu-um-ba-a, in VAS 6 188:24). Column i 4-'Gahalat,"She is a Gabal (family member)." Column i 5-For a possible Middle Babylonian parallel for the name 'Sarrat-dlisa,"Queen of her city," see Clay, PersonalNames, p. 202 (cited as 'Sar-rat-iri-sa). Column i 7-JdNandy-ilat,"Nanay is goddess." Column i 8-fdNandy-simfnni, "O Nanay, hear me." Column i 10-The name dNandy-mabrat is perhaps an abbreviation of a longer name, such as *fAna-ptdNandy-mahrat ("She is ready for the command of Naniy"). Compare the name fAna-pe-mahrat in Dar. 379:50. Column i 11--fdNandy-bdndti, "Nanay, you are creator." Column i 12-The predicative element in the name dNandy-asdt ("Nan4y is a physician") also occurs after the DNs Bau, BElet, and Gula (see, e.g., Clay, PersonalNames, pp. 63, 64, and 77). Column i 13-The name is probably of the type 'Kuzub-DN; but it may also be a hypocoristic thereof (com- pare 'Ku-uz-ba-a in Dar. 260:3 and 7). Column i 15-'Hibtd occurs as a PN with some frequency in Neo-Babylonian texts (see Tallqvist, NBN, p. 67). It is perhaps a hypocoristic of 'Hibti-dNany, "Beloved of Nan4y," which occurs in YOS 8 149:26. Von Soden identifies the predicative element of this name as the feminine verbal adjective of the verb bdpbu, which he proposes is related to West Semitic *H.BB (see AHw, p. 344 sub tibum I and p. 306 sub b9dbu II). Column i 24-The name is restored on the basis of the writing 'Ba-na-ta-a,which occurs in Dar. 431:5. It is perhaps a hypocoristic of 'Bandt-ina-Ekur,"She was created in Ekur" (which is the entry in col. ii 7 of this text), or of 'Bandt-ina-Esaggil(which is cited by Tallqvist in NBN, p. 21). It may also be a hypocoristic of a name such as fdNanay-banuti, "Naniy, you are creator" (see above, col. i 11). Column ii 1-'Nippuritu, "Nippurian" (compare Middle Babylonian fNi-ip-pu-ri-tum in BE 15 190 iii 27 and 185:12, cited by Clay, PersonalNames, p. 113). Column ii 2- ' RJS-iliki-iSf, "Honor your god." Column ii 3-The PN, which is otherwise unattested, is understood to be 'Merendt, "She is naked" (see CAD M/II, p. 22 sub merena). oi.uchicago.edu 264 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Column ii 4--Rimat, "She's a gift." Column ii 5--RiTat, "She's a joy." Column ii 6-The name is understood to be 'Edullitu, "She of the Edullf" (for edulla, which is perhaps an administrative building, otherwise written logographically t.DUL.LA/LA, see CAD E, pp. 38-39 sub edulh, and AHw, p. 188 sub edullt). For the parallel appellation sinniStu Sa Edulla, "woman of the Edullu," see BRM 4 20:61. Column ii 7--Bandt-ina-Ekur,"Created in Ekur." Column ii 8--'Blessunu, "Their lady." Column ii 15-In Akkadian, ttemadntu can mean "intelligent one" (< temu "will, mind, discretion"; see AHw, p. 1385 sub temanu). Column ii 16-The interpretation of the name represented by the writing 'Su-ta-Utal-ti is unclear. Column ii 17--llu'a-qarrdd,"My god is a hero." Column ii 19-The name 'Nabla is perhaps Akkadian; it may be related to the word for "wadi," which is nablu or naballu. Column ii 20-The predicative element is interpreted as utti, the D-stem pret. of (w)ati, "to find." (Contra CAD, s.v., the final vowel -i precludes the G-stem pret. [and the fem imp.].) The PN 'Bili-utti perhaps means "I have found my lord again." Column ii 21-The writing 'llm-ba-ni-ftil perhaps represents an Akkadian name. If so, it may be translated "In good fortune" (< *In-banfti). Column ii 24-The restoration of the second element of the PN ("New fruit") is based on comparison with the Middle Babylonian name 'Inbu-essum, which is found in BE 15 160:10 (see Clay, Personal Names, p. 89). Column iii 1-The PN Mind-JpuFsu ("What have I done to him?") is masculine in Middle Babylonian (see BE 15 73:5). It is a type of name that is attested as early as 2400 B.c. (see Maul, NABU 1994/40). Column iii 3-The name 'Mind-afti ("What have I done wrong?") is perhaps an abbreviation of Mind-abtfiana-igtari,which occurs in Neo-Assyrian (see Watanabe, Bagh. Mitt. 24 [1993]: 289-303). Column iii 5-The name 'Mannu-ima&Siki ("Who can forget you?") is otherwise unattested. Column iii 6-According to the CAD, "no personal name batultu is attested" (see CAD B, p. 174 s.v., discussion section). Column iii 7-The meaning of the name 'Ina-sillisu-aban<ni>is perhaps "I will grow in his shadow" (< band B "to grow; be pleasant"). It is otherwise unattested. Column iii 8-The name is apparently 'Ndiru-ban,"His light is pleasant." Column iii 10-If the scribe intended to produce the name 'Lu-tdbati, it would mean "May you be sweet." Column iii 11-One expects the predicative element of this name to be lImur, since there are several Middle Babylonian and Neo-Babylonian names of the type Pan-GN-lamur, such as 'Pan-Uruk-lhmur(BE 15 190 iii 21), mPdn-Kes-ldmur (BE 15 188 i 22), and Pdn-Dir-ldmur (Nbn. 298:4; 656:13; and 1028:5). But the traces of the signs after URU preclude the reading -[lu-murl. Column iii 12--Names with qarrddas predicate almost always have a divine name as subject (see, e.g., CAD Q, p. 142 sub qarrddulal'). The subject in the present case is unclear. Column iii 14---'Rimissu, "His gift." Column iii 15-The name is understood to be 'Asar-le'Ttu, "Where is the able one?" Compare the name 'Li-tu in VAS 3 25:2. Column iii 16---'MreStu "Desire." oi.uchicago.edu TEXTNO. 125 265 Column iii 17--Tasrtiusu,"His glorification." Column iii 18--'Sima-qarrdd,"She is a warrior." Column iii 19-The name is understood as dBaultu, "From Bau." But it may also be interpreted as dBau-itt, "Bau is my border (i.e., protection)" (compare the Old Babylonian name mIl-ite, "My god is my border" cited by Stamm, Namengebung, p. 212). Column iii 20--dMulliSu-rabdt,"Mullesu is great." For the reading of dNIN.LIL as Mullegu in Babylonian (and Mullissu in Assyrian), see Parpola in B. Alster, ed., Death in Mesopotamia, p. 174 and especially n. 21. Column iii 21---'aqdt-dStar,"Istar is lofty," or 'Saqdti-dIgtar, "You are lofty, litar." Column iii 22-Perhaps 'QiSti-umma, "Gift of the mother (goddess)." Column iv 1-The reading FKul-ti-ri-i-tiis fairly certain, but the interpretation of the name to which it refers is not. Column iv 2--TarTmanni, "She has granted me" or "You have granted me." Column iv 3-The name 'Ramminitu is probably composed of a variant spelling of riminitu, the feminine counterpart of riminfd. It means "Merciful one," a common epithet of Mesopotamian goddesses (see, e.g., AHw p. 970 sub rimjnO(m) ld). Column iv 4-'Bandt-ina-ill,"She was created among the gods," or Bandti-ina-ili,"You were created among the gods." Column iv 5--'Adirtu, "Darkness." Column iv 6-'Namirtu, "Brightness." Column iv 7-Perhaps 'Natkat, "Dropped like rain." Column iv 8-'•arrat,"She's a queen." Column iv 9--Sambat, "She's beautiful," or 'ambati, "You're beautiful." Column iv 10-The name perhaps means "Poplar." Its spelling is identical with that of the DN Sarbu, which appears in several god-lists (see, e.g., CAD S, pp. 109-10 sub sarbu s. and sarbfi adj.). This deity, better known as Bil-sarbi, "Lord of the Euphrates poplar," and his female counterpart, Bilet-sarbi, were associated with Nergal. A derivation from sardpu is also possible, but the lack of the feminine marker is problematic. Column iv 11-The name 'Esagil-bilet, which occurs also in Cyr. 337:4 and 7, is an abbreviation of the common Neo-Babylonian name 'Ina-Esagil-bilet,"She is mistress in Esagil" (see, e.g., VAS 5 104:2, and the references cited by Tallqvist, NBN, pp. 60 and 77). Column iv 12-The PN 'Sahundu, which occurs also in YOS 6 56:1, means "Warm one" (= fem. verbal adj. of iatanu, "to be warm" [see AHw, p. 1132 sub sahnu]). Column iv 13-The meaning of the name 'Qunnudu is uncertain. The root *QND does not occur in Akkadian. Column iv 14-The name is either 'Bandt or 'Bandti (compare col. iv 4 above). Column iv 15-The name 'Emuqtu means "Housekeeper" (which is the feminine of the adjective emqu). The same name occurs in BIN 1 106:2 and 12 (see AHw, p. 216 sub emuqtu, and CAD E, p. 157 s.v.). Column iv 16--Murafitu, "Wildcat." The name also occurs in Dar. 379:17 and 22 and VAS 6 92:1 (compare UET 4 89:2 and 7). Column iv 17--Qibitu, "Word." Column iv 18--Tirindu, "Drink-cup(?)" (see AHw, p. 1361 sub tirimtu). Column iv 19-'Gada,"Little buck(!)" Column iv 20-The total is in error: there are only ninety-two names on the tablet. oi.uchicago.edu 266 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Column iv 22-According to CT 24 pls. 14 and 27, dEN.iRU is one of the forty names of Enki/Ea. "EN.ORU-DiJ- MA.AN.SUM is perhaps therefore an archaic or cryptographic spelling of a name containing the theophoric element dEa (= dEa-gabbi-iddin?). Column iv 23-The logogram LU.NU.tS represents the title nisakku, perhaps "high priest." In texts from Nippur, from at least the Ur III period (2112-2004) to the reign of Marduk-slpik-zEri (1081-1069), the title was connected with the name of the god Enlil (for references, see CAD N/II, pp. 190-91 sub nesakku, and AHw, p. 782 sub neakku(m)). In this text the title is connected with the name of B0l, indicating that a syncretism between the two gods had taken place sometime between the mideleventh and mid-eighth centuries B.c. According to Brinkman, there are indications of a syncretism between Enlil and Marduk (= B6l) already by the time of Simbar-Sipak of the Second Dynasty of the Sealand (1025-1008) (see PKB, p. 153 n. 924). On the office of nisakku in post-Kassite Babylonia, see ibid., p. 300 n. 1970. No. 126 Roster 5.4 x 8.8 x 3.0 cm IM 77199 12 N 223 1:1.6 TRANSLITERATION OBVERSEobv. 1. mrx-x-xl 1.x-x-xobv. 2. mNUN-[x-x(-x)] 3. mrSill-la-[a] 4. m X-AS[(-X)] 5. mrAl-a-[x-x(-x)] 6. mfstU-KAR-irl 7. 5 mDINGIR.rMES-U-X-[x] 8. mSal-[mu-ul 9. mFEl-rib-su x-x(-x) 10. mx-St-x-x 11. m[Nal-sik*-e-a *over erasure 10 12. mdIGI.DU-rDINGIR(?)1-X(-X) 13. mGI8.MI--dAS+Sur.(!?)1 14. mRi-sat-ra(?)-al 15. mTDUMU.USl-a-[al 16. ImlDUMU.[US-PAP' LOWER EDGE 17. [rjx-x-x-al 18. [rMu]f -x-x(-x) 1 15 1. lo. e. .::e.;. . r;Jii jSa;···t s^ oi.uchicago.edu 267 TEXT NO. 126 REVERSE 1 e. 19. "mx-xl-a 20. mTKUR(?)1-Su-Tnul 21. m U-pab-[rjirl 22. m SU-AN.[GALl 23. m LO-rPA.SE.KI1 rev. 20 24. mLO-rdGu-lal 25. mA-ISab-bal 25 26. mHa-fbil-GIN X-X1 27. mKI-rx-x-xl 28. rmlDan-rnd-el-[a] 29. [m]Tu-rxl-[x(-x)] 30. [m]rUm-ban-DINGIR1-[x(-x)] 31. rmlBA-gd-dA[G(?)] 30 32. [mlSUM.NA-[x-x(-x)] 33. rmlEri-rbal-[x-x(-x)] UPPER EDGE 34. m[x]-x-[x(-x)] 35. [m]x-x(-x)-x U.e. 36. [m]-x-x-x 35 . ; . t.....' LEFr EDGE 37. [mlNu-um-rmurl COMMENTS Line 6-Imrs0U-KAR-irl stands for the name TeJs-etir, which is an abbreviation of Ina-t-s-etir, "Save from confusion." Line 11--Nasikeya is related to the name Nasiku, "Shaykh," which is found in TCL 12 1:6. Line 22-AN.GAL was the patron god of Dr. Line 25-The reading of the name mA-[&ab-bal is clear, but its linguistic affiliation is not. It may be related to (see Harding, Pre-IslamicArabianNames, p. 48). Saffitic &4b Line 30-(H)umban is a common element in Elamite PNs. No. 127 Roster or census list 12.7 x 20.5 x 3.8 cm IM 77080 12 N 103 1:1.6 This tablet, which was originally inscribed with over 250 names, is too damaged to warrant copy or transliteration. The vast majority of the names are illegible. oi.uchicago.edu 268 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR No. 128 Literary text: "Advice to a Prince" IM 77087 12 N 110 9.2 x 14.3 x 4.3 cm 1:1.6 obv. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 TRANSLITERATION AND TRANSLATION This tablet was transliterated previously by Civil as an appendix to an article in Dandamayev et al., eds., DiakonoffFs., pp. 320-26, appendix: pp. 324-26. In the edition presented below, the underlined signs indicate where this transliteration differs from Civil's, and the signs in boldface indicate where the present writer has corrected Lambert's transliteration of the Nineveh exemplar D.T. 1 (see BWL, pp. 112 and 114, and pls. 3132). The text of 12 N 110 is paired with that of D.T. 1 in musical score fashion, with the line numbers of the latter given in italicized arabic numerals (1, 2, etc.). OBVERSE 1. LUGAL a-na di-ni NU ME UN.MES-~i Sfi-a KUR-su in-nam-ma 1. LUGAL a-na di-ni la i-qil UN.MES-ia SiJU.ME-a KUR-Su in-nam-mi oi.uchicago.edu 269 TEXT NO. 128 2. a-na di-ni KUR-iS NUME dE-a LUGAL NAM.MES &im-tas 2-3a. a-na di-in KUR-gi la i-qul dt-a LUGAL NAM.MES gim-ta-gi 3. 3b. -sgd-an-ni-rmal i-gd-an-ni-ma a-bi-ti US.MES-di a-bi-ta US.ME-id 4. a-na NUN.MES-gi NU ME UD.MES-gS LOGUD.DA.MES 4. a-na NUN.ME-gd la i-qul UD.MES-gt LOGUD.DA.MES 5. a-na um-ma-a-nu NUME KUR-su BAL-su 5. a-na UM.ME.A la i-qul KUR-SU BAL-SU 6. a-na is-bab-ba ME UMUS KUR MAN(!)-ni 6. a-na is-bap-pi i-q'l UMUS KUR MAN-ni a-bi-rik-tu ARIN.ME1 KUR 7. a-na si-pi-ir dE-a ME 7a. a-na si-pir dE-a i-qul 8. ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina si-tul-rtal t rtu-da-atl NfG.SI.SA US.MES-si tu-da-at mi-gd-ri Ug.ME-su 7b-8. DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina si-tul-ti d 9. DUMU Sip-par.KI 9a. DUMU UD.KIB.NUN.KI i-da-as-ma ra-bi-am SUM(!)1-Uin i-da-as-ma a-ba-am i-din 10. dTru DI.KU 5 AN-e u KI-rtiml di-ni a-rbi-al ina KUR-Ui GAR-ma di-na a-ba-am ina KUR-SU GAR-ma 9b-lOa. dUTU DI.KU AN u KI 11. NUN.MES u DI.KU,.MES a-na rdil-ni gd-ull-me] NU ME NU ME.ME l0b. NUN.ME u DI.KUs.ME ana di-nim 12. [DUMU.MES1 EN.LIL.KI a-na [dil-ni ub-lu,-[nisl-sum-ma H1a. DUMU.MES EN.LfL.KI ana di-nim ub-lu-ni-sum-ma 13. kad4-r[a-a] TI-ma i-rdal-as-su-nu-ti 11b. kads-ra-a TI-ma i-da-as-su-nu-tim 14. dEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR L]O.KUR ra-bal-a i-de-fek-ki-suml-ma IRIN.MES-ai a-na LO.DE, i-sa#t-bar RRIN.JI.A-gu 12-13. dEN.LIL EN KUR.KUR LO.KOR a-ba-a-am i-da-kas-gum-ma u-sam-qd-ti a s[u-ut SA]G. MES1-[ua ina su-q]i URU rsi-lul-lis isl-sa-nu-du-a-nu zi-lul-lig is-sa-nun-du ina E.SIR 14. NUN u gu-ut SAG-•u 15. NUN TI(?)-ma(?)] ra 1-na NIG.GA-g ana NfG.GA TI-e-ma 16. rKO1.BABBAR LO.KA.DINGIR.R[A].rKIl.[MES 15. KO.BABBAR DUMU.MES KA.DINGIR.RA.KI a-sge-ri-bi a-ge-ri-bu 17. [di-i]n LO.KA.DINGIR.[R]A.KLME[S GIS.TUK]-rel-ma(!) ana(!) qa-lim tur-ru ana qa-li tur-ru GIS.TUK-ma 16. di-in LO.TIN.TIR.KI.MES 18. drAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-g~] rUGUl-s~ GAR-mal 17. dAMAR.UTU 19. NfG.SU-•r 18. NIG-su EN AN u KI a-a-bi-gu NIG.GA-[ga] a-na KOR-Si NIG.GA-gu a-na LO.KOR-gj UGU-ti [i-slar-rak i-gar-rak GAR-ma oi.uchicago.edu 270 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR OBVERSE (cont.) 20. DUMU Sip-par.fKIl a1KA.DINGIRl.[R]A.[KI EN.LfL.KI 19. DUMU E[N].LfL.KI URU Sip-par an-na e-me-da TIN.TIR.KI 21. a-na A rsi-bit-til [slu-ru-bu a-s[ar an-na an-rna el-me-di u_]-1du 20-21a. a-na A si-bit-tim su-ru-bu a-sar an-nam [in-nd-enl-du 22. URU ana SUR7 DUB-ak a-na f si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] 21b-22a. URU ana SUR7 DUB-fakl a-na A si-bit-tim su-ru-bu 22b. BAR-i KU4-ub LO.KUR 24. Sip-par.KI 23. *over erasure LO.KUR* BAR-a KU4-ub 23. UD.KIB.NUN.KI IEN.LILl.KI EN.LIL.KI a KA.DINGIR.TRA.KI UR1.BI.TA [zI(?)-bi(?)] U TIN.TIR.KI UR.BI.TA ZI(!)-bi jil-ki [i-si-it] 25. ARIN.MES su-nu-rtul tup-gik-ka e-[me-da 24-25a. URIN.MES si-nu-tim tup-si-ik-ka e-me-da-am il-ki si-si-it [L]O.NIMGIR UGU-SU-[nu u-kan-nu] i-kan-nu LO na-gi-ri e-li-su-nu 26. 25b. 27. drAMARl.UTU N[UN].[ME DINGIR 1.MES NUN muS-Ital-[lum] 26. dAMAR.UTU NUN.ME DINGIR.MEg NUN mus-ta-lum 28. KUR1-SU ana LO.KOR-id U-sahb-ar-ma ARIN.MES KUR-[Fi tup-sikl-ka 27-28a. KUR-su a-na LO.KOR-i u-sah-bar-ma RIN-ni KUR-su tup-si-ik-ka 29. [al-[n]a Lj.KOR-su [il-zab-bil 28b. a-na LO.KOR-Su i-za-bil GAL.fMES• 30. [•RIN.MES• l-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LIL a dE-a DINGIR.MES 29. ARIN.MES Si-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LIL U dE-a DINGIR.DINGIR GAL.GAL su-ba-ri-sdl-nu ti-kin-nul *over erasure 31. a-gib AN-e u KI-tim* <<ME§>> ina UKKIN ina pu-uj-ri-ds-nu su-ba-ra-si-nu u-kin-nu 30. a-si-bi AN u KI 32. DUMU Sip-par.KI 31. EN.LIL.KI ) KA.DINGIR.RA.KI DUMU UD.KIB.NUN.KI EN.LIL.KI U TIN.TIR.KI 33. [iml-ra-su-nu a-na [murl-ni-is-qi sd-ra-[kil mur-ni-is-qi 32-33a. im-ra-su-nu a-na mur-ni-is-qf 6d-ra-ki mur-ni-is-qf i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-fbi US1.MES i-kul 34. [Ku-ut] im-ra-a 33b-34. Ku-ut im-ra-id-nu i-ku-lu ril-na si-mit-ti a-a-bi ir-red-du-i ] ARIN.MEi [ 35. [ARIN.MES Si]-nu-ta ina di-ku-u[t ,RIN].rME§1 KUR T KUR [U(!?) ARIN.MES LUGALi i-de-ku-l 35. ARIN.MES Ki-nu-tl i-na di-ku-ti um-man REVERSE 36. x x x x x(x)[ 36-37. dtr-ra gaS-ra [a-lik p]a-an ARIN-ni-Ksi pa-an ARIN-ni-Si 37. [s]i-in-da-til [GU4 MES-[su-nu 38. si-in-da-at GU4.MES-s[u-nu] "fl-pat-tar-a-ma ] S\G-as-ma [Al [LO.K]OR-•Ii Dv-ak oi.uchicago.edu 271 TEXT NO. 128 rev. 40 45 50 55 60 ] 38. A.SA.[MES-gi-nu 1 u-rg -anl-[nu-l i-sar-ra-[ku] 39-40a. A.SA.ME[S-&li-nu] ruil-g-an-nu-d a-na a-he-e(!) 39. ina Ax x x x x x [ ] x i-iar-ru-ub 40b. [ 40. rMA•S UDU.rNITA.MEL-[S[-lI 41. si-bit-ti UDU. [NfTA.MES -S'-n]u ] i-sab-ba-tu 41. dlIMI GO.JGAL1 AN-e rt1 [KI-tim nam-mas-se-e EDIN-ali U KI 42-43a. dIM GO.GAL AN 42. i-na bu-Sdh-bi ai-sam-qatl-[ma SfSKUR 43b-44. ina bu-sab-lbi l.-am-qat-ma dUTU -sa-gar-sa 43. um-ma-a-an rfil-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] 45. um-ma-an u su-ut SAG man-za-az pa-an LUGAL 44. al-mat-sun <lum» 46. a-mat-sun -lam-man t[a-as-sun i-mab-bar] i-lam-man ta-as-sun i-mat-bar oi.uchicago.edu 272 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR REVERSE (COnt.) 45. ril-[n]a qi-bit dL-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [Su-ut] rSAG1 47-48a. ina ql-bit dE-a LUGAL ABZU um-ma-an u Su-ut SAG i-na GIt.TU[KUL OS.MES] ina [GI]S.TUKUL UO.ME§ 46. 48b. 47. ral-sar-rg•l-nu a-na na-m[e-e ] 49. a-sar-s&i-nu a-na na-me-rel [i]k-ka-am-mar 48. [dr]-kdt-su-nu sd-ra [ ] 50a. ar-kats(!)-sun ds-a-ru i-tab-bal 49. ep~(-set-au-nu za-lqt-qil-[is 50b. ep-set-sun za-q[f-qi]-is im-man-ni 50. [r]ik-si-su-nu u-pat-tar NA4.[NA.RO.A]-S-nu u-rsd-anl-[nu]-rTl 51. rik-si-su-un 4-pat-tar-ui-ma NA4 .NA.Rf.A-Su-nu rul-sd-an-nu-4 51. [a-na] rharl-ra-a-na d.i-e-rsu-sul-[_]u-tu 52a. a-na KASKAL u-ge-es-su-si-nu-tim 52. [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-rnul-[u-n]u-tu 52b. a-na a-de-e ril-[ ]-rsul-nu-ti 53. [drAG DUB.SAR1 [F].FSAG.IL1 sa-niq AR(!) AN-e 53a. dAG DUB.SAR f.SAG.fL sa-niq SAR u KI AN 54. mu-ma-i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-U LUGAL1-U-tu 53b-54a. mu-ma-)i-[ir] gim-ri mu-ad-du-u LUGAL-tii 55. rik-sat KUR-sg t-pat-tar-ma 54b. rik-sat KUR-S- u-pat-tar-ma(!) a-bi-ti(!) ri-sdl-[m]u a-fbi-tal i-sam 56. lu-U LO.UGULA lu-i LOSd-tam A.KUR lu-l L[0 fS-u]t SAG LUGAL 55. lu lu I.KUR lu 57. LO.SIPA &d ina Sip-par.KI LO.SA.TAM EN.LfL.KI su-ut SAG LUGAL a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI ana LU.SA.TAM t.KUR GUB-ZU 56. sd ina UD.KIB.NUN.KI EN.LIL.KI u TIN.TIR.KI a-na LO si-tam t.KUR GUB-zu 58. tup-sik(!)-ka I.ME DINGIR.MES 57. tup-gik-ku i.MES DINGIR.DINGIR GAL.GAL im-mi-du-&i-nu-tri() im-me-du-ti-nu-tim 59. DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-nd-es-su-u at-man(!)-un-ti (sic) 58. DINGIR.DINGIR GAL.GAL ri-gul-gu-ma i-nd-es-su-ti at-ma-an-gu-un 60. ul fir-rul-bu a-na ki-is-si-gu-un 59. NU ir-ru-bu a-na ki-is-si-gu-un 61. xx 62. S•"U rEIM.DU.DU-NUMUN-SI.SA A <m>Da(!)-di-ia (three or four illegible signs below subscript) LEFT EDGE OF REVERSE [x]AN [...] oi.uchicago.edu TEXT NO. 128 273 ')If a king does not heed justice, his people will fall into anarchy, and his land will become a waste. (2-3)If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him). (4)If he does not heed his princes, his days will be cut short. (5)If he does not heed the scholars, his land will rebel against him. (6)If he heeds the scoundrel, the land will defect. (7"Ifhe heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways. (-")If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land, and princes and judges will not heed a right[ful] verdict. ('2-1 4)If they bring natives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses. (')The prince and [his] S[ut ri]Fi-officials will continually prowl [the stree]ts of the city like peddlers. ('6- 9)If he [takes] the silver of the people of Babylon [and] brings (it) into his (own) treasury, or if he [hea]rs a [laws]uit involving the people of Babylon only to turn (it) into a frivolous thing, Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy. (2 -23)If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon], or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]. 24-29)If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy. (3031 )Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations. 32-34)If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy. (35- 36)If [he called up th]ose [men] in a mobilization of the national or [royal] arm[y, mighty Erra who goes before his army will shatter his front line and go at his enemy's side]. (37-9)If [he unyokes] their [t]eams of [oxe]n, or chan[ges] (the boundaries of) their fields, [or gives them to an outsider], in [... will become a waste]. (4M 2)If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine [and thereby amass(?) offerings for Samas]. 4-)If a scholar (or) sut rdi-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the ApsQ, (that) sc]holar (or) [uit] rei-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]. (47)Their place [will be turned] into [a ruined heap of] was[te]. (48)The wind [will carry away] their [in]heritance. (49)Their accomplishments [will be reckoned as] nothingness. (5-55)If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor, NabQ, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity. (56-5 9)If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a s[i]t rt3i-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples, the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums. (6)They will not enter their shrines. COMMENTS Lines 1ff.-The sign ME often resembles the sign LAL in this corpus. Evidence for the lexical equivalency ME = qdlu is found in Nabnitu A 169, Sb II 135, and Izi E 6 (see CAD Q, p. 72 sub qdlu A lex. section). Line 7-The phrase a-bi-fik-tu tRIN.ME 1 KUR is reminiscent of an omen apodosis. It does not occur in D.T. 1. oi.uchicago.edu 274 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Line 9-The writing suM(!)-[i]n, which here stands for iddin (< naddnu), is a mistake for idin (< danu). The error seems to indicate that the text was written from dictation and may therefore be a scribal exercise. Line 14-Where 12 N 110 exhibits the phrase RRIN.MES-ti a-na LU.DE,5 -sab-bar,D.T. 1 has instead 6RIN.UI.Atiu4-am-qa-tim. In the former, LO.DE, probably represents miqittu, "corpses." This identification is based on the evidence of the lexical series Syllabary A Vocabulary, in which one finds the entry [de-e] [RI] = rmi-qitl-ti (see MSL 3 57 [S' Voc. F 3'a]). Line 22-Lambert's transliteration has -gu after the logogram SUR 7 , while Civil restores -[siu] in this position. However, neither text shows any trace of the pronominal suffix here. a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] is taken to be an asyndetic relative clause. Line 40-For sibtu as a tax levied on domestic animals, and for examples of its use with sabdtu, see CAD S, pp. 166-67 sub sibtu C. Line 52-Based on the evidence of 12 N 110, the broken passage following a-na a-de-e in D.T. 1 line 52 should be restored i-[man-nu]-su-nu-ti Line 56-12 N 110 has UGULA(PA) where D.T. 1 has SIPA(PA-LU). Line 62-The interpretation of the theophoric element in the name ImdllM.DU.DU-NUMUN-SI.SA is uncertain. The same DN may also occur in BE 8 142:8. oi.uchicago.edu LOGOGRAMS AND THEIR READINGS A -> aplu, mdru; A.MES -+ ma; A.SA -> eqlu; A.GAL - lea; AB.GU 4 -) littu; ABZU -4 apst; AD -4 abu; AMBAR -4 appdru; AN -3 Samfi; AN.BAR -4 parzillu; ANSE -4 imeru; ANSE.A.AB.BA -4 gammdlu; ANSE.KUNGA -) pard; ANSE.KUR.RA -- Sist; APIN -- ersu; AS -4 naddnu BA -> qd•u; BABBAR - pes2; BAD -4 peta; BAD -+ daru, Djr(?); BAD.AN.KI -> Der; BAL -> nabalkutu; BAR -- ahi; BARA -- parakku; BI -4 su, jt -> Nabd; dAMAR.UTU -4 Marduk; dBE -- Ea; dEN - & B; dEN.LfL - Enlil; dEN.JRU -+ Ea(?); dGIR 4.Kf -) Nergal; Qaus; dlGI.DU -4 Nergal; dIM - Adad; dINNIN -> Itar; KASKAL.KUR -> Balih; dMAS -+ Ninurta; dNIN.LfL Mullhsu; dPA -> Nabu; dPA.TG -- Nusku; dUTU - Sama dAG dGIS.BAN -4 DAM.GAR -> tamkdru; DI.KU5 -+ dayydnu, dinu; DINGIR -> ilu; DU -- kdnu; DU -> bana, epcsu, gabbu(?); DUB -4 sapdku; DUB.SAR -4 tupsarru;DIJG.GA -> dumqu, fdbu; DUMU -4 mdru; DUMU URU - mdr dli; DUMU.LOI.KIN, DUMU.KIN -4 mdr ipri; DUMU.US -4 aplu t -- bitu; A.AD -- bit abi; t.DINGIR -- bit ili; t.DUL.LU - edulla; 1.GAL -4 ekallu; .KUR -> Ekur, ekurru; t.SAG.IL -4 Esagil; EME -) lisdnu; EN -+ bilu; EN.LfL.KI - Nippur; tRIN -4 ummdnu; tRIN.UI.A -) sdbu, ummdnu; RIlN.ME(S) -) sdbu, ummdnu; IRIN.TAU -> nirdru GABA.RI -> gabara;GADA -- kitai; GAL -> rabil; GAL -+ bagl; GAR -4> akdnu; GESTU n -3 uZnu; GIN, GI.NA - kinu; GIN 7iqlu; GIR.AN.BAR -- patar parzilli; GIR" -4 ~pu; GIR 4.KO -4 Nergal; GIS.APIN -+ epinnu; GIS.BAL -- ballukku; GIS.BAN -- qagtu; GIS.GIGIR -4 narkabtu; GIS.KAK -) sikkatu; GIS.KIN -4 kiSkanu; GIS.MA -> elippu; GIS.MES.GAM -) sassugu; GIS.MI --4 illu; GIS.SAG.KUL -L sikkdru; GIS.SA.KAL -3 jakkullu; GIS.SE.IAR - ?; GIS.TUKUL -- kakku; GIS.UMBIN -+ magarru; GIS.UMBIN.MES -3 maqarrdtu; GIS.IR -4 gusuru; GO, GO.UN -4 biltu; GU.GAL -3 gugallu; Gil.DI.Dt -- ) asO Gtn; GU4 -4 alpu; GU4 .NfNDA -3 biru; GUB -4 izuZZu, uzuzzu; GUR -- kurru; GURUS -- eflu UA.LA -- zittu; UI.LI -+ kuzbu ID -> naru; IGI -- amdru, pdnu; IGIn - inu; IGI.4.GAL.LA -- rebA (J); IM.GID.DA -- liginnu; INIM -3 amdtu; IR --4 ardu; ITm -4 ariu;ITI.APIN -4 Arahtsamnu; TI.BARA -4 Nisannu; ITI.KIN - Ulilu; Im.SU -- Du>fzu KA --- bbu, bdbtu; KA.BAD.KI -4 Bdb-ddri; KA.DINGIR.RA.KI -> Bdbili; KAR -+ eteru; KASKAL, KASKAL" - harrdnu; KAS.SAG -- ) ikdru; KI -. ersetu; KI.LAM -> mahiru; KIN -- &ipru;KU -4 t.mu; KJ.BABBAR -4 kaspu; KJ.GI -- qutdru; KU4 -- eribu; KUR -- mdtu; KUR.NIM.MA, KUR.NIM.MA.KI - Elamtu; KUR -4 nakdru, nakru LIM -> limu; LUGAL -- sarru,sarrutu; LUGOD.DA -+ karti; Li -+ amilu, amilutu; LO.A.KIN -> mar &ipri;LO.AD.AD -> abi abi; LJ.ARAD.t.GAL - arad ekalli; LU.DAM.GAR -4 tamkdru; LO.DE, -) miqittu; LO.DUB.SAR - ftupsarru; LU.DUMU.KIN -> mar sipri; LO.DIM -3 mubanna; LO.A.BAR ---) angi; LI.ENGAR -- ikkaru; LO.EN.NAM -- bel pdba&, bel pitati; LU.GAKKUL -+ Sa kakkulli(?); LU.GAR.KU - sdkin tMmi; LO.GU.EN.NA -> sandabakku; LI.IGI.GUB -i mazpdn, mazzaz pdni; LO.KOR -3 nakru; LU.MA.LAU 4 -i maldthu; LU.NAGAR -+ naggdru; LU.NIMGIR -) ndgiru; LU.NU.ts -- nisakku; LO.SAG.I - &la rci biti(?); LO.SAG.KAL.MES - asariditu;LO.SIMUG -3 nappdatu; LO.SIPA -) ri, rv'?; LY.SAMAN.LA -4 samalla; LO.SA.TAM -> Satammu; LO.SIMxGAR -- siradi?;LU.TUR -- sutadru; LO.US.SA.DU -> itd; Li.UGULA -3 aklu 275 oi.uchicago.edu 276 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR MA.NA -- mant; MAN -4 sani; MAS - sibtu; ME -> me)at; MU -- naddnu, sattu, Sumu; MU.AN.NA -> &attu;MUN - tdbatu; MUN.UI.A -+ tdbtu, tabatu NA4.NA.RO.A -> nari; NAM --> gimtu, padbas, pitatu; NfG.BA -4 qitu; NfG.DU -4 kudurru; NfG.GA -4 makkfru; NfG.Sl.SA -- misaru; NIG.SID -- nikkassu; NfG.SU, NfG.SU.MES -- baiu; NIN -4 eritu; NINDA.UI.A -- akalu; NU -->i, ul, Salmu; NUMUN -4 zru; NUN -> ruba; NUN.ME -> apkallu PA.SE.KI - Isin; PAP -+ napbaru,nasdru SAG -- rtgu; SAG.DU -4 qaqqadu;SAL -- sinniLtu; SAL.US.BAR - i4partu;sI.sA -> eseru; sfG, SIG.UI.A --> sipdtu; SfG.UtI -4 tabarru; sfG.UfJ.ME.DA.KUR.RA -- tabarrisadf(?); sfG.ZA.GIN.KUR.RA -> takiltu; SIGs -+ damdqu, dumqu; SILIM -+ saldmu, sulmu; sfSKUR -> niqi; SU -> rdbu; sUs -- ttjl2; SUM -4 naddnu; SUM.NA -> naddnu (see Brinkman, Or 34 [1965]: 246 n. 2); SUR7 -4 bdrftu SA -> libbu; SAR -> kissatu; SE.BAR -- utfatu; SE.GIS.I -> samassammu; SE.NUMUN -> zru; SES -- a u, abbzutu, nasdru; SUn -4 qdtu; SUKU.UI.A -- kurummatu TI -4 leqi7; TIN -+ baldtu; TIN.TIR.KI -- Bdbili; TOG -> subatu; TUK -- ragf; TUR -+ SUjdru U.UI.A -> gamma; O.TU -- aladu; UD -4 imu; UDU, UDU.NITA -3 immeru; UGU -> eli, elinu, mubbu; UKKIN -> pubru, kinistu(?); UMUS -> f•mu; UN.MES -- nigi; UN.MES -4 nifjl biti; UNUG.KI -> Uruk; UR.BI.TA -4 mit aris; UR.GIR5, -> kalbu; URU -> flu; U, -- lahru; Us.UDU.I.A, U,.UDU.UI.A.MES -> s~nu; US -> redd ZAG -> bidu, misru; ZALAG -- nmru; ZI -- napultu, tebd; ZID.DA.KASKAL -> siditu; ZO.LUM.MA -> suluppd oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS The context of a term is provided if the term is unattested or poorly known outside of the letters of this archive, or if the context sheds new light on the meaning of a word or its institutional context. No context is given for the most frequently attested terms, such as naddnu, saparu, ana, etc. An asterisk (*) after a sign indicates that it was written over an erasure or with a split stylus. abiku "to lead, conduct, bring" (G); "to be led" (Gt) See also abalu, nagi, saparu G-stem: [ib-ba-ka] 107:11; ib-ba(!)-ka 57:15; ib-rba-kdml-ma 56:28; tab-ba-ku-us 2:21; ab-ba(!)-ka 57:11; [ib]-[bal-ku 105:6; ib-ba-ku-us 86:9; ib-ba-ku-i-nu 47:6; i-tab-ka 57:9; 6:19; i-ta-ba-ka-m[a] 65:7; [i(?)-tab(?)]-rka(?)-ma(?)l6:13; ril-bu-uk 24:10; i-bu-ka 23:17; i-bu-[ka] 45:24; ta-b[u]-uk 7:18; a-bu-uk 51:12; a-bu-uk-ma 92:8; a-bu-ka 57:21; a-bu-ku-am-ma 60:18; ra-bul-kas 82:14; a-bu-ka-ds 87:6; ral-bu-ka-gs 87:8; ni-bu-ka 56:16; ab-[k]a 7:10; ab-kam-ma 91:12; 99:11; 104:17; ab(!)-kdmma 39:17; ab-ka-nim-ma 56:22; li-bu-uk 76:22; 79:21; rli-bul-[ku] 54:11; li-bu-[kdm-ma] 83:31; rlilbu-kdm-ma 83:36; [li]-bu-kas-sum-ma 86:30; flul-bu-uk 16:13; rlul-bu-kdm-ma 29:14 Gt-stem: rlil-tab-ka 29:23 abalu "to carry, bring" (G); "to send (a shipment)" (S) See also abaku, naga, saparu G-stem: ub-lu-t 75:22 S-stem: d-Seb-bil 10:17; -rgseb-bill 94:18; r1i-[s]eb-rbill 75:15; u-s[eb-bil] 10:19; d-geb-bi-la[k] 63:12; -sgeb-bi-lak-ka 33:29; rfl-seb-bi-lak-rkal 84:9; tu-seb-bil 33:31; full-te-bi-li 94:9, 13; rull-te-bi-rlil 97:37; ul-te-bi-lu 96:9; ul-te-bi-la-dI-sg 51:17; ul-te-bi-l[ak-ka] 55:15; ul-te-bi-lak-ka 10:11; lu ul-tebi-<lak->ka 55:11; -sge-bi-li 49:11; 57:22; ai-ge-b[i-li] 97:33; ul [ti-e-bi-li] 72:10; rl-ge-bi-l[a] 62:6; --ge-bi-la-a[k-ka] 72:9; d-ge-bi-li-ka 55:8; ul tu-se-bil 68 r. 5'; ul tu-se-bi-la 10:9; ai-bil 51:28; Jubil 40:8; 45:12; 49:14; 103:24; rful-bil 1:36; gu-bi-la 10:23; 33:35; gu-bi-lam-ma 65:15; su-bi-lamm[a] 77:11; su-bi-rlil 50:7; S[u]-rbi-lil 95:12; gu-bi-li-sg 52:7; &u-bi-lu 64:9; lu-se-bil 1:45; lu-d-sebil 102:18; lu-ti--e-rbill 73:19; lu-se-bi-flal 101:19; lu-d -ge-bi-la 42:5; lu-se-bi-[li] 97:12; [lu-ge]-bili41:36; lu--sge-bi-li 70:17, 24; 81:19; rlu-t-sel-bi-li 58:19; rlul-'e-bi-lu 96:13; lu-se-bi-lam-ma 17:40; 81:8; lu-se-bi-lak-ka 2:34; 10:6; flul-se-bi-lak-ka 40:18; lu-se-bi-lak-rkal 23:23; 36:9; flul-se-rbil-lakka 82:29; lu-a-ge-bi-lak-ka 51:22; lu-Se-bi-la-d6-si 63:21 abatu (B) see nabutu abbfitu "fatherhood" See also abu In the idiom abbilta sabAtu, "to intercede, act as a father for": a-bu-us-su as-bat, "I have taken on the role of his father" 2:17 277 oi.uchicago.edu 278 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR abi abi "grandfather" 1 GtJ.UN KO.BABBAR m Mu-seb-sd-a-a LO.[SA.TAM LO.AD.ADI-ka a-na mas-ka-at-rta kil-i is-kun "Mu-sebgd-a-a ki i-mu-d-ti 1 GO.UN KJ.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-sg it-ta-s', "After Museb~sya, the chief temple steward, your grandfather, had deposited the one talent of silver in the storehouse, (and) after Musebsaya had died, he took the talent of silver for himself" 38:33-38 abu "father, shaykh, political superior" See also abbitu, asaridutu, binu, bit abi, bitu, mdru, nasiku, qinnu, rabat (B) um-ma-a a-na AD-ia-a-ma Id tas-pur um-ma a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-t ki-i a-na-ktu i atta ni-par-rral-[a]s,"Say to my father: Concerning what you wrote saying: 'Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it)'" 23:4-7; a-di la i-sin-nu lip-nu-nim-ma lilli-ku-nim-ma litl-ti AD-si lid-bu-bu, "Let them come here before the festival begins and negotiate with its (Iltazinu's) shaykh" 7:25-28; AD.MES-d-nu a-ba-mes ku-ul-lu ) 1+en ral-na a-a-Ii id Id-nii -gSu-uz-zu, "Our fathers rule jointly, and they stand each as the confederate of the other" 2:3740; sd LO sab-rtul-tu Id tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmabl-[s]i a-du-ui lul-lik-ma ti-re-mul AD.MES- inu lul-ma-ad-du, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote, saying: 'Guara[nt]ee their safety'-Now let me go and learn what their fathers are thinking" 30:4-9; a-na mrE-ft-ril qf-bi-ma um-ma AD-kAm, "Say to Eteru, thus says your father" 25:1-3; a-na "dAG-rA1.GAL qf-bi-ma um-ma mNfG.DU AD-kdm, "Say to Nabfl-lei, thus says Kudurru your father" 71:1-2; a-rnal "Ki-rib-tu qfl[bi-ma] um-fmal mNIG.DU rAD-kdml, "S[ay] to Kiribtu, thus says Kudurru, your father" 79:1-2; a-na mE-re-si qf-bi-ma um-ma Na-ad-ba-ta "'Ba-lat-siAD.MES-kdm, "Say to Eresu, thus say 'Nadbata and BalUssu, your fathers" 9:1-3 adannu "term, appointed time" a-na qf-[i]t m [an-ni]-[il a-dan-n[u ... ], "At the e[n]d of [thi]s month, the ter[m ... ]" (context bro- ken) 108:5-6 ade "treaty, (solemn) agreement" See also ayyalu, bil .tdbti, dibbu, kittu, saldmu, sulumma, tdbtu, tdbatu sad-d[a]-fqdd(?)l ul-tu rt Fbl-tud a a-[de]-rel it-ti ral-ta-me' ni-is-ba-rtal [ul] ka-a-sd nu-ul-rtas-bitlka, "Last [ye]ar(?), when we entered a(n alliance of) friendship and tr[ea]ty together, did we [not] cause you to enter (it) as well?" 7:13-16; ul be-If a-de-e litl-ti "DU-NUMUN FI Lul Ru-bu-u is-bat, "Did not my lord conclude a treaty with Mukin-zEri and the Rubu' tribe?" 6:4-7; a-de-e-ni AD ana DUMU it-ta-din AN-ai ki-i a-na-ku t at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]s,"Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it)" 23:5-7; dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES sd bal-rta-nu al-der-el d it-ti a-ha-mes min-su nu-rull-tan-nu-ma, "By Bal-How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'?" 23:30-32; fatl-ta [(x)] ral a-Ina-kul [a-n]a [a-del-[e] fla(?)l nu-se-lu, "You and I, we must not be slack [abo]ut the treat[y]" 20:13-16 adekanna see adikanna adi (conj.) "until, as long as, while"; negated: "before" a-di 2:7, 12, 20; 11:14; 23:20; 33:30; 39:11; 47:14; 55:8; 69:23; 83:15; 90:26; 100:9; a-d[i] 29:26; ra-dil 94:23; [a]-di 10:25; a-di la 4:9; 39:18; 57:14; 81:10; fal-di la 67:5; 94:29; [a]-di la 62:17; ardil la 45:27 adi (A) (prep.) "up to, as far as, until"; negated: "before" a-di 57:7; 81:30; a-di 7-gi 83:39; ra-dil 7-si 43:23; a-di la 7:25 adi (B) (prep.) "together with" a-di 19:18, 23; 59:16; 64:6; 82:12; fa-dil 82:15; a-fdi(?)l 92:6; [a-di] 17:23 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 279 adi immati "how long?" See comment on No. 103:18 a-rdrl i-mat ki-i e-rperl-ti a-ga-a i-na [g]u-ru-un-nu sak-na-ratl, "How long will it be before this baked brick must be placed in a [h]eap?" 103:18-21 adi mubbi mini "why is it?" See also ana mubbi mint a-di muh-lfi mi-ni-i ki-i al-ta-nap-pa-rak-kdm-ma la ta-sem-man-nu, "Why is it that whenever I write to you, you don't listen to me?" 11:4-6 adikanna (adekanna) "until now, yet" GU4 bi-ri a-ldil-kan-na ul i-fir, "The breeding bull until now has not been well" 91:5-6; me-res-ti sd LU.TUR.MES a-di-kan-na jak-na-at ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu ia-a'-nu KP.BABBAR tir-ra[m-m]a [...], "The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. If there are no slaves, return the silver [a]nd [...]" 40:26-30; am-me-ni ul-tu a-na KUR LO Kal-da al-li-ka a-di-kan-na dul-lu ul ta-mur, "Why have you not supervised the work from the time I came to Chaldea until now?" 89:11-13; LO.DUMU sipri-ia sd a-na mDU-NUMUN il-lik a-di-kan-na ul ih-ti-si, "My messenger who went to Mukin-zdri has not yet returned" 22:6-8; mim-ma rKO.BABBAR-lu-[nu] u u h-hu-[ur i)] 1 MA.NA rKP.BABBAR1-k[a] sd tas-si-i a-di-rkanl-[na] ul tu-se-bil, "None of the[ir] silver is outstan[ding]. [But] you haven't ye[t] sent yo[ur] one mina of silver that you took away" 68 r. 1-5'; a-de-e-kan*-na ul ib-hi-si, "He has not yet returned" 69:11; mi-nam-ma pa-rnal-ma KU.BABBAR ta-as-su-hu-ma KASKAL" a-na muh-hi tallak a-de-e-kan-na mim-ma ul ta-ad-din, "Why previously did you take an advance of silver, go on a caravan venture with it, (if) until now you haven't delivered a thing?" 69:17-21 adisfi see bit adisiS adfi (adv.) "now" See also enna adO a-du-i 10:10, 16:6; 17:15; 18:13, 15; 25:5; 27:9; 30:6; 32:4; 36:4; 39:5; 41:14; 42:2; 48:10; 49:6; 50:4; 51:20, 22; 55:6; 59:7; 61:8; 80:19; 81:5; 84:8; 87:4; 90:7; 94:13; 96:7; 97:21; 102:6; 107:9; adu-ruI 63:6; 94:34; ral-du-u 1:10; 15:6; 86:5; 104:10; a-rdu-il 10:14; [a-du-Ul 72:8; 97:6; [al-[dui]72:22; [a-d]u-u 16:23; [a-d]u 24:14 agA "this, these" See also aganni ul-tu UGU u4-mu a-ga-a a-na DUMU* sd be-lt-ia at-tu[r], "From this day forth I have beco[me] a son of my lord" 59:22-24; a-rdil i-mat ki-i e-rperl-ti a-ga-a i-na [g]u-ru-un-nu fak-na-ratl, "How long will it be before this baked brick must be placed in a [h]eap?" 103:18-21; a-ga-al [NIG].JGA1 LT sd be-lI-st ri-mu-rtul ri-ril-mu-rfil, "This is the [est]ate of a man whose lord has given it to him as a land grant" 97:27-29; a-du-u 5 MU.AN.NA.MES a-ga-a ul-tu i-na rsibl-te-e-tu sab-tu a-na mDUNUMUN ki-i aq-bu-a um-ma full i-du e-ka-me rfu-il, "Now it has been five years since he was bound infetters. When I spoke to Mukin-zeri, he said: 'I don't know where he is'" 17:15-20; Li a-mi[lu-tu al]-ga-a* sd i-bu-[ka] ma-a'-da rba-nal-[a], "[Th]ese sla[ves] whom he le[d here] are of very good qual[ity]" 45:23-25; ral.ga-a (context broken) 110:16 aganni "these" See also agd ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES mam-ma tab-ni-tu ina I.DINGIR ul a-ban-rnul, "For a long time no one has arranged the sacrificial table in the temple" 17:35-37; am-me-ni ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES [rLO.DUMU Sip-ri-ka ul am-mar tla-na si-bu-tu ul ta-fap-par, "Why don't I ever see your messenger, and why don't you ever write for what you want?" 71:4-7; am-me-ni ma-la-gan-ni-i rUD1.MES LO.DUMU sipri sd SES-ia i-tal-kan-ni, "Why has my brother's messenger (been) gone from me so long?" 107:5- oi.uchicago.edu 280 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 7; a a-ga-rnul ki-i ta-b[u]-uk [l]a-pa-an ZI.MES man-nu [p]u-ut-su-nu i-mat-lias, "But if you have l[e]d these away (already), who is going to [k]eep them safe from the rebels?" 7:17-20 ahbmes "each other, together, jointly" AD.MES-U-nu a-4a-mes ku-ul-lu i 1+en ral-na a-a-li gd id-ni-i u-su-uz-zu, "Our fathers rule jointly, and they stand each as the confederate of the other" 2:37-40; i-da-tum,-ma ul-tu ina i mdAG-SILIM LO gd m " BA-gd-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-rkul u mBA-sd a-na a-ha.rmesl ni-il-li-Fkul u at-ta sd UGU a-sumit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-d en-na gal-la id(!)-u mi-iq-ti ina mub-bi-su, "This isto attest that after Iqila and I had come together in the House of Nabfl-usallim-a man of Iqisa-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18; UD.ME-us-su LO.DUMU sip-ri.MEs-su-nu la pa-an a-ha-mes ul i-bat-ti,-lu, "Their messengers never cease (going) to each other daily" 20:25-28; sad-d[a]-rqdd(?)l ul-tu rtdbl-tud i a-[de]rel it-ti ral-ha-mes ni-is-ba-ftal [ul] ka-a-Sd nu-ul-rtas-bitl-ka, "Last [ye]ar(?), when we entered a(n alliance of) friendship and tr[ea]ty together, did we [not] cause you to enter (it) as well?" 7:1316; ul-tu a-na-ku r1 1 mrMul-se-zib ritl-ti a-rha-mesl [sab-ta]-a-nu ki-i bar-pu-tu dul-rlil [i-n]a FuRul In-du-ul [i-pu]-fusl, "After Musezib and I [ban]ded(?) together, he promptly [perfor]med service for me [i]n the town of Indul" 17:9-12; dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES gd bal-rta-nu al-de-rel Id it-ti a-ha-mes min-su nu-rull-tan-nu-ma, "By BEl-How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'?" 23:30-32; GALti qal-la-Ftil SAL a-a-i-ti it-ti a-ha-mes i-Si, "Big or small, any woman whatever, deliver (her) together with it" 97:17-19; a-na r ml[x-x(-x-x)] ki-i a-rqabl-b[i] um-ma a[l-kdm-ma] it-ti a-ha-m[es] nii[l]-lik u ul i-man-gur, "Whenever I sa[y] to [PN]: 'C[ome here and] let us go togeth[er],' he does not agree" 61:9-14; at-ta il sfid- it-ti a-ha-rmesl sa-al-ma-tu-nu a at-rtul-nu rbul-ub-t[a]-ni i-babbat, "You and he are on friendly terms with each other; yet he is making captiv[e]s of our people" 18:23-28; rds-si di-il-ni rsd tasl-pu-ra Fit-ti al-[fh]ames a-na LiJ rl A-rmukl-[a-nu] ni-il-li[k] l dini [Id] 'E-re-[si] ni-par-ra-si, "Concerning the case about which you wrote to me-let us g[o] toge[th]er to Bit-Amfik[ini], and we will judge the case [of] Ere[su]" 76:4-10; [a-d]u-u ne-bd-ri issab-tu-nu ina URU Ka-par-si-nu-um-mu ai-nu u mDU-NUMUN it-ta-ha-mes us-sa-am-ma-at, "[No]w they have seized the river-crossing from us. They and Mukin-zeri are joining forces in Kaparsinummu" 16:23-28; a-mat Id ana-ku rUl at-ti ritl-ta-ha-mes nid-bu-ub, "There is a matter that you and I should discuss together" 42:6-7 abiru see ujzuru ahhfitu "brotherhood" See also ade, ahu (A), dibbu, kittu, sulumma, tadbatu; for discussion see comment on No. 3:5 ki-i SES-d-tu a MUN.UI.A se-ba-ta LO lu-6 sa-bit, "If you desire brotherhood and friendly relations, let the man be held in confinement" 2:9-11; am-me-ni ab-hu-tu-d ki-i la se-ba-a-ti ul-tu tas-mu-i um*-ma dul-la-a-ti Id DINGIR.MES i-na UGU* m la-da-a'-l i-ba-dg-Si, "Why (did you act) as if you didn't want brotherhood after you heard it said: 'The work assignments of the gods are upon Yada'Il'?" 3:5-10; en-na ki-i a-m[at] SES-u-tu* pa-nu-t[u] Flal tal-kun id a-mat a-na* mub-bi-ia is-kun mus-si-ma sup-Framl-ma lu-a i-de rkil-i SES-d-a at(!)-ta, "Now even if you did not establish the wor[ding] of the previo[us] brotherhood (agreement), find out who established the wording with regard to me and write to me so that I may know that you are my brother" 3:13-20 ahu (A) "brother" See also ayyalu, abbatu, btl dtabti §E§ 24:14; SES-kdm 1:2; 2:2; 12:4; 18:2; 19:2; 22:2; 24:2; 28:2; 31:2; 33:2; 34:2; 35:2; 39:2; 47:2; 49:2; 50:2; 51:2; 55:2; 63:2; 66:2; 70:2; 73:2; 81:2; 84:2; 86:2; 87:2; 89:2; 90:2; 91:2; 99:2; 100:2; 105:2; 106:2; SES-rkdml 52:2; 61:2; 77:3; 78:2; SES-k[dm] 82:2; 95:2; rES1-kdm 4:2; 11:2; 30:2; 108:2; fSES-kdml 20:2; 26:2; 36:2; 37:2; rtEl1-k[dm] 10:2; rSES--[kdm] 32:2; 96:3; tE[S-kdm] 54:2; 69:2; S[ESkd]m 64:2; S[ES-kdm] 65:2; 85:2; 107:2; [SES]-fkdml 45:2; [SES-kdm] 14:2; 17:2; 40:2; 43:2; 48:2; oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 281 68:2; 75:2; 76:2; 92:2; 104:2; 109:2; SES-ia-a-ma 2:3; 10:3; 11:3; 12:6; 14:3; 18:3; 19:3; 22:3; 24:3; 49:3; 50:3; 52:4; 61:4; 63:3; 70:4; 78:4; 81:3; 84:3; 89:4; 90:4; 91:3; 95:3; 100:3; 107:4; SES-id-ama 1:6; 3:4; 4:3; 28:4; 33:3; 34:4; 35:3; 48:4; 51:4; 55:3; 64:4; 86:3; 99:3; 106:3; SES-ia-ma 39:3; 47:3; SES-id-a-m[a] 69:4; 82:3; SES-ia-a-rmal 96:5; SES-id-a-[mal 40:4; SES-ia-a-rmal 66:4; SES-ia-a[m]a 17:4; SES-ia-fal-ma 31:4; SES-ia-[a-m]a 108:3; SES-ia-[a-ma] 43:4; SES-rial-[a-ma] 54:4; SEt-idfal-[ma] 85:4; SES-[ial-a-[mal 105:3; SES-Fid-a-mal 26:4; 74:1; SES-tid-al-ma 77:4; SES-i[a-a-ma] 45:3; ISES-ial-[a-ma] 75:3; SESl-id-a-T mal 42:1; FSESI-ia-a-m[a] 109:3; [SES1-ia-[a-ma] 65:3; FrES-ial-a-ma 20:3; 30:3; 36:3; rSES-id-a-mal 32:3; 37:3; 73:4; [rES1-[ia-a-ma] 68:3; SE[S-ia-a-ma] 67:3; fSES-idia-rmal 87:3; FSES-idl-[a-ma] 104:3; rSESL-[ia-a-ma] 76:3; [SES-ia-a-ma] 15:5; 92:4; SES-u-a 1:9, 13, 28, 45, 47; 3:19; 4:24, 26; 12:21; 17:5, 38; 26:9; 34:6; 35:5, 11; 36:10; 40:12; 42:8; 43:6; 49:5; 51:6, 19; 63:5; 70:17, 23, 25; 74:3; 76:19; 78:5; 81:18; 82:5; 86:10; 96:6, 12; 109:13; SES-a-[al 63:24; SESfdl-a 107:20; SES-f•-al 40:5; 69:5; FSES-d-al 63:18; 73:6; 107:12; SE•S-rl-[a] 65:4; 82:10; SES-[d-a] 10:16; [S]ES-d-a 15:10; 73:19; [SE]S-d-a 86:7; [S]ES-r[-al 26:6; TSESl-U-a 81:8, 16; r[ES-B1-[a] 75:12; 109:4; ISES1-[4]-a 69:16; [E5]-Mi-a 24:13; [SE§]-rtd-al 96:16; [§ES-di]-a 26:12; [SES-U-a] 26:15; SES-ia 1:33; 10:19; 22:10, 13; 39:21; 42:2, 5; 49:10; 50:5; 52:5; 63:17; 70:7, 19, 22; 73:18; 81:4; 82:37; 89:6; 90:8; 92:19; 96:11, 14, 18, 28; 107:7, 11; SES-id 1:7, 12, 25, 40, 44, 47; 45:31; 64:17; 76:23; 82:27; 86:4; fSESl-ia 73:21; 96:9; fSES 1-id 32:6; 69:26; 108:4; SES-Tial 73:8; SES-tidl 1:5; t SES-ial 43:23; 45:26; FSES1-[ia] 10:21; [§]ES-ia 107:17; fSES1-[ia] 105:13; SES-[id] 82:4; [S]ES-Tial 112:19'; rSES 1-i[a] 54:7; SE[S-ia] 108:7; [SES-i]a 54:6; [SES-ia] 43:14; 88:7'; SES-ka 12:24; SES-&d 56:10; SESri-nil 39:4; SES-ril-nu 7:7; rTESm-[x] 112:3'; SES.MES-e-Sgi 2:13; SES.MES-e-rfjl 19:18; rSES1.MES-e-rgi1 17:23; SES.MES-&I 23:29; SES.MES-i-nu 1:16; SES.MES-ji2-nu 1:14; 18:16 abu (B) "arm" In the idiom aha nadd, "to be negligent": en*-na [SES-d-al ah-id la na-du, "Now my brother should not be negligent" 63:18-19; la-pa-an mi-ni-i ki-i ah-ka na-da-a-ta, "Why is it that you are being negligent?" 20:23-25 ajabu see aydbu aj(j)alu see ayyalu ajikani see ekannu ajikiam see Okamma ajis see is ajf see ayd akalu "bread" See comment on No. 83:13 and 21-22 am-me-ni LOJ qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-gib lil-[li-kdm-ma NINDA.J4I.1A lig-be-e-ma li-kul ti rIM1.GID.DA it-ti LOJ.SAMAN.LA.MES liq-[bil, "Why is a slave boy living in the marsh? Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices" 83:11-15; rkil-i kit-ti s'd- KI.LAM-ia la [ba-n]u 6dpa-an be-if-id mab-ra be-li rlisi-pu-rram-ma NINDA1.4I.A i-na rpal-ni-id li-ku-lu, "And if it istrue that my offering-price (for him) isn't [goo]d, let my lord write to me whatever suits my lord that he(!) may eat bread in my presence" 83:19-22 akailu "to eat" ik-kal 94:21, 25; ul Eikl-[kal] 94:32; la1 ik-kal 66:23; ni-ik-kal 34:10; i*-kul 27:22; li-kul 83:13; lukul 29:19; li-ku-lu 83:22 akanna "here" a-kan-na 9:18; 40:23; 45:14; 47:9; 48:6; 80:20; 83:35, 37; 101:7; a-kan-[nal 38:15; ra-kan-nal 108:8; a-kan-ni 16:13 oi.uchicago.edu 282 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR akannaka "there" a-kan-na-ka 4:7; 16:8; 19:8; 35:26; 101:9; a-kan-na-rkal 19:19; ra-kanl-na-ka 74:21; a-rkan-nal-ka 83:22; a-kan-Fna-kal 51:26; a-kan-n[a-ka] 45:22; [a-kan-n]a-ka 62:22; [a-kan-na-k]a(!?) 19:24; a-kanna-ak-ka 80:10; a-na a-kan-na-ka 82:30; a-na a-ka[n-na-ka] 85:13; a-rnal(erased)-kan-na-ka 78:7 aki (conj.) see ki (conj.) aki (prep.) see ki (prep.) akki'i "how?" ak-ka-i a-na-pil man-na-ta-a i-seb-bi-la[k], "How will I be paid? Should I send y[ou] my accounting?" 63:10-12 alaktu "caravan" See also dlik barrani, barrdnu, kard (A), subdru, tamkdru a-du-iLL(J ra-lakl-ti &d LO u rDa-ku-ru(?) tal-tal-ka mim-mu-rdl [se-ba]-a-ti sup-ram-ma lum-bur-amma lu-se-bi-lak-fkal, "The caravan of Bit-Dakkiiri has now come. Whatever you [desire], write to me, and I will buy and send (it) to you" 36:4-9 alaku "to go" See also alaktu, alik harrani il-lak 39:12; 77:20; il-rlakl 93:10; [i]l-lak 87:5; la il-lak 19:10; 83:34; [I]a rill-lak 26:16; il-la-ka 1:25; 70:16; la il-la-ka 57:27; rill-la-kdm-ma 58:9; la il-la-kdm-ma 17:31; tal-lak 100:20; tal-lak-ma 10:28; la tal-lak 10:26; 60:9; ul tal-lak 20:31; tal-la-kdm-ma 2:20; la t[al-l]a-kdm(!)-[ma] 75:8; ul talflal-kdm-ma 110 r. 21'; al-la-ka 15:7; 89:27; 90:27; ul al-la-ka 110 r. 23'; al-[l]a-kdm-m[a] 30:15; al-rla-kdml-ma 84:21; l[a(?) il(?)-la(?)-ku(?)] 110 r. 16'; il-lak-d-nu 34:18; il-la-ku-a-nu 1:28; il-lafkul-f-ni 27:13; il-la-ku-d-[ni] 45:28; it-ta-lak 49:8; it-tal-ka 10:8; 38:10, 13; 56:9; 57:7, 8; ritl-talka 56:25; [i]t-tal-ka 90:7; [i]t-tal-ka-ma 112:16'; i-tal-kan-ni 64:17; 107:7; it-ta-lak-ka 78:16; la itl[tal-l]ak-ka 98:8; Ital-tal-ka 36:5; la ta-at-tal-ka 81:33; at-tal-ka 35:13; 86:18; [l]a rat-tall-ka 82:31; it-tal-ku 14:9; it-rtall-ku 83:7; it-rtall-[ku]-jd 47:19; il-lik 22:7; 34:11; 68:6; 78:10; rill-lik x 74:5; la il-lik 81:16; [la il]-lik-ma 26:10; il-li-ka 38:7; 41:30; 89:20; i-flil-kdm-ma 80:7; fil-li-kdm-ma 6:10; tal-rlikl 104:6; tal-rlik-mal 77:7; rlal tal-l[i-ka] 101:13; al-lik 60:16, 19; 100:13; a[l-lik] 102:13; ul al-<li->ka-ak-ku-u 96:21-22; al-li-ka 89:12; il-li-ku 1:17; Fill-l[i]-rkul 26:1-2; il-lik-i-nu 18:5, 11; i[lli]-rku-t-nil 43:8; la i[l-l]i-ku-[ni] 15:12; ul il-li-ku-i-ni 38:9; il-li-ku-nim-ma 96:25; ni-i[l]-lik 61:13; ni-il-li[k] 76:7; ni-il-li-rkul 12:13; a-lik-ma 60:11; 89:25; 100:5; a-lik-[ma] 14:10; a-li-ka 55:12; alka 39:18; 95:6; al-rkal 9:26; a[l]-ka 7:12; al-kdm-ma 9:10, 18; 45:29; 104:14; ral-kdml-ma 91:18; alrkdm-mal 44:16; fal-kdm-mal 53:28; rall-kdm-ma 47:9; [a]l-kdm-ma 112:17'; a[l-kdm-ma] 61:11; alka-a-ma 46:9; lil-lik 59:22; [li]l-lik 83:31; flill-l[ik] 108:15; lil-lik-ma 1:21; 102:9; lil-l[ik-ma] 18:18; lil-li-ka 39:24; 83:16; lil-li-kdm-ma 42:9; 69:6; 93:6, 22; 101:6; 109:15; lil-rlil-kdm-ma 83:13; [t]illi-kdm-ma 27:15; lil-li-kdm-m[a] 91:15; lil-<li->kdm-ma 43:26; lil-li-[kdm-ma] 83:46; lil-[li-kdm-ma] 62:13; [lil]-rlil-kcm-m[a] 20:20; lul-lik 80:11; 100:22; lul-rlikl 80:14; lu-li-rikl 43:27; [lul(?)-lik(?)] 53:25; lul-lik-ma 30:7; 81:9; lul-li-ka 29:16; rlul-li-kdm-mal 4:11; [lul]-li-kdm-ma 46:14; lil-lik-u-rmal 54:9; lil-lik-fl-nu 96:18; [l]il-lik-4-nu 7:30; lil-li-ku-nim-ma 7:27; 76:20; rlill-li-ku-[niml-ma 98:22; arlakl-[gu'] 20:18 In the address formula ana dinan beliya lullik, "I would gladly die for my lord," see dindnu In the idiom ana hurgani alaku, "to undergo the river ordeal": ina Im.BARA ina KA.DINGIR.R[A.KI] a-na ID bzur-sd-na ni-il-[lak], "In Nisannu, in Babyl[on], we will und[ergo] the river ordeal" 38:40-41 In the idiom harrana alaku, "to go on a caravan venture, make a caravan journey" (see comment on No. 69:18-19): mi-nam-ma pa-rnal-ma KO.BABBAR ta-as-su-bu-ma KASKAL" a-na mub-bji tal-lak a-de-e-kan- na mim-ma ul ta-ad-din, "Why previously did you take an advance of silver, go on a cara- oi.uchicago.edu 283 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS van venture with it, (if) until now you haven't delivered a thing?" 69:17-21; mi-Ina-al KASKAL["] lid DAM.GAR-nil [il-la-ku] rFL1.M[ES] i-rna-ds-sugl IGIR n" a-na-ku r[l rat-tal a-na mulz-jz[i-gd] nu-sal-lam, "Whatever caravan journey that our merchant [makes] that brings along slav[es], we-both you and I-will guarantee safe conduct(?) fo[r it]" 76:11-17 In the idiom la pan PN alaku, "to serve PN(?)": S"PAP-rial si-i MU.7.KAM rGAL(?) ki-il la pa-an mKab-ti-id rill-lik, "She belongs to Ndsiriya. Seven years it was(?) that he did service for Kabtiya" 82:16-19 In the idiom gimfita alaku, "to go to make purchases" (see comment on No. 64:11): si-mu-tu ki-ril al-lik ina tup-pi sd LIJ.GAR.KU ul is-tu-ru, "They did not write in the tablet of the governor that I had gone to make purchases" 64:11-15 ilik harrAni "traveler" See also alaktu, barrdnu, kara (A), subdru, tamkdru rki-i SES1-t-a la il-lik FKU.BABBAR a-nal l+en lib-bu-l a-lik KASKAL".ME SES-_-a lu-a-s&e-bi-li, "If my brother himself hasn't (yet) come, my brother should send silver to one of the travelers" 81:16-19 alpu "ox, cattle" See also biru, littu GU4.MES &d ina pa-ni-id tu-mas-sir GU4 bi-ri a-rdil-kan-na ul i-sir GU4 at-tu-u-a ku-tal ni-ri-sg i GU4 rit-ta it-ta-ril-iz-zu GU4 rit-ta ab-kdm-ma e-re-su ni-ris, "(About) the oxen which you let me have: the breeding bull until now has not been well. My own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plowox are (also) halt. Bring me a plow-ox so that we can cultivate" 91:4-13; sd be-li is-pur ruml-ma ki-i KASKAL"-ka a-na LiO Du-na-a-nu i-ba-dg-gu-i sd-la-nu-i-a la tal-lak 2 MA.NA KU.BABBAR lud-dak- kdm-ma it-ti-ka i-gi-ma a-lik-ma 2 GU4.MES ba[b]-rbal-nu-tisd ina rit-ti ina [Su]r"l mBa-hi-a-nu e-rsilki(!)-ma bi-hi-ri-ma muh-ru ta-ad-di-nam-ma al-lik U 2 GU4.MES bab-ba-nu-ti an-bu-framl-ma it-ti-id a-bu-ku-am-ma al-lik u at-ta ta-qab-ba-a> um-ma ki-i sd-a> GU4.MES gd LiO.I.A ul ba-nu-a, "About what my lord wrote, saying: 'If your journey is to the Dundnu, don't go without my permission. Let me give you two minas of silver; carry it with you, and go; then either requisition, levy, or buy fr[om] Babiinu two f[i]ne oxen accustomed to the plow.' You gave (the silver) to me; and I went and bought two fine oxen and personally led them to you and departed. But you are saying, 'They aren't even as good as the oxen of slaves'" 60:6-22; ril-da-tam-rmal ul-tu Mu-al-lim-M ta-puram-ma 2 GU4 Su-ul-mis ad-da-dg-sum-ma a-na i-sin-nu sd UNUG.KI ril-bu-uk, "This is to attest that after you sent Musallim-Adad to me, and I had given to him two oxen in good condition, he led (them) to the festival of Uruk" 24:4-10; [xx ] x lil-[li-kdm-ma] [GU 4 ] li-rdinl rl KO.BABBAR sd iba-dsg-i [a]-na-ku lud-di[n] [a]-di la GU4 ik-Frul-[du] LO.A.KIN gid be-lf-id lu-mur, "Let him c[ome and] hand over the [ox]. And the silver about which he is anxious, I [my]self will giv[e]. But [b]efore the ox arri[ves], let me see the messenger of my lord" 62:13-19; at GU4-ka d hab-tu i-tar-rak-rkal, "Moreover, your ox which has been plundered I will return to you" 24:25-27; sgi-ds GU4 .MES* d "DINGIR-APIN-eg id ta-qab-bi-i' a-du-d et-ti-bi pa-an-ia du-gu-lu* a-di d-ge-bi-li-ka GU4.MES* id-nuum-ma la* tu-ba-'a, "Concerning the oxen of Ilu-ere, about which you are speaking: I've gotten under way now. Wait for me. Until I send you (a dispatch), don't look for other oxen" 55:4-10; dsg-g KJ.BABBAR gd mZab-di-ll i SES-a--a ig-pu-ra mZab-di-Ul i-qab-bi um-ma 5 MA.NA KO.BABBAR kii id-din 3-si LJ a-mi-lu-tu* ki-i 3 MA.NA KW.BABBAR a-na m BA-gd-a at-ta-din 2 GU4.MES ki-i a-bu-uk at-tan-na-dis-sga a sit-ta NfG.SID-ai ina §u" mdPA-bu-ni DUMU m A-•U-lap-dAMAR.UTU ul-te-bi-la-dS-si, "Concerning Zabdi-Il's silver about which my brother wrote me, Zabdi-Il says: 'After he gave me five minas of silver, I sold three of his slaves for three minas to Iqfia; after I had led away two oxen, I gave (them) to him; and the rest of his account I have sent to him in the hands of Nabibini, the son of Abulap-Marduk'" 51:5-17; GU,.MES ) LIJ.rENGAR1.MES ki-i ds-pu-ru i-na t m Na-td- ri i-sap-pa-nu, "When I have sent the oxen and the farmers, they will flatten in the House of Niteru" 95:20-23; ul be-li a-de-e ritl-ti mDU-NUMUN rt L 1 Ru-bu-u is-bat um-ma rman-nul sd [u]l- oi.uchicago.edu 284 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR tu EN.LIL.KI rflLO Ru-bu-i ril-li-kdm-ma ra UDU.MES1 GU4,.MES [d)(?) LO(?).MES(?)] [i(?)-tab(?)]-Fka(?)ma(?) a(!?)l-n[a] frK1.[BABBAR] rit(?)-tan(?)-na(!?)l-di-nu-[ti]la-IGI(?) i.AD-id bi-lat rin(?)-na(?)1[sji(?)-rma(?)1, "Did not my lord conclude a treaty with Mukin-zEri and the Rubu) tribe saying that whoever came [f]rom Nippur or the Rubu' tribe and [led away(?)] sheep, oxen, [or slaves(?)] and sold(?) them, tribute would be carried(?) off(?) from his clan?" 6:4-16; [n G]U4.MES u 180 rLO1.ENGAR.ME[S] rfil SES-ia lil-lik-u-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-u, "Let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows" 96:17-19; tRIN.rMESl-ia 1 GU4.MESia tab-tab-ti en-na flu-ui ti-da-a rki-il at-tu-na a-na EN KOR-ia ta-tu(erasure)-rral,"You have plundered my men and my cattle. Now you should know that they belong to us. You have become my enemy" 8:4-9; tRIN.MES-ia D GU4.MES-id tir-ra-nim-ma bi-na-a-nu a rqi-in-nu-tl [at-tu-n]u-fmal rEN1 d-bar-ku-nu a-na-ku, "Please give back my men and my cattle. Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host" 8:9-15; rGU 41.MES ni-ri se-e ul likl-[kal], "Oxen in the yoke do not e[at] grain" 94:32; GIS.APIN.rME1S [itGU4.MES] dL LO.ENGAR.MES a-rdi(?)l [x]-x-rkal gab-bi a-na KIN rbe-lf- i-nul a-bu-uk-ma sii-il-[hu] Sd be-l'-i-nu sd ina KA-i1il pi-Ri-ir-ti lup-sur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10 Alu "city, town, settlement" See also dsib ali, mar ali; for discussion of dl subdti, see comment on No. 83:8-9 URU 66:16; rURU 1 93:13; fURU(?)l 53:6; URU-Ui-rnul 29:27; rURU1.TOG 83:9 amAru "to see, locate" tam-mar 2:12; 10:25; ta-mar 44:8; am-mar 92:21; ul am-mar 71:6; 85:17; ta-ta-mar 40:21; 95:5; tatam-ru 24:29; a-ta-mar 24:22; fil-mu-ru 93:20; ta-mur 77:17; 89:23; ul ta-mur 89:13; [ta]-Fmu-dl-ru 71:13; ra-murl 97:6; li-mur-ma 1:21; li-mur-si-nu-rtul 4:8; lu-mur 4:18; 10:24; 39:23; 62:19; 69:28; [lu-mur] 96:29; a-mur 46:9; am-rat 81:7; [am-rat] 66:17; a-tam-mar 70:6 amAtu "word, wording, decision, affair, matter" a-mat-ka ki-i as-su-rrul a-na-as-sar-si,"I will keep your word as I have always kept it" 11:12-13; en-na ID b[ur]-rfi-nal pa-ri-si INIM.M[ES], "Now the river o[rd]eal will be the decider of the(se) affair[s]" 38:38-39; en-na ki-i a-m[at] ES-ti-tu* pa-nu-t[u] rlal tas-kun id a-mat a-na* mub-bi-ia is-kun mus-si-ma sup-rraml-ma lu-u i-de rkil-i SES-i-a at(!)-ta, "Now even if you did not establish the wor[ding] of the previo[us] brotherhood (agreement), find out who established the wording with regard to me and write to me so that I may know that you are my brother" 3:13-20; a-mat id anaku ral at-ti fitl-ta-ba-mes nid-bu-ub, "There is a matter that you and I should discuss together" 42:67; INIM mMu-sal-lim ba-ranl-tis'a-na pa-an "Gu-lu-s• be-lt lis-pur a-di la Su"(!)-su i-iak-[kal-nu-uImal 1+en sa-ma-da ib-ba(!)-ka, "Quickly, let my lord send Musallim's decision to Gulisu before he in fact gets his hands on one team and leads it away" 57:12-15; rINIM1 [a-n]a mNa-di-nu DUMU mx-[x(-x)] rqil-bi-ma, "Say something [t]o NMdinu, son of [PN] ... " 45:16-18; a-mat-su-nu (context broken) 99 r. 4' amiltu (ameltu) "slave woman" See also amilhtu, amtu, ardu, mussurtu, nisa biti, qallu, qallalutu, sultaru KASKAL" rkal-da-rnal ul ta-a-bi SAL ral-mil-tu ul a-Sap-pa-rak-kapa-an lud-rgull-ma ds-id-a KASKAL" ta-a.t-.t-raml ul a-kil-li-id, "The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. Let me wait a while. As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:19-25; [s-Sti] SAL a-rmill.[tu] d SE§-r1l-[a] ris-purl a-na-ku ds-p[ur] ral-na rid-a-ril a-di LO.DA[M.GAR] di-pur-ma ul-rtul U[RU.BAR]A.DUMU ra-bul-kas, "[Concerning] the slave wo[man] about whom m[y] brother wrote-I myself se[nt] a letter to him. I sent (it) along with the mer[chant], and I then led her(?) from [Par]ak-mdri" 82:9-14 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 285 amilu (amilu) "man" See also napultu, nis, nih biti, sadb fLil a-mi-lu LO qal-rla-al [at]-ftul-ni ram-mel.ni tu-mas-sir-[(1] ul i-rnd-etl<-bi>-siul [al-x-[x(-x)] ki-i-la-a-sd, "The man is [ou]r slave boy. Why did you let [him] go? He won't come <ba>ck. He won't [...]. Detain him" 31:6-9; ki-i SES-u-tu 21MUN.UI.A se-ba-ta Li lu-u sa-bft, "If you desire brotherhood and friendly relations, let the man be held in confinement" 2:9-11; i-da-tum4 -ma ul-tu ina t "dAG-SILIM Lidsd fmBA-Id-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-fkul u "BA-id a-na a-ta-[mesl ni-il-li-fkul u at-ta id UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-u en-na gal-la sd(!)-u mi-iq-ti ina mub-bi-fs, "This is to attest that after Iqila and I had come together in the House of Nabfl-usallim-a man of IqTla-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18; a 10-sa LO-ka LO mam-ma-nu-d-ka sd a-ta-mar a-pat-tar-am-ma a-kil-lak-ka, "And I will ransom ten of your men-any man of yours whom I have seen-and I will hold (him) for you" 24:20-24; renl-na LO* la im-me-rik-ka [mE]-res [li]-bu-kas-sum-ma FLOl ba-bita-ni bab-td liq-ba-a, "Now the man must not delay. [Let E]resu bring him here, and let him tell me (the names of) the marauders who have plundered" 86:28-32; a-ga-fal [NIG].[GAI Lu sd be-lfsu ri-mu-ftul ri-ril-mu-sul, "This is the [est]ate of a man whose lord has given it to him as a land grant" 97:27-29; LO sd ka-di-fial ki-fil i-bu-ka [i]t-tan-na d[A]G rkil-i Li su<-> a-n[a] p[a]-ni-ia la i-bal-li-fqal a-di ds'-pul-rak-ka um-ma di-na-a litl-ti mTam-mas-ll e-fpisl en-na ki-i LJ se-ba-ftal Supram-ma LO lu-se-bi-lak-fkal, "When my guard led (him) here, he handed (him) over to me. (But) by Nabf, this man will try to escape until I have finally sent (him) to you, saying: 'Execute proceedings against Tammas-Il' Now if you want the man, write to me, and let me send you the man" 23:17-23; SES-a-a tup-pa-stU S•-m[u-Sij ] Sal-mu s61 'Zar-pa-[ni-tu] friLO qall-la-lu-u-[ti-Sui] a sd Li(?).MES(?)1-f~i(?)1 [liU(?)-pur(?)-ma(?)] lu-mas-s[i], "Let my brother [write(?)] so that I may have new[s] of [his] well-be[ing], of the well-being of Zarpa[nitu], of [his] slave b[oys], and of his slave men(?)" 82:5-9 amilfitu (amilutu) "slave, slaves (male and female, old and young); slave man, slave men" See also amiltu, amtu, ardu, nisu biti, qallu, qallalutu, sutdru ds%-Si KO.BABBAR Sd mZab-di-il sd SES-a-a is-pu-ra mZab-di-ll i-qab-bi um-ma 5 MA.NA KO.BABBAR kii id-din 3-su Li a-mi-lu-tu* ki-i 3 MA.NA KU.BABBAR a-na 'BA-Id-a at-ta-din 2 GU4.MES ki-i a-bu-uk at-tan-na-ds%-s'i sft-ta NfG.SID-aa ina Su" mPA-bu-ni DUMU mA-hu-lap-dAMAR.UTU ul-te-bi-la-ds-su, "Concerning Zabdi-Il's silver about which my brother wrote me, Zabdi-Il says: 'After he gave me five minas of silver, I sold three of his slaves for three minas to Iqlsa; after I had led away two oxen, I gave (them) to him; and the rest of his account I have sent to him in the hands of Nabfibini, the son of Abulap-Marduk'" 51:5-17; LiU a-mi-[lu-tu a]-ga-a* ~ii-bu-[ka] ma-a -da rba-nal[a], "[Th]ese sla[ves] whom he le[d here] are of very good qual[ity]" 45:23-25; LiD a-me-lu-ti sd ul-tu URU Sd-[pi-ial tal-flik-mal T•1 mx-[x] fis-sgl-u FKJI.BABBAR ina ruGU-mal ia-a-nu-a-_mal su-bilam-m[a] rlup-lu-ras-Suml-[ma] [rLJ(!) al-m[i-lu-tu] lud-dakl-[ka], "The slave who came from Sapi-Bel(?) and [PN] took away-there is absolutely no silver for (him). Send me (some), so th[at] I may ransom him [and] give yo[u] a sl[ave]" 77:5-14; LiO a-mi-lut-tu sd SES-ia 1d tah-liq a-du-a i-na URU Ki-ip-ra-a-nu am-rat Ia-an-tis KP.BABBAR [rES1-i-a lu-Se-bi-lam-ma lul-lik-ma lu-up-tu-rasIs a-di la fa-na l+enl a-bi i-nam-di-nu-sa, "My brother's slave who ran away has now been seen in the town Kiprinu. Quickly! My brother should send me silver that I may go and ransom him before they sell him to someone else" 81:4-11; LiJ a-mi-lut-tu sd tap-tur at-tu-[a-al li-i a-na mam1mal la ta-nam-di-Fsul, "The slave whom you ransomed is mine. Don't sell him(!) to anyone" 84:47; UD.ME-US-SU SES-r-a i-lap-pa-ra um-ma man-[nul 1d Li a-me-lu[t-tu] se-bu-a [a-na] pa-ni-ia Supr[a(?)] am-me-ni "mNUMUN-ib-ni ds-pu-rak-kdm-ma LO a-mi-luttuo la ta-ad-da-dI-ia KU.BABBAR sd ni- is-ti ina mutb-i-ka i-ba-dS-la, "Daily my brother writes to me, saying: 'Whoever desires a sla[ve], writ[e t]o me.' Why did I send Zdra-ibni to you, and you did not give him a slave? There is silver for withdrawal (on deposit) with you" 36:10-21; a-mi-lut-ta ina l[et] mla-da-a,)-l i-ba-ds-su oi.uchicago.edu 286 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR a-na GIR"-&d be-lf lis-kun, "There is a slave in the ch[arge] of Yada'-I1. Let my lord set him on the road" 59:25-28; LU.DAM.GAR-d te-ku-tu la i-gak-kan um-ma a-na tia-ra-pi ul taq-ba-nimma ul ak-li-u LOJ a-me-lu-tu a-na bu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-dsg-si LO.TUR.MES ik-te-lu-gs, "His merchant mustn't lodge a complaint, saying: 'You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him. The slave-you've allowed him to escape, and agents have detained him'" 81:20-29; ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu Sd pu-tu-ru ta-ta-mar pu-tu-ram-ma a-kan-na i-din mim-ma Sd-nu-um-ma la tamab-har me-res-ti sd LU.TUR.MES a-di-kan-na lak-na-at ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu ia-a'-nu KI.BABBAR tirra[m-m]a ... (remainder broken), "If you see slaves for ransom, ransom (them) for me and deliver (them) here. Don't buy anything else. The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. KASKAL If there are no slaves, return the silver [a]nd [...]" 40:19-30; mi-rna-al KASKAL["] rSd DAM.GAR-nil [il-la-ku] rLOr.M[ES] i-rna-dsg-gl fGIR1" a-na-ku r[al rat-tal a-na mub-jb[i-sd] nu-sal-lam a-na LO.TUR.MES SES-i-a liq-bi-ma lil-li-ku-nim-ma LO a-me-lu-tu li-bu-uk [KiU.BABBAR] sd SES-id a-Frappal-[ra] KASKAL" a-na G[IR n LU.TUR.MES] Su-ku[n], "Whatever caravan journey that our merchant [makes] that brings along slav[es], we-both you and I-will guarantee safe conduct(?) fo[r it]. Let my brother speak to the agents, and let them come and conduct the slaves. I am sendi[ng] my brother's [silver]. Se[t the agents] on the road" 76:11-25; ki-i a-na tu-bi be-if-id gak-na 2 LO qalla-lu-tu lu- i gd 'Kul-la-a lu-u i d '-sag-gtl-f gd mam-ma i-na llb-bi-si-ni Sd a-na tu-bi be-If-id gakna ) lu-u a-me-lut-tu mim-ma sd be-if-id lu-u 'Ti-ru-tu lu-u 'Qf-rbil-DiUG.GA lu-u d ba-du-u be-lf libu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik a-na-ku pu-us-su-nu na-gd-k[a], "If my lord deems fit, my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boys-either of the woman Kulla, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tiriitu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers. I myself a[m] acting as their guarantor" 83:25-32; ki-i na-kut-tu a-di 7-gs ds-rsil [a-m]e-lut-tu a-na be-if-id ds-pu-ru itti mSES.MES-SIL[IM] a mSu-ma-a a-me-lut-tu be-tf lis-pu-[ra] fl [p]u-us-su-nu a-ki(?) pa-ni-id na-[sdka] a-m[e-lu]t-tu a-na si-ti be-li la [u-ge-sa-a] be-il lis-pu-ram-ma lu-ui S[AL] sd be-lf-id d LO qallum-ma la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] IM.GID.DA liq-bi, "It is urgent! As many as seven times I have written to my lord about a [sl]ave. Let my lord sen[d me] a slave with Abbe-sull[im] and Suma, and I will a[ct] as [gu]arantor for him(!) on my own(?). (If) my lord will not [release] a sl[av]e (man), let my lord write to me. And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, she/he should not delay. Let her/him co[me and] learn to read" 83:39-47; [an]-ni-ti lu-u i-fdal-[a]t [a(?)me(?)]-rlut(?)1-ti i-na URU i x-[x-x] rap(!?)-tur-rak(?)-ka(?)l, "[Th]is is to att[es]t that I ransomed(?) [a sl]ave(?) for you(?) in the town Bit-[...]" 85:5-7; a-du-u Le) si (mistake for sd) a-kan-na ina Su" mKu-ta-a ap-tu-ru-sg a-na-ku i-qa-ba-al-gs, "Now the slave whom I ransomed here from Kuta-I will take delivery of him in person" 80:19-22; FLl-ia,sd ina let SES-id ral-du-u LU.DAM.GAR [a]sap-pa-rak-ka, "(Concerning) my slave who is in my brother's charge-[I am] now sending a merchant to you" 86:4-6; dsg-g DUMU.KIN Sd DUMU mSil-a-nu 6dSES-u-a is-pur a-na-ku ina URU Sd-piia ul-tu ka-lu-u 1+en lib-bu-r[l Lfr-su ak-tar-a-ta at-tu-"-ral, "Concerning the messenger of the son of Silinu about whom my brother wrote-Would I, in Sapiya, after he had been detained, have detached(?) one slave of his as my own?" 17:5-8; [(DN)] lu-a i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-i] LOJ-su lu akta-ra-t[a] Sg-ua t LO.DUMU Sip-ri-gS la il-la-kdm-ma la-[pa-anl sa-ar-ta-at-tu Li-a 1+en la am-jau-ru rgul-a-ma KASKAL" a-na GIR"n-S al-tak-nu, "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his, that he and his messenger were not coming here, that I did not accept even a single slave by deceptive means, and that I would have set him on the road" 17:27-34; LO-ltd-a am-meni tah-liq a-rnal(erased)-kan-na-kadS-bat, "Why did my slave run away (and) settle there?" 78:57; ina mah-rril-i L[0] sar-ru-ti-rial sd Li-Jti-[kal ki-i l-sab-bit l+en 5 KJ.BABBAR ta-an-da-'ar-gdnu-tu ina ltb-bi an-rnil-i MUN.UI.A-a bu-su-u[s], "Previously when I captured my kidnappers of your slaves, you received them for (only) five (shekels) of silver each. Remem[ber] this goodwill of mine" 2:26-30; fil-na rllbl-bi LO1l-ti.rMES1 [a LO qal-lal-lu-ti rpaq-dul-nik-ka ma-a>-du-u-t[i], "Among the slave men and slave boys are man[y] who should be handed over to you" 74:28-31; oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN m WORDS IN THE LETTERS 287 tUL0 1 Ru-bu-u is-bat um-ma [man-nul d [u]l-tu EN.LIL.KI 1)1LO Rufril-li-k6m-ma h) UDU.MES1 GU,.IMES1 [ (?) LO(?).MES(?)] [i(?)-tab(?)]-rka(?)-ma(?) a(!?)l-n[a] rKUl.[BABBAR] rit(?)-tan(?)-na(!?)l-.i-nu-[ti]la-IGI(?) g.AD-id bi-lat [in(?)-na(?)l-[sJi(?)-rma(?)l,"Did not my lord conclude a treaty with Mukin-zEri and the Rubu> tribe saying that whoever came [f]rom Nippur or the Rubu' tribe and [led away(?)] sheep, oxen, [or slaves(?)] and sold(?) them, tribute would be carried(?) off(?) from his clan?" 6:4-16; u at-ta ta-qab-ba-a> um-ma ki-i sd-a GU4.MES Id LO.UI.A ul ba-nu-d, "But you are saying, 'They aren't even as good as the oxen of slaves'" 60:1922 ul be-If a-de-e ritl-ti DU-NUMUN bu- ammEni "why?" am-me-ni 1:32; 2:30; 3:5; 23:24; 26:9; 36:16; 64:16; 65:17; 71:4; 78:6; 80:6; 83:11; 88:7'; 89:11; 90:22; 101:12; 107:5; 110:10; raml-me-ni 26:9; 74:2; ram-mel-ni 31:7; raml-me-rnil 26:23; 104:4; ram(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l 85:14; [a]m-me-ni 37:4; [am-m]e-ni 26:11; am-m[i]-ni 103:6 amtu "servant girl" See also amiltu, amilutu, ardu, musIurtu, qallaldtu, qallu, subdru SAL a-mat-ka Id-ni-ta(!?)l %A-ta-li-[l]a sI ina 9 Da-ku-ru mam-ma a-na Kt.BABBAR ul i-nam-din-su, "Your other servant girl, Attf-li[l]a, who is in Bit-Dakkilri, no one will sell her (either)" 31:15-18 ana "to, for" See also ana libbi, ana mubbi, ana pan, ana pi, ana qdt, la pdn a-na 1:1, 3, 7, 12, 29, 33, 39, 43; 2:1, 3, 6, 14, 31; 3:1, 3, 4, 15; 4:1, 3, 19; 5:2, 3, 17, 18, 21; 7:21, 29; 8:8; 9:1, 4, 20; 10:3, 7, 19, 26; 11:1, 3, 10, 16; 12:1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 19; 13:2, 4, 5,9, 13, 21, 23; 14:1, 3, 7, 15; 15:1, 4, 16, 18; 16:3, 16, 29; 17:1, 3, 4, 18, 34, 37; 18:3, 8; 19:1, 3, 8, 9, 15; 21:2, 4, 5, 13; 22:1, 3, 6, 9, 13; 23:1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 15; 24:1, 3, 9; 25:1, 4; 26:7; 27:4, 5, 12, 26; 28:3, 4; 29:2, 3; 30:3, 12; 31:1, 4, 5, 10, 12, 18; 32:6; 33:1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 16, 24; 34:1, 3, 4, 11; 35:1, 3, 10, 29; 36:1; 37:8, 9, 14, 20, 21; 38:2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 16, 23, 26, 27, 35, 37, 41; 39:1, 3, 20; 40:1, 3, 4; 41:4, 5, 14, 25; 42:1, 2; 43:3, 4; 44:2, 4, 5, 20; 45:1, 3, 6, 9, 31; 46:2, 4, 5, 25, 28; 47:1, 3, 13, 18; 48:1, 3; 49:3, 7, 9; 50:1, 4; 51:1, 3, 4, 10, 23; 52:1, 3, 4; 53:8, 17, 21; 54:1, 4; 55:3, 13; 56:8, 10, 12; 57:2, 4, 6, 13, 19, 24, 25; 58:4, 12; 59:1, 3, 12, 17, 19, 20, 23, 28; 60:3, 7; 61:1, 3, 4, 9; 62:2; 63:1, 3, 17; 64:1, 3, 4; 65:1, 3, 16, 17; 66:1; 68:1, 3, 9; 69:1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 19, 26; 70:4, 14, 15, 22; 71:1, 3, 6; 72:21, 29; 73:1, 4; 74:4; 75:1, 3, 7, 25; 76:1, 6, 16, 18, 24; 77:4; 78:1, 3, 4, 15, 16; 79:6, 10, 13; 80:2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 14, 24, 28; 81:1, 3, 14, 22, 25; 82:1, 3, 4, 30, 35, 36; 83:3, 4, 6, 25, 28, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43; 84:1, 6, 13; 85:3, 4, 7, 13, 22; 86:1, 3, 8; 87:1, 3, 4, 6; 88:5'; 89:1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 27; 90:3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14; 91:1, 3; 92:7, 15, 29, 33; 93:5, 7, 23; 94:2, 4, 5; 95:1, 3; 96:4, 5, 9, 14, 28; 97:1, 3, 4, 7, 33, 34, 36; 98:12; 99:1, 3; 100:1, 3, 7, 12, 17; 101:3; 102:2, 3, 4, 12, 14, 23; 103:2, 4, 6, 10, 28; 104:5; 105:3; 106:1, 3, 6; 107:10, 17; 108:1, 5; 109:1, 3, 8; 110:7, r. 8', 11'; 111:1, 4; 113:3'; a-na(!) 86:17; a(!)-na 78:11; 111:17; a-rnal 1:22, 24; 3:11; 6:19; 8:1, 3; 9:23; 10:13, 21; 16:1; 20:3; 25:6; 28:1; 32:1, 3; 35:9; 36:3; 48:4; 49:1; 50:3; 53:4, 5; 54:8; 58:5, 7; 59:9, 13; 66:3, 4, 7; 67:1; 70:3; 72:26; 73:14; 74:1; 77:16; 79:1, 3; 83:18, 23; 88:7'; 92:3, 27; 104:1, 3; 107:3, 4; 110 r. 3', 5'; cal-na 2:39; 15:8; 29:3; 31:3; 37:3; 38:17, 21; 41:2; 43:1; 56:24; 69:7, 15; 73:3; 74:6; 77:1; 82:11; 84:3; 92:19; 93:2; 94:8, 9, 14; 96:1; 99:7; 101:19; 105:13; 110 r. 13', 17'; 111:5; a-n[a] 1:6; 6:3; 19:20; 23:19; 43:23; 83:1; 94:35; fa-nal 18:1; 19:21; 26:4; 27:11; 29:27; 37:15; 38:22; 41:27; 43:22; 44:12; 54:5; 56:2, 4, 5; 58:18, 23; 62:3; 66:10; 69:7; 70:1; 72:2, 5; 76:3; 81:10, 17; 85:1; 87:9; 93:4, 25; 94:12; 101:2; 103:25; 104:21; 108:3, 13; [a]-na 27:2; 54:3; 67:3; 82:25; 97:10; 107:19; [a-n]a 20:1, 15; 26:3; 37:1; 45:17; 73:18; 90:1; 97:11; 105:1; 110:2, 5,r. 22'; ral-[na] 92:1; ra(!?)l-n[a] 6:13; [a]-rnal 26:1; 27:19; 35:12; 53:2; 72:4; 98:16; 105:5; 110:4; [a-na] 6:2; 10:1; 15:5; 30:1; 36:14; 41:18, 35; 43:14; 45:21, 26; 53:13; 55:1; 58:2; 60:1, 4; 69:28; 72:24; 92:4; 93:30; 94:18; 95:17; 98:2, 4, 5, 23, 25; 104:11; 107:1; 110 r. 15'; [a(?)-na(?)] 62:7; ana 4:15; 37:28; 97:7, 11; 102:20; [ana] 72:16; [ana(?)] 53:24 oi.uchicago.edu 288 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR ana libbi "to, for" See also ina libbi, ultu libbi a-na lib-bi 18:8; 45:6; 68:9; a-na lib-bil 2:14; Fal-na SA 94:8; a-na lib-fbi-•il 11:10; [a]-na lib-biia 82:25 ana mubbi "on, upon, with regard to, against" See also adi mubbi mint, ina mubbi, ultu mubbi a-na mub-bi 69:19; a-na rmuh-til 59:12; a-rna mub-bil 35:9; [a-na] mub-bi 98:23; a-na m[ubz(?)-ti(?)] 83:6; a-na mu/b-bi-ds 13:21; 27:26; a-na mub-b[i-'d] 76:16; a-na mub-bi-ka 11:16; 19:15-16; a-na* mutb-i-ia 3:15-16; a-na mub-bi-fidl 13:13; a-na mub-bi-ds-nu 81:14; 83:38; Fal-na m[u-tbi]-nu 110 r. 17'; a-na UGU 21:13-14; 33:16; a-na FUGUl 33:24-25; a-rnal UGU 13:9; a-rnal uGu(?)-ka 9:23 ana mubhi mini "on what account?" See also adi muhhi mint [a]-rnal mufl-hi mi-ril-[ni] Ina-sikl LO (I-bu-lu, um-ma rMU DINGIR1 Su-[l]a-a mBa-ni-ia rul tal-palIdt, "[O]n wh[at] account is the shaykh of the UbFlu tribe saying: 'Sw[ea]r an oath by god to me (that) you will not fear Bmniya'?" 98:16-20 ana pfn "to, before" See also la pdn, ina pan a-na pa-an 1:12; 26:7; 32:6; 34:11; 38:21, 27; 50:4-5; 57:13; 58:12; 80:6-7; 90:8; 98:12; 103:10; 107:17; fal-na pa-an 29:15; a-Inal pa-an 1:22-23, 24-25; 92:27; a-rna pal-an 59:20; a-na pa(!) (copy:la)-fani 103:6-7; a-rnal [pa]-an 94:35; ra-na pa-anl 58:23; ra-nal pa-ranl 54:5; a-rnal pa-Fanl 47:23; aal-na pa-ni 69:7; a*-na pa-ni-Si 100:12; a-na pa-ni-ka 10:7-8; 33:6; 47:18; 51:23-24; 80:14; 89:27; a-rnal [pa-ni-ka] 25:6; ral-[n]a pa-an-i-1 kal 35:12; a-na pa-an-ka 87:6; a-na pa-ranl-ka 87:4; [a-na pa-ni-ka] 104:11; a-na pa-ni-id 23:11; a-rnal pa-an-id 83:18; a-rna pal-ni-rial 66:7; [a-na] pani-ia 36:14-15; a-n[a] p[a]-ni-ia 23:19 ana pi "according to, exactly" a-na pi-i rKAl.DINGIR.RA.KI mu-tur-ds, "Accept from him according to (the rate of) Babylon" 79:1314; GIS.KIN rmuhl-ram-ma kin-Fnul arna pil-i KI.LAM rba-a'-tul, "Buy and certify for me kigkanawood-according to the cash price" 10:12-13; a-rna pi-i d1 be-if rbal-du-ril be-if li-pu-us, "Let my lord do exactly what my lord would like (to do) abo[ut] th[ese] words" 110 r. 3'-4'; [a-du-ul GIS gam-mis ki-Fi a-murl ana pi a-na 1 GIN LO.DAM.GAR [i]p-ta-ra-as fatl-ta-si-lqul, "Now when I saw gammis-wood, the merchant [d]ivided (it) into exact one-shekel portions (and) I made a selection" 97:6-8; [a]-na rpil-i fr91 ana 1 GIN lu-bir-[ma a-n]a [b]e-lf-ia lu-se-bi-[li], "Let me prepare a bundle of three shekels [i]n exact one-shekel portions, [and then] let me sen[d] it [t]o my [l]ord" 97:1012; [a(?)-n]a(?) pi-i (context broken) 113:4' ana qit "to (the charge of)" See also ina qdt, la qdt a-na r[ul"-ia 30:12-13 anaiku "I" a-na-ku 5:10; 8:15; 16:16; 17:6, 9; 23:7; 33:28; 41:19; 60:23, 29; 73:21; 76:15; 78:13; 80:21; 82:11; 83:16, 32, 37; 84:12; 85:10; 89:26; 90:27; 97:31; ral-na-ku 74:20; 97:25; a-na-rkul 12:10; [a]-na-ku 62:16; a-na-[ku] 72:13; a-rnal-ku 17:20; a-rna-kul 20:14; a-n[a-ku] 72:20; 82:24; 99:11; a-rnal-[ku(?)] 88 r. 5'; [a-na-ku] 74:7; a-na-ku-t 57:20, 25; 90:24; ra-na-ku-al 15:6; ana-ku 42:6 annanna (fem. annannitu) "so-and-so" an-na-ni-ti lu-u dS-rxl-ti sd be-ll-id, "So-and-so(f.) is a [...] of my lord" 60:5 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 289 annfl "this" an-ni-i 70:10; 81:32; ranl-ni-i 82:14; an-fnil-i 2:29; [an-ni]-ril 108:6; an-na-a 1:32; an-ni-ti 70:18; an-nu-tu 71:11; an-[nu-tu] 110 r. 2'; an-nu-6-tu 110 r. 10'; an-nu-u-rtul 110:11; ranl-nu-rf-tul 35:15; a[n-nu]-ri-tul 110 r. 6' In the expression ki pf anni, "in this manner; like this": ki-i pi-i an-ni 33:9; ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 1:15; 33:16; ki-i pi-i ran-nil-i 86:20-21; ki-[i] pi-i anni-i 110:15; ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i] 43:9; ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 19:4; 33:23; 51:17-18; 65:10; 89:5; ul ki-i pi an-ni-i' 10:4; ful(!)1 ki-i pi-i an-rnil-i 26:5; full ki-i pi-i an-Inil-[i] 75:4 In the expression anniti/u li1 idat, "This is to attest that ... " (see also idatu): an-ni-ti lu-i i-da-at ul-tu a-qab-bak-ka TOG tah-lap-ti x-x(-x), "This is to testify that after I was speaking to you, he(?) ... a cloak" 86:13-17; [an]-ni-ti lu-i i-rdal-[a]t [a(?)-me(?)]rlut(?)l-ti i-na URU t x-[x-x] Fap(!?)-tur-rak(?)-ka(?)l, "[Th]is is to att[es]t that I ransomed(?) [a sl]ave(?) for you(?) in the town Bit-[...]" 85:5-7; an*-rni-tul lu-u i-da-at rul-tu i-na URUl QI-bi-dEN a-rna pal-ni-rial te-ru-ba-am-ma rtaq-bal-a ... , "This is to attest that after you entered my presence in QIbi-Bdl and said to me: ... " 66:5-8 apalu "to answer, satisfy" See also etiru, bardsu, napdlu a-na UGU s ki-i pi-i an-ni-i ULUl A sip-ri-ka i-pu-ul a-sap-pa-rasl-um-ma, "I will write to him (to ask) if this is exactly how he answered your messenger" 33:16-18; a KU.BABBAR a-na lib-bi t"Il1tam-mes ki-i ad-din ha-ran-tis KA-tul a-pu-rlul, "And when I handed over the silver to Iltammes, I straightway satisfied the outstanding balance" 45:6-8; al-kdm-ma ds-[sfi ib-bu-un-rnil ni-in-gd-[ma] i-na sar-r[i] bi-lu-tu-i 4 man-da-at-t[a] ina muh-bi-ka ni-is-kun la ta-pal al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dulla-ka e-pu-us, "Come now. Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) our deficit, have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you? Don't answer. Come and do your work here" 9:10-19 appfru "marsh" ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-rbil um-ma a-na FUGU 1 GIS.GIGIR-ka s i-na sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar-rat sab-ta-tu la ta-bar-ra-asa-na-ku GIS.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma ui-eb-bi-lak-ka, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'?" 33:23-29; r11 [ki-i] ds-mu-ri1 um-ma 'Ti-ru-utul i[t(?)-ti(?) sd(?)] mubt-ii rURU 1.TOG id mAD-iP-nu-ru 11l LO qal-rlal 6d 'Sag-gil-u i-na rpa-anl mSUM.NA-fa i-na ap-palru am-me-ni LO qal-Fla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-lib, "[So] I have also heard: 'The woman Tiritu, t[ogether with(?) the one who is] in charge of the textile quarter of Abi-nfiru, as well as a slave boy of the woman Saggilu, are in the presence of Nadnf in the marsh.' Why is a slave boy living in the marsh?" 83:7-12 arad ekalli "builder" See also batqu, dullu, epeSu, rakdsu, sullulu; for discussion see comment on No. 119:15 a mim-mu-Ui LO.ARAD.S.GAL.rMESI ir-ri-rsul-u-ka in-na-ds-s~-nu-ti, "And whatever the builders request mam-ma ina pa-an LI(.ARAD.t.GAL.MES ia-a'-nu-um-rmal of you, give (it) to them" 89:9-10; at GIS.[OR].MES gil-tal-li GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GIS si-i-pi al GIS.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-ds6-rs1, "And (inas- much as) there is absolutely no one in charge of the builders, no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon" 89:13-17 Arabsamnu (name of the eighth month) See comment on No. 94 reverse [en-na i-n]a lib-bi ITI.A[PIN] [AN§E].[KUR].RA.rMES gab-bil [O.UI.A] r§E.BAR1 ik-kal fNUMUN 1 [ni]-firlri-su-Fri ra-di Ul,.UDU.UI.A sd be-ll-rial i-na Fbal-am-ra O.UI.A SE.rBAR1 ik-kal, "[Now i]n Arab[samnu], all the [ho]rses will be grazing on the [stubble] of the wheat. Will [we] be able to plant while the oi.uchicago.edu 290 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:19-25; ul(!)-tu UD.1.rKAM1 Id ITIAPIN GIS.APIN.MES Id be-lf-ia il-rlakl, "After the first day of Arabsamnu, the plows of my lord will go" 93:8-10 ardu "servant, slave" See also amiltu, amilutu, amtu, qallalitu, qallu, subdru In address formulae only: IR-ka 13:1; 16:1; 21:1; 29:1; 38:1; 46:1; 57:1; 59:1; 60:1; 80:1; 94:1; 102:1; 103:1; IR-rkal 56:1; lRt-ka 5:1; 62:1; 83:1; [1]R-ka 27:1; 44:1; 110:1; rfR-kal 41:1; 72:1; 93:1; 101:1; [IR]ka 97:1; [IR-k]a 6:1; [IR-ka] 53:1; 58:1; 98:1; 111:1 argamannu "red-purple wool" See also sipdtu, tabarri sad?(?), tabarru, takiltu am-me-ni a-na rES-ia la ds-pur um-ma id 5 MA.NA KfJ.BABBAR <5 MA.NA KJ.BABBAR> SIG ta-kil-tu it sIG dr-ga-man-nu mub-ram-ma rgul-bil, "Why didn't I just write to my brother and say: 'Buy and send me blue-purple and red-purple wool worth five minas of silver'?" 1:32-36; ina r0 1 Kal-du gab-biSi ki-fil d-ba-,u-d SfG ta-kil-tu ba-ni-ti a SfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-d i[a]-a>-nu, "When I searched the length of Chaldea, there w[as]n't any good-quality blue-purple wool or any fine-quality redpurple wool" 1:36-39; en-na sfG ta-kil-ti bab-ba-n[i]-t[a] SSIG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-bil sfG takil-tu lib-bu-uid a-na TOG mu-sip-tu Id SES-id i-mah-ba-su ina Su" "Mu-ru SES-d-a lu-se-bil, "My brother should now send in the hands of Murru some f[i]n[e] blue-purple and red-purple wool and also some blue-purple wool out of which they can weave my brother's musiptu-textile" 1:40-45 arhu "month" ki-i a-di qf-it ITI an-ni-i [lal ta-at-tal-ka ki-in-gu ina SA-si ia-aw-nu, "If you haven't come by the end of this month, there will be no sealed tag for him" 81:30-34; a-na qf-[i]t ITI [an-ni]-Fil a-dann[u ... ] (context broken) 108:5-6 arka "afterwards" dr-ka a-na-ku mi-nu-t lu-u-uq-ba-dI, "Afterwards, what could I say to him?" 78:13-14; dr-ka a-na SES-id al-t[ap]-ra, "Afterwards, I wr[ot]e to my brother" 1:39-40; dr-ka mKab-ti-[ia] um-fmal, "Afterwards, Kabtiya said ... "(context broken) 73:10-11 arkisu "after that" mSd-lim ina pa-ni-ka la tu-masl-ar gsu--ma a-na l+en a-ii la i-bal-liq a-di a-sap-pa-ram-ma MU DINGIR u-ge-la-dg-gi dr-ki-gid up-ras-s-, "You must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else before I can write and swear an oath concerning him. After that, send him to me" 2:4-9; ni-i-nu a-na lib-bi LO A-ram ni-sap-par dr-ki-id LO.UNUG.KI-a-a ki-i il-lik-a-nu um-ma tu-bu-ut-ku-nu sd zbab-tu a-du- LO si-lul-lu ina UNUG.KI i-pa-di-s6d-rul, "We were going to write to the Arameans, but after that, when the Urukians came, they said: 'Now, in Uruk, petty dealers are selling the plunder which they took from you'" 18:7-14 asumittu "stele" i-da-tum,-ma ul-tu ina t mdAG-SILIM L, Isd mBA-Id-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-rkul u mBA-gd a-na a-jta-fmesl ni-il-li-rkul u at-ta sd UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-d en-na gal-la si(!)-t mi-iq-ti ina mujji-Ii, "This is to attest that after IqTla and I had come together in the House of NabQ-usallim--a man of Iqila-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18 asfi "to go out" (G); "to expel, evict" (S) On the combination of the verbs asa and eribu, see the note to No. 12:18-20 G-stem: ki-i a-na tu-bi pa-ni-ka um-ma URU Il-ta-zi-ni ki-i lib-bi-su(!)-nu li-ru-bu a lu-.su-d, "If it is good for you, say (to them): 'May they come in and go out of Iltazinu as they please'" 7:21- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 291 24; gal-la si(!)-u mi-iq-ti ina muh-bi-si u a-na sub-ti-ni a-na a-si-ni u e-re-bi-ni SES-4-a liH-al, "... that stone has damage on it now. Therefore let my brother inquire about our (right) to go out and come back to our dwellings" 12:16-21; ja-Fan-tisl LO.DUMU sip-ri-ku-nu rLU La-hil-ri lil-<li->k6mma lik-rru-bul lu-sa*-ma* lu-li-rikl, "Quickly, let your messengers <g>o greet the Labirians. I will depart and go (too)" 43:24-27 S-stem: ZI.MES ina UGU-i-nu i-ba-ds-su tal-lak-ma fal-qa-a-ta man-nu i-dab-bu-fubl-ma u-se-sa BAD, "There are rebels among us. If you go, you'll perish. Whoever protests I am expelling outside the wall" 10:27-30; a a-na mub-bi-ka sar-ru-nu mIl-ta-gab a-di SES.MES-e-Sdil a-kan-na-rka lal uS-r[d1[bu] gu-si-sd-ma rkil-i a-n[a] r[l "la-rki-ni I a-nal LU Bir-ri rsu-sil-[sid-m]a a-di t-rfi-nul [lu-si]bu, "And as for you-our criminal Iltagab, together with his brothers, must not sett[le] there. Expel him. Either t[o] Bit-Yakin or to the people of Birru expel [him]. [Let them l]ive together with their own tribe" 19:15-23; man-nu sd i-se-lu-a-ma ina(!?) qaq-qar E[N.LIL.KI] [lu(?)]-r'e(?)-su(?)1, "And whoever is negligent, let them expel(? him) from(?) the territory of N[ippur]" 27:27-30; "Aa-jbir-rtul ina(!) A m" SE-ba-ni be-li lu-lgesa-a-li, "Let my lord evict Ay-birtu from the house of Abubani" 80:15-17 In the idiom ana siti istis, "to release" (see comment on No. 83:43): a-m[e-lu]t-tu a-na si-ti be-li la [d-se-sa-a] be-li lis-pu-ram-ma, "(If) my lord will not [release] a sl[av]e (man), let my lord write to me" 83:43-44 agabu "to dwell, live, settle; to sit around, be present" See also daib dli, subtu G-stem: al a-na mulh-bi-ka sar-ru-nu "Il-ta-gaba-di SES.MES-e-rSil a-kan-na-rka lal usg.ga1-[bu] susi-si-ma [kil-i a-n[a] rl "la-fki-ni il a-nal LO Bir-ri rsu-sil-[Ci-m]a a-di f-yid-nul [lu-si]-bu, "And as for you--our criminal Iltagab, together with his brothers, must not sett[le] there. Expel him. Either t[o] Bit-Yakin or to the people of Birru expel [him]. [Let them l]ive together with their own tribe" 19:15-23; [en-na] raml-me-ni SEES--a [la il]-lik-ma id-i-ib, "[Now] why did[n't] my brother [g]o? Why did he sit around?" 26:9-10; am-me-ni LU qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-iib, "Why is a slave boy living in the marsh?" 83:11-12; LO be-li di-ni-ka a-Sib LUGAL ik-te-lis um-ma ul tal-lak, "Your court adversary is here. The king detained him, saying: 'You will not go'" 20:29-31; [m]an,sE [I] id su-pa-la-ka [a]-sib nu id UGU-ka-ma 1 .BAR be-[ it-tan-nu-rsgt, "[Wh]oever [is s]ettled up- stream [or] downstream of you, my lord has given him wheat(-acreage)" 97:22-24; ds-S• mSu-la-a sga sE-rTi-al [i]S-pur um-ma lil-li-kdm-ma ral-na pa-ni mSu-zu-bu a-na KA.BAD.KI lu-us-pu[r] ul a-ib, a whom my brother [w]rote saying: 'Let him come, and then let me sen[d] "Concerning Suil about *Ki-rib-tu sd tas-pur ul a-iib a-na him to Sfzubu at Bib-dfiri'-he is not here ... " 69:5-9; db-si• ID Pu-rat-ti [i]t-tal-ka, "Concerning Kiribtu about whom you wrote-he is not here; he has [c]ome to the Euphrates" 90:5-7; man-nu ki-i ril-kud-da-rdsg-uml-ma ta-Sap-rparl-ra-malu a-ib a-di at-ta tal-la-kdm-ma tab-ba-ku-us, "Whoever takes him into custody, you will send (him) to me; otherwise, let him stay put until you yourself come and take him away" 2:18-21; ki-i ds-mu-rdl um-ma be-if i-na na-kut-rtul a-i-bu, "As I have heard: my lord is living in peril" 29:5-8; LO-t2-a am-me-ni tatliq a-rnal(erased)-kan-na-kadS-bat, "Why did my slave run away (and) settle there?" 78:6-7; f'ba-rx1-[(x)] sd i-na pa-an [be-l]-id ds-ba-tu liir-sd KO.BABBAR a-rnal be-lf-id lu-se-bi-rlal, "The woman Iba[...], who lives in my [lord]'s presence-woo her (for me). I will send silver to my lord" 101:15-19; LO.aENGAR 1.[MES] idml-ba-[a sd] ritl-ti-&d-n[u] ab-kdm-ma a-n[a-ku] lu-d di-[ba-ka], "Bring me the farmer[s] of Iba [who are] with the[m], that I too might se[ttle]" 99:8-12; en-na ina pa-an [mDUi-NUMUN be-lt lid-din-ma ludi=l-us-gib-ma lu-ui ba-ma-ka a-na-ku, "Now let my lord make the gift in the presence of Mukin-zsri, so that I too may settle, and so that I too may be a dependent" 97:29-31; [a-di] rSES1.MES-e.rg1 [lu(?)-iib(?)], "[Let him live together with] his brothers" 17:23 oi.uchicago.edu 292 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR asar (conj.) "where(ver)" See also asru SES.MES-S-nu ki-i pi-i an-ni-i i-qab-bu-u um-ma SES.MES-i-nu a-lar il-li-ku ul i'-lim-dS-Si-nu-tu, "Their brothers are saying as follows: 'Wherever our brothers went, it wasn't safe for them'" 1:1417; a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-a ki-i a-na-ku t at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]sa-gar di-nu i-du-u it la di-nu i-dab-bu-bu ina let dEN u dAG ul i-tib-ba-ds'-1, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it). Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of BEl and Nabl" 23:5-10; GIs gam-mis a-gar iba-ds-su-u ul u-mas-si d-ba-a'-i(!)-ma a-na be-l[l1-id d-se-b[i-li], "I couldn't find the place where the gammis-wood was available; but I searched around and have (now) se[nt] (some) to my lord" 97:31-33 asaridfitu "paramount leaders" See also abu, nasiku, rabd (B); for a discussion see the note to No. 14:5 al-te-mu um-ma LO.SAG.KAL.jMES 1 sd Lt Pu-qu-d[u] i-ba-dis-s a-na t mA-muk-a-snul it-tal-ku, "I have heard that the paramount leaders of the Puqid[u] are present (and) that they have gone to BitAmfikini" 14:4-9 afib lli "resident (of a city/town/settlement)" See also asdbu, alu, mar ali ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i aq-bak um-ma l[a] ta-nd-e-bti-is-m[a] lib-bu-u LO a-lib rURU 1 sd EN.LfL.KI a LO.BARA.DUMU-ti-a sd a-kan-na-ka a-na btib-tu a-na 6 mla-a-ki-ni la il-lak, "Didn't I say to you: 'You must n[ot] withdraw, nor should any resident of Nippur or any of the people of Parak-mari who are there go away captive to Bit-Yakin ... '?" 19:4-10; full ki-i pi-i an-rnil-[i] [ft-e-mu sakl-n[a-ta] umma sd-la-nu-f ui-[a] a-na fURU Mal-rad la t[al-l]a-kdm(!)-[ma] ta-rsapl-[pa]-Framl-marl+enl a-gib U[RU Ma-rad] a-nam-da[k-ka], "Did [you] not give the followi[ng] instructions-'You must not g[o] to Marad without [my] permission. Rather, you will wri[t]e to me, and I will give [you] one of the residents of [Marad]'?" 75:4-11 assa (assu) "inasmuch as; as soon as" See comment on No. 9:10 and 20 al-kdm-ma si-fgsit ib-bu-un-rnil ni-in-5d-[ma] i-na sar-r[i] bi-lau-tu-d man-da-at-t[a] ina mub-bi-ka ni-il-kun la ta-pal al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dul-la-ka e-pu-us, "Come now. Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) our deficit, have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you? Don't answer. Come and do your work here" 9:10-19; dS-si a-na LO Ga-a-me te-ep-pu-Si dul-la-a e-pu-us, "Inasmuch as you will be doing work for the Gimu tribe, do my work" 9:20-22; dS-id-a KASKAL" ta-at-tad-aml ul a-kil-lisi, "As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:23-25 assu "concerning, about" See also asla ds-ti 1:8; 5:4; 16:14; 17:5; 20:4; 22:4; 27:6; 28:5; 33:4; 34:5; 38:24; 39:4; 40:5; 41:6; 43:5; 46:6; 49:4; 51:5; 59:11; 61:5; 63:4; 68:4; 69:5; 70:21; 90:5, 11; 92:17; 94:6; 96:6; 101:4; rdS1-su 102:22; id[1-Si 53:6; 56:6; 73:5; 90:19; 110:8; d5-fti1l 83:39; rdg-sgi 62:4; 69:14; 76:4; 98:6; [ds-Si] 82:9; ti-di 55:4 atta (atti) "you" (m. sg.) at-ta 2:20; 4:28; 12:14; 18:23; 23:7; 60:19; 86:20; 100:19; 101:8; at(!)-ta 3:20; [a]t-ta 24:16; at-ftal 23:33; ratl-ta 20:13; fat-tal 76:16; a[t-t]a 7:11; 75:13; at-ti 42:6 attu- "belonging to" sd mTam-mas-Il i-qab-bak-ka um-ma 10 tRIN.MES sd.A-tim-ma-a, it-ti-ia ka-a-da 4-kal-lu dAG ki-i u,mu ul-lu-a ki-la at-tu-d6 Zl ina SE§.MES-Id su-u, "Concerning what Tammas-Il is saying to you: oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 293 'They are holding ten men of Atimmd' with me at the guard-post'-By Nabf, it is not for eternity. The detention is his (alone). And he is among his brothers" 23:25-30; ti at-tu-u-ka dul-la-ka ammar la ta-qab-bi um-ma man-nu dul-lu li-pu-us 3 ME tRIN.MES e-rpisl dul-lu ina pa-ni-ka Idul-la-ka gd te-ep-pu-u i mal-a,-da lu-u ba-na, "And will I see your work? You mustn't say: 'Who will do the work?' Three hundred laborers are at your disposal. There is a great deal of work for you to do. Let it be good" 92:20-27; ds-su bu-ub-ta a LO.DAM.GAR &d tas-pur ba-bi-ta-nu at-tu-ka LO.DAM.GAR DUMU TIN.TIR.KI, "Concerning the captive and merchant about whom you wrote: 'The marauders are yours, and the merchant is a citizen of Babylon'" 28:5-9; en-na a-du-u ki-i MUN SESi-a d-qat-tu-ma i-pu-us ANSE.MES flal tu-mas-sar tir-ras-sg-nu-ti at-tu-ku gs-nu ta-a,-ti sul-ma-a-nu a-mna mub-bil i-di-ni, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them. (But if you think) they belong to you, give me a gratuity (or) present in exchange" 35:4-10; GU4.MES sd ina pa-ni-id tu-mas-gir GU4 bi-ri a-rdil-kan-na ul i-sir GU4 at-tuiu-a ku-tal ni-ri-sgdi GU4 rit-ta it-ta-FSil-iz-zu, "(About) the oxen which you let me have: the breeding bull until now has not been well. My own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plow-ox are (also) halt" 91:4-10; LO qal-la-flu-d-tul sd tap-fu-ru rat-tu-ui-a gs-nu a-na 1 MA.FNA1 [IGIN1 8 GIN KU.BABBAR pa-a.t-ru i-na 1 GIN IGI.4.GAL.LA KU.BABBAR-ka i-si, "The slave boys whom you ransomed belong to me. They were ransomed for one mina and twenty-eight shekels of silver. Take one-quarter per shekel as your silver" 79:4-9; KJ.BABBAR sd ad-di-ka ul at-tuui-a Sgi-i gu-bi-lamma a-na be-lf-si lud-din, "The silver which I gave to you isn't mine. Send it to me so that I may give (it) to its owner" 65:13-16; LU a-mi-lut-tu sd tap-tur at-tunri-a l Si-i a-na mam-rmal la ta-namdi-[sul, "The slave whom you ransomed is mine. Don't sell him(!) to anyone" 84:4-7; dAG ki-i kilal-le(!)-e at-tu-l-a-a-ama, "By NabO-Neither belongs to me" 28:10-12; ds-sg DUMU.KIN sd DUMU mSil-a-nu sd SES-d-a is-pur a-na-ku ina URU Sd-pi-ia ul-tu ka-lu-d 1+en lib-bu-Iil LO-su ak-tar-a-ta at-tu-i-ral, "Concerning the messenger of the son of Silinu about whom my brother wrote-Would I, in Sapiya, after he had been detained, have detached(?) one slave of his as my own?" 17:5-8; [a]-rna nal-si-ka-a-ti Fgd L01 A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma ki-i mNa-ba-a ni-is-bi* i*-kul &d muz-tbi-&d lu-a-gallim-mu rLol qin-na lu at-tu-l-ni,"Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; and if Nab& has used up the advance, let them make full restitution for that which is charged against him, even if the family is one of ours" 27:19-24; a-du-li a-na "Na-ba-gS at-tu-tilni [all-tap-ra um-ma TAN.BAR 1 ma-la na-sd-a-ti [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din, "Now I have written to Nabulu, one of ours, saying: 'Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody'" 41:14-18; [Lt a-mi-lu LO qal-[la-al [at]-ftul-ni ram-mel-ni tu-mag-gir-[gi] ul i-rnde-ehl<-li>-siul rt[l-x-[x(-x)] ki-i-la-a-sd, "The man is [ou]r slave boy. Why did you let [him] go? He won't come <ba>ck. He won't [...]. Detain him" 31:6-9; ARIN.eMESI-ia a GU4.MES-ia tah-tab-ti en-na [lu-dl ti-da-a rki-il at-tu-na a-na EN KORia ta-tu(erasure)-rral,"You have plundered my men and my cattle. Now you should know that they belong to us. You have become my enemy" 8:4-9 attunu "you" (m. pi.) at-tu-nu 18:26; [at-tu-n]u-Imal 8:13 ayfi "who, which, what" (indef.) GAL-ti qal-la-rtil SAL a-a-i-ti it-ti a-ba-mes i-Si, "Big or small, any woman whatever, deliver (her) together with it" 97:17-19 ayyalu "confederate, ally" See also adP, bell fabti, salamu, sulummil, ftabtu, ftabutu AD.MES-ur-nu a-ta-meg ku-ul-lu a l+en ra l -na a-a-li id gd-ni-i -sgu-uz-zu, "Our fathers rule jointly, and they stand each as the confederate of the other" 2:37-40; a-na-ku ra-ial.lun- ki-i aq-rib-d-sdma a-1nal pa-an-id be-li la ig-pur-di-~i, "Can I be an ally if I have approached him and my lord did not send him to me?" 83:16-18 oi.uchicago.edu 294 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR babbanfi "fine (quality)" See also band ina rLLO Kal-du gab-bi-su ki-ril d-ba-,u-U sfG ta-kil-tu ba-ni-ti sfIG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-d i[a]aw-nu, "When I searched the length of Chaldea, there w[as]n't any good-quality blue-purple wool or any fine-quality red-purple wool" 1:36-39; en-na sfG ta-kil-ti bab-ba-n[i]-t[a] sfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-rud1 sfG ta-kil-tu lib-bu-d 6da-na TOG mu-sip-tu d6 SES-id i-malt-fia-su ina Su" mMu-ru SES-u-a lu-se-bil, "My brother should now send in the hands of Murru some f[i]n[e] blue-purple and red-purple wool and also some blue-purple wool out of which they can weave my brother's musiptutextile" 1:40-45; ds'-su GIS.SE.UAR s SES-d-a is-pul-ra a-du*-u 10 GUR 5d [x].x.MES GIS.SE.UAR babba-nu-d a-na SrESl-ia ul-te-bi-lu, "Concerning the GIS.SE.UAR about which my brother wrote to meI have now shipped to my brother ten kor of [...] of fine-quality GIS.SE.UAR" 96:6-9; rme-res-til babba-n[i-ti] rmub-raml-ma ina 1t [id6] a-nal pa-ni-ka [ma]b-rral [l]i-rli-il, "Buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment, and then [let] it go up in value in a house [that su]its you" 44:10-14; 181 MA.NA a-na sama-du ds AN§E.KUNGA.MES ki-i id-din-an-na-a-si u(!?)* sa-ma-du s6 ANSE.KUNGA.MES rkil-i ni-bu-ka um-ma ul ba-nu-u LUGAL i-ta-ri um-ma KO.BABBAR-ma i-is ul i-man-gur um-ma ANEE.KUNGA.MES bab- ba-nu-dutul ab-ka-nim-ma ridl-na-ni, "After he gave us eight minas for a team of mules, and after we brought a team of mules, he said: 'They're no good. The king will return and say: "The silver-where is it?" He won't consent. He'll say, "Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me"'" 56:12-22; sad-da-qdd a-na pa-an be-lf-ia al-tap-fral um-ma pa-an be-lf-ia mab-r[a] ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-fbal-nu-d-ti ra-na bel-li-ia rlu-i-sel-bi-li [u] rki-i ANSE 1.KUNGA.MES rul sel-ba-a-ta Fbe-lf li-iblru-us, "Last year I wrote to my lord, saying: '(If) it suit[s] my lord, let me send fine mules to my lord.' [But] if you(!) don't desire mules, let my lord cancel the order" 58:12-22; 2 GU4 .MES ba[b]rbal-nu-ti sd ina rit-ti ina [Su]r"l mBa-bi-a-nu e-rsil-ki(!)-ma bi-bi-ri-ma muh-ru, "Requisition, levy, or buy fr[om] Babiinu two f[i]ne oxen accustomed to the plow" 60:11-15; ta-ad-di-nam-ma al-lik i 2 GU4.MES bab-ba-nu-ti an-hu-rraml-ma it-ti-id a-bu-ku-am-ma al-lik, "You gave (the silver) to me; and I went and bought two fine oxen and personally led them to you and departed" 60:15-19 bAb diri "town gate" See also mafbiru; for discussion see comment on No. 53:9 and 18 rd0l-.i KI.LAM rURU(?)1 id SE.GIS.1 6d [be]-[fl [i]&-pur a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.J BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD i-na[m-di]-rnul, "Concerning the town's(?) price for sesame about which my [lo]rd [w]rotethey were se[lli]ng white sesame for one pdnu, two sutu (per mina) in the town gate" 53:6-10; r10 3 MA.NA KO.BABBAR a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GI1.I BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD ki-i am-hur ul* iz-nu, "So when I accepted one panu, two situ of white sesame for three minas of silver in the town gate, they did not become angry!" 53:15-20; [en-na LU].TUR [s&] TSESi-i[a a] [LO.DAM.G]AR-JR1I a-rnal KA B[AD] lil- lik-u-rma* ba-a-tul [sd] ina let mrEril-ba rli-bul-[ku], "[Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge" 54:7-11 bibtu "outstanding balance" See also ibbfi, nikkassu, nishbu For discussion see comment on No. 35:23 ma-la me-re&-ti-[Ki-nu] sd tas-fkun gab-bi atl-ta-din a KCJ.BABBAR a-na lib-bi r"Ill-tam-mes ki-i addin ha-ran-ttis KA-tul a-pu-rlul, "Every single item of [their] consignment which you stored I have sold. And when I handed over the silver to Iltammes, I straightway satisfied the outstanding balance" 45:4-8; ul-rtul [DAM(?)1.[GAR.MES] u TUR.MES [x x X] a-de-e rgab(?)1-[bi] sfG qa*-tar-ra-a-rtila rKAl qul-mu-a AN.jBAR 1 it-ti-su(!?) i-si-ral, "From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es)" 35:19-24 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 295 babu "door(way), gate, city quarter" See also bab dfri ds'-u me-res-ti d SES-ria-nil is-pur a-du- mdAG-A.GAL a mdEN-Du-Usv me-res-ti ki-i in-bu*-ru-u-nu ina t " DUB-ku DUMU mBa-na-a-a il-tak-kan-na* a KA me-res-ti-gti ik-ta-nak um-ma a-di mdAG-SUM.NA illak mam-ma KA me-res-ti-sd-nu ul BAD ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] AN§E.A.AB.BA Zu.LUM.1MA1 in- da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al-ka a-di la Lf5 ma-dak-ti ta-kasd*-sd*-du*, "Concerning the consignment about which our brother wrote-now when Nabfl-le)i and Bel-ipus received the consignment from me, they stored it as usual(?) in the House of Sapiku, son of Bandya, and he sealed the door to his consignment, saying: 'Until Nabfl-iddin goes, no one should open the door to their consignment.' If you can't op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the campaigning army arrives" 39:4-19; ... [a-kanl-na-ka ina [pa-anl LO.fGOJ.[EN.NA] ai LO1.SAG.t.MES [r41 EN.LIL.[KI] risl-sa-bat u FKA1 ka-lak-k[a] (broken), "He seized the [...] there in the presence of the sand[abakku] and the heads(?) of the houses of Nippur, and [he ... ] the door of the storehou[se]" 74:21-23; GIS.APIN.FMES~ [a GU4.MES] si LI.ENGAR.MES a-rdi(?)1 [x]-x-fkal gab- bi a-na KIN rbe-lf-i-nul a-bu-uk-ma si-ril-[bu] sd be-lfi--nu sd ina KA-gFi1 pi-si-ir-ti lup-sur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10 balilu "to brew beer" rlI SE.BAR a-nal LI.SIMxGAR.MES [lid-dinl-ma KAS.SAG rga LUl ha-re-e [id be]-rlil-ia lib-lul, "Also, let him give wheat to the brewers that they(!) may brew beer for the diggers [of] my [lo]rd" 93:24-28 balatu (A) "to be alive" dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES s bal-rt a-nu al-de-rel idit-ti a-ha-mes min-su nu-rull-tan-nu-ma, "By BIHow can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'?" 23:30-32 balatu (B) "life, vigor" See also napultu ma-la-a ftRIN.MES 1 sd it-ti-ka flil-tab-ka [ba]l-tu-sd-nu [li-i]t-tab-rFsg-ti a-d[i] i-na su[l-m]u ia-nal URU-gs-tnul Isu-nu il-ne-et-lzi-isul, "Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive). [Let] them remain [vi]gorous unt[il] they return sa[fe]ly to their town" 29:21-28 ballukku (balluggu?) (a type of wood) See also gammis, kigkana, gakkullu, saggsgu; for discussion see comment on No. 94:6 dS-sGi FGIS.BAL-gal.MES dibe-li is-pur 3 ME GIS.KAK.rMESI •id al-na SA t.GAL.MES al-na be-lf-ia rtul- te-bi-li, "Concerning the ballukku(?)-wood about which my lord wrote-three hundred pegs, which are for the palace buildings, I have sent to my lord" 94:6-9 banu^ "to be of good quality, to be a good value; to be pleasant, easy" (G); "to adorn" (D) See also babbanm, mubanntu G-stem: sfG.UI.A sd LI Pu-qu-du ul ba-na-a u KI.LAM-Si-na ul ba-na sfG.JI.A sd LI La-Ite-e-ri ba-na- a l KI.LAM-gi-na ba-na, "The wool of the Puqiidians is not good, and its price is not good. The wool of the Labirians (on the other hand) is good, and its price is good" 46:16-22; dul-la-ka sd te-eppu-ug rmal-a,-da lu-a ba-na, "There is a great deal of work for you to do. Let it be good" 92:2527; ra kil-i kit-ti gs-i KI.LAM-ia la [ba-n]u sd pa-an be-l-id malt-ra be-li rli l-pu-[ram-mal, "And if it is true that my offering-price (for him) isn't [goo]d, let my lord write to me whatever suits my lord" 83:19-21; u at-ta ta-qab-ba-a" um-ma ki-i sd-a' GU4.MES 3d Li.UI.A ul ba-nu-d a-na-ku atma-ka um-ma dAG u MES.TAK.KA ki-i as-si-qf-ma la ba-nu-d, "But you are saying, 'They aren't even as good as the oxen of slaves.' I have personally sworn to you, saying: 'By Nabfl and MES.TAK.KA, I did not choose any that were no good'" 60:19-25; "La-qf-pu ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.KI it-tal-ka 3 sa-mada si ANSE.KUNGA.MES it-ti-gs i-tab-ka ma-aw-da ba-nu-ul, "Liqipu came from Elam. He brought oi.uchicago.edu 296 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR three teams of mules with him. They are of very good quality" 57:8-10; EmdN-u-eb-si fal-na FKURl As+sur.KI ritl-tal-ka d a-na SES-Sg ki-i aq-bu-a um-rmal r81 MA.NA a-na sa-ma-du id ANtE.KUNGA.MES ki-i id-din-an-na-a-si u(!?)* sa-ma-du sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES kil-i ni-bu-ka um-ma ul ba-nu-d LUGAL ita-ri um-ma KO.BABBAR-ma i-is ul i-man-gur um-ma AN§E.KUNGA.MES bab-ba-nu-d-rtul ab-ka-nim-ma ridl-na-ni, "Bdl-usebsi has gone to Assyria. But when I spoke to his brother, he said: 'After he gave us eight minas for a team of mules, and after we brought a team of mules, he said: "They're no good. The king will return and say: 'The silver-where is it?' He won't consent. He'll say, 'Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me""" 56:8-22; LO a-mi-[lu-tu a]-ga-a* sd i-bu-[ka] ma-a'-da rba-nal-[a], "[Th]ese sla[ves] whom he le[d here] are of very good qual[ity]" 45:23-25 D-stem: In the idiom tabnita bunnd, "to arrange the sacrificial table": ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES mam-ma tab-ni-tu ina t.DINGIR ul d-ban-fnul, "For a long time no one has arranged the sacrificial table in the temple" 17:35-37; en-na a-rnal mMar-duk SES-d-a liqbi-ma Us GIS.MA gi ftfD lu-se-bi-lam-ma rtab-ne-el-tu i-na lib-bi lu-bt-en-rnul, "My brother should now speak to (the man) Marduk to have a riverboat transport a flock here so that they may arrange the sacrificial tables therewith" 17:37-41 banfi (adj.) "good quality" See also babbanu ina LiUl Kal-du gab-bi-si ki-fil u-ba->u-u sfG ta-kil-tu ba-ni-ti a siG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-a i[a]a>-nu, "When I searched the length of Chaldea, there w[as]n't any good-quality blue-purple wool or any fine-quality red-purple wool" 1:36-39 barui "to examine, look into" LUGAL full [i]-fqabl-bi lub-ra, "The king must not [s]ay: 'Let me look into it'" 20:22-23 bafs "to exist, be on hand" (G); "to come into existence, appear" (N); "to remain continually" (Ntn) G-stem: rGAL(?)I 82:17; i-ba-ds-si 3:10; i-ba-ds-su 10:28; 14:7; 36:21; 59:27; 96:11; 108:17; i-ba6 -i 15:15; la i-ba-dc-st 96:24; i-ba-s-stU-ui 97:32; i-ba-ad-su-i 60:8; i-ba-ds-rluil-u 9:9; ril-ba-dssi-u 21:7; 97:26; [la] i-ba-rdsl-[s_-u] 104:18-19; ba-su-u 40:9 N-stem: 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES a 3 tRIN.MES ul-[tul ta-mir-tu t rla-ki-nul a-kan-na-ka rit-tab-sil, "Five camels and three laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there" 4:4-7 Ntn-stem: ma-la-a ARIRN.ME-1 sd it-ti-ka rlil-tab-ka [ba]l-tu-si-nu [li-i]t-tab-ri.-d1 a-d[i] i-na su[lm]u fa-nal URU-sui-nul rgu-nu il-n6-e4-ti-rsul, "Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive). [Let] them remain [vi]gorous unt[il] they return sa[fe]ly to their town" 29:21-28 batqu "repair work" See also arad ekalli, dullu, epesu, rakasu, sullulu In the idiom batqa sabatu, "to undertake repairs": gd-a'-al kit-ta ki-i pi-i an-ni a-na mSES.MES-MU iq-ta-rbil um-ma id tap-q(-da-i[n-n]a t zi-qur-ra-tu-d ki-i a-na nd-pe-si-ia bat-qu-did BAD.AN.KI ki-i as-sa-ba-ti-ia,"Ask AbbU-iddin if in truth he (Biniya) said to AbbU-iddin: 'With regard to the fact that you appointed [m]eif the ziggurat is mine to build, then are the repairs of Der also mine to undertake?'" 33:8-15; [bat]-qa Id BAD.AN.KI [l]i-is-bat, "[Le]t him undertake the [rep]airs of D'r" 33:21-22 mSES.MES-MU bftu "to stay overnight, spend the night" See also kdSu, nemerka, ubturu In the cognate expression nubatta la/ul batu: ru,1-mu tup-pi be-lf ril-mu-ru mNUMUN-ia nu-bat-ta rlal i-ba-ti, "When my lord has seen my tablet, Zeriya must not stay the night" 93:19-21; rPAl-a-it-te-u-su [nu]-bat-ti ul i-ba-rtil, "I"Al-ait-te-u-su will not stay the [ni]ght" 69:12-13; u4-mu tup-pi ta-mur nu-bat-ta la ta-ba-a-ti,"When you see my letter do not delay even overnight" 89:23-24 oi.uchicago.edu 297 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS batfilu "to cease (an activity)" UD.ME-US-SU LO.DUMU sip-ri.MES-sa-nu la pa-an a-ba-mes ul i-bat-ti-lu, "Their messengers never cease (going) to each other daily" 20:25-28 bebfru "to select, make a levy of" See also nasdqu; for discussion see comment on No. 60:14 2 GU4.MES ba[b]-rbal-nu-ti id ina rit-ti ina [Su]r"l mBa-hi-a-nu e-rsil-ki(!)-ma bi-hi-ri-ma mub-ru, "Requisition, levy, or buy fr[om] Babiinu two f[i]ne oxen accustomed to the plow" 60:11-15 bMl dini "court adversary" See also dinu LO be-If di-ni-ka a-sib LUGAL ik-te-lis um-ma ul tal-lak, "Your court adversary is here. The king detained him, saying: 'You will not go'" 20:29-31; ha-tu u mi-res-t[i(!)] be-li ki-i i-se-bi-li ANSE.KUN[GA.MES] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA in-da-bar u m Nu-[um-mu-ru] a-na be-li(!) di(!)-ni sd be-lf-ia it- tu-r[u], "After my lord sent both a cash payment and trading capi[tal], he came into possession of the mul[es] from Elam, and Nu[mmuru] becam[e] my lord's adversary in court" 57:21-24; r'lx-xx sd be-if is-pur ina m.JBARA1 a-rnal KA.DINGIR.RA.KI fill-la-kdm-ma be-li [DIl.KUs-rtil md[EN1-DO-us, "[PNJ], about whom my lord wrote, is coming to Babylon in Nisannu; and his court adversary will be BEl-ipus" 58:6-11 bIl barbi "owner of a tarbu-plow" See also epinnu, eresu (B), mayydru, rittu, pasaru, sapdnu; see comment on No. 98:6, 11, and 21 rds'-id [EN] rhar-bil.[MES] 4drbe-li1 is-rpur-ral ruml-ma la ritl-[tal-l]ak-ka rpa-ni-ial rlidl-gu-rlu41, "Concerning the [owners] of tarbu-plow[s] about whom my lord wrote to me, saying: 'They(!) must not le[ave] you. Let them wait for me'" 98:6-9; ra-ki-il [hab(?)]-ftal-nu k[i-i] tEN har-b.MES1 ana pa-an rbel-lf-ia ni-il-tap-ra, "It was because we were [plunder(?)]ed t[hat] we sent the owners of tarbu-plows to my lord" 98:10-13; FLO be-rlil har-rbi-nil rlill-li-ku-rniml-ma [a-na] muh-bi rliisl-mu-4i, "Let the owners of our tarbu-plows come and hear [i]t" 98:21-23 bMl biti see bftu (B) bUl nakiri "enemy" See also nakru t LLO be-lf K(JR-ka kul-li-man-ni-ma lu-kul, "Then show me your enemy and let me devour (him)" 29:17-19; am-me-ni LO aial-qu tu-tir-ram-ma a-na LU be-if KOR-ia ta-nam-rdinl, "Why did you capture the runaway and are now giving him to my enemy?" 2:30-32; tRIN.MEg1-ia a GU4 .MES-ia tahtab-ti en-na Flu-i- ti-da-a rki-il at-tu-na a-na EN KOR-ia ta-tu(erasure)-rral,"You have plundered my men and my cattle. Now you should know that they belong to us. You have become my enemy" 8:4-9 b1l pahaL (bil pitati) "governor" See also sakin timi, sandabakku; see comments on No. 94:12 and No. 119:5 ft, kut-al-ti t a-di-isl-u-a ra-nal LO.EN.NAM id FURU 1 rullte-bi-li, "And five hundred pegs, [which] (are for) the bit kutdti (and) bit adillia, I have sent to the governor of the t[own ... ]din(?)" 94:10-13; t1r ki-i rKASKAL" 1 x x a-[nal BAD.[A]N.[KI1 ta-mur m x-x LO.DUMU.KIN lit-ti KO.BABBAR 1 di LO.EN.[NAM1 il-lak, "And if you see the caravan of [...] bound for Dir, [PN], the messenger, will come with the governor's silver" 77:15-20 r1i 5 rME GIS.KAK1.MES [5d(?)] x(-x)-DIN(?) bIl taibti "ally, friend" See also atu (A), ayyalu, saldmu, tdbtu, tabu, ftdbatu [a-d]u ki-i SE rT1L L3 be-If MUN.YJI.A [a]t-ta tRIN.MES-ia i-sur-ma KO.BABBAR-ka i-na 1 GIN IGI.4.GAL.LA lut-tir-ka, "[No]w if [y]ou are a brother and an ally, guard my men, and I will pay you in full for your silver-(plus) one-quarter for every shekel" 24:14-19; i-du ki-i SES-u-a t•L LU beIf MUN.II.A-ia at*-ta*, "I know that you are my brother and ally" 4:25-28 oi.uchicago.edu 298 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR bil ubiri "foreign host" See comment on No. 8:14 tRIN.MES-ia t GU4.ME-id tir-ra-nim-ma bi-na-a-nu 4 qi-in-nu-dl [at-tu-n]u-fmal t ENW d-bar-ku-nu ana-ku, "Please give back my men and my cattle. Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host" 8:9-15 bUlu "lord" See also bil dini, bil barbi, bil nakdri, bil paas', bil .tdbti, bil ubdri be-lfs-i 65:16; 97:28; be-l[ 5:6, 13, 19; 6:4, 20; 16:9, 30; 21:15, 22; 27:7; 29:6, 9; 38:25, 43; 41:6, 28, 33; 44:6; 46:6; 53:23; 56:7; 57:5, 13, 22; 58:6; 59:4, 20, 28; 60:6; 72:10, 32; 80:13, 17, 25, 31; 83:18, 20, 24, 31, 36, 41, 43, 44; 93:19; 94:7, 25, 28, 36; 97:14, 20, 24, 30; 101:5, 11; 102:5, 18; 110:10, 12, r. 3', 4', 6', 11'; 111:7, 20; be-Fill 97:5; [b]e-l[ 21:11; 85:24; rbe-l1 38:18; 53:7; 58:22; 62:5; 72:7, 26; 98:7; 103:22; 110 r. 13'; [be]-rlfl 21:8; [be-l]f 83:33; 110 r. 18'; [be-ll 21:25; 41:25; be-lf-ia 5:21; 27:4; 38:4; 41:2, 4; 46:4, 28; 57:2, 3, 24, 25; 58:13, 15, 23; 59:2, 9, 18, 24; 80:18, 28; 93:4, 10; 94:9, 16; 97:10, 34; 102:2, 4, 8, 20, 23; 110:14, r. 22'; be-ll-rial 53:4; 94:4, 23; 110:8; be-ll-[ia] 38:2; 103:2; be-l[[-ia] 6:2; b[e-li-ia] 102:14; be-rlil-[ia] 58:4; be-rlf-ial 56:4; 59:10; 80:7; Fbel-l-ia 58:18; 98:12; rbe-lil-ia 56:2; 97:36; 110:2; rbe-lf-ial 93:12; 94:2; [b]e-lf-ia 97:12; [b]e-lfrial 93:2; [be-ll-[ia] 110 r. 19'; be-l[f]-ia 46:2; b[e-lf]-ia 110:4; [b]e-rlfl-ia 98:25; [be]-l-ia 41:35; [be]-fll-ia 93:28; [be]-lf-i[a] 93:30; be-lf<-ia> 44:2; be-[if-ia] 53:2; 62:2; [be-lf-i]a 94:18; [be-lf-ia] 27:2; 29:12; 58:2; 98:2, 4; be-li-ia 5:2, 15; 13:3, 5, 23; 16:2, 29; 21:3, 4; 29:2, 15; 59:11; 60:2, 5; 62:18; 72:2; 83:2, 3, 20, 25, 28, 29, 33, 40, 45; 85:22; 97:3, 4; 101:2, 19; 103:10, 28; be-If-ridl 97:2; be-r[li-id 44:4; 97:33; rbe-li1-id 44:20; rbe-lfl-i[d] 72:4; b[e-l-i]d 110 r. 5'; be-[lf-id] 60:3; [be-lt]id 101:16; <be->l[f-id] 80:2; [be-li-ia] 111:2; be-lf-rid-mal 44:5; [be]-ilf-idl-ma 60:4; be-[l1]-rial-ma 111:4; be-lf-ia-a-ma 27:5; 38:5; 41:5; 46:5; 56:5; 62:4; 94:5; 102:3; be-lf-ia-a-rmal 29:4; be-lf-riala-ma 110:5; be-l-ia-t a-mal 57:4; be-rlf-ia-a-mal 93:5; [be-lf-ia-a-ma] 6:3; 53:5; 98:5; be-lf-id-a-ma 5:3; 13:4; 16:3; 21:5; 58:5; 80:3; 101:3; be-lf-id-a-rmal 59:3; be-[l]f-id-a-ma 83:4; be-lf-ridl-a-ma 103:4; [be-lfl-[id-a-ma] 72:5; be-lf-a-ni 89:19; be-lf-i-nu 92:9, 18, 36; rbe-l{-i-nul 92:7 bi (ibi) "please" Combined with the G-stem imperative of nadanu, "Please give" (see comment on No. 87:7): rmi-nu-mu-ul sar-ra-a [sd] a-na pa-an-ka a-bu-ka-sui KUl.BABBAR i-bi-ni aq-ba-a), "But what about this criminal of mine whom I (already) brought to you? Please give me silver, I said" 87:5-7; tRIN.MES-ia a GU4.MES-id tir-ra-nim-ma bi-na-a-nu il rqf-in-nu-ul [at-tu-n]u-[mai fEN1 u- bar-ku-nu a-na-ku, "Please give back my men and my cattle. Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host" 8:9-15 biltu "tribute, talent, load" See also sibsu; for the different meanings of GO.UN and GO, see comment on No. 72:6, 13, and 28 al-kdm-ma ds-rts4 ib-bu-un-rnil ni-in-sd-[ma] i-na sar-r[i] bi-lu-tu-d a man-da-at-t[a] ina mub-hi-ka ni-is-kun la ta-pal al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dul-la-ka e-pu-us, "Come now. Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) our deficit, have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you? Don't answer. Come and do your work here" 9:10-19; la-icI(?) B.AD-g~ bi-lat rin(?)-na(?)l-[sli(?)-rma(?)l, "... tribute would be carried(?) off(?) from his clan" 6:15-16 1 GO.UN Ki.BABBAR m Mu-geb-sd-a-a LO.f ~ A.TAM LOJ.AD.ADi-ka a-na mag-ka-at-rta kil-i iS-kun "Mu-geb- gd-a-a ki i-mu-d-ti 1 G6.UN KJ.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-gi it-ta-Sg, "After Musebsiya, the chief temple steward, your grandfather, had deposited the one talent of silver in the storehouse, (and) after Musebsiya had died, he took the talent of silver for himself" 38:33-38; 20 G6.UN SIG.UI.A ina let mdENSUM.NA, "There are twenty talents of wool in Bel-iddin's charge" 48:8-9; 20 GOI.UN AN.BAR Sd nasa-ka "dAG-APIN-ed DUMU LJ.f1.BAR dt-a gab-bi ina URU Ka-ldb ik-te-mis, "NabfQ-res, a member of the Sangfl-Ea family, collected in Kalbu all twenty talents of iron which I was carrying(?)" 41:7-11 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 299 FGO.MES1 ki-ri abl-t[ir] tbe-li ki-i r[l-jd-a[s(?)-bit(?)], "As soon as I prep[ared] the loads, my lord had them sei[zed](?)" 72:6-7; a-na-[ku] r21 Gt.ME [sfGl-[id] &u(!?)-[us(?)-b]u-[ta(?)-ku(?)],"I have been d[epr]iv[ed](?) of [my] two loads of wool" 72:13-14; fki-il 2 GO.ME SIG-rial u ki-i KU.BABBAR, "And whether it is my two loads of wool or whether it is the silver ... " 72:27-28 biri see ina biri birit see ina birit biru "breeding bull, young bull" See also alpu, littu GU4 bi-ri a-fdil-kan-na ul i-sir, "The breeding bull until now has not been well" 91:5-6; GU4.NINDA.MES ul-tu lib-bi [AB(!?).GU41.uI.A r150+1 GIS.APIN.JMES1 be-lf [lil-is-bat-am-rmal, "Let my lord take the young bulls from the cows (and also) one hundred and fifty(+) plows" 94:26-29 bit abi "clan" See also abu, abbutu, bitu, mdru, qinnu fenl-[na a-du]-ril [k]i-i ZI.MES sd SES-il-nu [l]a ul-tal-li-mu [U]RU Il-ta-zi-nu [i]t-ti-ka ab-[k]a r iaa-nu-u a[t-t]a 1tl f.AD-ka a[l]-ka, "N[ow the]n, [i]f the rebels of our brother have [n]ot completely achieved their goal, br[in]g the [settle]ment of Iltazinu here [w]ith you. If not, then y[o]u and your clan c[o]me" 7:6-12; u[l] [i-n]a t.AD-i[s[] rlul-u mi-sa(?)-[ai(?)] [a-di] rSES1.MES-e-rgai [lu(?)-&ib(?)], "Are there [n]ot already too few(?) [i]n hi[s] clan? [Let him live together with] his brothers" 17:2023; la-IGI(?) .AD-gil bi-lat rin(?)-na(?)1l-[si(?)-[ma(?)l, "... tribute would be carried(?) off(?) from his clan" 6:15-16 bit adisfi (meaning uncertain) See comment on No. 94:11 rll kut-al-hi t a-di-i-su-u ra-nal LU.EN.NAM d FURU 1 x(-x)-DIN(?) lullte-bi-li, "And five hundred pegs, [which] (are for) the bit kutdhi (and) bit adis'a, I have sent to the governor of the t[own ... ]din(?)" 94:10-13 5 FME GIS.KAKI.MES [di(?)] [ft bit dini "court" See also dinu; for discussion see comment on No. 57:16-17 m Nu-[uml-mu-ru DUMU m lR-GIR 4.K fJ di-ni it-rtil mLa-qf-pu i-dab-bu-ub, "Nummuru, son of AradNergal, is arguing with Liqipu (in) court" 57:15-17 bit hursfni "house of the river ordeal" See also bursdnu; for discussion see comment on No. 110 r. 16' rFd1 la m'A-a-ba-u-su [a-na] t d'D iur<-d>-na l[a(?) il(?)-la(?)-ku(?)], "[They must no]t [go(?) to] the house of the river or<de>al without "'A-a-ba-u-su"110 r. 15'-16' bit ili "temple" See also budu, drib kinisti sa bit ili, mubanna, ndqidu, sanga, &atammu, tabnitu, ziqqurratu ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES mam-ma tab-ni-tu ina if.DINGIR ul i-ban-rnul, "For a long time no one has arranged the sacrificial table in the temple" 17:35-37; LU n[a-qid-d]i f.DINGIR.MES-ni am-m[i]-ni GIR" a-na pa(!)(copy: la)-ranl DINGIR.MES-e-ni ta-p[ar]-ra-si,"The he[rdsm]en of our temples-w[h]y are you ba[rr]ing them from our gods?" 103:5-8 bit kutfii (meaning uncertain) See comment on No. 94:11 1 t[ 5 rME GIS.KAK 1 .MES [Sd(?)] [ft kut-al-hi f a-di-iSg-u-i ra-nal LO.EN.NAM di UR[U] x(-x)-DIN(?) fullte-bi-li, "And five hundred pegs, [which] (are for) the bit kutdIai (and) bit adissil, I have sent to the governor of the t[own ... ]din(?)" 94:10-13 oi.uchicago.edu 300 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR bit aabili (meaning uncertain) See comment on No. 66:9-10 8 GIN KO.BABBAR rd(?) 1 sd-jial ina(!?) EN.LfL.KI ra-na tRIN1.MESýd-rbal-lu--[tul rit-tal-din dls-luma, "The eight shekels of silver which the bit labdl in(?) Nippur should have given to the SatjallOtuworkers, I squandered" 66:8-11 bitu "house, household, tribe; building; merchant house, firm" See also abu, bit abi, mdru, nisl biti, qinnu For a discussion of the meaning "merchant house," see the comment on No. 37:21-22 and 24-25 en-na ki-i SUKU.UI.A ina t mURU-lu-mur ia-a-nu SUKU.UI.A lid-da-ds&-id li-ru-ub-ma t-su li-mur-ma lillik-ma liq-ba-ds-su-nu-tu, "Now, if there are no rations in the House of Ali-limur, let him (my brother?) give him (All-luimur?) rations. Let him go in and inspect his house and go and speak to them" 1:18-22; Sd DUMU.MES mDUB-NUMUN [Ud be-lH is-pur um-ma e-per-ftul Fu-bil man-nu [lis-p]ur LO.GAKKUL ra-nal t-fiV(?)l ni-i-ni nu-tir, "About the sons of Sipik-ziri of whom my lord wrote, saying: 'Send baked brick'-who [should se]nd (it)? We ourselves have returned the brick-molder(?) a-kan-na-[ka lal to his house" 103:21-26; a a-na mub-bi-ka sar-ru-nu mIl-ta-gab a-di SES.MES-e-rTF~i us-[dl-[bu] ju-si-Sr-ma rkil-i a-n[a] rtl la.-ki-ni 2 a-nal LJ Bir-ri Fru-sil-[I•-m]a a-di t-fsi-nul [lusi]-bu Id-la-a-n[u-a a-kan-na-k]a(!?) sa-dr-r[u-tu la us-s]fd-bu 4t flal-pa-nil-[iu-nu] ul ta-zak-ki, "And as for you-our criminal Iltagab, together with his brothers, must not sett[le] there. Expel him. Either t[o] Bit-Yakin or to the people of Birru expel [him]. [Let them l]ive together with their own tribe. Crim[inals must not sett]le [ther]e without my permission. Or on account [of them] you will not be free of claims" 19:15-26; al-te-Imul um-ma a-na t.ME[S] Su-ru-bu la tu-mas-sar-m[a k]i-i ina EN.[LIL1.[KI] ki-i ina lib-bi A-framl SES-4-a il-te-[mu(?)-u(?)1, "I've heard: 'You must not abandon bringing (them) into the house[s].' Bu[t] has my brother heard [wh]ether (these houses are) in Nippu[r] or in Aram?" 4:18-24; mA-a-bir-stul ina(!) m"SES-ba-ni be-li lu-se-sa-a-si ina pa-an be-llia lu-u sab-bat, "Let my lord evict Ay-birtu from the House of Abu-bani, and let her be held in LO.ENGAR-a [GI]S.APIN-a ki-i d-mas-sir [ki]-i ib-lithe presence of my lord" 80:15-19; [md]MAS-DtO-u qf a-du-ut ina t dAG-APIN-eS LO.IGI.GUB a-kan-na-ka su-u, "As soon [a]s Ninurta-ipus, my cultivator, abandoned my [p]low, he ran away. Now he is there in the House of Nabfi-eres, the courtier" 16:49; i-da-tum4-ma ul-tu ina t mdAG-SILIM LO sd mBA-sd-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-Rkul u mBA-Id a-na a-ja[mes 1 ni-il-li-[kul u at-ta ~d UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-d en-na gal-la sU(!)-u mi-iq-ti ina mub--ii-su, "This is to attest that after IqlTa and I had come together in the House of Nabfiusallim-a man of Iqisa-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18; GU4.MES a LO.fENGAR 1 .MES ki-i ds-puru i-na t "Na-.t-ri i-sap-pa-nu, "When I have sent the oxen and the farmers, they will flatten in the House of Niteru" 95:20-23; Fal-na [m]dEN-mU-SIG, LJ e-ri-bi UKKIN Id [•l.DINGIR be-lf liq-bi-ma lis-al um-ma i-rdel-e re-ril ina t "mlRa-pa-a' ina "l'a-a-sar [ina] 11 mHa-a-ria-al-nu [ina] Trl manni igab-bil-std d [L0] fdl1 ZAG i-qab-bu fuml-ma it'd, "Let my lord speak to BEl-mudammiq, a member of the temple assembly, and ask: 'Are the copper utensils in the House of Rapa'? In the House of Yasar? [In] the House of Jayyanu? [In] whose house?' All of those attached to the Ia budi-official are saying that (they are in) his house" 111:5-15; a-lik-ma £.MES ina pa-ni-ka lu-asa-lil, "Go, or I will have to roof the buildings in front of you" 89:25-26; a-du-i mdAG-A.GAL a mdENDU-us me-rel-ti ki-i in-bu*-ru-l-nu ina t mDUB-ku DUMU mBa-na-a-a il-tak-kan-na* a KA me-rel-ti-ti ik-ta-nak, "Now when NabO-lkei and Bel-ipus received the consignment from me, they stored it as usual(?) in the House of Sipiku, son of Bainya, and he sealed the door to his consignment" 39:510; r•E 1 .BAR a-na mdAG-tAl.[GAL] i-din-ma a-na t ba-du-t lid-din, "Give the wheat to Nabf-l[&.i] and let him sell to the house which he prefers" 37:20-22; [me-rel-til bab-ba-n[i-ti] rmub-raml-ma ina t [Id] ra-nal pa-ni-ka [ma]t-[ral [l]i-Ili-il, "Buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment, and then [let] it go up in value in a house [that su]its you" 44:10-14; ... Fa-kanl-na-ka ina pa-anl L.fJGU1 .[EN.NA] at LOI.SAG.t.MES [tfi EN.LIL.[KI] [isl-sa-bat u FKA1 ka-lak-k[a] (broken), "He seized the [...] there in oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 301 the presence of the sand[abakku] and the heads(?) of the houses of Nippur, and [he ... ] the door of the storehou[se]" 74:21-23; t (context broken) 82:21 bitu dannu "strongroom" See also bitu sa tiliti, kalakku, magkattu; for a discussion see the note to No. 9:8 EN AG U [dl[UTU(?)] lu- i-d[u-d] ki-i bi-tu-fkal i-na t dan-ni i-ba-g-rgsl-s , "May Bel, Nabtf, and [Samas?] kn[ow] that your delivery is not in the strongroom" 9:5-9 bitu sa tiliti "delivery house" See also bitu dannu, bttu (B), kalakku, magkattu; for discussion see comment on No. 53:12 r1l i-na t jdl1 ti-li-[tu] [a-na] rl Pil [x BAN SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES] [i]-rnam-di-nul, "And they were [s]elling [white sesame for] one pdnu, [n sutu (per mina)] in the deliv[ery] house" 53:11-15 biidu (a ceremony or festival) See also isinnu, tabnitu; for discussion see comment on No. 111:14 and 17 u-de-e e-rril sd a(!)-na bu-du ha-al-qa, "The copper utensils which are (intended for use) at the budu-ceremony have disappeared" 111:16-18; igab-bil-sui I [LOr] ril1 ZAG i-qab-bu, "All of those attached to the sa badi-official are saying ... " 111:13-14 bihuu "property" See also makkiru dg-gs NIG.SU.IMES 1 Id be-l-id a-na rmuh-bi KO.BABBARI i-lu-4 a-fna maml-ma ul ad-di-is-si, "Concerning the property of my lord-in terms of silver it has gone up in value. I have not given it to anyone" 59:11-14 bufli "to search for, look for, seek (out)" mim-ma be-li ul [i-Se-bi-li] LO FA gip-ril-ka [id-bal.[,a] ti-is-bi rSA1 ba-mat-ti, "My lord has not [sent me] anything. I am loo[king for] your messenger. (But it's like finding) a bumper crop in the heart of a barren waste" 72:10-12; a-di d-se-bi-li-ka GU,.MES* sd-nu-um-ma la* tu-ba->a ki-i lu ul-te-bi<lak->ka a-li-ka bu-d a-na K.J.BABBAR mu-fburl, "Until I have sent you (a dispatch), don't look for other oxen. But when in fact I have sent you (a dispatch), come, look, and buy" 55:8-13; mNu-uru 4-gS dib-bu a-na muz-ii-fidi ub-te-e, "Niiru has four times sought an agreement with me" 13:1114; GIS gam-mis a-sar i-ba-asi-Isa- ul -mas-si d-ba-a-i(!)-ma a-na be-rlfl-id i-se-b[i-li], "I couldn't find the place where the gammis-wood was available; but I searched around and have (now) se[nt] (some) to my lord" 97:31-33; ina LLO Kal-du gab-bi-sd' ki-ril d-ba->u-d sfG ta-kil-tu ba-ni-ti t sfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-u i[a]-a'-nu, "When I searched the length of Chaldea, there w[as]n't any good-quality blue-purple wool or any fine-quality red-purple wool" 1:36-39; DUMU.MES mgak-nu belt lu-ba-ti-i-ma hi-bil-ta- u lis-si, "My lord should search for the sons of Saknu or he should bear the responsibility for his wrong" 5:12-14 dabfibu "to discuss, negotiate, speak to, speak about; to protest; to plot against; to spread rumors" See also dibbu LO mu-kin-na mi-nam-ma mNIG.BA-ia [DUMU 1 mlna-PA.SE.KI-U.TU ina UNUG.KI i-.dab-bul.ub, "Why is Qfitiya, son of Ina-Isin-alid, spreading rumors in Uruk about the witness ... ?" 38:30-32; ZI.MES ina UGU-i-nu i-ba-dsa-i tal-lak-ma Ital-qa-a-ta man-nu i-dab-budubl-ma -s'e-sa BAD, "There are rebels among us. If you go, you'll perish. Whoever protests I am expelling outside the wall" 10:27-30; rkit-tul-t rgd kil-i "mdAG-D0i-Us FDUMU1 mTUK-gi-DINGIR ISd la1 be-lf-ia rki-il pi-i an-ni-i i-rdabl-bubu-fdl, "Is it true that according to Nabfl-pu,, son of Raii-ili, they are speaking without the permission of my lord as follows ... " 110:12-16; pa-an FLil [ba]r-ra-a-nu ki-i [al-dag-gal ul am-me[rikl-ka al-fla-kdml-ma it-rti-kal a-dab-bun-ubl, "Even though I am waiting for the [ca]ravan, I will not delay. I will come and speak with you" 84:18-23; a-mat sd ana-ku ti1 at-ti [itl-ta-ha-meg nidbu-ub SES-U-a la im-me-ri-ka lil-li-kdm-ma it-ti-gs lu-d-ud-bu-ub, "There is a matter that you and oi.uchicago.edu 302 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR I should discuss together. Let my brother not delay. Let him come, and then let me indeed discuss (it) with him" 42:6-10; a-di la i-sin-nu lip-nu-nim-ma lil-li-ku-nim-ma ritl-ti AD-ga lid-bu-bu, "Let them come here before the festival begins and negotiate with its (Iltazinu's) shaykh" 7:25-28; [a]rna nal-si-ka-a-ti rsd Ljl A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma ki-i mNa-ba-a ni-is-lti* i*-kul sd muli-ti-ii- lu-ti-allim-mu L01O qin-na lu at-tu-u-ni, "Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; and if Naba has used up the advance, let them make full restitution for that which is charged against him, even if the family is one of ours" 27:19-24; SES-i-a dib-ba ta-bu-tu it-ti-rsil [I]id-bu-ub, "My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance" 1:13-14 In the idiom dina dababu, or bit dini dabAbu, "to institute proceedings, prosecute a case, litigate, argue in court": en-na SES-u-a la im*-mi-rik-ki lil-li-kdm-ma di-i-nu it-ti-gs nid-bu-ub, "Now my brother must not delay. Let him come so that we may institute proceedings against him" 109:13-17; a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-t ki-i a-na-ku ) at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]sa-sar di-nu i-du-u a la di-nu i-dabbu-bu ina let dEN u dAG ul i-tib-ba-d6-S•, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it). Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of B6l and NabO" 23:5-10; "Tam-mas-il a-na pa-niid ki-i tas-pur di-rnil ina pa-an LO.A.KIN-ka ki-i id-bu-bu it-tu-ra, "When you sent Tammas-Il to me, (and) when they had prosecuted the case in the presence of your messenger, he was proved guilty" 23:11-13; mNu-rum 1-mu-ru DUMU m¶R-GIR 4.KCJ t di-ni it-rtil 'La-qf-pu i-dab-bu-ub, "Nummuru, son of Arad-Nergal, is arguing with Liqipu (in) court" 57:15-17 dagilu "to look (at)" In the idiom pan X dagalu, "to wait for X": pa-an FLU1 [ba]r-ra-a-nuki-i ral-dag-galul am-me-rrikl-ka al-rla-kdml-ma it-rti-kal a-dab-bu-rubl, "Even though I am waiting for the [ca]ravan, I will not delay. I will come and speak with you" 84:18-23; a-du-u et-ti-bi pa-an-ia du-gu-lu* a-di i-Se-bi-li-ka GU4.MES* sd-nu-um-ma la* tu-ba>a, "I've gotten under way now. Wait for me. Until I send you (a dispatch), don't look for other oxen" 55:6-10; ki-i at-ta tal-lak pa-ni-ka lud-gul u ia-a-nu-ui up-rraml-ma lul-lik, "If you go, I will wait for you; but if not, write to me so that I may go" 100:19-22; KASKAL" rkal-da-rnal ul ta-a-bi SAL ral-mil-tu ul a-gap-pa-rak-ka pa-an lud-rgull-ma sg-sd-a KASKALn ta-at-t-raml ul a-kil-li-gu, "The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. Let me wait a while. As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:19-25; rdsg-gi [EN] t har-bil.[MES] sd rbe-l1 ig-rpur-ral ruml-ma la litl-[tal-l]ak-ka Fpa-ni-ial rlidl-gurlu,1, "Concerning the [owners] of barbu-plow[s] about whom my lord wfote to me, saying: 'They(!) must not le[ave] you. Let them wait for me'" 98:6-9 daniinu "force" See comment on No. 80:24-25 KfJ.BABBAR-ga a-na da-na-ni iS-ti, "Bdl1unu (and) Amme-yabab carried off his silver by force" 80:23-25 mdEN^-s-nu mAm-me-ia-bab dannu see bitu dannu dasannu "ring, bracelet (of silver or gold)" See also bdutu, kaspu, nis hu, qulu; for discussion see Introduction, p. 7 n. 27, and comment on No. 2:35-36 a ki-i ku-tal-rlu*l-ta sgi- tu-kal da-sd-an-ni sup-ru, "And if it is reserve-duty that you are holding him for-send rings" 2:34-37 dekfl "to mobilize" dg-gs td-e-me d LO Kal-du sd SES-td-a is-pu-ra LO ma-dak-tu gab-bi i-de-ek-ku-d, "Concerning the report about the Chaldeans about which my brother sent me a letter-They are mobilizing the entire campaigning army" 34:5-8 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 303 In the idiom qati deki, "to beg for help, to lift one's hands in supplication": DUMU.MES m9ak-ni Su"-su-nu id-de-ku-td i a-na-ku ul a-be-es-si-sL-nu-tu, "The sons of Saknu begged for help, but I am not harboring them" 5:7-11 In the expression (lit) mayyari dekl, ment on No. 96:18-19 and 26-27): "to move (the blade of) the mayydru-plow" (see com- [n G]U 4.MES u 180 FLO.ENGAR.ME[S] Fidl SES-ia lil-lik-u-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-ti, "Let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows" 96:17-19; len*-na*l ki*-i 20 FLOL.ENGAR.MES la i-ba-dsi-•-u sd ul-tu LO A-ram il-li-ku-nimma i-na EN.LIL.KI ma-ra-a-ril i-de-ku-t, "Now if twenty farmers are not on hand, those who have come from Aram can move the mayydru-plows in Nippur" 96:23-27 di>nu see dindnu dibbu "word, talk, agreement, matter, report, rumour" See also ade, dabdbu, kittu, sulumma, ftbtu, !dbitu ki-i dib-bi sd su-lum-mu- u ill-tap-ra [ZAG(?)] nu-sar-sad, "If he sends word of a peace agreement, we will firmly establish the [border(?)]" 34:12-15; dib-bi-gti-nu gab-bi al-te-mu, "I have heard all their talk" 106:16-17; dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES id bal-rta-nu al-de-fel gs it-ti a-ha-mes min-su nu-fulltan-nu-ma ki-i la rkil-i at-Ftal dib-bi-ni ftul-un-des-fsi-rul, "By Bel-How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'? Is it, or is it not, because you yourself have abandoned our agreement?" 23:3034; mNu-a-ru 4-si dib-bu a-na muhb-i-Fidl ub-te-e, "Niuru has four times sought an agreement with me" 13:11-14; SES-Li-a dib-ba ta-bu-tu it-ti-rgi1 [l]id-bu-ub, "My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance" 1:13-14; ds-d dib-bi sd ina bi-rit-ka u ina bi-rit mBA-&d-a, "Concerning the matter which is between you and IqlTa ... " 16:14-15; fdsgl-S dib-bi frdl mdAMAR.UTU-rLUGAL-al-ni d be-It is-pur, "Concerning the words of Marduk-sarrdni about which my lord wrote ... " 110:8-10; dib-bi an-nu-d-ftul, "these words" 110:11 (see also r. 2', 6', 10'); raml-me-ni dib-bi rlal sa-an-Fqul-[ti] SESu-a i-Sap-Fparl, "Why is my brother sending unsubstan[tiated] reports ... ?" 74:2-3 (see also line 10) dinanu (di'dnu) "substitute" In the address formula ana dinan beliya lullik, "I would gladly die for my lord": a-na di-na-an be-li-ia lul-lik 59:1-2; 102:2-3; a-na di-na-an be-li-id lul-lik 5:2; 29:2-3; a-na dina-a-an be-lf-id lul-lik 21:2-3; a-fnal di-na-an be-lf-id lul-lik 16:1-2; a-na di-na-a-an be-li-id lullik 13:2-3; a-na Idi-na-an be-ll-ial lul-lik 94:2-3; a-na di-a-nu be-lf<-ia> lul-flikl 44:2-3; [a-na] di-a-nu be-ll-id lul-[lik] 60:1-2; Fal-na di-na-an be-li-ia lul-lik 41:2-3; a-na di-na-an be-lf-ia Flulllik 57:2; ta-nal di-na-an be-lf-id lul-lik 101:2; a-na Fdi-nal-a[n be-li-id] lul-[li]k 111:1-3; a-na di-na-an <be->l[i-id] lul-lik 80:2-3; a-na di-na-an be-l[i]-ia lul-lik 46:2-3; a-na di-na-an be-li[ia] lul-lik 38:2-3; ra-nal di-rna-an be-fi-ia rlul-likl 56:2-3; [a-na di-n]a-an be-l[f-ia] rlul-likl 6:2-3; a-n[a di-na-an] be-lf-id lul-lik 83:1-2; [a]-rna di-na-anl be-[li-ia] lul-lik 53:2-3; a-na dina-an be-[lf-ia] lul-lik 62:2-3; a-na di-na-ranl be-li-[ia] flull-lik 103:2-3; [a-n]a di-na-an rbe-lilia [l]ul-[likl 110:2-3; [a-na di-na-an be-ll-ia] lul-li[k] 58:2-3; [a]-na di-na-an [be-li-ia] lul-lik 27:2-3; a-na [di]-na-an be-i-rlid lull-lik 97:1-2; ra-na dil-[na-a]n be-li-id rlul-likl 72:2-3; fa l na di-n[a-an b]e-lif-ial lul-lik 93:2-3; [a-na di-na-an be-lf-ia lul-lik] 98:2-3 dinu "case, law, court, justice" See also bil dini, bit dlni, 1I dinu d6-A'd di-i-nu sd m"A-na-UGU-dAG-IGI &d be-li iq-ba-a DUMU.MES msak-ni Svu-su-nu id-de-ku-ii a-naku ul a-jze-es-si-S~-nu-tt, "Concerning the case of Ana-mubbi-Nabfl-lfimur about which my lord spoke to me-the sons of Saknu begged for help, but I am not harboring them" 5:4-11; ds-su dini id "Mu-seb-si DUMU mDa-bi-bi sd be-li is-pur di-in-s•-nu a-na ITI.BARA a-na KA.DINGIR.FRA.KI1 ana pa-an mTUK-gi-DINGIR DUMU mGa-ital fgd-kinl, "Concerning the case of Musebsi, son of DWbibi, oi.uchicago.edu 304 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR about which my lord wrote: their case will be submitted to Rasi-ili, son of Gabal, at the beginning of Nisannu, at Babylon" 38:24-28; en-na kit-tu-i sd [di-ni] be-if lu-u-mas-si-[ma] lis-pu-ra, "My lord should now find out the truth about [the case and] write" 38:42-44; mTam-mas-ll a-na pa-ni-id ki-i tas-pur di-rnil ina pa-an LO.A.KIN-ka ki-i id-bu-bu it-tu-ra, "When you sent Tammas-Il to me, (and) when they had prosecuted the case in the presence of your messenger, he was proved guilty" 23:11-13; am-me-ni mil-a-AD a-na pa-an be-frl-ial i-flil-kdm-ma a-na di-nig-i UGU di-ni-gi i-sab-batSg, "Why should IlI-abu have come before my lord if he (i.e., my lord) was going to hold him captive at his court on account of his case?" 80:6-9; mdEN-SILIM-im la tu-masg-ar-ma a-na di-na-a-ti la i-man-ni-ka ki-li-su-d-ma, "You must not release Bel-usallim, and he must not hand you over to the court. Detain him" 106:4-8; am-me-ni a-na di-na-a-t[i] ta-ad-di-na-an-ni, "Why have you handed me over to the cour[t]?" 65:17-18 In the idiom dina dabaibu, "to litigate": en-na SES-u-a la im*-mi-rik-ki lil-li-kdm-ma di-i-nu it-ti-gs nid-bu-ub, "Now my brother must not delay. Let him come so that we may institute proceedings against him" 109:13-17; a-dee-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-t ki-i a-na-ku aat-ta ni-par.-ral-[a]sa-sar di-nu i-du-di la di-nu i-dab-bu-bu ina let dEN u dAG ul i-tib-ba-ai-sg, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it). Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of Bel and NabO" 23:5-10 In the idiom dina epesu, "to make a decision, render a judgment": di-ni 6dbe-f DtJ-us me-nam-ma kal-an-nu, "The decision which my lord made-why is he withholding it from me?" 21:22-23 In the idiom dina itti X eps~u, "to execute proceedings against X": d[A]G [kil-i LO gi<-u> a-n[a] p[a]-ni-ia la i-hal-li-fqal a-di ds-fpul-rak-ka um-ma di-na-a [itlti "Tam-mas-fl e-rpisl, "(But) by Nabu, this man will try to escape until I have finally sent (him) to you, saying: 'Execute proceedings against Tammas-Il'" 23:18-21 In the idiom dina parasu, "to decide a case, adjudge": al-te-mu um-ma LlJ.SAG.KAL.FMES1 sd LO Pu-qu-d[u] i-ba-ds-sg a-na t "A-muk-a-anul it-tal-ku a- lip-pa-ri-rsil, "I have heard that the paramount leaders of the Puqfid[u] lik-[ma] rdil-in 1zil that they have gone to Bit-AmUikfni. Go and let it be adjudged a capital (and) present are offense" 14:4-12; UD.[xl.[KAM] s IT[I.x lil]-Flil-kdm-m[a] di-i[n-gsi] lipl-pa-ri-risl, "[He] should [co]me in person on the [...] day of the month [...] so [that his] cas[e] may be decided" 20:19-21; rd-sti di-il-ni fsd tasl-pu-ra lit-ti al-[ba]-mes a-na ULO Fl A-[mukl-[a-nu] niil-li[k] l di-ni [sd] "E-re-[gi] ni-par-ra-si, "Concerning the case about which you wrote to me-let us g[o] toge[th]er to Bit-Amiik[ini], and we will judge the case [of] Ere[su]" 76:410 dullu "service, work, work assignment" See also arad ekalli, batqu, episu, niug biti, saba For a discussion of the phrase dulldtu ga ill, see the note to No. 3:8-9 al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dul-la-ka e-pu-us ds-Si a-na LO Ga-a-me te-ep-pu-si dul-la-a e-pu-us, "Come and do your work here. Inasmuch as you will be doing work for the Gamu tribe, do my work" 9:1822; ul-tu a-na-ku rai mfMul-ge-zib [itl-ti a-[ha-megl [sab-ta]-a-nuki-i tar-pu-ta dul-rlil [i-n]a ruRul In-du-ul [i-pu]-rugl, "After Musezib and I [ban]ded(?) together, he promptly [perfor]med service for me [i]n the town of Indul" 17:9-12; fki-il mdAG-ba-ni la i-man-gu-ru-d-ma la i-gap-pa-rak-ka fam1me-fnil dul-la qa-tu-a, "If Nabf-bani does not agree, and he does not write to you, why should service come to an end?" 26:20-23; iAat-tu-a-ka dul-la-ka am-mar la ta-qab-bi um-ma man-nu dul-lu li-pu-us 3 ME iRIN.MES e-fpigl dul-lu ina pa-ni-ka dul-la-ka sd te-ep-pu-us imal-a,-da lu-a ba-na arnal pa-an ITI.SU dul-la-ka gab-bi a-na qf-qar lu-u gd-kin, "And will I see your work? You mustn't oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 305 say: 'Who will do the work?' Three hundred laborers are at your disposal. There is a great deal of work for you to do. Let it be good. Before the beginning of the month of Dufizu, let all your labor be allocated to the land" 92:20-29; a-na E[N.LfL.KI] ki-i a[l-lik] a-na b[e-lf-ia] dul(!)-Ia [e-puus], "When I w[ent] to N[ippur], [I performed] service for [my] l[ord]" 102:12-15; LU.TUR.MES dullu ina pa-ni-ka li-pu-u', "The servants should work under your supervision" 89:7-8; am-me-ni ultu a-na KUR LO Kal-da al-li-ka a-di-kan-na dul-lu ul ta-mur, "Why have you not supervised the work from the time I came to Chaldea until now?" 89:11-13; dul-lu-sd-nu mus-sur, "Their work has been abandoned" 89:18; dul-la-a mu-sgur, "My work lies abandoned" 90:10-11; am-me-ni ah-bu-tu-u kii la se-ba-a-ti ul-tu tas-mu-u um*-ma dul-la-a-ti d DINGIR.MES i-na UGU* mla-da-a>-ll i-ba-ds-si, "Why (did you act) as if you didn't want brotherhood after you heard it said: 'The work assignments of the gods are upon Yada,-Il'?" 3:5-10 dumqu "sake, well-being" ana SIG4-ia mKi-di-ni la i-qab-bi um-ma ul tas-pur, "For my sake, Kidinni must not say: 'You did not write'" 37:28-30 dfiru "wall" ZI.MES ina UGU-i-nu i-ba-dsg-g tal-lak-ma hal-qa-a-ta man-nu i-dab-bu-rubl-ma ud-e-sa BAD, "There are rebels among us. If you go, you'll perish. Whoever protests I am expelling outside the wall" 10:27-30; [en-na LO].TUR [si] rSES1-i[a I4] [LO.DAM.G]AR-rS1i a-rnal KA B[AD] lil-lik-u-rma* ta-a-tul [i]a ina let mrEril-ba rli-bul-[ku], "[Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge" 54:7-11; rdsl-Su KI.LAM FURU(?)1 da SE.GI9.1t d [be]-lfl [i]s-pur a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD i-na[m-di]fnul, "Concerning the town's(?) price for sesame about which my [lo]rd [w]rote-they were se[lli]ng white sesame for one pdnu, two sutu (per mina) in the town gate" 53:6-10; 3 MA.NA KU.BABBAR ana 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.I BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD ki-i am-hur ul* iz-nu, "When I accepted one pdnu, two sutu of white sesame for three minas of silver in the town gate, they did not become angry!" 53:16-20 Duizu (name of the fourth month) a-rnal pa-an ITI.SU dul-la-ka gab-bi a-na qf-qar lu-i gd-kin, "Before the beginning of the month of Duiizu, let all your labor be allocated to the land" 92:27-29 ebibu "to become clean" (G); "to clear of claims" (D) See also zakO D-stem: KI.BABBAR tir-ram-[ma] lu(!)-bi-bu-nu, "Return the silver so [that] they may clear me of the claims" 65:8-9 ekallu "palace" ds-sgf GIS.BAL-gal.MES sd be-If is-pur 3 ME GIS.KAK.FMES1 Sd ral-na SA t.GAL.MES ral-na be-lf-ia ullte-bi-li, "Concerning the ballukku(?)-wood about which my lord wrote-three hundred pegs, which are for the palace buildings, I have sent to my lord" 94:6-9 ekamma (?kdme) "(any)where" See comment on No. 10:26 [a]-di lGl"-ia tam-mar a-na e-kdm-ma la tal-lak, "[Un]til you see me personally (lit. 'see my eyes') you must not go anywhere" 10:25-26; bull i-du e-ka-me rsu-i1, "I don't know where he is" 17:19-20 &kannu"where?" See comment on No. 61:7 as-sui LO.TUR.MES sd tas-pur um-ma e-kan-nu is-nu a-du-4 ina LO D[u-na]-ral-nu Su-nu, "Concern- ing the agents about whom you wrote, saying: 'Where are they?' They are now among the D[un]inu" 61:5-9 oi.uchicago.edu 306 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR el6nu "above, upstream" [m]an-nu Id UGu-ka-ma [i)] sid u-pa-la-ka [a]-sib FSE1.BAR be-if it-tan-nu-F1il, "[Wh]oever [is s]ettled upstream [or] downstream of you, my lord has given him wheat(-acreage)" 97:22-24 eli "upon, concerning, on account of" UGU-ka 12:23; id UGU a-su-mit-ti 12:14-15; UGU dni-ni-s 80:8; el-ia, 9:22 elippu "boat" en-rna al-na mAMAR.UTU-FLUGAL-a-nil rbe-lil lis-pu-ram-ma i-t nal GIS.MA.MES sd LO.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.MES a-na pa-an ITI.rBARA 1 ra-nal KA.DINGIR.RA.K[I lis-Ii], "Now my lord should write to Marduk-sarrini [that he should transport (it)] to Babylo[n] in the boats of the men of Babylon before Nisannu" 38:17-22; en-na a-rnal mMar-duk SES-d-a liq-bi-ma Us GIS.MA gd fDIlu-se-bi-lam-ma rtab-ne-el-tu ina lib-bi lu-bd-en-Fnul, "My brother should now speak to (the man) Marduk to have a riverboat transport a flock here so that they may arrange the sacrificial tables therewith" 17:37-41 elf "to go up, be lost to (someone)" (G); "to make go up" (S) See comments on No. 44:14 and No. 59:12-13 G-stem: ds-su NfG.U.rME§1 sd be-lf-id a-na rmub-ii KU.BABBARI i-hl-ui a-rna maml-ma ul ad-di-is- si, "Concerning the property of my lord-in terms of silver it has gone up in value. I have not given it to anyone" 59:11-14; rme-res-til bab-ba-n[i-ti] rmuh-raml-ma ina t [sd] ra-nal pa-ni-ka [ma]b-rral [I]i.-li.i1, "Buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment, and then [let] it go up in value in a house [that su]its you" 44:10-14; ral-di la qaq-qar il-la-fa> lu-tir(?)-ram(!?)1-ma ina muh-hi-s'-nu se-sek lu-rt kun(?)l, "Before the holding is lost to us, let me return(? it to cultivation?), or let it be assigned(?) as scrubland(?) for their use" 94:29-31 S-stem: In the idiom sum ili fsild, "to swear an oath": su-mi DINGIR.MES be-fi rlul-ge-la-a a-na pa-ni-ka lul-rlikl, "Let my lord swear an oath to me, (and) I will come before you" 80:13-14; "Sd-lim ina pa-ni-ka la tu-masg-ar gi-u-ma a-na 1+en a-bi la i-bal-liq a-di a-jap-pa-ram-ma MU DINGIR -gse-la-sdg-g dr-ki-gsi up-ras-si, "You must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else before I can write and swear an oath concerning him. After that, send him to me" 2:4-9; [a]-Fnal muh-hi mi-Fil-[ni] rna-sikl L(J O-bu-lu, um-ma FMU DINGIR 1iu-[I]a-a mBa-ni-ia rul tal-pal-ldb, "[O]n wh[at] account is the shaykh of the Ubfilu tribe saying: 'Sw[ea]r an oath by god to me (that) you will not fear Bdniya'?" 98:16-20; MU DINGIR rsul-la-a um-ma ma-la-a F•RIN.MES1 gd it-ti-ka rlil-tab-ka, "Swear to me by god, saying: 'Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive)'" 29:19-23 emedu "to lean (something upon or against something); to load" ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] ANSE.A.AB.BA ZO.LUM.rMA 1 in-da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al-ka a-di la LO ma-dak-ti ta-kaS*-sd*-du*, "If you can't op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the campaigning army arrives" 39:14-19 enna "now" en-na 1:18, 40; 2:24; 3:13; 8:6; 12:16; 13:16; 17:37; 19:13; 21:18; 23:22; 24:10; 33:29, 32; 37:10; 38:38, 42; 41:32; 56:23; 60:26; 63:18; 70:8; 80:9; 85:14; 89:22; 92:16; 95:13; 97:29; 103:12; 109:13; en-na(?) 6:16; ren 1-na 86:28; en-Fnal 38:17; ren*-na*l 96:23; e[n-n]a 43:14; [en]-[nal 26:15; 82:26; 110 r. 19'; renl-[na] 15:14; [en-na] 20:10, 18; 26:9; 54:7; 66:16; 94:19; [en(?)-na(?)] 95:16 enna adfi "just now" en-na a-du-t 35:4; en-na a-rdul-a 59:15; en-na a-du-rFl 14:17; 37:17; renl-[na a-du]-rai 7:6; [en-na a]-rdul 41:24 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 307 epertu "baked brick" See also sa kakkulli(?); for discussion see comment on No. 103:19 and 23 a-fdil i-mat ki-i e-rperi-ti a-ga-a i-na [g]u-ru-un-nu fak-na-ratl, "How long will it be before this baked brick must be placed in a [h]eap?" 103:18-21; sd DUMU.MES mDUB-NUMUN rid be-ll is-pur umma e-per-rtul Su-bil man-nu [li-p]ur LU.GAKKUL ra-nal t-rt&i(?)1 ni-i-ni nu-tir, "About the sons of Sipik-zeri of whom my lord wrote, saying: 'Send baked brick'-who [should se]nd (it)? We ourselves have returned the brick-molder(?) to his house" 103:21-26 episu "to do, make, build, perform" See also nipesu, rakdsu, sullulu [kil-i a-na a-kan-na-ka [l]a rat-tall-ka mi-nu-i rel-ep-pu-us-m[a] [a]-nam-rdakl-ka, "If I had[n]'t gone there (myself), what would I do or [g]ive you?" 82:30-33; a-rna pi-i sd1 be-li rhal-du-ril belt li-pu-us, "Let my lord do exactly what my lord would like (to do) abo[ut] th[ese] words" 110 r. 3'-4'; a hftb-tu ma-la ib-tab-tu-nu pu-tu-ru ina Su"-li-nu la te-ep-pu-u, "And also you must not ransom from them any of those whom they have already taken captive" 19:10-13; di-na-a ritl-ti "Tam-mas-il e-rpisl, "Execute proceedings against Tammas-Il" 23:21; di-ni sd be-if DU-us me-namma kal-an-nu, "The decision which my lord made-why is he withholding it from me?" 21:22-23; ki-i t zi-qur-rat in-na-dsi-um-ma li-pu-u, "If the ziggurat (is his to build), give (it) to him and let him build" 33:19-20 In the idiom dulla epesu, "to do work, perform service": t at-tu-f-ka dul-la-ka am-mar la ta-qab-bi um-ma man-nu dul-lu li-pu-us 3 ME tRIN.MES erpis' dul-lu ina pa-ni-ka rdul-la-ka sd te-ep-pu-u' rmal-a>-da lu-t ba-na, "And will I see your work? You mustn't say: 'Who will do the work?' Three hundred laborers are at your disposal. There is a great deal of work for you to do. Let it be good" 92:20-27; ul-tu ana-ku 1r• m"Mul-se-zib ritl-ti a-rla-mesl [sab-ta]-a-nu ki-i har-pu-tu dul-rlil [i-n]a rURU 1 Indu-ul [i-pu]-rusi, "After Mu'ezib and I [ban]ded(?) together, he promptly [perfor]med service for me [i]n the town of Indul" 17:9-12; al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dul-la-ka e-pu-us di-sd ana LO Ga-a-me te-ep-pu-si dul-la-a e-pu-us, "Come and do your work here. Inasmuch as you will be doing work for the GAmu tribe, do my work" 9:18-22; a-na E[N.LfL.KI] ki-i a[llik] a-na b[e-lf-ia] dul(!)-la [e-pu-us], "When I w[ent] to N[ippur], [I performed] service for [my] l[ord]" 102:12-15; LO.TUR.MES dul-lu ina pa-ni-ka li-pu-us, "The servants should work under your supervision" 89:7-8 In the idiom kitta epeiu, "to make an alliance" (see comment on No. 31:14): NIN-ta* sdaina KUR Tam-tim ka-la-a-ti mam-ma a-na KU.BABBAR ul i-nam-din-su kit-te te-pu- us, "Eristu, who is being detained in the Sealand, no one will sell her. You have entered an alliance" 31:11-14 In the idiom tfbuita epeiu, "to make an alliance" (see comment on No. 30:17): en-na a-du-d ki-i MUN SES-d-a f-qat-tu-ma i-pu-us AN§E.ME ftlal tu-mas-sar tir-ras-si-nu-ti, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them" 35:4-7; MUN.UI.A rkil-i te-pu-uS qu-ut-ti-si-ma, "Just as you made the alliance, put an end to it" 30:17-18 epinnu "plow" See also bel Itarbi, erieu (B), mayyaru, pa3dru, rittu, sapdnu [md]MAS-Do-Ug LO.ENGAR-a [GI]S.APIN-a ki-i d-mag-gir [ki]-i ijt-li-qf, "As soon [a]s Ninurta-ipus, my cultivator, abandoned my [p]low, he ran away" 16:4-6; GU4 .NINDA.MES ul-tu lib-bi rAB(!?).GU 41.uI.A r150+1 GIS.APIN.[MESI be-ift lil-is-bat-am-rmal, "Let my lord take the young bulls from the cows (and also) one hundred and fifty(+) plows" 94:26-29; ul(!)-tu UD.1.FKAM1 sd ITI.APIN GIS.APIN.MES id be-li-ia il-rlakI, "After the first day of Arabsamnu, the plows of my lord will go" 93:8-10; oi.uchicago.edu 308 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR GIS.APIN.FMESI [t GU4.MES] id LO.ENGAR.MES a-rdi(?)1 [x]-x-rkal gab-bi a-na KIN rbe-lf-i-nul a-bu-uk- ma si-ril-[bu] &d be-lI-i-nu sd ina KA-rIi pi-gi-ir-ti lup-sur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10; en-na ki-i na-kut-ti ds-s' GIS.APIN.MES &d pi-i be-lf-i-nu Fal-na SES-ia ds-pu-ra, "Now in urgency I have written to my brother concerning the plows that were ordered by our lord" 92:16-19 eqlu "field" See also qaqqaru, Sibu ma-la KO.BABBAR-ka sd i-na pft-bi i-na eq-li-ka si-il-mu mam-ma la i-par-frakl-ka-a-ma, "Let no one bar you from any of your silver which is safeguarded in the hole in your field" 106:9-13 erbiu "four times" mNu-6-ru 4-id dib-bu a-na muh-hi-Fidl ub-te-e, "NFiru has four times sought an agreement with me" 13:11-14 erEbu "to enter, come back" (G); "to make enter, bring into" (S) On the combination of the verbs asa and eribu, see the note to No. 12:18-20 G-stem: 6s-su t mBa-ni-ia sd tas-pur um-ma a-na t.KUR la ir-ru-ub a a-na pa-ni-ka la ir-ru-ub apte-qid-su, "Concerning Biniya about whom you wrote, saying 'He must not enter Ekur, and he must not enter your presence.' I appointed him" 33:4-7 [ul-tu i-na URU 1 Qf-bi-dEN a-rna pal-ni-fial te-ruba-am-ma, "After you entered my presence in Qibi-Bl8 ... " 66:6-7; en-na ki-i SUKU.uI.A ina t mURUlu-mur ia-a-nu SUKU.UI.A lid-da-ds-su li-ru-ub-ma t-su li-mur-ma lil-lik-ma liq-ba-ds-St-nu-tu, "Now, if there are no rations in the house of All-limur, let him (my brother?) give him (AlI-l-mur?) rations. Let him go in and inspect his house and go and speak to them" 1:18-22; ki-i a-na tu-bi pani-ka um-ma URU Il-ta-zi-ni ki-i lib-bi-Su(!)-nu li-ru-bu d lu-su-u, "If it is good for you, say (to them): 'May they come in and go out of Iltazinu as they please'" 7:21-24; gal-la si(!)-d mi-iq-ti ina muh-ti-sui u a-na sub-ti-ni a-na a-si-ni u e-re-bi-ni SES-t-a lis-al, "... that stone has damage on it now. Therefore let my brother inquire about our (right) to go out and come back to our dwellings" 12:16-21 In the idiom ana libbi uzni X erebu, "to come within earshot of X" (see note to No. 2:13-15): a-di IGI"-ia tam-mar 1+en ina lib-bi SES.MES-e-1s a-na lib-fbil GESTU".MES-4d la ir-ru-ub-ma la d-sah-laq-Sd, "Until you see me in person, not a single one of his brothers must come within earshot of him, that he may not help him to escape" 2:12-15 S-stem: i ki-i ana ZI.[ME'] Isu-rul-[bu] fpil ka-a-di-ds Imim-mu-6l lu-mur, "And if they are to be made to ent[er] among the dependent[s], let me see some authorization from his guard-post" 4:14-18; alte-Imul um-ma a-na i.ME[9] iu-ru-bu la tu-mas-sar-m[a k]i-i ina EN.JLfL1.[KI] ki-i ina lib-bi A-lraml SESa-a il-te-rmu(?)-u(?)l, "I've heard: 'You must not abandon bringing (them) into the house[s].' Bu[t] has my brother heard [wh]ether (these houses are) in Nippu[r] or in Aram?" 4:18-24 eresu (A) "to request, crave, desire" See also merestu, seba, sibitu ki-i mim-ma te-ri-rSdl-an-ni sup-ram-ma lu-le-bi-lak-ka, "If you crave anything from me, write to me and I'll send it to you" 2:32-34; a mim-mu-4 LO.ARAD.t.GAL.JMES1 ir-ri-riul-d-kain-na-di-sd-nu- ti, "And whatever the builders request of you, give (it) to them" 89:9-10; ["]MU-[SUM LO.DUMU Sipril-ia [tu-el-mu i-rris1 a-na be-lf-Fial liq-bi, "Suma-iddin, my messenger, has requested instructions. Let him speak to my lord" 110:6-8 eresu (B) "to plant, cultivate" See also bil iarbi, epinnu, mayydru, pasdru, rittu, sapdnu gab-bil [I.UI.A] fSE.BAR1 ik-kal INUMUN 1 [ni]-rirl[en-na i-n]a lib-bi ITI.A[PIN] [ANSE].JKURl.RA.EMES ri-su-fdl ra-di U,1.UDU.UI.A sd be-l-[ial i-na bal-am-ra 0.UI.A SE.rBAR1 ik-kal, "[Now i]n Arab[sam- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 309 nu], all the [ho]rses will be grazing on the [stubble] of the wheat. Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:19-25; GU4 ni-ris, "Bring me a plow-ox so that we can cultivate" 91:11-13; kur-banrit-ta ab-kdm-ma e-re-si nu Si-i-iu(!) ma->a-da ki-i la pa-di-ra ul ta-a-bu a-na e-re-li, "The clods of the farm are numerous; if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting" 92:12-15; [LO1.OS.SA.JDU.MES URU 1 gab-bi e-re-es-.su-nul ruql-ta-at-tu-[dl, "All the city's neighbors have completed their planting" 93:13-15 Erib kinisti sa bit ill "member of the temple assembly" See also bit ili; for discussion see comment on No. 111:6-7 fal-na [m]dEN-mu-SIG, LO e-ri-bi UKKIN i [• 1 .DINGIR be-lf liq-bi-ma lis-al um-ma u-Fdel-e re-ril ina "la-a-sar [ina] 1F1 mla-a-lia-al-nu [ina] r• man-ni, "Let my lord speak to BIlt f m lRa-pa-a ina m mudammiq, a member of the temple assembly, and ask: 'Are the copper utensils in the House of Rapa>? In the House of Yasar? [In] the House of layyAnu? [In] whose house?'" 111:5-13 erfi "copper" See also kaspu, parzillu fal-na [m]dEN-mu-SiGs LO e-ri-bi UKKIN sa i1.DINGIR be-li liq-bi-ma li'-al um-ma u-rdel-e re-ril ina t rmlRa-pa-a' ina t mla-a-sar [ina] FTl mja-a-ria-al-nu[ina] rFl man-ni, "Let my lord speak to BElmudammiq, a member of the temple assembly, and ask: 'Are the copper utensils in the House of Rapa'? In the House of Yasar? [In] the House of Ijayydnu? [In] whose house?'" 111:5-13; ui-de-e e-rril d a(!)-na bu-du ha-al-qa, "The copper utensils which are (intended for use) at the budu-ceremony have disappeared" 111:16-18 eseku (esiliu) "to assign"; (with ina qdt) "to requisition" See comment on No. 60:14 2 GU4.MES ba[b]-rbal-nu-ti sd ina rit-ti ina [Su][ " mBa-bti-a-nu e-rsil-ki(!)-ma bi-iri-ri-ma mulr-ru, "Requisition, levy, or buy fr[om] Babidnu two f[i]ne oxen accustomed to the plow" 60:11-15 esitu (eSitu) "trouble, confusion" See comment on No. 84:10-11 e-si-ta i-na rbi-ri-i-nul la ta-rraml-m[a], "Don't caus[e] trouble between us" 84:10-11; e-si-tu ina bi-rit-e-nu la tas-sd-kin, "Let no trouble arise between us" 75:29-30 s see ti eisru "to prosper, be all right" GU4 bi-ri a-[dil-kan-na ul i-4ir, "The breeding bull until now has not been well" 91:5-6 e'itu see esitu eriu "ten times" d 10-id LO-ka LO mam-ma-nu-i-ka sd a-ta-mar a-pat-tar-am-ma a-kil-lak-ka, "And I will ransom ten of your men-any man of yours whom I have seen-and I will hold (him) for you" 24:20-24 et.ru "to pay" (G); "to pay in full" (D) See also apalu, bdbtu, jiardsu, ibbiM, napdlu, nikkassu G-stem: ki-i ma-ad KJ.BABBAR sd ina mur-jri-rfi4 1-nu a-par-ra-rsula-na rSul"-ia i-tir,, "If it is much silver that I should set aside for them, pay it to me" 30:10-13 D-stem: [a-d]u ki-i §ES Fr)l LO be-if MUN.UI.A [a]t-ta tRIN.MES-ia i-sur-ma KO.BABBAR-ka i-na 1 GIN IGI.4.GAL.LA lutf-tir-ka, "No]w if [y]ou are a brother and an ally, guard my men, and I will pay you in full for your silver-(plus) one-quarter for every shekel" 24:14-19 oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 310 etlu "warrior" ba-an-til be-lt lis-pu-ram-ma ma-la GURUS.[MESI Idli pa-rnil [be-lf-ia] rmail-ru flul-bu-kdm-ma, "Let my lord write to me posthaste, and I will come and bring to my lord as many warriors as are suitable for my lord" 29:9-14 gabarti "reply" ba-an-tis GABA.RI tup-pi-ia lu-mur, "Quickly, let me see a reply to my tablet" 10:23-24; 1GABA1.RI tup-[pi-ia lu-mur], "[Let me see] a reply to [my] tab[let]" 96:29; ba-an-tisi rGABA1.RI-ka [a-na] rtupl- pi-id lu-mur, "Quickly, let me see your reply [to] my tablet" 69:27-28; lia-an-tiI GABA.RI tup-pii sup-rul, "Quickly! Send me a reply to my tablet" 44:21-23 gabbi (gabbu) "all, entire(ty)" gab-bu 59:4; gab-bi 13:7; 27:11, 16; 34:7; 38:11; 41:10; 43:13; 75:18; 83:6; 92:7, 28, 31; 93:14; 97:26; 106:17; rgabl-bi 30:20; [gab-bil 20:6; 44:18; 45:5; 94:20; [gab]-fbil 41:19; rgab(?)1-b[i(?)] 45:21; rgab(?)l-[bi] 35:21; gab-bi-su 1:36; 40:10; rgab-bil-s 111:13; gab-bi-su-nu 15:16; 60:29; [ga]b-bi-su-nu 15:9 galila (a type of stone used for inscriptions and reliefs) See comment on No. 12:16 i-da-tum4-ma ul-tu ina t mdAG-SILIM LO id t mBA-sd-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-rkul u mBA-id a-na a-za-Imesl ni-il-li-[kul u at-ta id UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-u en-na gal-la sid(!)-d mi-iq-ti ina muh-hisu, "This is to attest that after Iqisa and I had come together in the House of Nabf-usallim-a man of Iqlsa-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18 gamaru "to use up, spend" See also qata, qitu mim-mu-i rxl KUN/UU Id a-na muh-hi-is-nu ig-mu-ru ra-naml-din, "I myself will here pay whatever [...] they have used up on their behalf" 83:37-38 gammalu "camel" a-du-d ANSE.A.AB.BA a-na* pa-ni-ka al-tap-ra 41 MA.NA ki-i pi id KI.LAM a-kan-rna-kal mubti-i-ram- tmal id-bil, "I have now dispatched a camel to you. Offer me (an amount worth) four and onehalf minas according to the rate of exchange there and send (it)" 51:22-28; 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES 1) 3 tRIN.MES ul-rtul ta-mir-tu t rla-ki-nul a-kan-na-ka [it-tab-sil, "Five camels and three laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there" 4:4-7; ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] ANSE.A.AB.BA ZO.LUM.rMAl in-da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al-ka a-di la LU ma-dak-ti ta-ka"*-sd*-du*, "If you can't op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the campaigning army arrives" 39:14-19; KU.BABBAR id SES-rtl-[a] is-Sii-d-[nul ANSE.A.JAB.BAI i-ta-baka-m[a] KO.BABBAR tir-ram-[ma] lu(!)-bi-bu-nu, "The silver which m[y] brother brought-he led away the camel (upon which it was still loaded). Return the silver so [that] they may clear me of the claims" 65:4-9; en-na FU,1.UDU.UI.A.MES sd mGu-dul-[x(-x)] [LO].rSIPA dl-tir-ri [tŽ] ANSE.A.AB.BA [sd "]dAG-A.GAL rnil-i-ni nu-tir, "Now the [sh]epherd has returned the flocks of Gudu[...]. [And] we ourselves have returned the camel [of] NabQ-le'i" 103:12-17; ki-i mGIS.MI-a LO.SIPA [ANSEi.A.AB.BA [a-kan-n]a-ka ba-an-til Sup-raS-iti, "If Silla the camel-herd is [ther]e, send him here right away" 62:19-24; ki-i ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES id i-di ta-ta-mar SE.BAR i-Sam-ma al-ka, "If you see camels for hire, fetch the wheat and come" 95:4-6; MUN.UI.A rkil-i te-pu-us qu-ut-ti-sui-ma [ANSE.A 1.AB.JBA inal SUrial-ma rgabl-bi x x, "Just as you made the alliance, put an end to it. The camel(s) in my possession are all [...]" 30:17-20; a-du-d LO.UNUG.[KI-a-al id ANSE.A.AB.BA.JMESg-d-lInu tabl-tu a-na paan [SES1-id al-tap-fral, "I have now dispatched to my brother the Urukians whose camels were plundered" 32:4-7 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 311 gammiR (a type of wood) See also ballukku, kiWkanfi, sakkullu, sassuffgu; for discussion see comment on No. 97:5-6 and 31 GIS gaml-mis sd be-rfl iq-ba-ral ra-du-d6 GIS gam-mis ki-fi a-murl ana pi a-na 1 GIN LO.DAM.GAR [i]p-ta-ra-as ratl-ta-si-fqul, "(Concerning) the gammis-wood about which my lord spoke to me-now when I saw gammis-wood, the merchant [d]ivided (it) into exact one-shekel portions (and) I made a selection" 97:5-8; GIS gam-mis a-sar i-ba-ds-su-u ul d-mas-si u-ba-a>-i(!)-ma a-na be-rll-id ud-eb[i-li], "I couldn't find the place where the gammis-wood was available; but I searched around and have (now) se[nt] (some) to my lord" 97:31-33 gazizu "to shear" ki-i ina URU La-be-e-fril DUMU-su adiZa-bi-ni sfG.UI.A ig-rzul-zu [za]-an-tis up-rral-nim-ma [lul]li-kdm-ma [sfG.UlI].Al ina SU"-si rlu-uml-bur, "If the son of Zabinu has sheared the wool in Labiru, [qui]ckly write to me and [I will c]ome and accept the [woo]l from him" 46:10-16; sd 5 MA.NA KJ.BABBAR SIG.UI.A ina SUn LO Pu-qu-da-a-a ki-i ag-zu-zu a-na r5 MA.NA-4 ul gd-lim I GIN.AM i-mattu, "Of the wool valued at five minas of silver received from the Puqidians-when I sheared (it), it(?) did not amount(?) to five minas. They were each short one-third mina" 46:22-27; ki-i Ug.UDU.UI.A Fsl1 LU A-ra-mu ib-ba-ku-d-nu la ta-me-rik-ka-rmal ritl-ti-su-nu fall-kdm-ma a-kan-na niig-zu-zu, "Because they are leading the flock of the Arameans here, don't delay. Come with them, and let us do the shearing here" 47:4-10 gerfl "to become hostile" r•l ig-de-ru-d-k[a] sup-ram-ma ra-ma-na-rnil ni-is-sur, "But (if) they have turned hostile towards yo[u], write to me so that we may protect ourselves" 18:21-23 grfi see gdra gimillu "favor" In the idiom gimilla turru, "to wreak vengeance": [ki-i] Fijil-bu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] riq-bul-nu um-rmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tir-ru um-[ma en-na] ib-fbu-unnil SuF"l-[ni lik-su-da], "[After] he plundered me, am[ong us] they spoke saying (not only): 'They have wreaked [vengeanc]e,' (but) also: '[Now let us re]cover our loss'" 20:7-11 GIS.SE.JAR (an herb or drug) dsg-g GIS.SE.IAR d~SE0S--a Fis-pul-ra a-du*-i 10 GUR sd [x].x.MES GIS.SE.LAR bab-ba-nu-i a-na rSES1ia ul-te-bi-lu, "Concerning the GIS.SE.UAR about which my brother wrote to me-I have now shipped to my brother ten kor of [...] of fine-quality GIS.SE.UAR" 96:6-9 gistallu "joist" a mam-ma ina pa-an LU.ARAD.t.GAL.MES ia-a -nu-um-rmal GIS.rURI.MES gis-tal-li GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GIS si-i-pi O GIS.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-dig-fgi, "And (inasmuch as) there is absolutely no one in charge of the builders, no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon" 89:13-17 gudiidu "patrol, band" See also madaktu, sdbua a qasti; for discussion see comment on No. 18:4-5 Li gu-du-du &d t mla-a-ki-nu ki-i il-lik-a-nu 4 tRIN.MES 5 ANSE.MES itl-tab-tu, "When the Bit-Yakin patrol came, they stole four men, five donkeys" 18:4-7 gurunnu "heap, mound" a-Fdil i-mat ki-i e-Fperl-ti a-ga-a i-na [g]u-ru-un-nu Sak-na-Fatl, "How long will it be before this baked brick must be placed in a [h]eap?" 103:18-21 oi.uchicago.edu 312 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR gusiru "beam" I1 mam-ma ina pa-an LO.ARAD.I.GAL.ME§ ia-a'-nu-um-rmal GISJ.IR1.MES gis-tal-li GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GI§ Si-i-pi a GIS.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-dg-Fsal, "And (inasmuch as) there is absolutely no one in charge of the builders, no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon" 89:13-17 babilu "to cheat, to do wrong" See also efibiltu ra-man-gu la ta-hab-bil, "Don't cheat yourself" 106:14-15; ra-m[an]-gu fla ta-bab-bi-ill, "Don't cheat yourse[lf]" 30:22-23; a-di 10 IRIN.MES it-ti-gsi ri-sa-li-qu a-na muht-bi-ka ki-i at-ta-ki-la ti-bilta tah-te-bi-la-an-ni, "But right up to the time that he made ten men run away with him, you were doing me wrong-even though I trusted you" 11:14-19; ti-bil-ti si-i bab-la-a-nu, "This wrong would be our own doing" 75:30-31 babitu "to plunder, rob, go marauding" See also habitu, thubtu, sabdtu tRIN.jMES1-ia i GU, .MES-ia tah-tab-ti en-na Flu-ili ti-da-a rki-il at-tu-na a-na EN KOR-ia ta-tu(erasure)Fral, "You have plundered my men and my cattle. Now you should know that they belong to us. You have become my enemy" 8:4-9; LU gu-du-du sd t 'la-a-ki-nu ki-i il-lik-u-nu 4 tRIN.MES 5 ANSE.MES ih-tab-tu, "When the Bit-Yakin patrol came, they stole four men, five donkeys" 18:4-7; a-du-u LO.EN.LIL.KI.MESi Id 8ES.MES-su-nu DUMU.JMES1 hab-tu il-tap-rak-[ka], "Now the people of Nippur-those whose brothers are the citizens who have been plundered-have written to y[ou]" 18:15-17; [ki-i] rihl-bu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] riq-bul-nu um-rmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tir-ru um-[ma en-na] ibrbu-un-nil Su•"i-[ni lik-su-da], "[After] he plundered me, am[ong us] they spoke saying (not only): 'They have wreaked [vengeanc]e,' (but) also: '[Now let us re]cover our loss'" 20:7-11; a-du-u LO.UNUG.JKI-a-al sd ANsE.A.AB.BA.rMES-lS-nu fhabl-tu a-na pa-an ISESi-id al-tap-rral ki-i LO U-bulu ih-bu-ti-sg-n[u]-rtul (x) rANSE 1.KU[NGA.MES] (broken), "I have now dispatched to my brother the Urukians whose camels were plundered. If the Ubfilu tribe has plundered th[e]m, [...] mu[les ... ]" 32:4-10; a GU4-ka sd hab-tu -tar-rak-Fkal, "Moreover, your ox which has been plundered I will return to you" 24:25-27; renl-na LO* la im-me-rik-ka [mE]-res [li]-bu-kas-sum-ma rLO1 l a-bi-ta-ni hab-ti liq-ba-a, "Now the man must not delay. [Let E]resu bring him here, and let him tell me (the names of) the marauders who have plundered" 86:28-32; hab-tak a ral-[n]a pa-an-i-rkal at-tal-ka rlul-[b]i-ra ul tu-kdt-tam-ran-ni-il, "(If) I was robbed and came t[o] you, you wouldn't even cover me with a ro[b]e" 35:12-14; Fa-ki-il [hab(?)]-rtal-nuk[i-i] FEN Ear-bi.ME§1 a-na pa-an rbel-lf-ia niil-tap-ra, "It was because we were [plunder(?)]ed t[hat] we sent the owners of barbu-plows to my lord" 98:10-13; en-na man-nu s i a-du-a ih-ta-nab-bat,"Now anybody who wishes can go about marauding" 19:13-15 In the expression hubta habitu, "to take captive, to take plunder": LO.UNUG.KI-a-a ki-i il-lik-fi-nu um-ma bu-bu-ut-ku-nu sd hab-tu a-du-t LO si-lul-lu ina UNUG.KI i-pa-dS-sd-rrul, "When the Urukians came, they said: 'Now, in Uruk, petty dealers are selling the plunder which they took from you'" 18:10-14; at-ta a sga-a it-ti a-ba-rmegl sa-al-matu-nu a at-rtul-nu r[tul-ub-t[a]-ni i-hab-bat, "You and he are on friendly terms with each other; yet he is making captiv[e]s of our people" 18:23-28; a t•ub-tu ma-la it-tab-tu-nu putu-ru ina Su"-Sg-nu la te-ep-pu-us, "And also you must not ransom from them any of those whom they have already taken captive" 19:10-13 hibitu "marauder" See also ftabatu, hubtu, sarru, sartattu, tebf dg-sa tlu-ub-ta a LO.DAM.GAR Id tal-pur ha-bi-ta-nu at-tu-ka LO.DAM.GAR DUMU TIN.TIR.KI, "Concerning the captive and merchant about whom you wrote: 'The marauders are yours, and the merchant is a citizen of Babylon'" 28:5-9; [ha-bi]-ta-nu (context broken) 28:17; renl-na LO* la im-me-rikka [mE]-res [li]-bu-kas-sum-ma [LI 1 ha-bi-ta-ni tab-tu liq-ba-a, "Now the man must not delay. [Let oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 313 E]resu bring him here, and let him tell me (the names of) the marauders who have plundered" 86:28-32 badi§ "gladly" ki-i pa-an SES-id ma[b-r]u a-dig la-pa-an LO.DAM.JGARI lu-uS-sam-ma rlul-se-rbil-lak-ka, "[N]ow if it su[it]s my brother, I will gladly convey her from the merchant and have (her) brought to you" 82:26-29 badfi "to prefer, wish, want (to do something)" SE.BAR in-na-ds-sum-ma ha-di a-na ni-is-hi ha-di-ma a-na Ki.BABBAR lid-din, "Give him wheat; and (if) he prefers, let him put it (on deposit) for withdrawal (later); or (if) he prefers, let him sell it" 37:7-9; r[E1.BAR a-na mdAG-rAI.[GAL] i-din-ma a-na t ha-du-d lid-din, "Give the wheat to Nabil[6i] and let him sell to the house which he prefers" 37:20-22; rkil-i mdAMAR.UTU-LUGAL-a-ni it-talka ki-i ha-du-d a-na rKA.DINGIR1.RA.KI it-ti-sg lis-gi, "If Marduk-sarrfni comes, let him carry with him to Babylon whatever he wishes" 38:12-15; 2 LU qal-la-lu-tu lu-ud jd Kul-la-a lu-ui sd E-sag-gil-a s~ mam-ma i-na lib-bi-si-ni sd a-na tu-bi be-lf-id sak-na a lu-i a-me-lut-tu mim-ma sd be-lf-id lu-u 7Ti-ru-tu lu-ui fQ-rbil-DOG.GA lu-ui d ha-du-d be-li li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik, "My lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boys-either of the woman Kulla, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tiritu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers" 83:26-31; en-na mannu sd ha-du-i ih-ta-nab-bat, "Now anybody who wishes can go about marauding" 19:13-15; u,-mu sd a-na pa-ni-ka it-rtall-[ku]-f ma-la sd rha-dul-d li-is-bat, "When he go[e]s to you, let him take as many as he likes" 47:18-21; a-rna pi-i sdl be-li rhaldu.ril be-lf li-pu-us, "Let my lord do exactly what my lord would like (to do) abo[ut] th[ese] words" 110 r. 3'-4'; ki-i be-if ha-[du-u] [ana(?)] LU Pu-q[u-du] [lul(?)-lik(?)], "If my lord w[ishes, let me go(?) to(?)] the Puqiidu" 53:2325; Su-pur-ma ma-la gd ha-da-a-ta sfG.JI.A ina Svu-si i-si, "Write and take from him as much wool as you wish" 48:12-15 ballqu "to run away, escape, perish, disappear" (G); "to allow to escape" (D); "to help to escape, to make runaway" (S) See also balqu G-stem: mgd-lim ina pa-ni-ka la tu-mas-gar sui--ma a-na 1+en a-bi la i-hal-liq, "You must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else" 2:4-6; a TdENl ki-i rihl-li-qa, "And by B61, he did not escape" 23:16; d[A]G rkil-i LU gi<-i> a-n[a] p[a]-ni-ia la i-hal-li-rqal a-di dgrpul-rak-ka um-ma di-na-a litl-ti mTam-mas-fl e-Fpisl, "(But) by Nabfl, this man will try to escape until I have finally sent (him) to you, saying: 'Execute proceedings against Tammas-Il'" 23:18-21; ["mdMAS-DO-ug LO.ENGAR-a [GI]S.APIN-a ki-i i-masg-ir [ki]-i ih-li-qf, "As soon [a]s Ninurta-ipus, my cultivator, abandoned my [p]low, he ran away" 16:4-6; ul-tu URU Sd-pi-rid1 [ki]-ril rihl-li-qa mInaqi-bi-[dE]N-rDIN1 is-sa-bat-su, "(But) [wh]en he escaped from Sapiya, Ina-qibi-[B]Jl-ablut captured him" 17:13-15; LO-td-a am-me-ni tah-liq a-rnal(erased)-kan-na-ka ds-bat, "Why did my slave run away (and) settle there?" 78:6-7; LU a-mi-lut-tu idSES-ia sd tah-liq a-du-a i-na URU Ki-ip-ra-a-nu am-rat, "My brother's slave who ran away has now been seen in the town Kiprfnu" 81:4-7; ZI.MES ina UGu-i-nu i-ba-ds-sg tal-lak-ma hal-qa-a-ta, "There are rebels among us. If you go, you'll perish" 10:27-29; en-na [a]l-te-mu um-ma [tRI]N.MES-ia sd hal-qu [SEs]-a-a ip-ta-tar-~i-nu-t[u], "Now [I] have heard that my [brother] has ransomed my [me]n who disappeared" 24:10-13; a-de-e e-rril 3d a(!)-na bu-du ha-al-qa, "The copper utensils which are (intended for use) at the badu-ceremony have disappeared" 111:16-18 D-stem: LO a-me-lu-tu a-na hu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-dsg-g, "The slave-you've allowed him to escape" 81:25-27; [SE]ýS--a la i-qab-bi [u]m-ma a-na hu-ul-lu-qu ki-i ib-ba-ku-usg E-aU-a la i-kil-li-sg, "My [broth]er must not say: 'Because he is leading him away in order to allow (him) to escape, my brother must not keep him'" 86:7-10 oi.uchicago.edu 314 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR S-stem: a-di IGI"-ia tam-mar 1+en ina lib-bi SES.MES-e-Su a-na lib-rbil GEcTU".MES-a la ir-ru-ub-ma la d-sah-Iaq-sd, "Until you see me in person, not a single one of his brothers must come within earshot of him, that he may not help him to escape" 2:12-15; a-di 10 tRIN.MES it-ti-su du-sa-li-qu a-na mub-bi-ka ki-i at-ta-ki-la bi-bil-ta tab-te-bi-la-an-ni, "But right up to the time that he made ten men run away with him, you were doing me wrong-even though I trusted you" 11:14-19 halqu "runaway" See also baldqu am-me-ni Lt hal-qu tu-tir-ram-ma a-na LO be-lf KOR-ia ta-nam-rdinl, "Why did you capture the runaway and are now giving him to my enemy?" 2:30-32 bamAdu "to cover over" See comment on No. 35:27 rkitl-ta a-kan-na-ka KI.rLAM-ial ah-mid qu-i-rlil ki-pi-it-ma rtirl-ru, "In truth, I've covered over my market stall there. Collect the coils and return them to me" 35:25-28 hamatu "barren waste" See comment on No. 72:12 LOr A sip-ril-ka ru-bal-[,a] ti-is-bi rsAl ta-mat-ti, "I am loo[king for] your messenger. (But it's like finding) a bumper crop in the heart of a barren waste" 72:11-12 bamru "irrigated area" See comment on No. 94 reverse INUMUNI [ni]-rirl-ri-su-FriFa-di U, 1.UDU.UI.A sd be-ll-rial i-na rhal-am-ra O.jI.A SE.[BAR1 ik-kal, "Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:21-25 bamfu "to rely, be dependent upon" See comment on No. 97:31 i-na pa-an rmDU1-NUMUN be-if lid-din-ma lu-ru1-usg-ib-ma lu-u ha-ma-ka a-na-ku, "Now let my lord make the gift in the presence of Mukin-zeri, so that I too may settle, and so that I too may be a dependent" 97:29-31 bantis "quickly, right away, posthaste" ki-i ina URU La-he-e-fril DUMU-i sd 'Za-bi-ni sfG.UI.A ig-rzul-zu [ba]-an-tis up-rral-nim-ma [lul]li-kdm-ma [sfG.U1].rAl ina St"-i rFlu-uml-bur, "If the son of Zabinu has sheared the wool in Labiru, [qui]ckly write to me and [I will c]ome and accept the [woo]l from him" 46:10-16; ta-an-tfi beIf lu-mas-si-ma lis-pu-ra, "Quickly, let my lord get news, and let him write to me" 80:30-31; haranl-[tfi] GIS.KfN su-bi-la ha-an-tig GABA.RI tup-pi-ia lu-mur, "Quic[kly], send me kigkana-wood. Quickly, let me see a reply to my tablet" 10:22-24; rfa-anl-tis rfES-a-al tup-pi-su u Su-l[um-gs] lua-mas-sa-imal liS-pu-ra, "Quickly, let my brother find his tablet and [his] greet[ing] and let him send a letter to me" 107:12-15; ha-an-til KI.BABBAR rSEg1-i-a lu-ge-bi-lam-ma lul-lik-ma lu-up-turag-ga, "Quickly! My brother should send me silver that I may go and ransom him" 81:7-9; ha-anfti LO.DUMU jip-ri-ka lu-mur, "Quickly! Let me see your messenger" 39:22-23; a-na-ku ha-an-fis a-na pa-ni-ka al-la-ka, "Right away I myself will come to you" 89:26-27; INIM "Mu-gal-lim ba-ran1. tis a-na pa-an mGu-lu-sg be-li lis-pur, "Quickly, let my lord send Musallim's decision to Gulnigu" 57:12-13; ki-i mGIS.MI-a LO.SIPA rANSEI.A.AB.BA [a-kan-n]a-ka tfa-an-tfi gup-ras-~i, "If Sillf the camelherd is [ther]e, send him here right away" 62:19-24; t KJ.BABBAR a-na lib-bi 1m ll-tam-meS ki-i addin Ia-fan-tfl KA-tul a-pu-rlul, "And when I handed over the silver to Iltammes, I straightway satisfied the outstanding balance" 45:6-8; ta-an-ti a-Fdil la LO bzar-ra-a-nu id FLO gd-kinl il-la-ku-d[ni] i-[di]-ma al-kdm-ma fa-nal-din, "Quickly, before the caravan of the gaknu-official come[s], ma[ke a depo]sit, come, and I will give (to you)" 45:27-30; hal-an-tisl LO.DUMU sip-ri-ku-nu ILO oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 315 La-bil-ri lil-<li->kdm-ma lik-fru-bul, "Quickly, let your messengers <g>o greet the Labirians" 43:2426; ba-an-til [be-lf tup-pa]-rg1i u SILIM-StU lis-pur, "Quickly, let [my lord] send his [tablet] and greeting" 21:24-25; pa-an-til a-na SE8-ia d-se-bi-li, "I will send a shipment to my brother right away" 49:9-11; ha-an-rtis u-[lum-gu mus-sil-ma sup-ra, "Quickly! Find your greeting and send it to me" 85:19-20; #a-an-tis' rGABAI.RI-ka [a-na] rtupl-pi-id lu-mur, "Quickly, let me see your reply [to] my tablet" 69:27-28; a-du-i r lEri-ba a-na pa-an SE§-ia rall-tap-ra ha-an-tis li-ih-ti-si dul-laa mus-sur, "Now I have sent Eriba to my brother. Let him return quickly. My work lies abandoned" 90:7-11; ba-an-i&SES-d-a lu-di-se-bi-li, "My brother should send a shipment posthaste" 70:23-24; ha-an-tig be-lf lis-pu-ram-ma ma-la GURUS.JMES 1 [r1i pa-rnil [be-li-ia] rmabl-ru rlul-bu-kdm-ma ralna pa-an be-li-id lul-li-ka, "Let my lord write to me posthaste, and I will come and bring to my lord as many warriors as are suitable for my lord" 29:9-16; ha-an-tis rGABA.RI tup-pi-id sup-rul, "Quickly! Send me a reply to my tablet" 44:21-23 harapu "to hurry; to be early" See also barpitu hur-pa-am-ma sup-ru mim-mu-l KASKAL"-ia gab-bi at-tir, "Hurry and write to me! I have readied all the proceeds of my caravan venture" 75:16-18; ki-i riq-bu-di-[n]u 4ur-rpa(!)l(erasure?)-ampaan rLI 1 [ha]r-ra-a-nu ki-i ral-dag-gal ul am-me-rrikl-ka, "Because they told m[e] 'Hurry'-even though I am waiting for the [ca]ravan, I will not delay" 84:16-20; a-na 4a-ra-pi ul taq-ba-nim-ma ul ak-li-gi, "You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him" 81:22-24; ril ra-nal 4a-ra-pi be-lf ul is-pur ul-tu "Ha-bil-GINA il-li-ka ul iq-ba-a', AN.BAR ina pa-ni-su addin*, "But my lord didn't write (to me) soon enough, (and) he didn't say (anything) to me after gabil-kinu had come to me. Therefore, I sold the iron before him" 41:27-32 barisu "to make a withdrawal, deduction (from an account); to write off, cancel an order" See also apalu, bdbtu, eteru, ibba, napdlu, nasdhu, nikkassu, nisbu For discussion see comment on No. 2:22-23 l+en-s' 2-Sg la kit-ta-a a4-tar-sa-a,"Have I even once or twice unjustly made a withdrawal?" 2:21-23; ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-rbil um-ma a-na FUGU1 GIS.GIGIR-ka gd i-na sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar-rat sab-ta-tu la ta-har-ra-asa-na-ku GI.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma i-seb-bi-lak-ka, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'?" 33:23-29; sad-da-qdd a-na pa-an be-li-ia al-taprral um-ma pa-an be-li-ia mah-r[a] ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-rbal-nu-i-ti ra-na bel-li-ia rlu-ui-el-bi-li [u] rki-i ANSEI.KUNGA.MES [ul sel-ba-a-ta rbe-li ii-ihl-ru-us, "Last year I wrote to my lord, saying: '(If) it suit[s] my lord, let me send fine mules to my lord.' [But] if you(!) don't desire mules, let my lord cancel the order" 58:12-22 harbu see bil barbi harpfitu "early moment" See also bardpu In the adverbial phrase ki harpiltu, "promptly" (see comment on No. 17:11): ul-tu a-na-ku ral m[Mul-ge-zib rit1-ti a-rba-meSg [sab-ta]-a-nu ki-i har-pu-td dul-rlil [i-n]a FURU1 In-du-ul [i-pu]-[usi, "After Muezib and I [ban]ded(?) together, he promptly [perfor]med service for me [i]n the town of Indul" 17:9-12 barrAnu "road, campaign, journey, caravan, caravan venture" See also alaktu, dlik tarrdni,kard (A), suladru, tamkdru, zittu KASKAL" rkal-da-rnal ul .ta-a-biSAL lal-mil-tu ul a-&ap-pa-rak-ka pa-an lud-rgull-ma 6s-gd-a KASKAL" ta-at-t-rfaml ul a-kil-li-g, "The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. Let me wait a while. As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:19-25; ki-i KASKAL Sd "mDU(!)-NUMUN ril-ba-ds-s'u- [be]-rlfl lis-pur [m]i-nu-ui td-e-mi oi.uchicago.edu 316 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR [Sd] LO Kal-du [b]e-lf lu-mas-si-Lmal lig-pu[r], "If the journey of Mukin-zeri is going to take place, my [lo]rd should write. [Wh]atever news (there is) [about] Chaldea, my [l]ord should find out and writ[e]" 21:6-12; ki-i KASKAL"-ka a-na LO Du-na-a-nu i-ba-ds-sgu-u gd-la-nu-ut-a la tal-lak, "If your journey is to the Dunanu, don't go without my permission" 60:6-9; mi-nam-ma pa-Inal-ma KU.BABBAR ta-as-su-hu-ma KASKAL' a-na mub-jbi tal-lak a-de-e-kan-na mim-ma ul ta-ad-din, "Why previously did you take an advance of silver, go on a caravan venture with it, (if) until now you haven't delivered a thing?" 69:17-21; mi-Ina-al KASKAL["] fsr DAM.GAR-nil [il-la-ku]lLOI.M[ES] irna-aig-gSllGIRl" a-na-ku fiil at-tal a-na muh-t[i-Sd] nu-sal-lam, "Whatever caravan journey that our merchant [makes] that brings along slav[es], we-both you and I-will guarantee safe conduct(?) fo[r it]" 76:11-17; bur-pa-am-ma sup-ru mim-mu-u KASKALn-ia gab-bi ab-tir, "Hurry and write to me! I have readied all the proceeds of my caravan venture" 75:16-18; KO.BABBAR sd tas-rpurl ub-lu-a i rKASKAL"-Ial ta-sal-lim, "I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed" 75:21-23; pa-an LOUl [ha]r-ra-a-nuki-i fal-dag-gal ul am-me-Frikl-ka al-fla-kdml-ma it-rti-kal a-dab-bu-rubl, "Even though I am waiting for the [ca]ravan, I will not delay. I will come and speak with you" 84:18-23; ba-an-tis a-ldil la LOJ far-ra-a-nu igd LO sg-kinl il-la-ku-d-[ni] i[di]-ma al-kdm-ma ra-nal-din, "Quickly, before the caravan of the saknu-official come[s], ma[ke a depo]sit, come, and I will give (to you)" 45:27-30; 1i) ki-i [KASKAL"l X x a-rnal BAD.[A]N.LKI1 tamur "x-x LO.DUMU.KIN rit-ti KU.BABBAR 1 sd LO.EN.FNAM 1 il-lak, "And if you see the caravan of [...] bound for DEr, [PN], the messenger, will come with the governor's silver" 77:15-20; KASKAL"-1al ... [L]O.KOR a-sab-bit, "[...] my(?) caravan...] the [en]emy seized...]" 74:11-13 In the idiom harranaana sepi X sakanu, "to dispatch X, to set X on the road": DUMU.LO.KIN Sd be-li-id it-ti LO.A.KIN-ia a-na URU Sd-pi-ia KASKAL* a-na* se-pi-Su be-lf ligkun, "My lord should dispatch the messenger of my lord to Sapiya with my messenger" 5:15-19; mdAG-DU-[U]g sd a-na pa-an [§]E§-ia gd-pu-rral KASKAL [a]-na GIR"-Sl SES-ll-a ligkun, "Nabf-iTp[u]s, whom I sent to my [br]other, let my brother set him [o]n the road" 107:16-20; KASKAL a-na GIR" sd dTam-mes-la-ma-a-a be-lf lis-kun-ma, "My lord should set Tammes-lamaya on the road" 59:19-20; a-mi-lut-ta ina l[et] mla-da-ai-ll i-ba-dSg-g KASKAL a-na GIR"-g'i be-lf lis-kun, "There is a slave in the ch[arge] of Yadar-Il. Let my lord set him on the road" 59:25-28; mdEN-.u-sal-li Sd be-li is-pur KASKAL a-na GIR"-SV al-tak-na, "B8l- usalli, about whom my lord wrote, I have sent off on the road" 57:5-6; [(DN)] lu-u i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-ut] LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a] sUgi-i LO.DUMU gip-ri-gs la il-la-kdm-ma la-rpa-anl sa-ar-ta-at-tu LU-a l+en la am-bu-ru rgul-a-ma KASKAL" a-na GIR"-gs al-tak-nu, "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his, that he and his messenger were not coming here, that I did not accept even a single slave by deceptive means, and that I would have set him on the road" 17:27-34; KASKAL" a-na G[IR" LO.TUR.MES] Su-ku[n], "Se[t the agents] on the road" 76:24-25 harfi "digger" See also hera a81 SE.BAR La-nal LO.SIMxGAR.MES rlid-dinl-ma KAS.SAG rgi LU1 hba-re-e [sd be]-rlfl-ia lib-lul, "Also, let him give wheat to the brewers that they(!) may brew beer for the diggers [of] my [lo]rd" 93:2428; ba-ru gd be-lf-i-nu u-ba-Sid-[u], "Our lord's diggers are bringing starvat[ion]" 92:35-36 baru "to ready, prepare; to woo a woman" gid i-ib-gti g be-l is-pur a-du-ti ah-tir DUMU Sip-ri gd be-lf-ia it-ti mSUM.NA-a lil-lik-ma SE.BAR liin-du-rdul-[ma] li-i[s-su], "As to the rent about which my lord wrote: I have now readied (it). Let the messenger of my lord go with Nadna, and let them measure out the wheat [and] trans[port it]" 102:5-11; our-pa-am-ma sup-ru mim-mu-i KASKAL'-ia gab-bi af-tir, "Hurry and write to me! I have readied all the proceeds of my caravan venture" 75:16-18; ds-sg GIS.KIN ma-gar-ra gd SES-r-a i[gku]n a-du-ila ah-[t]ir, "Concerning the kigkana-wood for wagon(s) which my brother de[posi]ted oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 317 (with me)-I have now rea[d]ied (them)" 63:4-6; fGO.MES1 ki-ri ahl-t[ir] lbe-lfl ki-i frdl-d-a[s(?)bit(?)], "As soon as I prep[ared] the loads, my lord had them sei[zed](?)" 72:6-7; fI-ba-fxl-[(x)] s~ i-na pa-an [be-lfl-id ds-ba-tu pir-Si KJ.BABBAR a-nal be-lf-id lu-se-bi-rlal, "The woman Iba[...], who lives in my [lord]'s presence-woo her (for me). I will send silver to my lord" 101:15-19; [m]aqar-ra-ti 3 IGfN 1 ki-i [p]a-an be-lf-ia mab-rrul [a]-na rpil-i rSdI ana 1 GIN lu-hir-[ma a-n]a [b]e-lf- ia lu-se-bi-[li], "If it [s]uits my lord, let me prepare a [b]undle of three shekels [i]n exact oneshekel portions, [and then] let me sen[d] it [t]o my [l]ord" 97:9-12 basisu "to remember, be mindful of" ina mab-Fril-i L[0] sar-ru-ti-ria) s LO-tri-kal ki-i d-sab-bit 1+en 5 KU.BABBAR ta-an-da-har-ds-nutu ina lib-bi an-Inil-i MUN.UI.A-a hu-su-u[s], "Previously when I captured my kidnappers of your slaves, you received them for (only) five (shekels) of silver each. Remem[ber] this goodwill of mine" 2:26-30 baahbu "to need, require" (G); "to deprive, bring starvation" (D) See comment on No. 92:36 D-stem: ba-ru id be-lf-i-nu u-ha-id-h[u], "Our lord's diggers are bringing starvat[ion]" 92:35-36 biau "to be anxious, concerned about" See comment on No. 62:15 KO.BABBAR 9d i-ha-di-gi [a]-na-ku lud-di[n], "And the silver about which he is anxious, I [my]self will giv[e]" 62:15-16 blitu "cash (payment), installment" See also dasannu, bjtiu (B), kaspu, mirestu, nishu, qaqqadu, zittu For a discussion see the note to No. 10:13 GIS.KIN rmutl-ram-ma kin-rnul a-rna pil-i KI.LAM r[a-a-tful, "Buy and certify for me kigkanu-woodaccording to the cash price" 10:12-13; ha-tu u mi-res-t[i(!)] be-if ki-i d-se-bi-li ANSE.KUN[GA.MES] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA in-da-ziar u mNu-[um-mu-ru] a-na be-If(!) di(!)-ni sd be-li-ia it-tu-r[u], "After my lord sent both a cash payment and trading capi[tal], he came into possession of the mul[es] from Elam, and Nu[mmuru] becam[e] my lord's adversary in court" 57:21-24; [en-na LU].TUR [si] rSES1i[aaz] [LO.DAM.G]AR-rsul arnal KA B[AD] lil-lik-u-rma* ha-a-tul [Sd] ina let mrEril-ba rli-bul-[ku], "[Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge" 54:7-11; rds-su ha-tu KOI.BABBAR SAL.BI ral-na rmlE-tdri fSES'-[i]-a liq-bi, "Concerning the cash payment of silver for that woman-let my brothe[r] speak to Eteru" 69:14-16 heperu "to clear out, clear away, scrape" See comment on No. 35:25 ma-a'-da ah-pir-id rkitl-ta a-kan-na-ka KI.rLAM-ial ah-mid, "I've already cleared out much of it. In truth, I've covered over my market stall there" 35:25-27 herO "to dig" See also bdrfi sd a-na Sak-ni-ka um-ma ul he-ra-ka ba-ru sd be-lf-i-nu u-iba-sd-b[u], "(And) about what you are saying to your &aknu-official:'I am not a digger.' Our lord's diggers are bringing starvat[ion]" 92:33-36 besfl "to harbor, hide" DUMU.MES mgak-ni Svu-su-nu id-de-ku-d d a-na-ku ul a-he-es-si-id-nu-td, "The sons of Saknu begged for help, but I am not harboring them" 5:7-11 oi.uchicago.edu 318 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR bibiltu "wrong" See also babalu s u-ab-li-qu a-na mut-bi-ka ki-i at-ta-ki-la 1i-bil-ta taib-te-bi-la-an-ni, "But a-di 10 tRIN.MES it-ti-g right up to the time that he made ten men run away with him, you were doing me wrong-even though I trusted you" 11:14-19; hi-bil-ti gi-i tiab-la-a-nu, "This wrong would be our own doing" 75:30-31; DUMU.MES m"Sak-nu be-lI lu-ba-3i-i-ma hi-bil-ta-id lig-gi, "My lord should search for the sons of Saknu or he should bear the responsibility for his wrong" 5:12-14; a-na fD jIur-sd-na be-lf FiiS1-[pur]-rgu-nu-til-maki-i it-Ftul-ru-u-rni al-na hi-bil<-ti>-sd-nurbe-li li-x-x-gt-nu-Iti1, "Let my lord se[nd] them to the river ordeal; and if they are proved guilty, let my lord [...] them for their wrong<doing>" 110 r. 11'-14' hisbu "abundant yield, bumper crop" See comment on No. 72:12 LU rA sip-ril-ka ri-bal-[a] i-is-bi rA1 a-mat-ti, "I am loo[king for] your messenger. (But it's like finding) a bumper crop in the heart of a barren waste" 72:11-12 bitu (A) "fault, blame" kit-tu an-na-a hi-tu-i-a, "In truth, it's my fault" 1:32; renl-[na] rhi-tu-sugnul i-ba-dig-, "No[w] it is their fault" 15:14-15; [4i-fiu si "BA-&i-a [ul i]l-ta-kan-ni, "He did [not bla]me Iqila" 16:20-21; el-ia, a-rnal UGU(?)-ka [rUN.MES1-ka hi-tu-ka ia-ra 1 -nu, "As far as I'm concerned, neither you nor your people are to blame" 9:22-25 hitu (B) "delivery, payment" See also bitu sa tiliti, atfu, mandattu, mirestu, qaqqadu, sibgu dEN dAG u Fdl[uTU(?)] lu- i-d[u-d] ki-i hi-tu-fkal i-na t dan-ni i-ba-dag-rgi1-u, "May Bel, NabQ, and [Samas?] kn[ow] that your delivery is not in the strongroom" 9:5-9; FENI.M[ES] rAi(?)l-tu i-qablb[u]-t ruml-ma a-na gd-a-gS Sup-rag-[gi], "(Even) the owner[s] of the payment(?) are sa[yi]ng: 'Send [her] to him'" 82:33-35 hubtu "captive, plunder" See also habdtu, adbitu, sabtu ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i aq-bak um-ma l[a] ta-nd-eht-i-is-m[a] lib-bu-d LO a-sib rURU 1 56 EN.LIL.KI ) LU.BARA.DUMU-i-a si a-kan-na-ka a-na hub-tu a-na t mla-a-ki-ni la il-lak, "Didn't I say to you: 'You must n[ot] withdraw, nor should any resident of Nippur or any of the people of Parak-mari who are there go away captive to Bit-Yakin ... '?" 19:4-10; hudb-tu ma-la it-tab-tu-nu pu-tu-ru ina Su"- gi-nu la te-ep-pu-us, "And also you must not ransom from them any of those whom they have already taken captive" 19:10-13; LO.UNUG.KI-a-a ki-i il-lik-u-nu um-ma hu-bu-ut-ku-nu sti bab-tu adu-ut LO si-lul-lu ina UNUG.KI i-pa-dis-sd-rrul, "When the Urukians came, they said: 'Now, in Uruk, petty dealers are selling the plunder which they took from you'" 18:10-14; at-ta a sgi- it-ti a-tlarmes1 sa-al-ma-tu-nu a at-rtul-nu rhul-ub-t[a]-nii-tab-bat, "You and he are on friendly terms with each other; yet he is making captiv[e]s of our people" 18:23-28; di-sti hu-ub-ta a LO.DAM.GAR si tas-pur ha-bi-ta-nu at-tu-ka LO.DAM.GAR DUMU TIN.TIR.KI, "Concerning the captive and merchant about whom you wrote: 'The marauders are yours, and the merchant is a citizen of Babylon'" 28:5-9 bursnu "river ordeal" See also bit hurgani en-na ID 4I[ur]-sd-nal pa-ri-si INIM.M[ES], "Now the river o[rd]eal will be the decider of the(se) affair[s]" 38:38-39; ina IT.BARA ina KA.DINGIR.R[A.KI] a-na ID 4ur-s-na ni-il-[lak], "In Nisannu, in Babyl[on], we will und[ergo] the river ordeal" 38:40-41; a-na ID Lur-id-na be-lf rligl-[pur]-rgti-nutil-ma ki-i it-rtul-ru-u•-fni al-na ti-bil<-ti>-si-nu rbe-lll li-x-x-gu-nu-rtil, "Let my lord se[nd] them to the river ordeal; and if they are proved guilty, let my lord [...] them for their wrong<doing>" 110 r. 11i-14' oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 319 buit0 "scrap" See comment on No. 33:31 en-na a-di GIS.GIGIR ra-as-ki tu-seb-bil GIS hu-gd-am-ma ul ta-ad-din en-na ma-la GIS.GIGIR-ia GIS.MES.GAM 4 GIS.SA.KAL su-bi-la, "Now up to the time you should send a completely assembled chariot, you will not have delivered even a scrap of wood. Now send me every single part of my chariot-sassfgu-wood and sakkullu-wood" 33:29-35 ibi see bi ibbu (imbf) "deficit" See also apalu, bdbtu, eteru, harasu, napdlu, nasdhu, nikkassu, nisbu For a discussion see the note to No. 9:11 al-kdm-ma ds-rs'u1 ib-bu-un-rnil ni-in-sd-[ma] i-na sar-r[i] bi-lu-tu-di i man-da-at-t[a] ina muh-hika ni-is-kun la ta-pal al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dul-la-ka e-pu-us, "Come now. Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) our deficit, have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you? Don't answer. Come and do your work here" 9:10-19; [ki-i] ifi1-bu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] riq-bul-nu um-rmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tirru um-[ma en-na] ib.rbu-un-nil suf"l-[ni lik-su-da], "[After] he plundered me, am[ong us] they spoke saying (not only): 'They have wreaked [vengeanc]e,' (but) also: '[Now let us re]cover our loss'" 20:7-11 idatu (ittu) "testimony, sign, token" See comment on No. 12:7 i-da-tum,-ma ul-tu ina mdAG-SILIM LU si mBA-sd-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-fkul u mBA-Md a-na a-barmesl ni-il-li-rkul u at-ta Id UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-i en-na gal-la sid(!)-d mi-iq-ti ina mulz-zi--ia, "This is to attest that after Iqisa and I had come together in the House of Nabiusallim-a man of IqiTa-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18; ril-da-tium-Fmal ul-tu mMu-sal-limdIM tas-pu-ram-ma 2 GU 4 su-ul-mis ad-da-di-sum-ma a-na i-sin-nu sd UNUG.KI ril-bu-uk, "This is to attest that after you sent Musallim-Adad to me, and I had given to him two oxen in good condition, he led (them) to the festival of Uruk" 24:4-10; an-ni-ti lu-u i-da-at ul-tu a-qab-bak-ka TOG taj-lap-ti x-x(-x), "This is to testify that after I was speaking to you, he(?) ... a cloak" 86:13-17; [an]-ni-ti lu-d i-rdal-[a]t [a(?)-me(?)]-rlut(?)1-ti i-na URU t x-[x-x] rap(!?)-tur-rak(?)-ka(?)1, "[Th]is is to att[es]t that I ransomed(?) [a sl]ave(?) for you(?) in the town Bit-[...]" 85:5-7; an*-rni-tul lu-u i-da-at ful-tu i-na URU 1 Qf-bi-dEN a-Ina pal-ni-lial te-ru-ba-am-ma rtaq-bal-a ... , "This is to attest that after you entered my presence in QIbi-Bl and said to me: ... " 66:5-8 idfi "wages, rent" ki-i ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES id i-di ta-ta-mar SE.BAR i-sam-ma al-ka, "If you see camels for hire, fetch the wheat and come" 95:4-6 idfl "to know" a-na-ku gab-bi-sd-nu i-de, "I know all of them" 60:29; [ull i-du e-ka-me [lu-il, "I don't know where he is" 17:19-20; Id LO.[ENT.LIL.KI la i-du-rti a-na pa-an be-If-id i-qer-ru-bu, "Those who don't even 1 ma-a,know a Nippurian can enter the presence of my lord" 103:9-11; rL0 .KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.[MESM da sd a-kan-na i-du-in-ni, "There are many men of Babylon who know me here" 83:34-35; i-du ki-i SES-d-a rF1 LO be-li MUN.UI.A-ia at*-ta*, "I know that you are my brother and ally" 4:25-28; ade-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-a ki-i a-na-ku a at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]sa-sar di-nu i-du-• a la dinu i-dab-bu-bu ina let dEN u dAG ul i-tib-ba-di-ia, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it). Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of B1l and Nabf" 23:5-10; ral-na-ku i-de ki-i [SUKU*1Ul.tI.Al il-ba-ds-&i-a, "I myself know that allotments for sustenance exist" 97:25-26; [a-naku u]l i-rdel [ki-i ... ], "I [myself do]n't know [if(?) ... ]" 74:7; en-na ki-i a-m[at] SES-6-tu* pa-nu- oi.uchicago.edu 320 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR t[u] Flal tas-kun id a-mat a-na* mu/h-bi-ia if-kun mus-si-ma sup-rraml-ma lu-u i-de Fkil-i SES-r-a at(!)-ta, "Now even if you did not establish the wor[ding] of the previo[us] brotherhood (agreement), find out who established the wording with regard to me and write to me so that I may know that you are my brother" 3:13-20; tRIN.FMESl-ia ) GU4.MES-ia tab-tab-ti en-na Flu-ril ti-da-a fki-il attu-na a-na EN KOR-ia ta-tu(erasure)-rral,"You have plundered my men and my cattle. Now you should know that they belong to us. You have become my enemy" 8:4-9 In oath formulae: lu-u i-de ki-i a-di l+en Si-ni u-lil-rtu(?)1 a-mah-ha-ru-ku ki-i DUMU fip-ra-a* a-na FSESiid al-tap-r[a], "May Nabfl know that before I receive even one or two dried figs from you, I will have had to sen[d] my messenger to my brother" 69:21-26; dEN dAG u rdl[UTU(?)] lua, i-d[u-d] ki-i bi-tu-fkal i-na t dan-ni i-ba-dg-r~fl-U, "May Bl, Nabl?, and [SamaS?] kn[ow] that your delivery is not in the strongroom" 9:5-9; dEN u dAG lu-u i-du-d ki-i sd la K(J.BABBAR ni-bi ta-rnal-fi, "But may Bel and Nabf know that without silver you cannot carry away an(y) amount" 43:28-29; dEN 1 dAG lu-U i-du-d U, NU BAD-ta ina IGI-ia i-pet-tu ki-i il-lik, "May BE1 and Nabf know (that) they will open an unopened ewe in front of me if he has not gone" 78:8-10; [(DN)] lu-u i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-u] LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a], "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his" 17:27-29 dAG ikkaru "cultivator, farmer" GIS.APIN.TMES 1 [U GU4.MES] sd LO.ENGAR.MES a-fdi(?)l [x]-x-fkal gab-bi a-na KIN rbe-lf-i-nul a-bu-uk- ma fi-[il-[bu] sd be-l(-i-nu sd ina KA-rsul pi-si-ir-ti lup-sur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10; LO.ENGAR.MES fd si-i-bu um-ma kur-ban-nu Si-i-bu(!) ma->a-da ki-i la pa-ds-ra ul ta-a-bu a-na e-re-si, "The cultivators of the farm are saying, 'The clods of the farm are numerous; if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting'" 92:11-15; ["d]MAS-DJ-u% L3O.ENGAR-a [GI]S.APIN-a ki-i U-mas-sir [ki]-i ib-li-qf, "As soon [a]s Ninurta-ipus, my cultivator, abandoned my [p]low, he ran away" 16:4-6; [n G]U4.MES u 180 rLO1.ENGAR.ME[S] rfd1 SES-ia lil-lik-u-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-u, "Let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows" 96:17-19; ren*-na*l ki*-i 20 [Lj1.ENGAR.MES la i-ba-d-s•i-ui d ul-tu LO A-ram il-li-ku-nim-ma i-na EN.LfL.KI ma-ra-a-ril i-de-ku- u, "Now if twenty farmers are not on hand, those who have come from Aram can move the mayydru-plows in Nippur" 96:23-27; LOJ.ENGAR1.[MES] sd ml-ba-[a sd] ritl-ti-Si-n[u] ab-kdm-ma an[a-ku] lu-u ds-[ba-ka], "Bring me the farmer[s] of Ibs [who are] with the[m], that I too might se[ttle]" 99:8-12; GU4 .MES t) L(.ENGARI.MES ki-i ds-pu-ru i-na t 'Na-td-ri i-sap-pa-nu, "When I have sent the oxen and the farmers, they will flatten in the House of Ndteru" 95:20-23; rmNUMUN-ial lilli-kdm-ma SE.NUMUN a-na LO.ENGAR.MES lid-din, "Let Zeriya come and give seed to the cultivators" 93:6-8; ru41-mu tup-pi be-l ril-mu-ru mNUMUN-ia nu-bat-ta rlal i-ba-ti lil-li-kdm-ma SE.NUMUN a-na Lji.ENGAR.MES lid-din, "When my lord has seen my tablet, Zeriya must not stay the night. Let him come and give seed to the cultivators" 93:19-24 ilten "one" 1+en 2:28, 39; 17:32; 47:11; 57:10, 15; 69:23; 87:9; 109:19; l1+enl 75:10 ilten ahfi "someone else" mSfd-lim ina pa-ni-ka la tu-maS-far Si-a -ma a-na l+en a-/i la i-bal-liq, "You must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else" 2:4-6; ba-an-.ti KI.BABBAR [SES1-i-a lu-sebi-lam-ma lul-lik-ma lu-up-tu-ras-~i a-di la ra-na l+en1 a-hi i-nam-di-nu-fd, "Quickly! My brother should send me silver that I may go and ransom him before they sell him to someone else" 81:711; ki-i a-rkan-nal-ka mam-ma Su-su-nu is-sab-tu-ma a-rna 1+en(?)l [a(?)-Ai(?)] it-tan-nu (erasure) mi-nu-u be-i u-tar-ra, "If someone there has taken his(!) hand and given (him) to someone(?) [else](?), what will my lord give me in return?" 83:22-24 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 321 ilten ina libbi "one of, one among" See also iltin libba a-di IGI"-ia tam-mar l+en ina lib-bi SEA.MES-e-gd a-na lib-rbil GESTU".MES-gi la ir-ru-ub-ma la ai-Sallaq-ti, "Until you see me in person, not a single one of his brothers must come within earshot of him, that he may not help him to escape" 2:12-15; lu-bir-ma ki-lal-le-e 1+en ina lib-bi rL01.TUR.MES [il-leq-qam-ma a-na SES-ia i*-nam*-din*, "I have indeed fallen behind, but one among the agents can take both (wagons) and deliver (them) to my brother" 63:13-18; ma-la an-ni-i rKiUi.GI (= quxtdru) Sa GESTU" i-na Su" 1*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU r~d1 a-na i-si-in-na a-na EN.rLIL.KI1 il-laka SES-d-a lu-di-e-bi-li, "My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival" 70:10-17; [LO1.KA.DINGIR.RA.KIJMESi ma-a,-da sd a-kan-na i-du-in-ni a-na 1+en i-na lib-bi-sd-nu be-If lid-dinma flil-bu-kdm-ma lid-di-ni, "There are many men of Babylon who know me here; let my lord give (the slave) to one of them, and let him bring (him) and give (him) to me" 83:34-37 iltIn libbfi "one of, one among" See also ilten ina libbi; for discussion see comment on No. 81:17-18 [ki-i SESI-a-a la il-lik' [KU.BABBAR a-nal 1+en lib-buiu a-lik KASKAL1 .ME SES-d-a lu-u-se-bi-li, "If my brother himself hasn't (yet) come, my brother should send silver to one of the travelers" 81:1619; ds-gl DUMU.KIN •d DUMU m•il-a-nu sd SES-d-a is-pur a-na-ku ina URU Sd-pi-ia ul-tu ka-lu-u 1+en lib-bu-dul LO-su ak-tar-a-ta at-tu-f-fal, "Concerning the messenger of the son of Silanu about whom my brother wrote-Would I, in Sapiya, after he had been detained, have detached(?) one slave of his as my own?" 17:5-8 iltns'u "once" 1-en-sg mE-rresg ki-i il-lik 1 MA.NA KU.BABBAR at-tan-na-dS-s4d 2 MA.NA a-na lib-bi me-rres-tul kiri ad-dinl mNU[MUN-X(-x)] (broken), "Once, when Eresu went, I gave him one mina of silver; and, after I gave two minas for trading capital, Z[Era-...]" 68:5-11; l+en-sd 2-sg la kit-ta-a ah-tar-saa, "Have I even once or twice unjustly made a withdrawal?" 2:21-23 ilu "god" See also bit ili am-me-ni aj-lzu-tu-u ki-i la se-ba-a-ti ul-tu tag-mu-a um*-ma dul-la-a-ti sa DINGIR.MES i-na UGU* m lada-a '-l i-ba-dg-gi, "Why (did you act) as if you didn't want brotherhood after you heard it said: 'The work assignments of the gods are upon Yada'-Il'?" 3:5-10; DINGIR.MES gu-ut t.KU[R] u EN.LIL.KI ZI.MES sd SES-fidl li-is-su-ru, "May the gods of Eku[r] and Nippur guard my brother's life" 1:4-5; lil-flil-kam-ma NINDA.rUI.1A lis-be-e-ma li-kul it FIM1.GfD.DA it-ti LO.SAMAN.LA.MES liq-mbil a-di DINGIR.MES tu-bu ig-tak-nu lit-[hti-s]a-am-ma lil-li-ka, "Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices. For as long as the gods deem fit, let him c[om]e and go" 83:13-16; LO n[a-qid-d]i t.DINGIR.MES-ni am-m[i]-ni GIR" a-na pa(!)(copy: la)-ranl DINGIR.MES- e-ni ta-p[ar]-ra-si,"The he[rdsm]en of our temples-w[h]y are you ba[rr]ing them from our gods?" 103:5-8; UA.L[A] [DINGIR mul-li rgd tul-sa-ra[p] dEEN dlAG a E-a rlal ik-kal, "Allot the god a full sha[re]. That which you scorc[h], Bel, Nabfl, and Ea may not eat" 66:20-23; mKit-nu-rSd L01.EN.LIL.KI [k]i-i a-na UNUG.KI rit(?)-tur(?)l-ma DINGIR.MES liS-al--r[nil k[i]-ril dib-bi an-nu-a-tu [ki-nu]-Ti(?)l, "[I]f Kitnusa, the Nippurian, has returned(?) to Uruk, let them ask the gods whether these words are [tru]e" 110 r. 7'-10' In the idiom gum ili siitl, "to swear an oath": gu-mi DINGIR.MES be-if Flul-ge-la-a a-na pa-ni-ka lul-[likl, "Let my lord swear an oath to me, (and) I will come before you" 80:13-14; mSd-lim ina pa-ni-ka la tu-mag-gar gi-i-ma a-na l+en a-lti la i-fal-liq a-di a-sap-pa-ram-ma MU DINGIR a-se-la-da-sg dr-ki-gSi up-ras-su, "You must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else before I can write and swear an oath concerning him. After that, send him to me" 2:4-9; [a]-Inal muh- oi.uchicago.edu 322 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR bi mi-Fil-[ni] rna-sikl LO L-bu-lu, um-ma fMU DINGIR1 Su-[l]a-a 'Ba-ni-ia rul tal-pal-ldb, "[O]n wh[at] account is the shaykh of the Ubfilu tribe saying: 'Sw[ea]r an oath by god to me (that) you will not fear Biniya'?" 98:16-20; MU DINGIR rsul-la-a um-ma ma-la-a rfRIN.MES1 M6 it-ti-ka rlil-tab-ka, "Swear to me by god, saying: 'Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive)'" 29:19-23 imbfi see ibbuf imEru "donkey" See also parf, ANSE*.MES* the agency 5 ANSE.MES stis ina gUn(!) mKi-[mul DUMU mx*-x*-a* ul-te-bi-l[ak-ka], "I have sent [you] donkeys through of Kimfi, son of [P]N" 55:14-15; LO gu-du-du d6 "la-a-ki-nu ki-i il-lik-u-nu 4 ARIN.MES ih-tab-tu, "When the Bit-Yakin patrol came, they stole four men, five donkeys" 18:4- 7; en-na a-du-d ki-i MUN SES-u-a u-qat-tu-ma i-pu-us ANSE.MES Flal tu-mas-sar tir-ras-Si-nu-ti at-tu- ku st-nu ta-a>-ti Sul-ma-a-nu a-rna mub-bil i-di-ni, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them. (But if you think) they belong to you, give me a gratuity (or) present in exchange" 35:4-10; ANSE.MES ranl-nu-id-tul lu-a r ta-tul-[ a] tir-fram-mal, "Return those donkeys to me even if they are [my] gratui[ties]" 35:15-17 immat see adi immati immeru "sheep" See also lajru, scnu ul be-li a-de-e ritl-ti mDU-NUMUN ri LUl Ru-bu-i is-bat um-ma [man-nul id [u]l-tu EN.LIL.KI Ia LO Rubu-u fil-li-kdm-ma tr UDU.MESI GU4.EMES1 [i(?) LO(?).MES(?)] [i(?)-tab(?)]-Fka(?)-ma(?) a(!?)1-n[a] FKOI.[BABBAR] rit(?)-tan(?)-na(!?)1-i-nu-[ti]la-IGI(?) t.AD-S• bi-lat rin(?)-na(?)1-[s]i(?)-rma(?)1,"Did not my lord conclude a treaty with Mukin-zEri and the Rubu) tribe saying that whoever came [f]rom Nippur or the Rubu' tribe and [led away(?)] sheep, oxen, [or slaves(?)] and sold(?) them, tribute would be carried(?) off(?) from his clan?" 6:4-16; [ki-i] FLc1.DAM.GAR ik-tal-d[u] [t i-na u4-m]u tatam-ru EUDU.MES1 Sul-lim-sj, "[If] the merchant has already arriv[ed], [then as soon] as you see (him), compensate him for the sheep" 24:28-30; 1+en UDU.NITA sd1l-[l]a-nu-u.-a a-na KO.BABBAR fla tal-nam-din a-di a-sap(!)-pa-rak-ka 30 UDU.NITA.JMES1 la-pa-an mNUMUN-[x(-x)] (erasure) la(!) ta-d6x(-x), "Don't sell a single sheep wi[th]out my permission. Until I write to you, don't [...] the thirty sheep from ZEra-[...]" 47:11-17 ina "in, among, with (instrumental)" i-na 9:8, 13; 17:16; 24:18; 27:8; 29:7, 26; 33:25; 53:9, 11, 18; 79:7; 81:6; 83:5; 85:6, 15; 94:24; 95:22; 96:21, 26; 103:20; 106:10, 11; 111:19; Eil-na 27:17; i-rnal 38:19; fi-nal 66:6; 83:11; ri-na(?)l 105:8; [i-n]a 17:11, 21; [i-na] 24:29; 72:18; ina 1:18, 36; 4:22-23; 12:8; 16:7, 25; 17:6, 36; 18:14; 20:8; 23:29; 31:11, 17; 33:26; 37:11; 38:32, 40; 39:8; 41:10; 43:16; 44:11; 46:10; 48:10; 58:7; 60:12; 61:8; 64:13; 72:23; 75:29; 82:21; 85:16; 92:9; 111:10, 11; ina(!) 80:16; ina(!?) 27:29; [ina] 66:16; 111:12, 13 ina biri "between, among" e-si-ta i-na rbi-ri-i-nul la ta-rraml-m[a], "Don't caus[e] trouble between us" 84:10-11; [ki-i] riltlbu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] Eiq-bul-nu um-rmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tir-ru um-[ma en-na] ib-.rbu-un-nil Sut"1-[ni lik-Iu-da], "[After] he plundered me, am[ong us] they spoke saying (not only): 'They have wreaked [vengeanc]e,' (but) also: '[Now let us re]cover our loss'" 20:7-11 ina birit "between" 6s'-Il dib-bi si ina bi-rit-ka u ina bi-rit "BA-Id-a, "Concerning the matter which is between you and Iqisa ... " 16:14-15; e-si-tu ina bi-rit-e-nu la tal-Id-kin, "Let no trouble arise between us" 75:29-30 oi.uchicago.edu 323 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS ina let "in the charge, jurisdiction of" See also litu 6dsl-si [Kil.BABBAR1 GIN sd ina let rmdEN-t-seb-si sd be-li is-pur mdEN-i-Seb-si a-na FKUR 1 As+sur.KI it-tal-ka, "Concerning the silver in shekels that is in the charge of BEl-usebsi about which my lord wrote--Bl-usebsi has gone to Assyria" 56:6-9; 20 GU.UN SIG.UI.A ina let mdEN-SUM.NA, "There are twenty talents of wool in B61-iddin's charge" 48:8-9; a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-4 ki-i ana-ku i at-ta ni-par-fral-[a]s a-sar di-nu i-du-d at la di-nu i-dab-bu-bu ina let dEN u dAG ul i-tib-ba- di-si, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it). Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of B6l and Nabfi" 23:5-10; [en-na LU].TUR [sd] TSEgl-i[a a] [LO.DAM.G]AR-frg 1 a-rnal KA B[AD] lil-lik-u-rrna* ta-a-tul [sd] ina let t rEril-ba rli-bul-[ku], "[Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge" 54:7-11; Lol-ia,sd ina let SES-id ral-du-u LO.DAM.GAR [a]-sap-pa-rak-ka, "(Concerning) my slave who is in my brother's charge-[I am] now sending a merchant to you" 86:4-6; si-it-ti SE.BAR-Jt ina let mZa-kir, "The rest of his wheat is in Zakir's charge" 90:17-18; an-ni-ti si-bu-ta-a ina let SEtia, "This desire of mine is in my brother's charge" 70:18-19; a-mi-lut-ta ina l[et] 'la-da-a)-al iba-d&-id KASKAL a-na GIR"-sd be-li lis-kun, "There is a slave in the ch[arge] of Yada'-II. Let my lord set him on the road" 59:25-28 ina libbi "among, within, inside" See also iltin ina libbi ina lib-bi 2:13, 29; 27:9; 34:27; 63:15; 64:7; 70:13; i-na lib-bi 4:23; 17:41; ril-na rlibl-bi 74:28; [in]a lib-bi 94:19; ri-na libl-bi 83:12; i-na lib-bi-gi-ni 83:27-28; i-na lib-bi-su-nu 83:35-36; ina SAsi 81:34 ina mahri "previously" See also mahru i-na mah-ri-i sd-la-nu-uS-su a-na "AD-fl-a ki-i ad-din lib-ba-ti-ia in-da-al, "Before, when I gave to Abu-IlI without his permission, he became angry with me" 100:15-19; ina mah-fril-i L[O] sar-ruti-aial sd LO-tui-rkal ki-i u-sab-bit 1+en 5 KU.BABBAR ta-an-da-hrar-gs-nu-tu ina lib-bi an-rnil-i MUN.UI.A-a ftu-su-u[s], "Previously when I captured my kidnappers of your slaves, you received them for (only) five (shekels) of silver each. Remem[ber] this goodwill of mine" 2:26-30; ul i-na mahri-i td-e-mu ds'-kun-gu um-ma ma-ma-la SUKU.BI.A sd tfRIN.ME-ial SE.BAR X X [a(?)l x it-tu S[u]rbi-lil, "Didn't I previously instruct you, saying: 'S[e]nd me each and every bit of my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]'?" 95:7-12 ina muhhi "against, over, upon, concerning" See also adi mutl1zi mint, ana mulhthi, ultu mujhhi, muljtu ina mujh-ji-si¼ 12:18; ina m[uhi(?)-hi(?)-su(?)] 108:16; ina mulh-hi-ka 9:16; i-na muhz-li-ka 36:21; ina mu-rQfi-ial 102:16; ina mulz-jui-&s-nu 94:31; ina muh-ftti-Frdl-nu 30:11; ina mulji-ril-[sd-nu] 104:20; ina muz-lti-i-[nu] 92:38; [x-n]a mub-bi-[ri 1 113:2'; i-na UGU* 3:9; ina UG[U] 110 r. 2'; i-n[a UG]U 65:11; nil-na rUGU(?)I 47:24; ina ruGu-mal 77:9; ina UGU-i-nu 10:27 ina pan "in the presence of" See also ana pan, panu ina pa-an 23:12; 42:4; 80:18; 89:13; ina rpa-anl 74:21; i-na pa-an 97:29; 101:16; i-na rpa-anl 83:10; ina pa-ni-&i 41:31; ina pa-ni-ka 2:5; 89:8, 25; 92:25; ina pa-ni-id 12:15; 91:4; i-na rpal-ni-id 83:21; ina IGI-ia 78:9 ina qat "in, from the hands, custody, possession of; through the agency of" See also ana qdt, la qat, qdtu ina Su" 1:44; 10:10; 33:37; 46:23; 51:15; 64:7; 80:20; 82:36; ina Su"(!) 55:14; ina [Su]"il 60:13; i-na Su" 70:12; ina Su"-S4 46:15; 48:14; i-na Su"(!)-si 109:10; final Su- t ial-ma 30:19; ina Su"-g-nu 19:12 oi.uchicago.edu 324 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR inu "eye" [a]-di IGI"-ia tam-mar a-na e-kdm-ma la tal-lak, "[Un]til you see me personally (lit. 'see my eyes') you must not go anywhere" 10:25-26; a-di IGI"-ia tam-mar l+en ina lib-bi SES.MES-e-gs a-na libibil GESTUn.MES-gd la ir-ru-ub-ma la d-saj-laq-sd, "Until you see me in person, not a single one of his brothers must come within earshot of him, that he may not help him to escape" 2:12-15 isinnu "festival" See also budu, tabnltu a-di la i-sin-nu lip-nu-nim-ma lil-li-ku-nim-ma litl-ti AD-Si lid-bu-bu, "Let them come here before the festival begins and negotiate with its (Iltazinu's) shaykh" 7:25-28; ril-da-tim-rmal ul-tu mMuSal-lim-dIM tas-pu-ram-ma 2 GU. su-ul-mis ad-da-dg-gum-ma a-na i-sin-nu sd UNUG.KI ril-bu-uk, "This is to attest that after you sent Musallim-Adad to me, and I had given to him two oxen in good condition, he led (them) to the festival of Uruk" 24:4-10; a-du-d ina lib-bi ITI.KIN LO Pu-qu-d-da gabbi ra-nal EN.fLIL.KI a-na i-si-in-na il-la-rkul-u-ni, "Now in the month of Ulilu, the entire Puqidu tribe is coming to Nippur for the festival" 27:9-13; ma-la an-ni-i rKil.GI (= qux-tdru) Sd GESTU" ina Su" I*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU r&d1 a-na i-si-in-na a-na EN.LIL.KII il-la-ka SES-d-a luu-s-ebi-li, "My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival" 70:10-17 isu see misu is "where?" i-ta-ri um-ma KO.BABBAR-ma i-is ul i-man-gur um-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-ba-nu-d.rtul ab-kanim-ma ridl-na-ni, "The king will return and say: 'The silver-where is it?' He won't consent. He'll say, 'Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me'" 56:17-22 LUGAL istin see iltin ittahbmes see ahdmes itti "with" it-ti 6:5; 57:26; 83:14, 40; 97:35; 102:8; ritl-ti 5:16; 7:28; 23:21; 95:19; 108:11; it-rtil 57:16; rit-til 77:18; i[t(?)-ti(?)] 83:8; it-ti-su(!?) 35:24; it-ti-sI 11:14; 38:15; 42:9; 57:7, 9; 79:21; 109:16; it-ti-ridl 1:14; it-ti-ka 29:22; 60:10; ritl-ti-ka 86:24; [i]t-ti-ka 7:10; it-rti-kal 84:22; [ it]-rti-kal 105:7; it-ti-ia 23:27; it-ti-id 13:19; 60:18; [i]t-ti-sui-nul 14:19; rit1-ti-sI-n[u] 99:10; fitl-ti-si-nu 47:8 itti ahimes see abdmes ittu see idatu itu (A) "boundary" be-li i-te se-sek mu-ut-ti lik-tab-bi-si, "Let my lord keep contracting(?) the boundaries of the facing scrubland(?)" 94:25-26 itfl (B) "neighbor" See comment on No. 93:13 FLOJI.OS.SA.rDU.MES URU 1 gab-bi e-re-es-rsu-nul ruql-ta-at-tu-rdl, "All the city's neighbors have com- pleted their planting" 93:13-15 izuzzu (uSuzzu) "to stand, serve, be halt" AD.MES-d-nu a-ha-mel ku-ul-lu l1+en ral-na a-a-li Id gd-ni-i ti-su-uz-zu, "Our fathers rule jointly, and they stand each as the confederate of the other" 2:37-40; 181 ki-i za-ku-di u-d iz-za-zu a-na muh-ti-si lis-kun-ma, "But if he is to stand free of obligation, let him make a deposit against his charge" 27:25-27; GU4.MES Id ina pa-ni-id tu-masl-ir GU4 bi-ri a-rdil-kan-na ul i-Sir GU4 at-tu-t-a ku- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 325 tal ni-ri-' u i GU, rit-ta it-ta-Fril-iz-zu, "(About) the oxen which you let me have: the breeding bull until now has not been well. My own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plow-ox are (also) halt" 91:4-10 jama/uttu see ydmdtu jinu see ydnu jinumma see ydnuwamma jAsi see ydsi kabisu "to contract(?)" See comment on No. 94:26 Gtn-stem: be-l( i-te Se-sek mu-ut-ti lik-tab-bi-si, "Let my lord keep contracting(?) the boundaries of the facing scrubland(?)" 94:25-26 kfdu "guard-post" For a discussion of the phrase pi kddi, see the note to No. 4:17 KASKAL n [kal-da-[nal ul ta-a-bi SAL ral-mil-tu ul a-Sap-pa-rak-ka pa-an lud-rgull-ma ds-sd-a KASKAL" ta-at-.td-aml ul a-kil-li-'d, "The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. Let me wait a while. As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:19-25; t ki-i ana ZI.[ME'] ru-rul-[bu] [pil ka-a-di-sg rmim-mu-di lu-mur, "And if they are to be made to ent[er] among the dependent[s], let me see some authorization from his guardpost" 4:14-18; LO.A.fKIN kal-a-da ki-i is-bat a-na rmA-timl-ma-a rit1-ta-din a [dEN1 ki-i rihl-li-qa LO 9d ka-di-fial ki-ril i-bu-ka [i]t-tan-na, "The messenger-when he reached the guard-post, he handed (him) over to Atimmai. And by BE1, he did not escape. When my guard led (him) here, he handed (him) over to me" 23:14-18; 10 tRIN.MES sd mA-tim-ma-a' it-ti-ia ka-a-da a-kal-lu, "They are holding ten men of Atimma' with me at the guard-post" 23:26-27 kadu "to detain, arrest, take into custody" man-nu ki-i fil-kud-da.r.--fum-lma ta-sap-rparl-ra-malu a-gib a-di at-ta tal-la-kdm-ma tab-ba-kuus, "Whoever takes him into custody, you will send (him) to me; otherwise, let him stay put until you yourself come and take him away" 2:18-21 kakkullu see sa kakkulli(?) kalakku (kulukku) "storehouse" See also bitu dannu, bitu sa t liti, magkattu ZfD.DA.KASKAL a-na ku-lu-ku-si at-ta-du* aia-na LOUla-bi-i, it-ta-lak-ka, "I deposited travel provisions in his storehouse, and he went to the IJabPl tribe" 78:14-16; ... [a-kanl-na-ka ina [pa-anl LO.tGU1.[EN.NA] r• LT1.SAG.1.MES gsd1 EN.LIL.[KI] risl-sa-bat u [KAl ka-lak-k[a] (broken), "He seized the [...] there in the presence of the &and[abakku]and the heads(?) of the houses of Nippur, and [he ... ] the door of the storehou[se]" 74:21-23 kalbu "dog" ia-a -nu LU Ajt-la-mu-d' u UR.GIR, 5 1+en id [LO sarl-[ru-ti], "There is not an AblamQ or one single dog-of-a-crim[inal] around" 109:17-19 kallOf (an official) See comment on No. 15:18 a-na gab-bi-si-nu su-pur-ma a-na mZu-a-za-nu ka-li-ka Su-pur, "Write to them all, and write to Ziizanu your kalla-official" 15:16-19 oi.uchicago.edu 326 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR kalfi (B) "to detain, hold back" [SE]S-d-a la i-qab-bi [u]m-ma a-na ium-ul-lu-qu ki-i ib-ba-ku-us SES-u-a la i-kil-ligdi, "My [broth]er must not say: 'Because he is leading him away in order to allow (him) to escape, my brother must not keep him'" 86:7-10; at 10-stO LJ-ka LU mam-ma-nu-d-ka id a-ta-mar a-pat-tar-am-ma a-kil-lakka, "And I will ransom ten of your men-any man of yours whom I have seen-and I will hold (him) for you" 24:20-24; dg-gd-a KASKAL" ta-at-te-faml ul a-kil-li-id, "As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:23-25; LO be-li di-ni-ka a-Sib LUGAL ik-te-lig um-ma ul tal-lak, "Your court adversary is here. The king detained him, saying: 'You will not go'" 20:2931; LU.DAM.GAR-gd te-ku-tu la i-sak-kan um-ma a-na jia-ra-pi ul taq-ba-nim-ma ul ak-li-gs LO a-melu-tu a-na zbu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-ds-sii LO.TUR.MES ik-te-luS-i, "His merchant mustn't lodge a complaint, saying: 'You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him. The slave-you've allowed him to escape, and agents have detained him'" 81:20-29; mdEN-SILIM-im la tu-mas-sar-ma a-na di-na-a-ti la i-man-ni-ka kii-si-id--ma, "You must not release Bdl-usallim, and he must not hand you over to the court. Detain him" 106:4-8; A ki-i pa-ni be-lf-id ma-lftr um-ma lu-uk-li-gi sup-ram-ma mdUTU-APIN-es a-kan-ni Flul-bu-uk, "Or if it suits my lord and he says, 'Let me keep him,' write to me that I may bring Samasg-res here" 16:10-13; dS-si DUMU.KIN Sd DUMU mSil-a-nu sd SES-d-a is-pur a-na-ku ina URU Sd-pi-ia ul-tu ka-lu-d l+en lib-bu-ril LO-sui ak-tar-a-ta at-tu-a-ral, "Concerning the messenger of the son of Silanu about whom my brother wrote-Would I, in Sapiya, after he had been detained, have detached(?) one slave of his as my own?" 17:5-8; rLO1 a-mi-lu LU qal-rla-al [at]-Ftul-ni ram-mel-ni tu-mas-5ir-[su] ul i-rn-efli<-fi>-si ul rrl-x-[x(-x)] ki-i-la-a-is, "The man is [ou]r slave boy. Why did you let [him] go? He won't come <ba>ck. He won't [...]. Detain him" 31:6-9; 'NIN-ta* id ina KUR Tam-tim ka-la-a-ti mam-ma a-na KiJ.BABBAR ul i-nam-din-su kit-te te-pu-us, "Erigtu, who is being detained in the Sealand, no one will sell her. You have entered an alliance" 31:11-14; di-ni Md be-if DO-us me-nam-ma kal-an-nu, "The decision which my lord made-why is he withholding it from me?" 21:22-23 kamisu (A) (kemisu) "to collect, gather" 20 GU.UN AN.BAR sd na-sa-ka mdAG-APIN-eS DUMU LO.L.BAR dE-a gab-bi ina URU Ka-ldt ik-te-mis, "Nabft-res, a member of the SangQ-Ea family, collected in Kalbu all twenty talents of iron which I was carrying(?)" 41:7-11; FAN.BAR 1 ma-la na-gd-a-ti [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din [gab]-rbil a-naku a-kdm-mis, "Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody. I myself will collect it [al]l" 41:17-19 kamtsu (B) "to kneel" (G); "to kneel down (reflexive)" (Gt) Gt-stem: In the expression kinsfi kitmusu, "to be on bended knee": [S"u-k]a i-din-ma kin-si kit-rmu-sal, "Lend [me a hand]. I'm on bended knee" 66:14 kanfku "to seal" a-du- mdAG-A.GAL 1t mdEN-DO-Us me-res-ti ki-i in-~zu*-ru-u-nu ina t mDUB-ku DUMU mBa-na-a-a il-takkan-na* f KA me-res-ti-si ik-ta-nak, "Now when Nabf-le'i and Bel-ipus received the consignment from me, they stored it as usual(?) in the House of Sapiku, son of Bdnaya, and he sealed the door to his consignment" 39:5-10 kAnu "to be true" (G); "to exact, affirm, certify, establish, assign" (D) G-stem: "Kit-nu-igd LI1.EN.LIL.KI [k]i-i a-na UNUG.KI rit(?)-tur(?)l-ma DINGIR.MES liS-al-u-rnil k[i]-ril dib-bi an-nu-d-tu [ki"nu]-rd(?)1, "[I]f Kitnusa, the Nippurian, has returned(?) to Uruk, let them ask the gods whether these words are [tru]e" 110 r. 7'-10' D-stem: GIS.KIN rmutl-ram-ma kin-t nul a-t na pil-i KI.LAM Frla-a'-tul, "Buy and certify for me kigkand-wood-according to the cash price" 10:12-13; SES-d-a la i-kil-li-sl lis-pu-ra-sgum-ma LO sa- dr-ru-ti-sd lu-kin, "My brother must not keep him. Let him send him to me so that I may establish who his kidnappers were" 86:10-13; fal-di la qaq-qar il-la-ra, lu-tir(?)-ram(!?)l-ma ina muji- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 327 lti-su-nu Se-sek lu-Td kun(?)1, "Before the holding is lost to us, let me return(? it to cultivation?), or let it be assigned(?) as scrubland(?) for their use" 94:29-31 kapitu "collect" See comment on No. 35:28 rkitl-ta a-kan-na-ka KI.rLAM-ial ab-mid qu-i-rlil ki-pi-it-ma rtirl-ru, "In truth, I've covered over my market stall there. Collect the coils and return them to me" 35:25-28 karabu "to bless, greet" In the greeting formula DN u DN 2 ana beliya likrubi, "May DN and DN, bless my lord": dAG u dAMAR.UTU a-na be-lf-ia lik-ru-bu 41:3-4; 46:3-4; 57:3-4; u dAMAR.UTU a-na be-lf-id lik-frul-bu 97:3-4; dAG u d[AMAR.UTU] a-na be-lf-ia lik-ru-Ibul 38:3-4; dAG u dAMAR.UTU a-na berli-id lik-ru-rbul 44:3-4; dAG u dAMAR.UTU a-na be-[l1-id] lik-ru-bu 60:3-4; rdAG1 u dAMAR.UTU lanal be-flf-ial lik-ru-bu 56:3-4; IdAGI u dAMAR.UTU a-na be-li-rial lik-rrul-bu 94:3-4; dAG u drAMAR.UTU [a]-rnal b[e-li]-ia lik-ru-bu 110:3-4; [dAG dAG u dAMAR.UTU a-nal be-lf-ia flik-ru-bul 93:3- 4; dAG r1 [dAMAR.UTU] a-na be-li-id lik-ru-bu 83:2-3; [dAG u dAMAR.UTU] a-na be-rfl1-[ia lik]-frubul 58:34; dA[G u dAMAR.UTU] a-na be-lf-ia lik-rrul-[bu] 27:34; dAG [u dAMAR.UTU] a-na be-lirial [lik-ru-bu] 53:3-4; [dAG u dAMAR.UTU a-na be-li-ia lik-ru-bu] 98:3-4; drA-numl u dgu-tarl [a]rna be-1i-i[d] rlikl-ru-rbul 72:3-4; mdAG-ISES1 .MES-rSUM.NA 1 rLO.DUB.SAR-kal-ma dAG u dfAMAR.UTU1 a-na be-lt-id lik-ru-bu [liS-tur-ma], "Nabf-abbh-iddin, who is your scribe, [let him write]: 'May NabQ and Marduk bless my lord'" 85:20-23; ha-ran-.til LO.DUMU sip-ri-ku-nu rLU La-hil-ri lil<li->kdm-ma lik-fru-bul, "Quickly, let your messengers <g>o greet the Labirians" 43:24-26 karitu "to cut off, detach(?)" ds-s DUMU.KIN Sd DUMU mSil-a-nu id SEE-u-a is-pur a-na-ku ina URU Sd-pi-ia ul-tu ka-lu-i 1+en libbu-d1i LO-su ak-tar-a-ta at-tu-i-ral, "Concerning the messenger of the son of Silinu about whom my brother wrote-Would I, in Saplya, after he had been detained, have detached(?) one slave of his as my own?" 17:5-8; [(DN)] lu-u i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-d] LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a], "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his" 17:27-29 karfi (A) "investor" See also alaktu, dlik tarrdni, Itarranu, suhdru, tamkdru, zittu For discussion see comment on No. 44:15 lki-il [i]a pa-ni FLO1 kal-re-el [l]a malt-ra al-Fkdm-mal FKul.BABBAR I MA.rNA x GIN1 u me-rres-ti gab-bil a-fnaml-dak-rkal, "Because this does[n']t suit the investors, come and I will give you silver amounting to one mina, n shekels, or the entire consignment" 44:14-19 kaspu "silver" See also dasannu, era, fdtu, nisblu, parzillu, qilu, siqlu KU.BABBAR 1:34; 2:28; 10:10, 20, 21; 12:22; 21:13, 16, 20; 30:10; 31:13, 18; 37:9; 38:33, 37; 40:30; 41:22; 43:29; 45:6; 46:22; 47:13; 49:12; 50:6; 51:5, 8, 10; 52:6; 53:16; 55:13; 60:9; 62:15; 65:4, 8, 13; 66:8, 13; 68:4, 7; 69:17; 72:28; 73:14; 75:21; 79:6, 11; 81:7; 86:27; 87:9; 96:12, 13; 101:18; 105:15; 108:18; 109:7; KOI1.BABBAR 44:17; 69:14; 77:9; 87:7; FKP.BABBAR1 1:31; 40:6; 45:18; 59:12; 77:18; 81:17; 82:24; 109:12; KU.[BABBAR] 43:12; fK(J1.[BABBAR] 6:13; 75:26; [KC.BABBAR] 72:8, 21; 76:22; 104:17; KOJ.BABBAR-&yi 80:24; KO.BABBAR-ka 24:17; 79:8; 106:9; KU.BABBAR-fkal 84:8; fKO.BABBARl-ka 66:12; rKO.BABBARJ-k[a] 68 r. 3'; rKO.BABBAR-gtn-[nu] 68 r. 1'; KU.BABBAR-ma 56:18; KIP.BABBAR GIN 41:22; FKl.BABBAR 1 GIN 56:6; KO.BABBAR gd ni-is-hi 36:20 kasu "to flay" en-na EME-Si mit-tu ram(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l i-na GI[R.A]N.BAR ta-kul-us-sil ina Fza-qapl tan-ki-si, "Now his tongue is dead. Why? Did you flay it with an [i]ron dagg[er], or did you cut it off while it was sticking out?" 85:14-16 oi.uchicago.edu 328 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR kasa "you" ka-a-id 7:15; a-na ka-a-sd 1:3; 3:3; 17:3; 23:3; 28:3; 34:3; 40:3; 51:3; 52:3; 64:3; 69:3; 78:3; 85:3; 89:3; 90:3; 96:4; ral-na ka-a-sd 73:3; a-rnal ka-a-id 107:3; a-na rkal-a-Sd 15:4; 61:3; 100:7; a-rna kal-a-Sd 66:3; [a]-na ka-a-Sd 54:3; a-rna kal-a-5d 70:3; a-rnal k[a-a-Sd] 92:3; a-na ka-[a-sd] 48:3; [a-n]a rka-al-[5d] 26:3; a-na ka-sd 12:4; 31:5; 43:3; ral-na ka-&d 31:3 kasadu "to get hold of (a plot of land); to arrive" See also nasdru, sabdtu; for discussion of qaqqar(a) kaaddu, see comment on No. 91:16 LO.GO.EN.NA um-ma sup-ras-rsum-mal lil-li-kdm-m[a] qaq-qar kas-da-46-[sid], "The Sandabakku is saying, 'Send him a message that he should come, an[d] a plot will be gotten hold of for h[im]'" 91:13-16; ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] ANSE.A.AB.BA ZO.LUM.rMA1 in-da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al- ka a-di la LO ma-dak-ti ta-kas"*-sa*-du*, "If you can't op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the campaigning army arrives" 39:14-19; [kii] rLfO.DAM.GAR ik-tal-d[u] [Uii-na u4-m]u ta-tam-ru rUDU.MES1 Sul-lim-su, "[If] the merchant has already arriv[ed], [then as soon] as you see (him), compensate him for the sheep" 24:28-30; [a]di la GU4 ik-riul-[du] LO.A.KIN d be-li-id lu-mur, "But [b]efore the ox arri[ves], let me see the messenger of my lord" 62:17-19 In the idiom qAta/u kasadu, "to obtain possession of" (see comment on No. 4:9-10): a-di la Su" rLO.DAM.GARl i-kasrsa-dul sup-ram-ma rlul-li-kdm-mal ki-i sd pu-tu-ru lu-up-turds-su-nu-t[u], "Before the merchant gets hold of them, write to me. Then let me come; and if they are for ransom, let me ransom the[m]" 4:9-13; [ki-i] rihl-bu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] fiqbul-nu um-rmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tir-ru um-[ma en-na] ib-rbu-un-nil Su 0 ll-[ni lik-su-da], "[After] he plundered me, am[ong us] they spoke saying (not only): 'They have wreaked [vengeanc]e,' (but) also: '[Now let us re]cover our loss'" 20:7-11 kAsi see klaa kiau "to be delayed, late" See also bdtu, nemerku, ubhuru en-na "Ki-di-ni ina UNUG.KI i-ka-a-id t ia-a-'i il-tap-ra-an-ni, "Now KidinnT is delayed in Uruk, but he wrote to me personally" 37:10-13; [en-na] a-rlakl-[si] ri-kal-.i, "[Now his] departure is delayed" 20:18-19; ral-[du-d] ina UNUG.fKII ki-i t[ak-tu-si a-na] mSUM.NA-SES rFsl-pu-[ra], "N[ow], because you were [delayed] in Uruk, I wrot[e to] Nidin-abi" 72:22-24 katimu "to cover" (G); "to cover with a garment, to provide with clothing" (D) D-stem: bab-tak a ral-[n]a pa-an-i-rkal at-tal-ka Flul-[b]i-ra ul tu-kdt-tam-ran-ni-il, "(If) I was robbed and came t[o] you, you wouldn't even cover me with a ro[b]e" 35:12-14 katiru "to wait" ak-te-ra-ma lu-se-bi-la-ds'i-i um-ma ul-lam-ma lib-ba-ti-ia E§S-4-[al flal i-mdl-l[a], "Though I waited, I in fact wrote(?) to him (my brother), saying: 'It has indeed been a long time-my brother must not beco[me] angry with me'" 63:20-25 kemesu see kamasu (A) kezfl (kiza) "attendant" See comment on No. 15:1 a-na mBir-NU ke-e-zu-r1 qi-bi-ma, "Say to Bir-Salmi, the attendant ... " 15:1-2 ki (conj.) (aki) "if, because, that, when, as soon as, ki 38:36; ki-i 1:18; 2:4, 9, 16, 18, 27, 32, 34; 17; 13:22; 16:5, 10; 17:11, 18, 28; 18:5, 10; 27:21, 25; 28:10; 29:5; 30:10; 32:7; 33:13, 15, after" 3:6, 13; 4:14, 23, 25; 5:20; 7:18, 21; 9:7; 11:5, 7, 12, 20:24; 21:6; 23:7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 22, 28, 33; 24:14; 19; 34:12, 26; 35:4; 38:12, 14, 23; 39:7, 14, 19; 40:19, oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 329 28; 41:22; 43:29; 45:7, 15; 46:10, 24, 27; 47:4, 22; 51:8, 12; 52:5; 53:19, 23; 55:11; 56:11, 14, 25, 26; 57:22; 60:6, 24; 61:10; 62:19; 68:6; 69:22, 25; 72:7, 17, 23, 28; 77:15; 78:10; 80:11, 27; 81:13, 30; 82:26; 83:4, 17, 22, 25; 84:16, 19; 86:9, 17; 89:20; 92:14; 95:4, 21; 96:10, 15, 23; 97:9, 25, 34; 98:14, 24; 100:6, 13, 18, 19; 102:13; 103:18, 27; 108:18; 109:21; 110 r. 12'; Fkil-i 3:18; 19:20; 23:18, 33; 26:15; 30:17; 38:35; 41:24; 44:7; 56:16; 82:30; 83:19; 96:13; 105:12; 110:13 [k]i-i 4:22; 7:7; 45:25; 99:4; 110 r. 8'; ki-fil 1:37; 8:7; 23:17; 64:11; 68:10; 72:6; 97:6; rki-il 23:30; 26:20; 38:15; 44:14, 19; 58:20; 72:27; 73:13; 81:16; 82:17; 104:18; 108:17; 110:15; rki(?)-i(?)l 75:12; [ki]-i 16:6; 83:32; k[i]-ril 110 r. 9'; [ki]-lil 17:13; 105:4; [kil-[i] 108:18; k[i-i] 98:11; [ki-i] 20:7, 16; 24:28; 74:7; 83:7; 93:29; 108:12; ra-ki-il 98:10 ki (prep.) (aki) "like, as, in the manner of, according to, instead of" ki-i 51:10; rki-il 66:11; ki-i lib-bi-su(!)-nu 7:23; a-ki-i lib-bi 59:8-9; a-ki(?) pa-ni-id 83:42; ki-i nakut-ti 64:10; 70:20; 71:8; 89:22; 92:16; 102:21; ki(!)(text: Nl)-i na-kut-ti(!) 93:18; rki-i na-kutl-ti 45:30-31; [ki-i] na-kut-ti 74:25; ki-[i na-kut]-ti 96:27; ki-i na-kut-tu 83:39; ki-i pi-i an-ni 33:9; ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 1:15; 33:16; ki-i pi-i [an-nil-i 86:20-21; ki-[i] pi-i an-ni-i 110:15; ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i] 43:9; ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 19:4; 33:23; 51:17-18; 65:10; 89:5; ul ki-i pi an-ni-i, 10:4; full ki-i pi-i an-rnil[i] 75:4; ful(!)l ki-i pi-i an-rnil-i 26:5; ki-i pi sd 51:25-26; ki-i id 4:12; ki-i sd-a> 60:21 kilall" "both" mMu-seb-si &d ds-pu-rak-ka ri-qu-us-su la i-tur-ru LO qal-la-lu-u-tu ki-lal-le-e in-na-as-sum-ma it-tiSg li-bu-uk, "Musebsi, whom I sent to you, must not return empty-handed. Give him both slave boys rilthat he may bring (them) with him" 79:15-21; lu-hir-ma ki-lal-le-e l+en ina lib-bi FLO1.TUR.MES leq-qam-ma a-na SES-ia i*-nam*-din*, "I have indeed fallen behind, but one among the agents can take both (wagons) and deliver (them) to my brother" 63:13-18; dAG ki-i ki-lal-le(!)-e at-tu-a-a-ama, "By Nabfi-Neither belongs to me" 28:10-12 kilu "detention" sd mTam-mas-'l i-qab-bak-ka um-ma 10 tRIN.MES sd mA-tim-ma-a' it-ti-ia ka-a-da d-kal-lu dAG ki-i u4su-a, "Concerning what Tammas-II is saying to you: mu ul-lu-d ki-la at-tu-s ril ina SE.MESme at the guard-post'-By Nabu, it is not for eternity. Atimmi' with ten men of 'They are holding The detention is his (alone). And he is among his brothers" 23:25-30 kima "like" rFE1.BAR a-na mdAG-[A1.[GAL] i-din-ma a-na t bza-du-u lid-din man-nu ki-ma ma-hi-ri i-fraql-qa-a, "Give the wheat to Nabfi-l[Ei] and let him sell to the house which he prefers. (But) who will offer a higher price than the market place?" 37:20-24 kimsu see kinsu kingu (kinku) "sealed tag" See comment on No. 81:33-34 ki-i a-di q[-it ITI an-ni-i Flal ta-at-tal-ka ki-in-gu ina SA-si ia-a'-nu, "If you haven't come by the end of this month, there will be no sealed tag for him" 81:30-34 kinistu see irib kinisti sa bit ili kinsu (kimsu) "knee" In the expression kinsyi kitmusu, "to be on bended knee": [Su"-k]a i-din-ma kin-si kit-rmu-sal, "Lend [me a hand]. I'm on bended knee" 66:14 kirbinu see kurbannu oi.uchicago.edu 330 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR kiskanfi (a type of wood) See also ballukku, gammis, sakkullu, sassugu; for discussion see comment on No. 10:12 a-du-d 2 MA.NA KU.BABBAR ina Su" mBa-la-tu ul-te-bi-lak-ka GIS.KIN [mull-ram-ma kin-fnul a-Ina pili KI.LAM rba-a'-ul, "Now I have sent you two minas of silver in the hands of Balitu. Buy and certify for me kiSkanf-wood-according to the cash price" 10:10-13; u4-mu GIS.KIN SE§-[d-a] ud-eb-bil 2 fx 1 [x] fLOI.DIM tab(!)-ba-[ni-tu] a-na SES-ia d-s[eb-bil], "When [my] brother sends the kilkanawood, I wi[ll send] to my brother the two [...] temple coo[ks]" 10:16-19; a-du-d KO.BABBAR a-Ina SES1-[ia] at-ta-din ba-lanl-[.is] GIS.KIN Su-bi-la, "Now I have given the silver to [my] brother. Quic[kly], send me kilkanr-wood" 10:21-23; ds-Is GIS.KIN ma-gar-ra id SES-d-a i[s-ku]n a-du-r~l ab[t]ir, "Concerning the kifkan2-wood for wagon(s) which my brother de[posi]ted (with me)-I have now rea[d]ied (them)" 63:4-6 kittu "truth; alliance" See also Id kitta en-na kit-tu-6 sd [di-ni] be-if lu-d-mas-si-[ma] lis-pu-ra, "My lord should now find out the truth about [the case and] write" 38:42-44; Fkit-tul-d6 Sd kil-i mFdAG-DOl-uS IDUMU 1 mTUK-1i-DINGIR [ d lal be-lf-ia rki-il pi-i an-ni-i i-rdabl-bu-bu-rl, "Is it true that according to Nabf-ipus, son of Risi-ili, they are speaking without the permission of my lord as follows ... " 110:12-16; Ir kil-i kit-ti •id-d KI.LAM-ia la [ba-n]u 1d pa-an be-lf-id mab-ra be-lf rlisl-pu-[ram-mal, "And if it is true that my offering-price (for him) isn't [goo]d, let my lord write to me whatever suits my lord" 83:19-21 In the adverbial form kitta, "in truth": "SES.MES-MU sd-a'-al kit-ta ki-i pi-i an-ni a-na mSES.MES-MU iq-ta-rbil um-ma sd tap-q[-da-i[nn]a t zi-qur-ra-tu-d ki-i a-na ne-pe-si-ia bat-qu-d d BAD.AN.KI ki-i as-sa-ba-ti-ia, "Ask Abb&iddin if in truth he (Biniya) said to Abb&-iddin: 'With regard to the fact that you appointed [m]e-if the ziggurat is mine to build, then are the repairs of Der also mine to undertake?'" 33:8-15; ma-a'-da ah-pir-sd 'kitl-ta a-kan-na-ka KI. 1LAM-ial at-mid, "I've already cleared out much of it. In truth, I've covered over my market stall there" 35:25-27; kit-tu an-naa bi-tu-u-a, "In truth, it's my fault" 1:32 In the idiom kitta eps'u, "to make an alliance" (see comment on No. 31:14): 'NIN-ta* sd ina KUR Tam-tim ka-la-a-ti mam-ma a-na KJ.BABBAR ul i-nam-din-su kit-te te-puus, "Eristu, who is being detained in the Sealand, no one will sell her. You have entered an alliance" 31:11-14 kitf "linen" a-na* gU" GADA.MES sd-nu-ti-ma la i-x-x, "[They(?)] must not [...] for other bundles of flax" 35:29-30 kizf see kizd kullu "to hold; to rule" 1} ki-i ku-tal-lu*l-ta sd-d tu-kal da-id-an-ni lup-ru, "And if it is reserve-duty that you are holding him for-send rings" 2:34-37; sd mTam-maS-fl i-qab-bak-ka um-ma 10 fRIN.MES 1d m A-tim-ma-a" itti-ia ka-a-da i-kal-lu dAG ki-i u 4-mu ul-lu-i ki-la at-tu-Si [t1 ina SES.MES-Si Su-d, "Concerning what Tammas-II is saying to you: 'They are holding ten men of Atimm', with me at the guard-post'By Nabfl, it is not for eternity. The detention is his (alone). And he is among his brothers" 23:2530; AD.MES-d-nu a-ha-mes ku-ul-lu il l+en ral-na a-a-li IFd s-ni-i d-su-uz-zu, "Our fathers rule jointly, and they stand each as the confederate of the other" 2:37-40 kullumu "to show, point out" tLLO be-if KOR-ka kul-li-man-ni-ma lu-kul, "Then show me your enemy and let me devour (him)" 29:17-19 kulukku see kalakku oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 331 kurbannu "clod" i-i-Sbu um-ma kur-ban-nu gi-i-lu(!) ma-'a-da ki-i la pa-ds-ra ul ta-a-bu a-na e-reSi, "The cultivators of the farm are saying, 'The clods of the farm are numerous; if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting'" 92:11-15 LO.ENGAR.ME8 sId kurru "kor" (a measure of capacity) IDAM1.GAR ki-i sfG.yit 10 GUR (erasure) Flal i-nam-di-rka INIM 1 [a-n]a mNa-di-nu DUMU m x-[x(-x)] rq(bi-ma TKU.BABBAR 1 gup-r[ag-si ... (broken)], "The merchant-if he will not give you ten kor of red wool-say something [t]o Nidinu, son of [PN], send [him] silver, [and he will ... ]" 45:14-19; s'SU GIS.SE.8AR d SES-u-a Fig-pul-ra a-du*-d 10 GUR s [x].x.MES GIS.SE.UAR bab-ba-nu-a a-na r§E§1ia ul-te-bi-lu, "Concerning the GIS.1E.JAR about which my brother wrote to me-I have now shipped to my brother ten kor of [...] of fine-quality GIS.SE.UAR" 96:6-9; ds-sud SE.BAR sd tas-pur 10 GUR SE.BAR a-na mSES-SUM.NA fat-ta-dinl u a-na [mL]a-Fqfl-pi aq-ta-bi [um-m]a 20 SE.BAR lum-Fhurl si-itti SE.BAR-g• ina let mZa-kir, "Concerning the wheat about which you wrote-I have given ten kor of wheat to Aba-iddin, and to [L]iqlpu I spoke, [say]ing: 'Let me receive twenty (kor of) wheat (from you).' The rest of his wheat is in ZUkir's charge" 90:11-18 kurummatu "rations, provisions" See comment on No. 97:20-26 en-na ki-i SUKU.UI.A ina t mURU-lu-mur ia-a-nu SUKU.JI.A lid-da-ad-sg li-ru-ub-ma t-su li-mur-ma lil- lik-ma liq-ba-dsg-i-nu-tu, "Now, if there are no rations in the house of All-lRimur, let him (my brother?) give him (Ali-lumur?) rations. Let him go in and inspect his house and go and speak to them" 1:18-22; ma-ma-la SUKU.UI.A sd aRIN.MES-ial SE.BAR x x tf(?)1 x x it-tu S[u]-rbi-lil, "S[e]nd me each and every bit of my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]" 95:9-12; fal-na-ku i-de ki-i rSUKU*1.I.A1 ril-ba-dsg-sgi-, "I myself know that allotments for sustenance exist" 97:25-26; be[l[ LO(?)I.SUKU-ia (context broken) 111:22 kusippu (kusTpu) "a type of bread" See comment on No. 109:20 ku-sip-pe-ti na-d[a-a] ki-i is-su-d il-ta-par, "The kusippu-breads are st[ored]. When they brought (them), he wrote" 109:20-22 kutabu see bit kutd~li kutallu "backup, replacement" GU4 at-tu-a-a ku-tal ni-ri-gSi i GU4 rit-ta it-ta-rlil-iz-zu, "My own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plow-ox are halt" 91:7-10 kutallfitu "reserve-duty" See comment on No. 2:35-36 A ki-i ku-tal-.lu*l-ta sgi-a tu-kal da-id-an-ni gup-ru, "And if it is reserve-duty that you are holding him for-send rings" 2:34-37 la pan "to, for" See also ana pdn For discussion of correspondence of la with the Aramaic preposition 1-, see comment on No. 44:15 rki-il [I]a pa-ni FLOt ka-fre-el [l]a mafl-ra al-rkdm-mal FKOl.BABBAR 1 MA.[NA x GfN1 a me-[reS-ti gab-bil a-Fnaml-dak-rkal, "Because this does[n']t suit the investors, come and I will give you silver amounting to one mina, n shekels, or the entire consignment" 44:14-19; UD.ME-US-SU LO.DUMU gip-ri.MES-i-nu la pa-an a-fra-mes ul i-bat-t~i-lu, "Their messengers never cease (going) to each other daily" 20:25-28; Id mPAP-Fial Si-i MU.7.KAM FGAL(?) ki-il la pa-an "Kab-ti-id rill-lik, "She be- longs to Nasiriya. Seven years it was(?) that he did service for Kabtiya" 82:16-19 oi.uchicago.edu 332 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR la qft "from" See also ina qdt sfG.U9.ME.DA.KUR.rRA1 [l rSIG.ZAl.GIN.KUR.RA la ISU"n-[li] ram-burl, "I received from [his] hands the imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool" 45:10-11 li "no, not" See also adi (conj.), sa la NU 78:9; la 1:33; 2:5, 6, 15; 3:6; 4:21; 9:17, 25; 10:26; 11:6, 11; 15:12; 17:31, 33; 19:10, 13; 23:19, 33; 26:21, 22; 33:5, 7, 27; 35:30; 36:19; 37:10, 27, 29; 39:15; 40:25; 41:18; 42:8; 47:7; 55:10; 60:9, 25, 26; 63:19; 75:8, 30; 79:17; 81:16, 21; 83:18, 19, 33, 34, 43, 46; 84:7, 11, 12; 86:7, 10, 22, 28; 89:24; 91:17; 92:14, 22; 95:14, 15; 96:20, 24; 98:8; 101:11; 103:9; 104:8; 106:5, 7, 13, 15; 109:14; 110 r. 18', 20'; la(!) 47:17; 57:27; flal 3:14; 19:19; 30:23; 35:7; 45:16; 47:13; 63:25; 66:23; 74:2; 81:33; 93:21; 101:13; rla(?)i 20:16; l[a] 19:5; l[a(?)] 110 r. 16'; [l]a 7:8; 26:16; 44:16; 82:31; 104:13; [l]a(?) 26:14; [la] 19:25; 26:10; 104:18 15 dinu "without due process" See comment on No. 23:9 a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-i ki-i a-na-ku a at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]sa-Iar di-nu i-du-i a la dinu i-dab-bu-bu ina let dEN u dAG ul i-tib-ba-dsI-i, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it). Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of Bel and Nabf" 23:5-10; am-me-ni la di-na ta-lap-par, "Why are you writing about no due process?" 23:24 la kitta "unjustly" See also kittu 1+en-sd 2-su la kit-ta-a ab-tar-sa-a, "Have I even once or twice unjustly made a withdrawal?" 2:21-23 ii sanqu "incorrect, imprudent, unchecked, unsubstantiated" raml-me-ni dib-bi Flal sa-an-rqul-[ti] SES-r-a i-Sap-rparl, "Why is my brother sending unsubstanti[ated] reports ... ?" 74:2-3 (see also line 10) lahru "ewe; flock" See also immeru, senu dEN adAG lu-i i-du-u U8 NU BAD-ta ina IGI-ia i-pet-tu ki-i il-lik, "May Bl6 and NabO know (that) they will open an unopened ewe in front of me if he has not gone" 78:8-10; en-na a-rnal mMar-duk SESu-a liq-bi-ma U8 GIS.MA IdifD 1 lu-se-bi-lam-ma ftab-ne-el-tu i-na lib-bi lu-be-en-Inul, "My brother should now speak to (the man) Marduk to have a riverboat transport a flock here so that they may arrange the sacrificial tables therewith" 17:37-41 lamfdu "to learn" In the idiom ft~m X lamadu, "to learn the will, opinion, or mind of X": Sd LI) sab-ftul-tu 1d tal-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmajl-[s]i a-du-i lul-lik-ma tId-e-mul AD.MES-Ianu lul-ma-ad-du, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote, saying: 'Guara[nt]ee their safety'-Now let me go and learn what their fathers are thinking" 30:4-9 lapan "from, on account of" ki-i pa-an SES-id ma[j-r]u (ba-dis la-pa-an LU.DAM.rGAR 1 lu-usl-am-ma rlul-le-Tbil-lak-ka, "[N]ow if itsu[it]s my brother, I will gladly convey her from the merchant and have (her) brought to you" 82:26-29; a a-ga-lnul ki-i ta-b[u]-uk [I]a-pa-an ZI.MES man-nu [p]u-ut-su-nu i-mab-bas, "But ifyou have l[e]d these away (already), who is going to [k]eep them safe from the rebels?" 7:17-20; laIGI(?) I.AD-J• bi-lat fin(?)-na(?)l-[j]i(?)-rma(?)1,"... tribute would be carried(?) off(?) from his clan" 6:15-16; a-di a-sap(!)-pa-rak-ka 30 UDU.NITA.MES 1 la-pa-an mnNUMUN-[x(-x)] (erasure) la(!) ta-Id-x(- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 333 x), "Until I write to you, don't [...] the thirty sheep from Zera-[...]" 47:14-17; [(DN)] lu-u i-du kii la lib-b[u-i] LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a] sgi-i L LO.DUMU ip-ri-si la il-la-kdm-ma la-Fpa-anl sa-ar-ta-attu LO-a 1+en la am-bu-ru rgul-u-ma KASKAL" a-na GIR"-gi al-tak-nu, "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his, that he and his messenger were not coming here, that I did not accept even a single slave by deceptive means, and that I would have set him on the road" 17:27-34; id-la-a-n[u-a a-kan-na-k]a(!?) sa-dr-r[u-tu la us-sld-bu a rlal-pa-rnil-[s-nu]ul ta-zak-ki, "Crim[inals must not sett]le [ther]e without my permission. Or on account [of them] you will not be free of claims" 19:24-26 lapfin mini "why?" la-pa-an mi-ni-i ki-i ajh-ka na-da-a-ta, "Why is it that you are being negligent?" 20:23-25 lemuttfinu "reprobate, evildoer" For an analysis of the form lemuttdndtunu, see the note to No. 1:30 id SES-f-a a-na "Mu-ri i-qab-bu-u um-ma ie-mut-ta-na-tu-nu mi-nam-ma sd 1 MA.JNA KO.BABBARI tas-pur-a-nu, "About what my brother is saying to Murru: 'You are all reprobates.' What about this one mina of silver you sent me?" 1:28-31 leqfi "to take" lu-bir-ma ki-lal-le-e 1+en ina lib-bi rLUl.TUR.MES ril-leq-qam-ma a-na ýES-ia i*-nam*-din*, "I have indeed fallen behind, but one among the agents can take both (wagons) and deliver (them) to my brother" 63:13-18 Ietu "cheek; blade" See also ina lit [n G]U 4.MES u 180 [LO1.ENGAR.ME[S] T~i1 SES-ia lil-lik-i-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-u, "Let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows" 96:17-19 libbitu (pl. tantum) "anger" In the idiom libbati X mald, "to become angry with X": i-na mah-ri-i sd-la-nu-usg-g a-na mAD-ll-a ki-i ad-din lib-ba-ti-ia in-da-al, "Before, when I gave to Abu-Ili without his permission, he became angry with me" 100:15-19; ak-te-ra-ma lu-se-bila-ds-su um-ma ul-lam-ma lib-ba-ti-ia SES-i-a1 [flal i-mdl-l[a], "Though I waited, I in fact wrote(?) to him (my brother), saying: 'It has indeed been a long time-my brother must not beco[me] angry with me'" 63:20-25; "Ki-di-ni lib-ba-ti-ka la i-ma-li, "Kidinni must not become angry with you" 37:25-27 libbu "heart" See also ana libbi, ina libbi, iltin ina libbi, ultu libbi a-du-u ANSE.KUNGA sd a-ki-i lib-bi sd be-li-ia a-rnal be-rlt-ial al-tap-ra, "Now I have sent to my lord a mule after my lord's (own) bi-'u(!)-nu li-ru-bu a lu-su-a, of Iltazinu as they please'" loo[king for] your messenger. 72:11-12 heart" 59:7-10; ki-i a-na tu-bi pa-ni-ka um-ma URU Il-ta-zi-ni ki-i lib"If it is good for you, say (to them): 'May they come in and go out 7:21-24; LU rA Sip-ril-ka [i-bal-[>a] Iti-is-bi rSA1 hta-mat-ti, "I am (But it's like finding) a bumper crop in the heart of a barren waste" In the idiom libbu mald, "to become angry": [en]-[nal lib-bi rFd be-l[1-[ia] [mim(?)-ma(?)] la i-ma-al-lu-ii, "[No]w [my] lord must not [on any account(?)] become angry" 110 r. 19'-20' libbil "belonging to, out of" See also iltin libbd ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i aq-bak um-ma l[a] ta-ne-elt-lti-is-m[a] Ilb-bu-ui LI a-gib FURU1 sd EN.LIL.KI a LO.BARA.DUMU-t-a 9d a-kan-na-ka a-na ldb-tu a-na t mla-a-ki-ni la il-lak, "Didn't I say to you: 'You oi.uchicago.edu 334 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR must n[ot] withdraw, nor should any resident of Nippur or any of the people of Parak-mari who are there go away captive to Bit-Yakin ... '?" 19:4-10; en-na sfG ta-kil-ti bab-ba-n[i]-t[a] sfG dr-ga-man- ina gSu" mMu- 6 a-na TUG mu-sip-tu sd SES-id i-maji-ia-sum nu bab-ba-nu-rdl d sfG ta-kil-tu lib-bu-d ru SES-d-a lu-se-bil, "My brother should now send in the hands of Murru some f[i]n[e] blue-purple and red-purple wool and also some blue-purple wool out of which they can weave my brother's musiptu-textile" 1:40-45; [(DN)] lu-u i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-u] LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a], "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his" 17:27-29 liginnu "tablet (containing texts or excerpts)" In the idiom liginna qabd, "to learn to read" (see comment on No. 83:14-15 and 47): am-me-ni LO qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-Sib lil-flil-kdm-ma NINDA.1J.1A lis-bt-e-ma li-kul t fIM1.GID.DA it-ti LIO.AMAN.LA.MES liq-rbil, "Why is a slave boy living in the marsh? Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices" 83:11-15; lutis[AL] sd be-lf-id 2 LO qal-lum-ma la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] IM.GID.DA liq-bi, "And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, she/he should not delay. Let her/him co[me and] learn to read" 83:44-47 limu "thousand" qaq-qa-ra ki-i ni-risl-su-ri 4 LIM ) 1 ME, "The holding, when we laid claim to it, was 4000 (cubits) and 100 (cubits)" 98:14-15; a-rnal pa-an ITI.BARA 2 LI[M(?)] LO qin-na-a-ti a-Inal pa-an SES- id il-la-ka, "Before the month of Nisannu, two thous[and(?)] families will be coming to my brother" 1:22-25 lisinu "tongue" en-na EME-sd mit-tu ram(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l i-na GI[R.A]N.BAR ta-ku-rus-sil t ina za-qapl tan-ki-si, "Now his tongue is dead. Why? Did you flay it with an [i]ron dagg[er], or did you cut it off while it was sticking out?" 85:14-16 littu (litu; pl. Idtu) "cow" See also alpu, biru GU4.NINDA.MES ul-tu lib-bi [AB(!?).GU 41.HI.A r150+1 GIS.APIN.[MES1 be-lif lil-is-bat-am-rmal, "Let my lord take the young bulls from the cows (and also) one hundred and fifty(+) plows" 94:26-29 lif "be it" (precative, concessive particle); "indeed" (asseverative particle) lu 2:19; 17:29; 27:24; 40:3; 48:16; 51:3; 64:3; 69:3; l[u] 15:4; lu-u 1:3; 34:3; lu-d 2:11; 3:3, 18; 9:6; 11:9; 12:5; 13:5; 17:28; 21:4; 23:3; 28:3; 31:3; 35:16; 43:3, 28; 52:3; 60:5; 66:3, 5; 69:22; 70:3; 73:3; 78:3, 8; 80:18; 82:4; 85:3, 5; 86:14; 89:3; 92:27, 29; 97:31; 99:12; 102:4; 107:3; lu-[rl 17:3; 61:3; 94:31; flul-d 17:22; 26:3; 96:4; rlu-al 8:6; 48:3; 54:3; [lu-a] 92:3; lu in lu ul-te-bi-<lak->ka 55:11; in lu-bir-ma 63:13; in lu-se-bi-la-ds-sd 63:21 lii ... lii "either ... or" ki-i a-na tu-bi be-li-id gak-na 2 LO qal-la-lu-tu lu-td d 'Kul-la-a lu-uti d '-sag-gil-i sd mam-ma ina lib-bi-si-ni &d a-na tu-bi be-li-id sak-na t lu-ti a-me-lut-tu mim-ma &d be-li-id lu-ti 'Ti-ru-tu lui 'Qi-[bil-DOG.GA lu-ti cdiba-du-d be-li li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik a-na-ku pu-us-su-nu na-sd-k[a], "If my lord deems fit, my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boys-either of the woman Kullfi, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tirfitu, or the woman Qibi-dumqT, or whomever my lord prefers. I myself a[m] acting as their guarantor" 83:25-32 Iui ... u "whether ... or" be-lf lis-pu-ram-ma lu-i s[AL] sd be-li-id I) LO qal-lum-ma la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] IM.GID.DA liq-bi, "Let my lord write to me. And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, she/ he should not delay. Let her/him co[me and] learn to read" 83:44-47 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 335 lubiru (lubiru) (a type of garment) See comment on No. 35:13 tiab-tak D ral-[n]a pa-an-i-Fkal at-tal-ka flul-[b]i-ra ul tu-kdt-tam-ran-ni-il, "(If) I was robbed and came t[o] you, you wouldn't even cover me with a ro[b]e" 35:12-14 ma'adu (mddu) "to be plentiful, much, numerous" See also ma)da (adv.), ma'du (adj.), madau (s.) ki-i ma-ad KiJ.BABBAR 9d ina muh-hi-rsfil-nu a-par-ra-rsula-na Sul"-ia i-tir,, "If it is much silver that I should set aside for them, pay it to me" 30:10-13; LO.ENGAR.MES id si-i-bu um-ma kur-ban-nu sii-bu(!) ma-'a-da ki-i la pa-ds-ra ul ta-a-bu a-na e-re-si, "The cultivators of the farm are saying, 'The clods of the farm are numerous; if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting'" 92:1115; fia-nu-al-ma Su-bil sfG.1JUE1.ME.DA.KUR.RA U SIG.ZA.GIN.KUR.RA a-kan-na ma-a>-da*, "Send abso- lutely nothing. There is much imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool here" 45:12-14 ma'da (adv.) "very" See also ma ddu, ma>du (adj.), ma'di (s.) 'La-qi-pu ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.KI it-tal-ka 3 sa-ma-da sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES it-ti-gs i-tab-ka ma-a,-da banu-d, "Ldqipu came from Elam. He brought three teams of mules with him. They are of very good quality" 57:8-10; LU a-mi-[lu-tu a]-ga-a* sd i-bu-[ka] ma-a,-da rba-nal-[a], "[Th]ese sla[ves] whom he le[d here] are of very good qual[ity]" 45:23-25; ma-a>-da (context broken) 101:14 ma'du (adj.) (mawda, undeclined) "many, numerous, large" See also madadu, ma'da (adv.), ma^dd (s.) rLul.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.1MES1 ma-a'-da sd a-kan-na i-du-in-ni, "There are many men of Babylon who know me here" 83:34-35; ma-a>-da si-bu-ut ana be-lf-ia a-na-di-s•, "Great is the desire which I LO qal-lal-lu-ti rpaq-dul-nik-ka am conveying to my lord" 102:19-20; ril-na flibl-bi fjll-ti.[MES1 1T ma-a,-du-d-t[i], "Among the slave men and slave boys are man[y] who should be handed over to you" 74:28-31 ma>df (s.) "large quantity, plenty, much" See also maaddu, ma)da (adv.), maadu (adj.) u-de-e rgab(?)I-[bi] sf qa*-tar-ra-a-rtiliaKA1 qul-mu-4 AN.TBAR1 it-ti-gu(!?) i-s.d-al ma-,-da abpir-si, "Deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es). I've already cleared out much of it" 35:21-25; dul-la-ka id te-ep-pu-u i mal-a,-da lul ba-na, "There is a great deal of work for you to do. Let it be good" 92:25-27; ki-i di-m[u-u um(?)-ma] i-na IEN.LfLl.KI ma-a'-da id Fxl [x (x)] a LLO Ga-a-mu gab-bi a-na m[ut(?)-hi(?)] LO Rubu-u> it-ftall-ku, "So I have hea[rd]: 'In Nippur, many of the [...] and all the people of Gimu have gone ov[er](?) to the Rubu> tribe'" 83:4-7 madtidu "to measure out" See also iaqdlu gd Si-ib-wS id be-if is-pur a-du-a ab-tir DUMU Sip-ri sd be-il-ia it-ti "SUM.NA-a lil-lik-ma SE.BAR liin-dul-dul-[ma] li-i[S-5u], "As to the rent about which my lord wrote: I have now readied (it). Let the messenger of my lord go with Nadna, and let them measure out the wheat [and] trans[port it]" 102:5-11 madaktu "campaigning army" See also gudiudu, saba sa qasti di-s•d t.-e-me gd LO Kal-du id §ES-t-a is-pu-ra LI) ma-dak-tu gab-bi i-de-ek-ku-a, "Concerning the report about the Chaldeans about which my brother sent me a letter-They are mobilizing the entire campaigning army" 34:5-8; ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] ANSE.A.AB.BA Zit.LUM.MAl in-da-amma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al-ka a-di la Li ma-dak-ti ta-ka"*-sd*-du*, "If you can't op[en] the do[or] to oi.uchicago.edu 336 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the campaigning army arrives" 39:14-19 maddattu see mandattu madu see ma'ddu magarru "wagon" See also narkabtu l mam-ma ina pa-an LU.ARAD.1.GAL.MES ia-a'-nu-um-fmal GISJ.JR1.MES gis-tal-li GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GIS si-i-pi t GIS.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-dsg-Fsi, "And (inasmuch as) there is absolutely no one in charge of the builders, no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon" 89:1317; dsi-g GIS.KIN ma-gar-rasd SES-u-a i[s-ku]n a-du-ril ah-[t]ir, "Concerning the kigkanif-wood for wagon(s) which my brother de[posi]ted (with me)-I have now rea[d]ied (them)" 63:4-6 magaru "to consent, to agree, to accept a proposal" a-na rml[x-x(-x-x)] ki-i a-fqabl-b[i] um-ma a[l-kdm-ma] it-ti a-lta-m[es] ni-i[l]-lik u ul i-man-gur, "Whenever I sa[y] to [PN]: 'C[ome here and] let us go togeth[er],' he does not agree" 61:9-14; LUGAL i-ta-ri um-ma KU.BABBAR-ma i-is ul i-man-gur um-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-ba-nu-u-rtul abka-nim-ma fidl-na-ni, "The king will return and say: 'The silver-where is it?' He won't consent. He'll say, 'Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me'" 56:17-22; "Gu-lu-is um-ma l+en sa-mada ab-ba(!)-ka mLa-qf-pu ul i-man-gur um-ma ul a-nam-di-ka, "Gulfi'u says: 'I will lead away one team.' Laqipu won't consent and says: 'I will not give (it) to you'" 57:10-12; rki-il la idAG-ba-ni i-man-gu-ru-d-ma la i-sap-pa-rak-ka faml-me-rnil dul-la qa-tu-d, "If NabQ-bani does not agree, and he does not write to you, why should service come to an end?" 26:20-23; rmal-bi-ra-a-ti [Sd SE.BAR a1 [lE].GIS..MES sd be-lf [is-pu-ra] [L]O.rDAMl.GAR ul i-man-[gur] [x(-x)]-x-ti ul i-nam-[din], "Equivalents in wheat and [ses]ame, about which my lord [wrote], the [mer]chant will not acc[ept]. He will not se[ll ... ]" 97:13-16 mahiru "to receive, accept, buy" (G); "to offer" (D); "to treat the same way" (S) G-stem: la ta-mah-har 40:25; a-mah-har-ka 79:12; a-mah-ha-ru-ku 69:24; in-da-bar 57:23; ta-an-dabar-su-nu-tu 2:28; finl-da-har-u-ni 90:21; am-bur 53:19; ram-hurl 45:11; la am-bu-ru 17:33; an-burraml-ma 60:17; in-ltu*-ru-u-nu 39:7; mu-Fburl 55:13; m[u-bur] 53:28; mujz-ru 60:15; mu-tur-su 79:14; 101:10; muh-ram-ma 1:35; 10:12; 40:8; 49:13; 52:6; rmull-ram-ma 10:12; rmub-raml-ma 44:11; mu-blur-am-ma 50:7; rlu-uml-bur 46:16; lum-r[url 90:16; lum-bur-am-ma 36:8; [lum]-Shurl-amma 40:17 In the idiom (ana/la) pan X maharu, "to suit X, to be suitable for X": pa-an be-li-ia mah-r[a] ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-rbal-nu-d-ti [a-na bel-lf-ia rlu-i-sel-bi-li, "(If) it suit[s] my lord, let me send fine mules to my lord" 58:14-19; lia-an-.tis be-if lis-pu-ramma ma-la GURUS.[MES1 ["rl pa-rnil [be-li-ia] rmahi-ru rlul-bu-kdm-ma, "Let my lord write to me posthaste, and I will come and bring to my lord as many warriors as are suitable for KLLAM-ia la [ba-n]u sd pa-an be-lf-id mah-ra be-lf rlilmy lord" 29:9-14; rd kil-i kit-ti a-ti pu-[ram-mal, "And if it is true that my offering-price (for him) isn't [goo]d, let my lord write to me whatever suits my lord" 83:19-21; rme-reg-til bab-ba-n[i-ti] rmult-raml-ma ina i [sd] ra-nal pa-ni-ka [ma]4h-ral [l]i-[li-il, "Buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment, and then [let] it go up in value in a house [that su]its you" 44:10-14; ki-i pa-an SES-id ma[h-r]u ba-dis la-pa-an LO.DAM.JGAR 1 lu-uS-sam-ma rlul-&e-rbil-lak-ka, "[N]ow if it su[it]s my brother, I will gladly convey her from the merchant and have (her) brought to you" 82:26-29; a ki-i pani be-li-id ma-hfr um-ma lu-uk-li-si sup-ram-ma mdUTU-APIN-e a-kan-ni [lul-bu-uk, "Or if it suits my lord and he says, 'Let me keep him,' write to me that I may bring Samas-Eres here" 16:10-13; ki-i pa-ni-ka mah-hfr UA.LA-a ina lib-bi su-kun, "If it suits you, put my share in" 34:26-27; [m]a-qar-ra-ti3 GIN 1 ki-i [p]a-an be-l-ia mah-[rul [a]-na rpil-i r[&l ana oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 337 1 GIN lu-ltir-[ma a-n]a [b]e-lf-ia lu-se-bi-[li], "If it [s]uits my lord, let me prepare a [b]undle of three shekels [i]n exact one-shekel portions, [and then] let me sen[d] it [t]o my [l]ord" 97:9-12; rki-il [l]a pa-ni FLO 1 ka-Fre-el [l]a mah-ra al-Fkdm-mal rKO 1.BABBAR 1 MA.rNA X GfNl u me-rrel-ti gab-bil a-[naml-dak-rkal, "Because this does[n']t suit the investors, come and I will give you silver amounting to one mina, n shekels, or the entire consignment" 44:1419 D-stem: 4' MA.NA ki-i pi 56 KI.LAM a-kan-rna-kal muh-hi-ramirmal si-bil, "Offer me (an amount worth) four and one-half minas according to the rate of exchange there and send (it)" 51:25-28 S-stem: u mim-mu-u td-e-mu sak-na-a-ti gab-bi lu-sam-hi-i-ri, "And you make all kinds of reportsShould I treat them all the same way?" 92:30-32 mahlsu "to strike; to weave" en-na sfG ta-kil-ti bab-ba-n[i]-t[a]sfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-rul a sfG ta-kil-tu lib-bu- sd a-na TOG mu-sip-tu sd SES-id i-mah-ha-su ina Su" t Mu-ru SES-i-a lu-se-bil, "My brother should now send in the hands of Murru some f[i]n[e] blue-purple and red-purple wool and also some blue-purple wool out of which they can weave my brother's musiptu-textile" 1:40-45 In the idiom puit X mahasu, "to guarantee the safety of X" (see comment on No. 7:20): 4 a-ga-rnul ki-i ta-b[u]-uk [l]a-pa-an ZLMES man-nu [p]u-ut-su-nu i-mah-has, "But if you have l[e]d these away (already), who is going to [k]eep them safe from the rebels?" 7:17-20; Id LO sab-Ftul-tu Id tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmahl-[s]i a-du-i lul-lik-ma td-re-mul AD.MES-Sinu lul-ma-ad-du, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote, saying: 'Guara[nt]ee their safety'-Now let me go and learn what their fathers are thinking" 30:4-9 mahiru "price, rate of exchange, equivalent; market stall, market place" See also bdb ddri 41 MA.NA ki-i pi Id KLLAM a-kan-rna-kal muzh-hi-ram-rmal si-bil, "Offer me (an amount worth) four and one-half minas according to the rate of exchange there and send (it)" 51:25-28; a-du-ti 2 MA.NA KO.BABBAR ina u" m'Ba-la-tu ul-te-bi-lak-ka GIS.KfN [muhl-ram-ma kin-rnul a-Ina pil-i KI.LAM rta-a'tul, "Now I have sent you two minas of silver in the hands of Balitu. Buy and certify for me kigkand-wood-according to the cash price" 10:10-13; fG.UJI.A sd LO Pu-qu-du ul ba-na-a u KI.LAMsi-na ul ba-na SfG.UI.A sd LO La-he-e-ri ba-na-a a KI.LAM-gi-na ba-na, "The wool of the Puqfidians is not good, and its price is not good. The wool of the Labirians (on the other hand) is good, and its price is good" 46:16-22; rdsl-si KI.LAM FURU(?)i sd SE.GIS.l Id [be]-rl[1 [i]s-pur a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD i-na[m-di]-rnul, "Concerning the town's(?) price for sesame about which my [lo]rd [w]rote-they were se[lli]ng white sesame for one panu, two sdtu (per mina) in the town gate" 53:6-10; Ft kil-i kit-ti su-u KI.LAM-ia la [ba-n]u Id pa-an be-lf-id malt-ra be-li rlislpu-rram-mal, "And if it is true that my offering-price (for him) isn't [goo]d, let my lord write to me whatever suits my lord" 83:19-21; rmal-hi-ra-a-tirsd SE.BAR 1)[SE].GIS.I.MES Id be-li [is-pu-ra] [L]OJ.DAMI.GAR ul i-man-[gur] [x(-x)]-x-ti ul i-nam-[din], "Equivalents in wheat and [ses]ame, about which my lord [wrote], the [mer]chant will not acc[ept]. He will not se[ll ... ]" 97:13-16; ma-a -da alt-pir-gs rkitr-ta a-kan-na-ka KI.rLAM-ial alj-mid, "I've already cleared out much of it. In truth, I've covered over my market stall there" 35:25-27; rSE1.BAR a-na mdAG-A1l.[GAL] i-din-ma a-na t tza-du- i lid-din man-nu ki-ma ma-hi-ri i-[raql-qa-a, "Give the wheat to Nabl-l[,i] and let him sell to the house which he prefers. (But) who will offer a higher price than the market place?" 37:20-24 mahrfi "earlier, before" See also ina maldr KO.BABBAR gd mah-ri-[i] a-du-d KO.BABBAR a-rna SE§1-[ia] at-ta-din tIa-fanl-[tig] GIS.KIN Su-bi-la, "The silver is as befor[e]. Now I have given the silver to [my] brother. Quic[kly], send me kiSkaniwood" 10:20-23 oi.uchicago.edu 338 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR maj(j)Aru see mayyaru makkfiru "treasury, wealth, estate" See also bduu; for discussion see comment on No. 97:28-29 a-ga-ral [NIG].JGAl LUO sd be-lf-sg ri-mu-rtul ri-ril-mu-rfgl, "This is the [est]ate of a man whose lord has given it to him as a land grant" 97:27-29 mala (conj.) "as much as, as many as, all that" a-du-u SE.BAR ma-la se-ba-a-ti* lu-a-le-bi-lak-ka, "Now let me send you as much wheat as you want" 51:20-22; it tab-tu ma-la ib-tab-tu-nu pu-tu-ru ina Su"-su-nu la te-ep-pu-us, "And also you must not ransom from them any of those whom they have already taken captive" 19:10-13; rAN.BARl ma-la na-Sd-a-ti [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din [gab].rbil a-na-ku a-kdm-mis, "Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody. I myself will collect it [al]l" 41:17-19; tup-pa-a-nu annu-tu ma-la ds-pu-rak-ka [ta]-rmu-il-ru, "Have [you s]een all these tablets that I've sent you?" 71:10-13; en*-na* AN*.BAR* [ma-1]a be-It se-bu-4 [lis-pu]-ram-ma [a-na be]-It-ia [lu-se]-bi-li, "Now my lord [should wr]ite to me for [as mu]ch iron as he wants so that [I can se]nd (it) [to] my [lo]rd" 41:32-36 In the compound conjunction mala ga (see comment on No. 48:12-13): su-pur-ma ma-la id ba-da-a-ta SIG.UI.A ina Sun-S• i-gi, "Write and take from him as much wool as you wish" 48:12-15; ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i u]l raql-bi um-ma ma-la sd [se-ba-a-ta] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.[KI ib-ba-ka], "Did I [no]t say as fo[llows]: 'All that [you desire he will bring] from Ela[m]'?" 43:9-11; u4-mu id a-na pa-ni-ka it-ltall-[ku]-u ma-la d rfba-dul-a li-is-bat, "When he go[e]s to you, let him take as many as he wants" 47:18-21 In the compound conjunction mimma mala (see comment on No. 40:9): mim-ma ma-la ba-su-i gab-bi-su me-reS-ti, "Everything that is on hand-it is all a consignment" 40:9-10 mala (prep.) "as many as, to the extent that" See also malmala, ydmdtu ma-la(!) [s]i-rbul-u-ti sd be-li-ia [sd is-p]ur u GIS.KAK.MES [a-na be-lf-i]a t-rgeb-bill, "Every single one of my lord's [de]sires [about which] he has [writt]en-even the pegs-I am sending [to] my [lord]" 94:15-18; ma-Ia KU.BABBAR-ka sd i-na pit-bi i-na eq-li-ka si-il-mu mam-ma la i-par-rrakl-kaa-ma, "Let no one bar you from any of your silver which is safeguarded in the hole in your field" GIS.SA.KAL su-bi-la, "Now send me every single part of my chariot-sassugu-woodand Sakkullu-wood" 33:32-35; dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES Md bal-rta106:9-13; en-na ma-la GIS.GIGIR-ia GIS.MES.GAM t? nu al-de-fel sd it-ti a-ba-mes min-su nu-rull-tan-nu-ma, "By Bl--How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'?" 23:30-32; ma-la me-res-ti-[si-nu] sd tas-rkun gab-bi atl-ta-din, "Every single item of [their] consignment which you stored I have sold" 45:4-5; ma-la an-ni-i [KOT.GI (= qux-tcru) s' GESTU" i-na Su" l*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU f•V1 a-na i-si-in-na a-na EN.LIL.KI1 il-la-ka SES-i-a lu-ti-Se-bi-li, "My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival" 70:10-17; tba-an-tis be-If lispu-ram-ma ma-la GURUS.JMES 1 rdi1 pa-rnil [be-lf-ia] [mabl-ru rlul-bu-kdm-ma, "Let my lord write to me posthaste, and I will come and bring to my lord as many warriors as are suitable for my lord" 29:9-14; ma-la-a ftIRIN.MES1 &d it-ti-ka flil-tab-ka [ba]l-tu-si-nu [li-i]t-tab-ti-til, "Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive)" 29:21-25 In the expression mala aganni iimii, "(for) a long time, (for) so long, ever" (lit. "all these days"); see comment on No. 107:5-7: am-me-ni ma-la-gan-ni-i IUD1.MES LO.DUMU sip-ri d SEE-ia i-tal-kan-ni, "Why has my brother's messenger (been) gone from me so long?" 107:5-7; ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES mam- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 339 m .DINGIR ul li-ban-inul, "For a long time no one has arranged the sacrifima tab-ni-tu ina cial table in the temple" 17:35-37; am-me-ni ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES FLO 1.DUMU sip-ri-ka ul am-mar 6 a-na si-bu-tu ul ta-sap-par, "Why don't I ever see your messenger, and why don't you ever write for what you want?" 71:4-7 malaganni see agannai, mala (prep.) malahu "boatman" ritl-ti-ka a-sap-par-ma IMU LO1 sar-ru-ti-su ril-qab-bak-ka a r5+1 GIN KO.BABBAR ta-nam-da-dS-Sl, "I will send Samas-eriba, the boatman, with you; he will tell you the names of his kidnappers, and you will give him five shekels of silver" 86:23-27 mdfUTul-eri-ba LO.MA.LAU 4 malmala (mammala) "each and every bit" See also mala (prep.), ydmdtu; for discussion see comment on No. 95:9 ma-ma-la SuKU.UI.A sid rfRIN.MES-ial SE.BAR x x [r(?) 1 x x it-tu s[u]-rbi-lil, "S[e]nd me each and every bit of my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]" 95:9-12 malu "to be full" (G); "to pay or deliver in full, to allocate" (D) G-stem: In the idiom libbati X malft, "to become angry with X": i-na mah-ri-i d-la-nu-us-si a-na t AD-fl-a ki-i ad-din lib-ba-ti-ia in-da-al, "Before, when I gave to Abu-Ilf without his permission, he became angry with me" 100:15-19; ak-te-ra-ma lu-se-bi-la-ds-sd um-ma ul-lam-ma lib-ba-ti-ia SES-tr-al flal i-mdl-l[a], "Though I waited, I in fact wrote(?) to him (my brother), saying: 'It has indeed been a long time-my brother must not beco[me] angry with me'" 63:20-25; mKi-di-ni lib-ba-ti-ka la i-ma-li, "Kidinni must not become angry with you" 37:25-27 In the idiom libbu mali, "to become angry": [en]-inal lib-bi rsd be-l[1-[ia] [mim(?)-ma(?)] la i-ma-al-lu-i, "[No]w [my] lord must not [on any account(?)] become angry" 110 r. 19'-20' D-stem: UA.L[A] rDINGIR mu 1 -li [Sd tul-sa-ra[p] d[EN dlAG 0i E-a flal ik-kal, "Allot the god a full sha[re]. That which you scorc[h], Bel, Nabf, and Ea may not eat" 66:20-23 mamma "somebody, anybody"; with neg. li or ul: "nobody" mam-ma 17:36; 31:12, 18; 39:12; 41:18, 25; 64:7; 83:23, 27; 89:13; 106:13; rmaml-ma 59:13; mamnmal 84:6 mammani- "belonging to" See comment on No. 24:21 So10-su LO-ka LU mam-ma-nut-d-ka s a-ta-mar a-pat-tar-am-ma a-kil-lak-ka, "And I will ransom ten of your men-any man of yours whom I have seen-and I will hold (him) for you" 24:20-24 manatu (manndtu) "accounting" See comment on No. 63:11 ak-ka-i a-na-pil man-na-ta-a d-seb-bi-la[k], "How will I be paid? Should I send y[ou] my accounting?" 63:10-12 mandattu (maddattu) "tribute" See also idtu (B), sibSu al-kdm-ma di-sfi1 ib-bu-un-rnil ni-in-id-[(ma] i-na sar-r[i] bi-lu-tu-l t0man-da-at-t[a] ina mu/lt-/ika ni-is-kun la ta-pal al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dul-la-ka e-pu-us, "Come now. Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) o[ur] deficit, have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you? Don't answer. Come and do your work here" 9:10-19 oi.uchicago.edu 340 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR mandetu (mandisu) "information" See comment on No. 72:16 mS[u-dAMAR.U]TU DUMU m MU-S[ES ana] man-de-rsil ki-i ds-rpurl mx-x-x ip-ti-rsil-[sg-ma i-na] URU Hi- in-da-[a-nu] id-di-nu-si, "When I sent Er[iba-Mard]uk, son of Nidin-a[bi, for] information, [PN] hid [him, and then] they sold him [in] Uinda[nu]" 72:15-20 mannatu see manatu mannu "who, whoever" man-nu 7:19; 10:29; 37:23; 70:5; 92:23; 103:24; man-ni 111:13; man-nu ki-i 2:18; man-nu &d 19:14; 27:27-28; man-rnul sd 36:12-13; [man-nul sd 6:7-8; [m]an-nu sd 97:22 manfi (A) "mina" MA.NA 1:34; 10:10; 21:16; 46:22; 49:12; 50:6; 51:8, 10, 25; 52:6; 53:16; 56:12; 60:9; 62:5; 68:7, 8, r. 3'; 79:6, 11; 96:12; MA.rNA1 1:31; 40:6; 44:17; MA.N[A] 72:21; FMA1.NA 75:26; rMA.NA1 44:9; FMA1.[NA] 109:11; rMA1.NA-d 46:25 manfi (B) "to recount, hand over, deliver up to" i-da-tum4-ma ul-tu ina mdAG-SILIM LO ~id m BA-S~-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-fkul u mBA-Sia a-na a-ba-rmesl ni-il-li-rkul u at-ta sd UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-d en-na gal-la sui(!)-u mi-iq-ti ina mub- bi-su, "This is to attest that after Iqlsa and I had come together in the House of Nabfl-usallim-a man of Iqlsa-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18; mdEN-SILIM-im la tu-masg-ar-ma a-na di-na-a-ti la i-man-ni-ka ki-li-Sid-d-ma, "You must not release Bel-usallim, and he must not hand you over to the court. Detain him" 106:4-8 maqarratu "bundle" See also qdtu; for discussion see comments on No. 97:9 and No. 97:36 [mja-qar-ra-ti 3 FGIN1 ki-i [p]a-an be-li-ia mab-frul [a]-na rpil-i rsd1 ana 1 GIN lu-bir-[ma a-n]a [b]eli-ia lu-se-bi-[li], "If it [s]uits my lord, let me prepare a [b]undle of three shekels [i]n exact oneshekel portions, [and then] let me sen[d] it [t]o my [l]ord" 97:9-12; it-ti tup-[pi-idl 8 GIS.UMBIN.MES a-na rbe-lH-ia Full-te-bi-rlil, "With my tablet I have sent to my lord eight bundles" 97:35-37 mararu see murruru marratu "sea" In the compound me marrat: "saltwater": ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-fbil um-ma a-na rUGUI GIS.GIGIR-ka ~d i-na sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar- rat sab-ta-tu la ta-bar-ra-asa-na-ku GIS.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma -seb-bi-lak-ka, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'?" 33:23-29 marru "shovel, spade" a-na E[N.LIL.KI] ki-i a[l-lik] a-na b[e-li-ia] dul(!)-la [e-pu-us] i-na muh-rhi-ial 5 AN.BAR mar-ra-a-rtil be-l[ lu-d-se-bil, "When I w[ent] to N[ippur], [I performed] service for [my] l[ord]. To me (now) let my lord send five iron shovels" 102:12-18; ki-i na-kut-ti rdsl-gu AN.BAR mar-ra-a-tia-na be-lKia d&-pur, "It is urgent! Concerning iron shovels I have written to my lord" 102:21-23 "citizen, native of a city/town/settlement" mar iali See also daib ali u4-mu-us-su man-nu DUMU URU sd a-tam-mar Sul-mu sd SES-ia a-sd-'a-la, "Daily, whatever native of the city I see, I inquire about the well-being of my brother" 70:5-8; ma-la an-ni-i fKJl.GI (= quxtdru) 9d GESTU" i-na Su" l*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU ri1l a-na i-si-in-na a-na EN.rLIL.KI1 il-la- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 341 ka SES-u-a lu-u-se-bi-li, "My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival" 70:10-17; a-du-u LO.EN.LIL.KI.rMES1 d ES.MES-gi-nu DUMU.rMES1 bab-tu il-tap-rak-[ka], "Now the people of Nippurthose whose brothers are the citizens who have been plundered-have written to y[ou]" 18:15-17 DUMU TIN.TIR.KI 28:9; DUMU DUMU Bar-sipa.KI 12:25 mar ,ipri "messenger" LO.DUMU sip-ri 107:6, 9; LO.DUMU Sip-ri.MES 43:7; LO.DUMU gip-ri-gs 17:30; [LU.D]UMU sip-fril-[s(] 26:13; LO.DUMU Jip-ri-ka 39:22; FL01.DUMU sip-ri-ka 71:5; LO.DUMU sip-ri-ia 10:7; 22:6, 11; 49:6; [LO.DUMU Sip-ril-ia 110:6; LO.DUMU sip-ri-ku-nu 43:25; LO.DUMU sip-ri.MES-sd-nu 20:26; DUMU sip-ri 102:7; DUMU Sip-ra-a* 69:25; L(O A gip-ril-ka 72:11; frLu A sip-ri-ka 33:17; LU.A.KIN 62:18; 64:16; LO.A.rKIN1 23:14; [LO].rA1.KIN 108:7; LO.A.KIN-ka 23:12; LO.A.KIN-ia 5:16; LO.DUMU.KIN 34:10; 77:18; Lt.DUMU.KIN-rkal 85:17; FLo.DUMUl.KIN-ka 18:18; DUMU.KIN 17:5; DUMU.LO.KIN 5:15 maru "son" See also abu, bit abi, bitu, mar dli, mar sipri, qinnu ul-tu UGU u4-mu a-ga-a a-na DUMU* d be-l-ia at-tu[r], "From this day forth I have beco[me] a son of my lord" 59:22-24; a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-i ki-i a-na-ku a at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]s, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it)" 23:5-7; ul-tu re-es tRIN.MES-ku-nu t DUMU.MES-ku-nu ni-i-nu, "From the beginning we have been your servants and your sons" 80:4-5 D[UMU-k]dm 23:2; DUMU-ia-a-ma 71:3; DUMU-ia-a-rmal 9:4; DUMu-ridl-ma 25:4; rDUMU-ia-a-mal 79:3; DUMU mDa-bi-bi 38:25; DUMU "Ga-Oal 38:28; DUMU m"Ga-hall 38:29; DUMU "x*-x*-a* 55:15; FDUMU1 mIna-PA.SE.KI-fJ.TU 38:31; DUMU "A-hu-lap-dAMAR.UTU 51:16; DUMU m9ak-ni 6:22; DUMU m ak-nu 6:17; DUMU.MES mSak-ni 5:7; DUMU.MES mSak-nu 5:12; DUMU mBa-na-a-a 39:8; DUMU m"R-GIR4.KU 57:16; DUMU mgil-a-nu 17:5; DUMU mta-la-pi 6:23; DUMU mHa-rlal-pi 6:17; DUMU mx-[x(-x)] 45:17; DUMU.MES mDUB.NUMUN 103:21-22; DUMU LO.U.BAR dt-a 41:9; rDUMU1 mTUK-gi-DINGIR 110:14; DUMU mMU-S[ES] 72:15-16; DUMU-gri d "Za-bi-ni 46:11; A mSu-ma-a 53:20 massftu "reading" See comment on No. 12:10 i-da-tum4-ma ul-tu ina t mdAG-SILIM LO sd m"BA-Sd-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-[kul u mBA-gd a-na a-ta-rmesl ni-il-li-rkul u at-ta sd UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-i en-na gal-la siu(!)- mi-iq-ti ina muh-hisd, "This is to attest that after Iqlia and I had come together in the House of Nabfl-usallim-a man of Iqisa-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18 maskattu "storehouse" See also bitu dannu, bitu sa tiliti, kalakku 1 GO.UN KO.BABBAR mMu-Seb-gd-a-a LO.[SA.TAM LO.AD.AD1-ka a-na mag-ka-at-rta kil-i is-kun "Mu-seb- gd-a-a ki i-mu-a-ti 1 GO.UN KP.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-sf it-ta-gs, "After MuSebsya, the chief temple steward, your grandfather, had deposited the one talent of silver in the storehouse, (and) after Musebiaya had died, he took the talent of silver for himself" 38:33-38 mati see adi immati matu "land" KUR 88:5' m&tu "to die" "Mu-seb-Fsdl-a-a ki i-mui-tiI1 GO.UN KO.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-si he took the talent of silver for himself" 38:36-38 it-ta-gi, "After Musebsaya had died, oi.uchicago.edu 342 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR matf "to be short (a quantity)" gd 5 MA.NA Kt.BABBAR SIG.tJI.A ina ~U" LU Pu-qu-da-a-a ki-i ag-zu-zu a-na f5 MA1.NA-i ul sd-lim \ GIN.AM i-mat-fu, "Of the wool valued at five minas of silver received from the Puqidians-when I sheared (it), it(?) did not amount(?) to five minas. They were each short one-third mina" 46:22-27 mayyiru (a plow) See also bil barbi, epinnu, eresu (B), pasdru, rittu, sapdnu For discussion see comment on No. 96:18-19 and 26-27 [n G]U4.ME§ u 180 fLOl.ENGAR.ME[S] rfl SES-ia lil-lik-iu-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-ul, "Let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows" 96:17-19; ren*na*l ki*-i 20 rLOI.ENGAR.MES la i-ba-s-gi-ia- sid ul-tu LU A-ram il-li-ku-nim-ma i-na EN.LIL.KI ma-raa-ril i-de-ku-i, "Now if twenty farmers are not on hand, those who have come from Aram can move the mayydru-plows in Nippur" 96:23-27 mazpan (mazzaz pdni) "courtier, attendant" See comment on No. 119:18 [md]MAS-DIJ-U" LO.ENGAR-a [GI]S.APIN-a ki-i i-mas-sir [ki]-i ib-li-qf a-du-l ina t mdAG-APIN-eS LU.IGI.GUB a-kan-na-ka gu-i, "As soon [a]s Ninurta-ipus, my cultivator, abandoned my [p]low, he ran away. Now he is there in the House of NabfQ-res, the courtier" 16:4-9 me'at "hundred" a-rdu-ul 2 ME GIS.BAN.MES LU.TUR.MES i-te-eb-b[u], "Now, two hundred bows! The servants are rebell[ing]!" 10:14-15; la ta-qab-bi um-ma man-nu dul-lu li-pu-us 3 ME tRIN.MES e-rpigl dul-lu ina pa-ni-ka, "You mustn't say: 'Who will do the work?' Three hundred laborers are at your disposal" 92:22-25; ds-sgi FGI.BAL-gal.MES ~d be-lf is-pur 3 ME GIS.KAK.FME8l d al-na SA i.GAL.MES Fal-na be11-ia full-te-bi-li rail 5 rME GIS.KAK 1.MES [sgd(?)] rf kut-al-bi t a-di-isg-u-ui Fa-nal LO.EN.NAM sd FURUI x(-x)-DIN(?) rull-te-bi-li, "Concerning the ballukku(?)-wood about which my lord wrote-three hundred pegs, which are for the palace buildings, I have sent to my lord; and five hundred pegs, [which] (are for) the bit kutdhi (and) bit adisgi, I have sent to the governor of the t[own ... ]din(?)" 94:6-13; dEwN-a-sal-li sd be-lf is-pur KASKAL a-na GIR"-su al-tak-na 1 ME tRIN.rMES Sgd GIS.BAN it-ti- Su a-di BAD.AN.KI it-tal-ka, "Bdl-usalli, about whom my lord wrote, I have sent off on the road. One hundred bowmen went with him as far as DEr" 57:5-7; qaq-qa-ra ki-i ni-rislg-suri 4 LIM t 1 ME, "The holding, when we laid claim to it, was 4000 (cubits) and 100 (cubits)" 98:14-15 merestu "consignment, trading capital" See also eresu (A), hdtu, thtu (B), qaqqadu, sibitu, udul, utulu, zittu For discussion see comment on No. 38:11 mdAG-APIN-es gd ul-tu UNUG.KI il-li-ka um-ma FLO.TUR1.MES a-na UNUG.KI ul il-li-ku-u-ni a-na KUR.NIM.MA.KI it-tal-ka a me-res-ti-gi-nu gab-bi sak-na-at, "NabQ-eres, who came from Uruk, said: 'The agents did not come to Uruk.' He went off to Elam, and all their consignment was stored" 38:6-12; dg-sg me-res-ti sd SES-[Tl-al ig-pur um-ma sd 1 MA.rNA Ki.BABBAR 1 me-reg-ti gi LUtHi-in<- da>-a-nu mua-ram-ma gu-bil mim-ma ma-la ba-gu-i gab-bi-sg me-ref-ti mi-nu- sgu-t me-reg-ti sd SES-d-a se-bu-a lu-mas-si-ma lig-rpurl, "Concerning the consignment about which my brother wrote, saying 'Buy and send me a shipment worth one mina of silver from the consignment of the people of lin<d>anu.' Everything that is on hand-it is all a consignment. What is this consignment that 1 gupmy brother desires? Let him specify in writing and send it" 40:5-14; [x x] x me-reg-ti [x x] xl ram-ma [lum]-rlurl-am-ma Flul-ge-bi-lak-ka, "[...] consignment [...] write to me; then [let me b]uy and send (it) to you" 40:15-18; me-res-ti gd LO.TUR.MES a-di-kan-na gak-na-at ki-i LU a-me-lu-tu iaa'-nu KU.BABBAR tir-ra[m-m]a [...], "The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. If there are no slaves, return the silver [a]nd [...]" 40:26-30; dsg-g me-res-ti sdSES-Fl-nil is-pur adu-U mdAG-A.GAL a aEN-Du-us me-res-ti ki-i in-Zu*-ru-u-nu ina t mDUB-ku DUMU m Ba-na-a-a il-tak-kanna* 1 KA me-res-ti-~s ik-ta-nak um-ma a-di mdAG-SUM.NA il-lak mam-ma KA me-res-ti-gd-nu ul BAD oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 343 ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] ANSE.A.AB.BA ZO.LUM.fMA 1 in-da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al-ka a-di la tO ma-dak-ti ta-kal*-1d*-du*, "Concerning the consignment about which our brother wrote-now when Nabf-le'i and B&l-ipus received the consignment from me, they stored it as usual(?) in the House of Sapiku, son of Binaya, and he sealed the door to his consignment, saying: 'Until Nabuiddin goes, no one should open the door to their consignment.' If you can't op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the campaigning army arrives" 39:4-19; mim-mu-d me-res-ti d9ina pa-an SES-ia lu-a-&e-bi-la, "Whatever consignment is in my brother's presence, let him ship to me" 42:3-5; ba-tu u mi-res-t[i(!)] be-lf ki-i u-se-bi-li ANSE.KUN[GA.ME§] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA in-da-har u m Nu-[um-mu-ru] a-na be-lf(!) di(!)-ni sd be-lf-ia it- tu-r[u], "After my lord sent both a cash payment and trading capi[tal], he came into possession of the mul[es] from Elam, and Nu[mmuru] becam[e] my lord's adversary in court" 57:21-24; ma-la me-res-ti-[sd-nu] sd tas'-kun gab-bi atl-ta-din i KU.BABBAR a-na lib-bi rmll-tam-mes ki-i ad-din tafan-tis KA-tul a-pu-rlul, "Every single item of [their] consignment which you stored I have sold. And when I handed over the silver to Iltammes, I straightway satisfied the outstanding balance" 45:48; ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i u]l raq1-bi um-ma ma-la sd [se-ba-a-ta] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.[KI ib-ba-ka] me-resti-rsii1 KU.[BABBAR X X X (x)] gab-bi LO.DA[M.GAR x x x (x)], "Did I [no]t say as fo[llows]: 'All that [you desire he will bring] from Ela[m]'? His consignment, the sil[ver, and(?)] all the [...], the mer[chant ... ]" 43:9-13; ai-st AN.BAR •d be-if is-pur 20 GU.UN AN.BAR sd na-sa-ka mdAG-APIN-eS DUMU LU.f.BAR d.-a gab-bi ina URU Ka-ldb ik-te-mis a me-resgti sd ul-tu LO Hi-in-da-a-nu na-su-d it-tan- nu, "Concerning the iron about which my lord wrote-Nabui-res, a member of the Sangu-Ea fam- ily, collected in Kalbu all twenty talents of iron which I was carrying(?); and they have sold the consignment that was transported from IJindanu" 41:6-13; FAN.BARI ma-la na-sd-a-ti [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din [gab]-[bil a-na-ku a-kdm-mis [t] Imim-mal me-red-ti [s6d] Fse-ba-a-til i ki-i KO.BABBAR GIN rSAG 1.DU Fa-nam-dil-na-ak-ka, "Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody. I myself will collect it [al]l; [and] whatever consignment [that] you are desiring-even silver in shekels (or) original capital-I will give (it) to you" 41:17-23; 1-en-Si mE-res'l ki-i il-lik 1 MA.NA KO.BABBAR at-tan-na-ds-sgia 2 MA.NA a-na lib-bi me-fres-tul ki-fi ad-din1 mNU[MUN-x(-x)] (broken), "Once, when Eresu went, I gave him one mina of silver; and, after I gave two minas for trading capital, Z[Era-...]" 68:5-11; rsd1 be-li is-pur rum-mal rkil-i me-res-ti [LO.DAM.GAR1 ta-mar r2 MA.NA 5 GIN 1 i-din-ma [me-res-til bab-ba-n[i-ti] [muh-raml-ma ina t [sd] [a-nal pa-ni-ka [ma]hz-rral [l]ifli-i ki-il [l]a pa-ni TLLO ka-rre-el [l]a mahl-ra al-fkdm-mal [KJ1.BABBAR 1 MA.JNA x GfN 1 u me-fresti gab-bil a-fnaml-dak-rkal, "About what my lord wrote, saying: 'If you see the merchant's consignment, give two minas, five shekels, and buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment, and then [let] it go up in value in a house [that su]its you'-because this does[n']t suit the investors, come and I will give you silver amounting to one mina, n shekels, or the entire consignment" 44:6-19 mimma "something, anything" mim-ma 2:32; 10:5, 9; 68 r. 1'; 69:20; 72:10; 83:29; 100:7; 108:16; Imim-mal 41:20; 73:11; [mim(?)ma(?)] 110 r. 20'; mim-ma sd-nu-um-ma 40:24; mim-ma ma-la ba-gu-a40:9 mimmf "everything, all, whatever" mim-mu-i 42:3; 49:15; 75:17; 83:37; 89:9; 92:30; mim-mu-ral 36:6; mim-rmu-al 4:17 minamma (minamma) "why?" mi-nam-ma 38:30; 57:18; 69:17; 79:9; 109:6; mi-rnaml-ma 87:8; me-nam-ma 21:18, 23; mi-nam-mu 28:13 minamma sa "what about...?" 3d SES-a-a a-na "Mu-ri i-qab-bu-i um-ma le-mut-ta-na-tu-nu mi-nam-ma sd 1 MA.[NA KO.BABBAR1 tagpur-a-nu, "About what my brother is saying to Murru: 'You are all reprobates.' What about this one mina of silver you sent me?" 1:28-31 oi.uchicago.edu 344 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR minsu "how is it possible?" dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES &d bal-rta-nu al-de-rel d it-ti a-ba-mes min-su nu-rull-tan-nu-ma, "By B6lHow can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'?" 23:30-32 minu (minu, minammu) "what, what about?"; "whatever" (indef.) See also adi mublti mint, ana muthi mint, lapdn mint mi-nu-i 1:46; 22:9; 33:36; 40:11; 78:13; 82:31; 83:24; 86:19; 110 r. 4'; [m]i-nu-U 21:9; rmil-nu-u 52:8; rmi-nul-t 73:20; mi-na-a 89:21; mi-rna-al 76:11; rmi-nu-mu-dl 87:5 miqittu "scraps" See comment on No. 64:6 2 TtG.JI.A.d dBE gd re-e-Si a-di mi-qit-ti-su-nu ina Su" mam-ma ina lib-bi LU.TUR.ME8 i-sam-ma su- bi-lu, "Fetch for me and send the two garments of the god Ea-sa-reii, together with their scraps, from the hands of any one of the agents" 64:5-9 miqtu "damage" See comment on No. 12:17 i-da-tum4-ma ul-tu ina mdAG-SILIM LO &d mBA-sdF-a a-na mas-su-ta a-na-fkul u mBA-sd a-na a-ba-rmesl ni-il-li-rkul u at-ta sd UGU a-su-mit-ti ina pa-ni-id tam-nu-i en-na gal-la STi(!)-i mi-iq-ti ina muli- hi-gi, "This is to attest that after IqTla and I had come together in the House of Nabf-usallim-a man of IqT•a-for the reading, and after in my presence you yourself had recited what was on the stele-that stone has damage on it now" 12:7-18 misru "border" ki-i dib-bi sd su-lum-mu-u rill-tap-ra [ZAG(?)] nu-sar-sad, "If he sends word of a peace agreement, we will firmly establish the [border(?)]" 34:12-15 misu (isu) "(too) small, little, few" u[l] [i-n]a t.AD-S[d] lul-d mi-sd(?)-[d(?)] [a-di] rSES8.MES-e- ril [lu(?)- ib(?)], "Are there [n]ot al- ready too few(?) [i]n hi[s] clan? [Let him live together with] his brothers" 17:20-23 mitu (f. mittu) "dead" See comment on No. 85:14 en-na EME-Sd mit-tu ram(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l i-na Gf[R.A]N.BAR ta-ku-rus-sil ina rza-qapl tan-ki-si, "Now his tongue is dead. Why? Did you flay it with an [i]ron dagg[er], or did you cut it off while it was sticking out?" 85:14-16 mf "water" In the compound me marrat: "saltwater" ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-rbil um-ma a-na rUGUl GIS.GIGIR-ka &d i-na sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar- rat sab-ta-tu la ta-bar-ra-as a-na-ku GIS.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma -sgeb-bi-lak-ka, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'?" 33:23-29 mubannfi "temple cook" See also ban?, tabnitu u,-mu GIS.KIN SES-[di-a] i-Seb-bil 2 fxl [x] [rLOI.DfM tab(!)-ba-[ni-tu] a-na SES-ia -s4[eb-bil], "When [my] brother sends the kiskana-wood, I wi[ll send] to my brother the two [...] temple coo[ks]" 10:16-19 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 345 mubbu "over, upon, against" See also adi mubbi mint, ana mufbi, ina muhti, ultu muhbi [a]-rna nal-si-ka-a-ti sid LOl A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma ki-i "Na-ba-a ni-is-hi* i*-kul id muh-hi-si lu-isal-lim-mu FLO1 qin-na lu at-tu-u-ni, "Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; and if Naba has used up the advance, let them make full restitution for that which is charged against him, even if the family is one of ours" 27:19-24; rtl [ki-i] dg-mu-rT1 um-ma fTi-ru-ftul i[t(?)-ti(?) &d(?)] muhf#i rURUI.TOG id "AD-i'-nu-ru rT1 LO qal-rlal sd 'Sag-gil-a i-na rpa-anl mSUM.NA-fa i-na ap-pal-ru amme-ni LO qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-sib, "[So] I have also heard: 'The woman Tiritu, t[ogether with(?) the one who is] in charge of the textile quarter of Abi-niiru, as well as a slave boy of the woman Saggilu, are in the presence of Nadnf in the marsh.' Why is a slave boy living in the marsh?" 83:7-12 mukinnu "witness" LJ mu-kin-na mi-nam-ma mNIG.BA-ia [DUMU 1 m"Ina-PA.SE.KI-J.TU ina UNUG.KI i-rdab-bul-ub, "Why is Qistiya, son of Ina-Isin-alid, spreading rumors in Uruk about the witness ... ?" 38:30-32 murruru "to examine, scrutinize closely" u mim-mu-ui gt-e-mu sak-na-a-ti gab-bi lu-sam-hi-i-ri te-ku-ut-ka ul mur-ri-rat, "And you make all kinds of reports-Should I treat them all the same way? Your complaint isn't (even) being looked into" 92:30-33 mussi "to find (out), discover; to get news, specific information; to identify, specify in writing" See comment on No. 46:27 GIS gam-mis a-gar i-ba-ds-sg'u- ulUi-mas-si i-ba-a'-i(!)-ma a-na be-rfli-id d-se-b[i-li], "I couldn't find the place where the gammis-wood was available; but I searched around and have (now) se[nt] (some) to my lord" 97:31-33; ki-i d-mas-su-u a-na be-lf-ia al-tap-ra, "When I found out, I wrote to my lord" 46:27-29; ki-i ti-mas-su-t a-na be-lf-ia al-tap-fral, "When I got news, I wrote to my lord" 80:27-29; ki-i d-mas-su-d a-na be-li-ia al-tap-ra, "When I got news, I wrote to my lord" 5:2022; ki-i d-mas-su-d a-na SES-ia al-tap-ra, "When I got news, I wrote to my brother" 39:19-21; [k]ii d-mas-fsul-d [a-na] rSES-ial al-tap-ra, "[W]hen I found out, I wrote [to] my brother" 45:25-26; ki-i d-mas-su-d a-na be-if-id rall-tap-ri, "When I got news, I wrote to my lord" 13:22-24; ki-i rtil. mas-su-d a-na be-lf-id rall-tap-ra, "When I got news, I wrote to my lord" 103:27-29; ki-i d-massu-d a-na be-lf-ia al-tap-ra, "When I made the discovery, I wrote to my lord" 97:34-35; [ki-i] umas-su-rul [a-na be]-lf-i[a] [a]l-tap-[ra], "[When] I found out I wro[te to] m[y lo]rd" 93:29-31; Fkiil d-mas(!)-rsu-dl a-na rbe-ll-id ral-tapl-ra, "When I found out, I wrote to my lord" 44:19-21; kii 6-mas-su-i [a-na b]e-rlfl-ia ral<-tap>-ral,"When I got news, I w<ro>te [to] my [l]ord" 98:2425; en-na ki-i a-m[at] SES-u-tu* pa-nu-t[u] rlal tas-kun sd a-mat a-na* muh-hi-ia is-kun mus-si-ma sup-rraml-ma lu-u i-de rkil-i SES-d-a at(!)-ta, "Now even if you did not establish the wor[ding] of the previo[us] brotherhood (agreement), find out who established the wording with regard to me and write to me so that I may know that you are my brother" 3:13-20; LO.DUMU.KIN-fkal ul am-mar t rsul-lum-rgul ul ta-rgap-par1 ba-an-tfis su-rlum-gu mus-sil-ma sup-ra, "I don't see your messenger, nor are you sending your greeting. Quickly! Find your greeting and send it to me" 85:17-20; a mi-nu-i si-bu-ut-ka ina Su" "DOJ-ia mus-sa-am-ma Sup-ru, "And whatever your desire, specify (it) in writing and send (it) in the hands of Baniya" 33:36-39; mim-mu-d se-ba-ta mus-sa-am-ma su- pur, "Whatever you desire, specify in a letter and send it" 49:15-17; SES-a-a tup-pa-Sli Sli-m[u-sii] rgsl-mu Sdl 'Zar-pa-[ni-tu] rSd LO qall-la-lu-iu-[ti-&a] a gsd LU(?).MES(?)1-rTi(?)1 [lis(?)-pur(?)-ma(?)] lu-mas-s[i], "Let my brother [write(?)] so that I may have new[s] of [his] well-be[ing], of the wellbeing of Zarpa[nitu], of [his] slave b[oys], and of his slave men(?)" 82:5-9; bta-an-ftis be-lf lu-massi-ma lis-pu-ra, "Quickly, let my lord get news, and let him write to me" 80:30-31; a mi-nu-li sibu-tu sd SES-id SES-u-a lu-mas-si-ma lis-pur, "And whatever my brother's desire, let my brother specify in writing and send it" 1:46-47; mi-nu-ui u-d me-res-ti id SES-d-a se-bu-u lu-mas-si-ma li- oi.uchicago.edu 346 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rpurl, "What is this consignment that my brother desires? Let him specify in writing and send it" 40:11-14; su-lum-gs [b]e-Il lu-mas-s[i-ma] lis-pu-ra, "Let my [l]ord fin[d] his greeting [and] send it to me" 85:24-25; ki-i KASKAL d6mDU(!)-NUMUN il-ba-dsg-gsi- [be]-rltf lil-pur [m]i-nu-6 td-e-mi [sd] LO Kal-du [b]e-l( lu-mas-si-fmal lis-pu[r], "If the journey of Mukin-zEri is going to take place, my [lo]rd should write. [Wh]atever news (there is) [about] Chaldea, my [l]ord should find out and writ[e]" 21:6-12; u-de-e e-fril sd a(!)-na bu-du ba-al-qa i-na tup-pa be-If lu-mas-sil-ma lig-pu-fral, "The copper utensils which are (intended for use) at the badu-ceremony have disappeared. My lord should identify them in a tablet and send it to me" 111:16-21; en-na kit-tu-ii 6 [di-ni] be-I lu-idmas-si-[ma] lis-pu-ra, "My lord should now find out the truth about [the case and] write" 38:4244; rba-anl-tisi rES-ti-al tup-pi-su u gu-l[um-s] lu-ut-mas-sa-[mal lis-pu-ra, "Quickly, let my brother find his tablet and [his] greet[ing] and let him send a letter to me" 107:12-15 musiptu (a type of textile) See also subdtu, tablaptu en-na sfG ta-kil-ti bab-ba-n[i]-t[a] sfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-tl a sfG ta-kil-tu lib-bu-i sd a-na TOG mu-sip-tu sd SES-id i-mah-ha-su ina Sun mMu-ru SES-i-a lu-se-bil, "My brother should now send in the hands of Murru some f[i]n[e] blue-purple and red-purple wool and also some blue-purple wool out of which they can weave my brother's musiptu-textile" 1:40-45 mu~surtu "freedwoman" See also amiltu, amtu, musguru, sinniltu; for discussion see comment on No. 82:23 and 29 si-Fil [t]a-Fqab-bil um-ma SAL mu[s-sur-ti] r•gd dNa-na-a a-n[a-ku], "[S]he herself is saying: 'I a[m] a [free]dwoman of the goddess Nanay' 82:22-24; SAL musl-•ur-ti s'i-il, "She is a freedwoman" 82:29-30 mussuru "to release, let go, set free, abandon" See also mussurtu, patdru "S4-lim ina pa-ni-ka la tu-mas-sar g~-a-ma a-na 1+en a-ti la i-fral-liq, "You must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else" 2:4-6; en-na a-du-u ki-i MUN SES-d-a a-qattu-ma i-pu-us ANSE.MES rfal tu-masgsar tir-ras-si-nu-ti,"Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them" 35:4-7; mdEN-SILIM-im la tu- mas-sar-ma a-na di-na-a-ti la i-man-ni-ka ki-li-Si-l-ma, "You must not release Bl1-usallim, and he must not hand you over to the court. Detain him" 106:4-8; al-te-fmul um-ma a-na I.ME[S] gu-ru-bu la tu-masg-ar-m[a k]i-i ina EN.[LIL1.[KI] ki-i ina lib-bi A-rraml SES-a-a il-te-rmu(?)-a(?)1, "I've heard: 'You must not abandon bringing (them) into the house[s].' Bu[t] has my brother heard [wh]ether (these houses are) in Nippu[r] or in Aram?" 4:18-24; en-na la tu-masg-d-ra-a-nipu-tu-ra-i-ma Li sar-ru-ti lu-qab-bil-ma lud-dak-ka, "Now don't abandon me. Ransom me and I will take delivery of and give you the thieves" 60:26-28; dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES Sd bal-r.ta-nu al-de-rel sd it-ti a-bames min-su nu-rull-tan-nu-ma ki-i la rkil-i at-[tal dib-bi-ni ttul-un-desgsi-rul, "By Bl1-How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'? Is it, or is it not, because you yourself have abandoned our Lj.ENGAR-a [GI]S.APIN-a ki-i d-mag-gir [ki]-i ilt-li-qf, "As soon agreement?" 23:30-34; [md]MAS-Di-US [a]s Ninurta-ipus, my cultivator, abandoned my [p]low, he ran away" 16:4-6; FLOl a-mi-lu LO qalrla-al [at]-rtul-ni ram-mel-ni tu-mai-iir-[Sd] ul i-in6-ezl<-li>-si ul ril-x-[x(-x)] ki-i-la-a-ga, "The man is [ou]r slave boy. Why did you let [him] go? He won't come <ba>ck. He won't [...]. Detain him" 31:6-9; dul-lu-gi-nu mug-sur, "Their work has been abandoned" 89:18; dul-la-a mug-gur, "My work lies abandoned" 90:10-11; mdEN-si-nu mAm-me-ia-bab KUi.BABBAR-gi a-na da-na-ni isg-g be-lf lu-mag-SAR li-qe.t-(tu, "Belunu (and) Amme-yabab carried off his silver by force. Let my lord re- lease (it). Let them approach(?)" 80:23-26 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 347 In the expression ina pani X mussuru, "to cede, entrust, let have": GU,.MES 5d ina pa-ni-id tu-mai-&ir GU4 bi-ri a-rdil-kan-na ul i-sir GU4 at-tu-a-a ku-tal ni-rii it GU4 rit-ta it-ta-rsil-iz-zu, "(About) the oxen which you let me have: the breeding bull until now has not been well. My own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plow-ox are (also) halt" 91:4-10 muttu "front" be-lf i-te se-ek mu-ut-ti lik-tab-bi-si, "Let my lord keep contracting(?) the boundaries of the facing scrubland(?)" 94:25-26 nabD "to name" xx sAd §ESi-id a-na[m].-bil, "I will na[m]e the [...] of my brother" (context broken) 108:4 nabutu "to run away, flee" ul ril-[sa-h]ir-Su-m[a] a-na KUR id-ni-tim-[ma] ul in-rnal-[bit],"I did not make him [chan]ge allegiance, an[d] he did not fl[ee] to anoth[er] land" 88:4'-6' nadanu "to give, make a gift, sell, allow" See also pasaru, ramu i*-nam*-din* 63:18; ul i-na[m-din] 97:16; ul i-nam-din-su 31:13, 18; ul i-nam-din-d6-rgil 89:17; rlal i-nam-di-rkal 45:16; i-nam-dak-ka 100:11; ta-nam-Fdinl 2:32; rta-naml-din 87:9; la ta-nam-din 41:18; Fla tal-nam-din 47:13; la ta-nam-di-rsul 84:7; ta-nam-Fdi-nal-[ds'-S] 109:9; ta-nam-da-ds-st 86:27; ra-nal-din 45:30; a-nam-din 97:21; ra-naml-din 83:38; fa-nam-dil-na-ak-ka 41:23; ul a-nam-di-ka 57:12; a-rnaml-dak-rkal 44:19; a-nam-da[k-ka] 75:11; [a]-nam-rdakl-ka 82:33; ul a-nam-dak-ka 100:8; i-na[m-di]-rnul 53:10; [i]-rnam-di-nul 53:15; i-nam-di-nu-su 81:11; it-ta-din 23:6; litl-ta-din 23:15; rit-tal-din 66:11; it-tan-nu 41:13; 83:24; it-tan-nu-ruil 97:24; [i]t-tan-na 23:18; rit(?)-tan(?)-na(!?)1si-nu-[ti] 6:14; na-tan-ta-ad-g~ 81:27; at-ta-din 10:22; 51:11; ratl-ta-din 45:5; Fat-ta-dinl 90:14; attan-na-ds-id 51:13; 68:7; at-tan-na-si 109:12; i-din 45:9; Fil-din-a-ma 45:22; id-din 51:8; id-din-anna-a-li 56:14; rta-adl-din 84:14; ul ta-ad-din 33:32; 69:21; ul ta-a[d-din] 57:19; ta-ad-di-nam-ma 60:15; ta-ad-di-na-an-ni65:18; la ta-din-ds-si 37:10; la ta-ad-da-ds--si 36:19; ad-din 41:32; 45:7; 100:18; rad-dinl 68:10; [ul ad]-din-ma 41:26; ul ad-di-is-si 59:14; ad-di-ka 65:13; ad-din-ak-rkal 66:13; ad-da-ds-sum-ma 24:8; id-di-nu-s' 72:20; i-din 40:23; i-di-ni 35:10; i-din-ma 37:21; 44:9; 66:14; ridl-na-ni 56:22; in-na-ds-sum-ma 33:20; 37:7; 79:20; in-na-ds-su-nu-ti 89:10; li-rdinl 62:14; lid-din 37:9, 22; 38:16; 93:8, 24; lid-fdinl 37:16; lid-di-ni 83:37; lid-din-ma 83:36; 97:30; rlid-dinlma 93:26; lid-da-di-sI 1:20; lid-dak-ka 100:6; lud-din 65:16; 104:18; lud-di[n] 62:16; rludl-din 96:15; lud-dak-ka 60:28; rlud-dakl-[ka] 77:14; lud-dak-kdm-ma 60:10; n[a(?)-din(?)] 109:10; na-ad-[na(?)] 82:26 In the forms i-bi-ni and bi-na-a-nu (combinations of the particle (i)bi, "please," and the G-stem imperative of nadinu), "Please give" (see comment on No. 87:7). rmi-nu-mu-dl sar-ra-a [sId] a-na pa-an-ka a-bu-ka-sii FKil.BABBAR i-bi-ni aq-ba-a\,"But what about this criminal of mine whom I (already) brought to you? Please give me silver, I said" 87:5-7; iRIN.MES-ia a GU4 .MES-id tir-ra-nim-ma bi-na-a-nu a rq(-in-nu-al [at-tu-n]u-Fmal FEN1 u-bar-ku-nu a-na-ku, "Please give back my men and my cattle. Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host" 8:9-15 nadi "to cast down, deposit, store; to repudiate an obligation" ba-an-tis a-Fdil la LU bjar-ra-a-nu Id FLO Id-kinl il-la-ku-i-[ni] i-[di]-ma al-kdm-ma Fa-nal-din, "Quickly, before the caravan of the laknu-official come[s], ma[ke a depo]sit, come, and I will give (to you)" 45:27-30; ZlD.DA.KASKAL a-na ku-lu-ku-sg at-ta-du* t a-na LO Ha-bi-ik it-ta-lak-ka, "I deposited travel provisions in his storehouse, and he went to the UabPi tribe" 78:14-16; ku-sip-peti na-d[a-a] ki-i is-su-t il-ta-par, "The kusippu-breads are st[ored]. When they brought (them), he oi.uchicago.edu 348 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR wrote" 109:20-22; pur-ru-su Fal-na m[ujl-bi]-nu [be-l]f la i-na[m-d]i-i, "M[y lord] must not rep[udi]ate (his obligation) to make a decision co[ncerning] us" 110 r. 17-18' In the idiom aha nadt, "to be negligent": en*-na rSES-U-al ab-s& la na-du, "Now my brother should not be negligent" 63:18-19; lapa-an mi-ni-i ki-i aj-ka na-da-a-ta, "Why is it that you are being negligent?" 20:23-25 In the idiom refa nadd, "to ignore": ki-i tas-pur um-ma tHa-ir-a-nu lu-u sa-bit rSAGl-ka a-na ijb-rbi-gsu la ta-nam-du, "Just as you wrote: 'May layranu be captured'-Don't you (now) ignore him" 11:7-11 nagglru "carpenter" LO.NAGAR sd a-na be-li-id aq-bu-u be-if lis-pur, "My lord should send the carpenter about whom I spoke to my lord" 16:29-30 nagiru "herald" [en(?)-na(?)] rdEN-bal-ni [a-na] rLu(?) na-gil-r[i(?)] rsupl-ra-ds-sum-m[a] si-ip-nu ritl-ti LO.JTUR1.[MES] rlil-is-rpul-un, "[Now(?)] dispatch BEl-bfni [to] the hera[ld](?), an[d] let him do flattening work with the servan[ts]" 95:16-20 nakiru see bil nakdri nakisu "to cut off" en-na EME-iN mit-tu ram(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l i-na GI[R.A]N.BAR ta-ku-rus-sil a ina rza-qapl tan-ki-si, "Now his tongue is dead. Why? Did you flay it with an [i]ron dagg[er], or did you cut it off while it was sticking out?" 85:14-16 nakru "enemy" See also bil nakari KASKAL-r[al ... [L]O.KOJR U-sab-bit, "[...] my(?) caravan [...] the [en]emy seized [...]" 74:11-13 nakuttu "peril, urgency, worry" See comment on No. 29:7 ki-i s-mu-udl um-ma be-lf i-na na-kut-rtul a-si-bu, "As I have heard: my lord is living in peril" 29:5-8 In the adverbial expression and exclamation ki nakutti, "in urgency"; "it is urgent!": en-na ki-i na-kut-ti 6d-s& GIS.APIN.MES d6pi-i be-lf-i-nu ral-na SES-ia d6-pu-ra, "Now in urgency I have written to my brother concerning the plows that were ordered by our lord" 92:16-19; ki-i na-kut-tu a-di 7-su dsi-rid [a-m]e-lut-tu a-na be-lf-id ds-pu-ru, "It is urgent! As many as seven times I have written to my lord about a [sl]ave" 83:39-40; en-na ki-i nakut-ti ds-pu-rak-ka u 4-mu tup-pi ta-mur nu-bat-ta la ta-ba-a-ti, "Now I have written to you in urgency. When you see my letter do not delay even overnight" 89:22-24; 2 TOG.UI.A sd dBE gd re-e-Ki a-di mi-qit-ti-s~-nu ina Su" mam-ma ina lib-bi LO.TUR.MES i-gam-ma su-bi-lu kii na-kut-ti, "Fetch for me and send the two garments of the god Ea-ga-rsgi, together with their scraps, from the hands of any one of the agents. It is urgent!" 64:5-10; ki-i na-kutti rdsl-'u AN.BAR mar-ra-a-ti a-na be-lf-ia di-pur, "It is urgent! Concerning iron shovels I have written to my lord" 102:21-23; rki-il rna-kutl-ti a-na SES*-id* [d]s-pu-ra, "In urgency [I] have written to my brother" 45:30-32; ki-[i na-kut]-ti a-na SES-ia a[l-tap-ra] rGABA 1 .RI fup-[pi-ia lu-mur], "I have w[ritten] to my brother i[n urgen]cy. [Let me see] a reply to [my] tab[let]" 96:27-29; ki-i na-kut-ti ds-sY KfJ.GI (= qux-tdru) sd GESTU" a-na SES-ia ds-pur baan-tis&SES-u-a lu-u-se-bi-li, "In urgency I have written to my brother about fumigant for the ears. My brother should send a shipment posthaste" 70:20-24; am-me-ni ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES rL(1.DUMU sip-ri-ka ul am-mar a a-na si-bu-tu ul ta-sap-par ki-i na-kut-ti ds-pu-rak- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 349 ka, "Why don't I ever see your messenger, and why don't you ever write for what you want? In urgency I have written to you" 71:4-9; ki(!)(text: NI)-i na-kut-ti(!) (x) ru,l-mu tuppi be-lt Fil-mu-ru mNUMUN-ia nu-bat-ta rlal i-ba-ti, "It is urgent! When my lord has seen my tablet, ZEriya must not stay the night" 93:18-21; [ki-i] na-kut-ti, "[It is] urgent!" (context broken) 74:25 In the idiom nakutta rasu, "to start worrying": am-me-ni ma-la-gan-ni-i FUD1.MES LO.DUMU sip-ri Id SES-ia i-tal-kan-ni na-kut-ti ar-ta-si, "Why has my brother's messenger (been) gone from me so long? I've started to worry" 107:5-8; [aml-me-fnil ul-rtul a-na LO A-framl tal-rlikl t?-en-fgal a su-lum-fgal rlal a-semImul na-kut-ti dr-Fisk-kul, "After you went to the people of Bit-Aram, why don't I hear your news or your greeting ? I have started worrying about you" 104:4-9 namarkil see nemerku namisu "to set out, move" ds-su GIS.KIN ma-gar-ra sd SES-d-a i[s-ku]n a-du-rl1 ah-[t]ir i GIS rsu-lul-la(!)-a(!)-nu al-tap-ra inam<-mu>-gd-nu, "Concerning the kiSkana-wood for wagon(s) which my brother de[posi]ted (with me)-I have now rea[d]ied (them); and I have sent the wooden canopies(?). They are on the <mo>ve" 63:4-9 napflu "to compensate" (G); "to be paid" (N) See also apdlu, bdbtu, etiru, bardsu, ibbu, nikkassu ak-ka-i a-na-pil man-na-ta-a -gseb-bi-la[k], "How will I be paid? Should I send y[ou] my accounting?" 63:10-12 nappibu "smith" ds-SgF LO qin-rnal sd mNa-ba-a FLOL.SIMUG [sd] be-lt is-pur um-fmal i-na LO Pu-qu-u-rdu(!)l-u a-duu ina lib-bi ITI.KIN Li Pu-qu-u-da gab-bi ra-nal EN.rLIL1.KI a-na i-si-in-na il-la-rkul-d-ni, "Concern- ing the family of Naba, the smith, [about whom] my lord wrote, saying: '(They are) among the Puqfidu tribe'-now in the month of Ulfilu, the entire Puqfidu tribe is coming to Nippur for the festival" 27:6-13 napultu "dependent, living being, soul, life" See also amflu, baldtu (B), nis', nisu biti, sdbu; for discussion see comment on No. 1:10 ds-s•li RIN.MES sd SES-u-a is-pur 40 Su-nu na-pul-tu ral-du-t mZum-bu-ta-a-nu ra-bu-gs-nu i LO. SAMAN.LA sud- a-na pa-an &ES-id a-lap-pa-ras-sUi SES-u-a dib-ba ta-bu-tu it-ti-rsui [l]id-bu-ub, "Con- cerning the men about whom my brother wrote-forty of them are dependent(s). Now, Zumbutinu is their chief and an apprentice scribe. I am sending him to my brother. My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance" 1:8-14; ki-i s` pu-tu-ru lu-up-tur-ds-sU-nu-t[u] t ki-i ana ZI[MESJ] surul-[bu] rpil ka-a-di-si rmim-mu-tl lu-mur, "If they are for ransom, let me ransom the[m]. And if they are to be made to ent[er] among the dependent[s], let me see some authorization from his guard-post" 4:12-18; KJ.BABBAR 1d tal-rpurl ub-lu-itl rKASKAL"-ia] ta-lal-lim ZI.MES lu-up-t[ur-ma] a-na Li.TUR.MES-[ka] sd 1 FMAl.NA rKJ1.[BABBAR ... ], "I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed. Let me rans[om] the living beings [and deliver(?) them(?)] to [your] agents for one mina of sil[ver each(?)]" 75:21-27; al-te-mu um-ma LiO.SAG.KAL.MESl Sd Li) Pu-qu-d[u] i-ba-dsg-g a-na t "mA-muk-a.-nul it-tal-ku a-lik-[ma] rdil-in rzil lip-pa-ri-Fsil, "I have heard that the paramount leaders of the Puqiid[u] are present (and) that they have gone to BitAmiikini. Go and let it be adjudged a capital offense" 14:4-12; DINGIR.MES gu-ut t.KU[R] u EN.LIL.KI ZI.MES gd SE--ridl li-is-su-ru, "May the gods of Eku[r] and Nippur guard my brother's life" 1:4-5 oi.uchicago.edu 350 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR nAqidu "herdsman" See also rJefi; for discussion see comment on No. 103:5 LU n[a-qid-d]i t.DINGIR.MES-ni am-m[i]-ni GIR" a-na pa(!)(copy: la)-ranl DINGIR.MES-e-ni ta-p[ar]-rasi, "The he[rdsm]en of our temples-w[h]y are you ba[rr]ing them from our gods?" 103:5-8 naquttu see nakuttu narkabtu "chariot" See also magarru ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-fbil um-ma a-na FUGUI GIS.GIGIR-ka sd i-na sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar-rat sab-ta-tu la ta-bar-ra-asa-na-ku GIS.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma d-seb-bi-lak-ka en-na a-di GIS.GIGIR ra-aski tu-seb-bil GIS hu-sd-am-ma ul ta-ad-din en-na ma-la GIS.GIGIR-ia GIS.MES.GAM t GIS.SA.KAL gu-bila, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'? Now up to the time you should send a completely assembled chariot, you will not have delivered even a scrap of wood. Now send me every single part of my chariot-sasgggu-wood and sakkullu-wood" 33:23-35 niru "river, watercourse, canal" en-na a-[nal mMar-duk SEa-d-a liq-bi-ma U. GIS.MA sd 'lD 1 lu-se-bi-lam-ma [tab-ne-el-tu i-na lib-bi lube-en-fnul, "My brother should now speak to (the man) Marduk to have a riverboat transport a flock here so that they may arrange the sacrificial tables therewith" 17:37-41 nasbhu "to take an advance, make a withdrawal" See also bdbtu, hardsu, ibba, nikkassu, nisbu mi-nam-ma pa-Fnal-ma Kt.BABBAR ta-as'-SU-4u-ma KASKAL" a-na mub-bi tal-lak a-de-e-kan-na mimma ul ta-ad-din, "Why previously did you take an advance of silver, go on a caravan venture with it, (if) until now you haven't delivered a thing?" 69:17-21 nasfqu "to choose, make a selection" See also behiru a-na-ku at-ma-ka um-ma dAG u MES.TAK.KA ki-i as-si-qi-ma la ba-nu-u, "I have personally sworn to you, saying: 'By NabO and MES.TAK.KA, I did not choose any that were no good'" 60:23-25; ra-duU1 GIS gam-mis ki-ri a-murl ana pi a-na 1 GIN LO.DAM.GAR [i]p-ta-ra-asfatl-ta-si-fqul, "Now when I saw gammis-wood, the merchant [d]ivided (it) into exact one-shekel portions (and) I made a selection" 97:6-8 nasiku "shaykh" See also abu, alaridutu, raba (B) [a]-fna nal-si-ka-a-ti [sd LOT A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma ki-i "Na-ba-a ni-is-bi* i*-kul sd muh-hi-sg lu-dsal-lim-mu FLO1 qin-na lu at-tu-u-ni, "Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; and if Naba has used up the advance, let them make full restitution for that which is charged against him, even if the family is one of ours" 27:19-24; [a]-Inal mub-bi mi-ril-[ni] ina-sikl LO LY-bu-lu 4 um-ma FMU DINGIR 1 gu-[l]a-a "Ba-ni-ia rul tal-pal-ldf, "[O]n wh[at] account is the shaykh of the Ubtilu tribe saying: 'Sw[ea]r an oath by god to me (that) you will not fear Biniya'?" 98:16-20 nasiru "to guard, protect, be respectful of" DINGIR.MES lu-ut I.KU[R] u EN.LIL.KI ZI.MES Id SES-id1 li-is-su-ru, "May the gods of Eku[r] and Nippur guard my brother's life" 1:4-5; ta1 ig-de-ru-d-k[a] sup-ram-ma ra-ma-na-rnil ni-ls-sur, "But (if) they have turned hostile towards yo[u], write to me so that we may protect ourselves" 18:2123; [a-d]u ki-i SES r1)1 LO be-li MUN.UI.A [a]t-ta tRIN.MES-ia t-sur-ma KCJ.BABBAR-ka i-na 1 GIN IGI.4.GAL.LA lut-tir-ka, "[No]w if [y]ou are a brother and an ally, guard my men, and I will pay you in full for your silver-(plus) one-quarter for every shekel" 24:14-19; a-mat-ka ki-i as-su-rrul ana-as-sar-ii,"I will keep your word as I have always kept it" 11:12-13 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 351 nasaru "to lay claim to a holding, to partition off a holding" See also kasddu, sabdtu 1 ME, "The holding, when we laid claim to it, was 4000 (cuqaq-qa-ra ki-i ni-rifs1lguri 4 LIM bits) and 100 (cubits)" 98:14-15 nasf "to carry, bear, convey, take away, transport, fetch, bring along" See also abdku, abdlu, sapdru i-fna-ds-sgl 76:14; i-na-ds-sur--ma 100:10; ta-rnal-'i 43:29; a-na-dsg-g 102:20; it-ta-st 38:38; ni-inid-[ma] 9:12; tas-su-t 68 r. 4'; is-si 80:25; rfisj.-l- 77:9; is-su-u 109:21; iS-sga--rnul 65:5; i-Si 48:15; 79:9; 97:19; i-si-ma 60:11; i-gd-ral 35:24; i-sam-ma 64:8; 95:6; lisg-i 5:14; 38:15; 101:7; [li5si] 38:22; li-i[J-Ju] 102:11; lu-usg-am-ma 82:28; na-sd-a-ti 41:17; na-sa-ka 41:7; na-&u-r 41:13; rin(?)-na(?)1-[sJi(?)-rma(?)16:16 In the idiom pft X naid, "to guarantee, act as guarantor for": at-sag-gil-d sd mamki-i a-na tu-bi be-lt-id sak-na 2 Li qal-la-lu-tu lu-d id 'Kul-la-a lu-u gd ma i-na lib-bi-si-ni sd a-na tu-bi be-lf-id sak-na t lu-r a-me-lut-tu mim-ma id be-li-id lu-i 'Ti-ru-tu lu-u 'Qf-rbil-DOG.GA lu-u sd ba-du-u be-li li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik a-na-ku pu-us-su-nu na-id-k[a], "If my lord deems fit, my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boyseither of the woman Kulla, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tirfitu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers. I myself a[m] acting as their guarantor" 83:25-32; [p]u-us-su-nu a-ki(?) pa-ni-id na-[Is-ka], "I will a[ct] as [gu]arantor for him(!) on my own(?)" 83:42 In the idiom rs' X nags, "to pay attention to X, to check on X": am-me-ni re-es UN.MESý ul ta-na-dsg-gd ull a-na-ku-u aq-bak-ka ruml-ma re-es UN.MES f it su a-di a-na-ku al-la-ka, "Why aren't you paying attention to the household dependents? Didn't I myself tell you: 'Pay attention to the household dependents until I come in person'?" 90:22-27 natilu "to see" ki-i ratl-ta-rtal-kal ra-nal pa-lanl (x) x, "When I saw you, [...] to [...]" (context broken) 47:22-23 nEberu "ford, river-crossing" [a-d]u-d n6-bd-ri is-sab-tu-nu ina URU Ka-par-si-nu-um-mu is-nu u mDU-NUMUN it-ta-ha-mes us-sa-amma-ab, "[No]w they have seized the river-crossing from us. They and Mukin-zari are joining forces in Kaparsinummu" 16:23-28 neh~su "to go, come back, to return, withdraw" FrLl a-mi-lu LO qal-rla-al [at]-rtul-ni ram-mel-ni tu-mas-sir-[si] ul irne-ehl<-hi>-si ul rl-x-[x(-x)] ki-i-la-a-st, "The man is [ou]r slave boy. Why did you let [him] go? He won't come <ba>ck. He won't [...]. Detain him" 31:6-9; ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i aq-bak um-ma l[a] ta-n6-eh-4i-is-m[a] lib-bu-i L0 a-sib FURUl sd EN.LIL.KI d LU.BARA.DUMU-d-a &d a-kan-na-ka a-na jzdb-tu a-na t "la-a-ki-ni la illak, "Didn't I say to you: 'You must n[ot] withdraw, nor should any resident of Nippur or any of the people of Parak-miri who are there go away captive to Bit-Yakin ... '?" 19:4-10; Ful(!)l ki-i pi-i an-Cnil-i [S]ES-rai-al iq-ba-aw rum-mal a-na pa-an [LO] t Bil-ri-ta a-n6-eh-hi-si [en-na] Faml-meni SES-di-a [la il]-lik-ma i-si-ib, "Did not my [br]other say to me as follows-'I will go back to [the people of] Biritu'? [Now] why did[n't] my brother [g]o? Why did he sit around?" 26:5-10; ma-laa ItRIN.MES 1 &d it-ti-ka [lil-tab-ka [ba]l-tu-si-nu [li-i]t-tab-FTi-i1l a-d[i] i-na gu[l-m]u ra-nal URU-sd1nul Fgu-nu il-n6-eh-hifSsul, "Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive). [Let] them remain [vi]gorous unt[il] they return sa[fe]ly to their town" 29:21-28; LI.DUMU sip-riia sd a-na mDU-NUMUN il-lik a-di-kan-na ul ih-hi-si, "My messenger who went to Mukin-zEri has not oi.uchicago.edu 352 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR yet returned" 22:6-8; u,-mu LO.DUMU sip-ri-ia [it]-te-eb-si a-na SES-ia a-sap-par, "When my messenger [re]turns, I will write to my brother" 22:11-14; LO.DUMU.KIN Id a-na pa-an LUGAL il-lik ul ih-hi-si, "The messenger who went to the king has not returned" 34:10-12; ul a-sib LU A-je-en-na a-na KUR Tam-tim il-tap-ra-su a-de-e-kan*-na ul ih--.si, "He is not here. The Abennian sent him to the Sealand. He has not yet returned" 69:9-11; a-du-ui mlEri-ba a-na pa-an SES-ia rall-tap-ra baan-tis li'ih-hi-si dul-la-a mus-sur, "Now I have sent Eriba to my brother. Let him return quickly. My work lies abandoned" 90:7-11; lil-rlil-kdm-ma NINDA.IUI.1A lis-be-e-ma li-kul a FIM 1 .GfD.DA it-ti LO.SAMAN.LA.MES liq-rbil a-di DINGIR.MES tu-bu is-tak-nu lih-[li-s]a-am-ma lil-li-ka, "Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices. For as long as the gods deem fit, let him c[om]e and go" 83:13-16 nemerkfu (namarka) "to delay, linger, tarry; to remain, stay behind" See also batu, kdsu, ubburu en-na SES-ui-a la im*-mi-rik-ki lil-li-kdm-ma di-i-nu it-ti-gs nid-bu-ub, "Now my brother must not delay. Let him come so that we may institute proceedings against him" 109:13-17; lu-u s[AL] sd be-lf-id a LO qal-lum-ma la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] IM.GID.DA liq-bi, "And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, she/he should not delay. Let her/him co[me and] learn to read" 83:44-47; a-mat sd ana-ku rll at-ti ritl-ta-ha-mes nid-bu-ub SES-i-a la im-me-ri-ka lil-li-kdm-ma itti-rs lu-ai-ud-bu-ub, "There is a matter that you and I should discuss together. Let my brother not delay. Let him come, and then let me indeed discuss (it) with him" 42:6-10; renl-na LO* la imme-rik-ka ["E]-res [li]-bu-kas-sum-ma FtL0 ha-bi-ta-ni bab-tt liq-ba-a, "Now the man must not delay. [Let E]resu bring him here, and let him tell me (the names of) the marauders who have plundered" 86:28-32; LO.GO.EN.NA um-ma sup-ras-fgum-mal lil-li-kdm-m[a] qaq-qar kag-da-ds-[ts] la tamme-r[i]k-ka fal-kdml-ma qaq-qar rsal-bat, "The sandabakku is saying, 'Send him a message that he should come, an[d] a plot will be gotten hold of for h[im].' Don't del[a]y. Come and seize the plot" 91:13-19; [i]a rta-me-rik-kal al-kam-ma rU,1.UDU.JUI.A1 gd aq-Fbak-kal ab-kadm-ma [KiJ.BABBAR] lud- din, "[Do]n't delay. Come and lead in the flock about which I spoke to you, and then let me give you [silver]" 104:13-18; ki-i U,.UDU.UI.A rs61 LO A-ra-mu ib-ba-ku-u-nu la ta-me-rik-ka-rmal Fitl-tigi-nu fall-kdm-ma a-kan-na ni-ig-zu-zu, "Because they are leading the flock of the Arameans here, don't delay. Come with them, and let us do the shearing here" 47:4-10; la rtaml-me-r[ik(?)] x x x al-rkal, "Don't ling[er ... ] come" 9:25-26; pa-an tLOr [ba]r-ra-a-nu ki-i ral-dag-gal ul am-mefrikl-ka al-rla-kaml-ma it-fti-kal a-dab-bu-rubl, "Even though I am waiting for the [ca]ravan, I will not delay. I will come and speak with you" 84:18-23; u,-mu tal-tap-ra ul am-me-rik-ka KU.BABBAR id tas-rpurl ub-lu- i rKASKAL"-ial ta-sal-lim, "On the day that you wrote to me, I did not delay. I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed" 75:19-23; gd LO sab-ftul-tu sd tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmazl-[s]i ... ul am-me-[r]ik-rkal al-[l]a-kdm-m[a] arpat-tarl-gs-nu-tu, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote ... I won't del[a]y. I'll go an[d] ransom them" 30:4-6, 14-16; ki-i dib-bi gd su-lum-mu-t rill-tap-ra [ZAG(?)] nu-sar-sad a ia-a-nu-u ul im-me-rik-ku-i il-lak-a-nu, "If he sends word of a peace agreement, we will firmly establish the [border(?)]. If not, will they not stay there? Will they come here?" 34:12-18; a.rnal pa-an ITI.BARA 2 LI[M(?)] LU qin-na-a-ti a-Inal pa-an SES-id il-la-ka it sft-tu-ti-g•-nu ul im-me-rik-ku-d il-la-ku-i- nu, "Before the month of Nisannu, two thous[and(?)] families will be coming to my brother. And should the rest of them not stay behind?-should they come also?" 1:22-28 nepesu "undertaking, construction" See also epegu "SES.MES-MU gd-a'-al kit-ta ki-i pi-i an-ni a-na "SES.MES-MU iq-ta-rbil um-ma sd tap-qf-da-i[n-n]a t zi-qur-ra-tu-a ki-i a-na n6-pe-'i-ia bat-qu-ad d BAD.AN.KI ki-i as-sa-ba-ti-ia, "Ask Abb6-iddin if in truth he (Bdniya) said to Abbt-iddin: 'With regard to the fact that you appointed [m]e-if the ziggurat is mine to build, then are the repairs of Ddr also mine to undertake?'" 33:8-15 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 353 nibu "amount" See comment on No. 43:29 dEN u dAG lu-d i-du-u ki-i sd la KJ.BABBAR ni-bi ta-rnal-si, "But may Bel and NabO know that without silver you cannot carry away an(y) amount" 43:28-29 nikkassu "account" See also apdlu, bdbtu, e.tru, barasu, ibbf, napdlu, nasdhu, nishu dsg-S KO.BABBAR sa sd SES-u-a is-pu-ra mZab-di-ll i-qab-bi um-ma 5 MA.NA KU.BABBAR kii id-din 3-su LU a-mi-lu-tu* ki-i 3 MA.NA KO.BABBAR a-na mBA-sd-a at-ta-din 2 GU4.MES ki-i a-bu-uk at-tan-na-di-sgi d sit-ta NIG.SID-ij ina SU" mdpA-bu-ni DUMU nA-hu-lapdAMAR.UTU ul-te-bi-la-ds-sd, mZab-di-fl "Concerning Zabdi-Il's silver about which my brother wrote me, Zabdi-II says: 'After he gave me five minas of silver, I sold three of his slaves for three minas to Iqisa; after I had led away two oxen, I gave (them) to him; and the rest of his account I have sent to him in the hands of NabQbini, the son of Abulap-Marduk'" 51:5-17 ninu "we" ni-i-nu 18:7; 80:5; ni-i-ni 103:26; rnil-i-ni 103:17 niru "yoke" GU4.MES Sd ina pa-ni-id tu-mas-sir GU4 bi-ri a-fdil-kan-na ul i-gir GU4 at-tu-u-a ku-tal ni-ri-si a GU4 rit-ta it-ta-Lsil-iz-zu, "(About) the oxen which you let me have: the breeding bull until now has not been well. My own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plow-ox are (also) halt" 91:4-10; [GU,1.MES ni-ri se-e ul rikl-[kal], "Oxen in the yoke do not e[at] grain" 94:32 Nisannu (name of the first month) en-rna al-na mdAMAR.UTU-LLUGAL-a-nil [be-l lis-pu-ram-ma i-rnal GIS.MA.MES sd LO.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.MES a-na pa-an ITI.BARA1 fa-nal KA.DINGIR.RA.K[I li-si], "Now my lord should write to Marduk-sarrAni [that he should transport (it)] to Babylo[n] in the boats of the men of Babylon before Nisannu" 38:17-22; di-in-gs-nu a-na ITI.BARA a-na KA.DINGIR.JRA.KIi a-na pa-an mTUK-fi-DINGIR DUMU mGa-bal [fd-kinl, "Their case will be submitted to Risi-ili, son of Gabal, at the beginning of Nisannu, at Babylon" 38:26-28; ina ITI.BARA ina KA.DINGIR.R[A.KI] a-na ID hur-gd-na ni-il-[lak], "In Nisannu, in Babyl[on], we will und[ergo] the river ordeal" 38:40-41; a-rnal pa-an ITLBARA 2 LI[M(?)] LU qin- na-a-ti a-rnal pa-an SES-id il-la-ka a sft-tu-ti-su-nu ul im-me-rik-ku-i il-la-ku-u-nu, "Before the month of Nisannu, two thous[and(?)] families will be coming to my brother. And should the rest of them not stay behind?-should they come also?" 1:22-28; Imlx-x-x sd be-li is-pur ina ITI.[BARA a-rnal KA.DINGIR.RA.KI rill-la-kdm-ma be-li [DIl.KUs-r[gT mdrENl-Dp-Ug, "[PN,], about whom my lord wrote, is coming to Babylon in Nisannu; and his court adversary will be BEl-ipus" 58:6-11 nisbu "withdrawal; advance (payment); rate of exchange" See also bdbtu, dasannu, t.tu, hitu (B), ibbf, kaspu, nasdhu, qflu For discussion see comments on No. 27:22 and No. 67:4 am-me-ni mNUMUN-ib-ni dI-pu-rak-kdm-ma LO a-mi-lut-[tul la ta-ad-da-dsig- KP.BABBAR sd ni-is-hi ina mujz-ji-ka i-ba-ds-si, "Why did I send Zera-ibni to you, and you did not give him a slave? There is silver for withdrawal (on deposit) with you" 36:16-21; SE.BAR in-na-ds-sum-ma jia-di a-na ni-ishi Ia-di-ma a-na KO.BABBAR lid-din, "Give him wheat; and (if) he prefers, let him put it (on deposit) for withdrawal (later); or (if) he prefers, let him sell it" 37:7-9; [a]-[na nal-si-ka-a-ti s&d L01 A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma ki-i mNa-ba-a ni-is-hi* i*-kul sd mut- zi-&i- lu-u-gal-lim-mu Li01 qin-na lu at-tui-ni, "Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; and if Nabs has used up the advance, let them make full restitution for that which is charged against him, even if the family is one of ours" 27:19-24; [nil-is-hu (context broken) 67:4 oi.uchicago.edu 354 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR nisfi biti "household dependents" See also amilu, amilitu, bitu, napultu, nisu, qallalftu, qallu, sabu, sutadru am-me-ni re-es UN.MES t ul ta-na-dI-sU full a-na-ku-u aq-bak-ka Euml-ma re-es UN.MES t i-su a-di a-na-ku al-la-ka, "Why aren't you paying attention to the household dependents? Didn't I myself tell you: 'Pay attention to the household dependents until I come in person'?" 90:22-27 nisfi "people" See also amilu, napultu, nis' biti, sdba el-ia, a-rnal UGU(?)-ka i FUN.MESl-ka bi-tu-ka ia-ral-nu, "As far as I'm concerned, neither you nor your people are to blame" 9:22-25 nubattu "evening, overnight stay" In the cognate expression nubatta Ia/ul batu: Ful-mu tup-pi be-l[ Fil-mu-ru "NUMUN-ia nu-bat-ta [lal i-ba-ti, "When my lord has seen my tablet, Zeriya must not stay the night" 93:19-21; rmAl-a-it-te-u-su [nu]-bat-ti ul i-ba-rtil, "FmAl-ait-te-u-su will not stay the [ni]ght" 69:12-13; u4-mu tup-pi ta-mur nu-bat-ta la ta-ba-a-ti, "When you see my letter do not delay even overnight" 89:23-24 palihu "to fear, have fear, be afraid" en-na a-na a-kan-na-ak-ka um-ma lul-lik pal-ha-ka ki-i tu-ta-kal-la-a-nu su-mi DINGIR.MES be-lf flulse-la-a a-na pa-ni-ka lul-mlikl, "Now, over there, he is saying: 'I would go, but I am afraid. If you would give me assurances, let my lord swear an oath to me, (and) I will come before you'" 80:914; la ta-pal-lA0, "Have no fear" 86:22; [a]-fnal muht-i mi-fil-[ni] rna-sikl LU 6-bu-lu4 um-ma FMU DINGIR 1 Su-[l]a-a mBa-ni-ia rul tal-pal-Ilh, "[O]n wh[at] account is the shaykh of the Ubiilu tribe saying: 'Sw[ea]r an oath by god to me (that) you will not fear Biniya'?" 98:16-20 pain "previously" mi-nam-ma pa-fnal-ma KU.BABBAR ta-as-su-tu-ma KASKAL" a-na mub-bi tal-lak a-de-e-kan-na mim- ma ul ta-ad-din, "Why previously did you take an advance of silver, go on a caravan venture with it, (if) until now you haven't delivered a thing?" 69:17-21 pana "to go in advance" a-di la i-sin-nu lip-nu-nim-ma lil-li-ku-nim-ma ritl-ti AD-sd lid-bu-bu, "Let them come here before the festival begins and negotiate with its (Iltazinu's) shaykh" 7:25-28 pAnu "front, frontside"; pinfi "face" See also ana pan, ina pan, la pan, mazpdn In the expression ana tfibi pani X, "for the good of X": ki-i a-na tu-bi pa-ni-ka um-ma URU Il-ta-zi-ni ki-i lib-bi-su(!)-nu li-ru-bu t) lu-su-f, "If it is good for you, say (to them): 'May they come in and go out of Iltazinu as they please'" 7:21-24 In the expression aki pani, "on one's own(?)": [p]u-us-su-nu a-ki(?) pa-ni-id na-[ld-ka], "I will a[ct] as [gu]arantor for him(!) on my own(?)" 83:42 In the elliptical expression ana X pani (sakanu), "to proceed in a certain direction; to look in a certain direction; to intend": [k]i-i 6s-mu-u um-ma mRi-mu-tu d m " A-tim-ma-a, ral-na URU BARA.DUMU pa-nu-id-nu LO.JENGARi. [MES] Id ml-ba-[a Id] ritl-ti-Sa-n[u] ab-kdm-ma a-n[a-ku] lua- dS-[ba-ka], "[Be]cause I have heard that Rimiitu and AtimmA> are proceeding towards Parak-mari, bring me the farmer[s] of Ibi [who are] with the[m], that I too might se[ttle]" 99:4-12 In the idiom pan X dagalu, "to wait for X": pa-an FL0 1 [ta]r-ra-a-nuki-i Fal-dag-gal ul am-me-rrikl-ka al-fla-kdml-ma it-rti-kal a-dab-bu-fubl, "Even though I am waiting for the [ca]ravan, I will not delay. I will come and speak with you" oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 355 84:18-23; a-du-ai et-ti-bi pa-an-ia du-gu-lu* a-di ui-e-bi-li-ka GU4.MES* sd-nu-um-ma la* tu-ba'a, "I've gotten under way now. Wait for me. Until I send you (a dispatch), don't look for other oxen" 55:6-10; ki-i at-ta tal-lak pa-ni-ka lud-gul u ia-a-nu-ui up-rraml-ma lul-lik, "If you go, I will wait for you; but if not, write to me so that I may go" 100:19-22; KASKAL" rkal-da-rnal ul ta-a-bi SAL Fal-mil-tu ul a-sap-pa-rak-ka pa-an lud-rgull-ma 6g-gd-a KASKAL" ta-atf-f-raml ul a-kil-li-gi, "The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. Let me wait a while. As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:19-25; rag-g-s [EN] rtar-bil.[MES] gd [be-lfl is-pur-ral ruml-ma la ritl-[tal-l]ak-ka rpa-ni-ial rlidl-gu-rlu,1, "Concerning the [owners] of harbu-plow[s] about whom my lord wrote to me, saying: 'They(!) must not le[ave] you. Let them wait for me"' 98:6-9 In the idiom (ana/la) pan X maharu, "to suit X, to be suitable for X": pa-an be-li-ia maht-r[a] ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-rbal-nu-u-ti Fa-na bel-lf-ia rlu-u-sel-bi-li, "(If) it suit[s] my lord, let me send fine mules to my lord" 58:14-19; ba-an-tis be-if li-pu-ram-ma mala GURUS.rMESI rgi1 pa-rnl [be-lf-ia] rmahl-ru rlul-bu-kdm-ma, "Let my lord write to me posthaste, and I will come and bring to my lord as many warriors as are suitable for my lord" 29:914; fu kil-i kit-ti gSi-u KI.LAM-ia la [ba-n]u sd pa-an be-li-id mah-ra be-if rligl-pu-rram-mal, "And if it is true that my offering-price (for him) isn't [goo]d, let my lord write to me whatever suits my lord" 83:19-21; [me-res-til bab-ba-n[i-ti] rmuht-raml-ma ina t [sd] ra-nal pa-ni-ka [ma]zt-[ral [l]i-rli-il, "Buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment, and then [let] it go up in value in a house [that su]its you" 44:10-14; ki-i pa-an SES-id ma[h-r]u ha-dis la-pa-an LO.DAM.rGARI lu-usg-am-ma [lulse-fbil-lak-ka, "[N]ow if it su[it]s my brother, I will gladly convey her from the merchant and have (her) brought to you" 82:26-29; at ki-i pa-ni be-lf-id ma-ltir um-ma lu-uk-li-si sup-ram-ma mdUTU-APIN-es a-kan-ni Flul-bu-uk, "Or if it suits my lord and he says, 'Let me keep him,' write to me that I may bring Samas-Eres here" 16:10-13; ki-i pa-ni-ka malh-hir UA.LA-a ina lib-bi Sukun, "If it suits you, put my share in" 34:26-27; [m]a-qar-ra-ti3 [GIN1 ki-i [p]a-an be-lf-ia mahrrul [a]-na rpil-i rTdl ana 1 GIN lu-hir-[ma a-n]a [b]e-lf-ia lu-se-bi-[li], "If it [s]uits my lord, let me prepare a [b]undle of three shekels [i]n exact one-shekel portions, [and then] let me sen[d] it [t]o my [l]ord" 97:9-12; rki-il [l]a pa-ni ILOi ka-rre-el [l]a maht-ra al-fkdm-mal rKU'.BABBAR 1 MA.rNA x GfN 1 u me-rres-ti gab-bil a-rnaml-dak-Fkal, "Because this does[n']t suit the investors, come and I will give you silver amounting to one mina, n shekels, or the entire consignment" 44:14-19 panfi "former, previous" en-na ki-i a-m[at] SES-U-tu* pa-nu-t[u] rlal tas-kun Sd a-mat a-na* mul-/ji-ia is-kun mus-si-ma suprraml-ma lu-i i-de rkil-i §ES-u-a at(!)-ta, "Now even if you did not establish the wor[ding] of the previo[us] brotherhood (agreement), find out who established the wording with regard to me and write to me so that I may know that you are my brother" 3:13-20 paqAdu "to appoint, hand over" ds-sgi mBa-ni-ia gd tal-pur um-ma a-na t.KUR la ir-ru-ub l a-na pa-ni-ka la ir-ru-ub ap-te-qid-su, "Concerning Baniya about whom you wrote, saying 'He must not enter Ekur, and he must not en- ter your presence.' I appointed him" 33:4-7; mSES.MES-MU id-a -al kit-ta ki-i pi-i an-ni a-na mSES.MESMU iq-ta-rbil um-ma gd tap-qf-da-i[n-n]a, "Ask Abbe-iddin if in truth he (Blniya) said to AbbUiddin: 'With regard to the fact that you appointed [m]e ... " 33:8-11; ril-na rlibl-bi rLol-ti.rMES1 rt LO qal-lal-lu-ti rpaq-dul-nik-ka ma-a'-du-d-t[i], "Among the slave men and slave boys are man[y] who should be handed over to you" 74:28-31 paraku (i, occ. a/u) "to bar" ma-la KO.BABBAR-ka sd i-na pft-ti i-na eq-li-ka fi-il-mu mam-ma la i-par-frakl-ka-a-ma,"Let no one bar you from any of your silver which is safeguarded in the hole in your field" 106:9-13 oi.uchicago.edu 356 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR pariqu (a) "to separate, isolate, segregate" See comment on No. 27:18 [m]Mu-[al-lim-dAMAR.UTU [l]il-li-kdm-ma rli LO A-ram gab-bi fil-na EN.LIL.K11K Musallim-Marduk [c]ome and segregate all the Arameans in Nippur" 27:14-18 rlipl-ra-aq, "Let parisu "to divide, set aside; to decide, judge; to terminate, break" (G); "to decide" (D); "to be decided, adjudged" (N) G-stem: Fa-du-fl GIS gam-mis ki-ri a-murl ana pi a-na 1 GIN LO.DAM.GAR [i]p-ta-ra-as ratl-ta-si-rqul, "Now when I saw gammis-wood, the merchant [d]ivided (it) into exact one-shekel portions (and) I made a selection" 97:6-8; ki-i ma-ad KU.BABBAR sd ina mu-ltji-rlil-nu a-par-ra.rsul a-na rFu1"ia i-tirs, "If it is much silver that I should set aside for them, pay it to me" 30:10-13; a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-ti ki-i a-na-ku a at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]s, "Our treaty-given father to sonby Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it)" 23:5-7; fit-ti al-[h]a-mes a-na LO 1tl A-Tmukl-[a-nu] niil-li[k] a di-ni [sd] "'E-re-[si] ni-par-ra-si, "Let us g[o] toge[th]er to Bit-Amfik[ini], and we will judge the case [of] Ere[su]" 76:5-10; 3 GIN KO.BABBAR a-na UGU mZALAG-a-ni be-If ip-ru-su ril MA.NA GIN KO.BABBAR ul-tal-lim, "My lord decided that there was a charge of twenty shekels of silver against Niirfni. He has paid the thirty shekels of silver in full" 21:13-17; en-na ID b[ur]-rg6-nal pari-si INIM.M[EE], "Now the river o[rd]eal will be the decider of the(se) affair[s]" 38:38-39 In the idiom s&pi parasu, "to bar access to": LO n[a-qid-d]i t.DINGIR.MES-ni am-m[i]-ni GIR" a-na pa(!)(copy: la)-ranl DINGIR.MES-e-ni ta- p[ar]-ra-si,"The he[rdsm]en of our temples-w[h]y are you ba[rr]ing them from our gods?" 103:5-8 D-stem: pur-ru-su ral-na m[uh-hi]-nu [be-l]( la i-na[m-d]i-i, "M[y lord] must not rep[udi]ate (his obligation) to make a decision co[ncerning] us" 110 r. 17'-18'; Flul-[par(?)]-rril-si(context broken) 99 r. 6' N-stem: al-te-mu um-ma LO.SAG.KAL.1MES1 sd LO Pu-qu-d[u] i-ba-6s-sa a-na mA-muk-a-fnul it-talku a-lik-[ma] rdil-in rzil lip-pa-ri-isil, "I have heard that the paramount leaders of the Puqfid[u] are present (and) that they have gone to Bit-Amiikani. Go and let it be adjudged a capital offense" 14:4-12; UD.FX1.[KAM] d IT[I.x lil]-rlil-kdm-m[a] di-i[n-su] rlipl-pa-ri-isl, "[He] should [co]me in person on the [...] day of the month [...] so [that his] cas[e] may be decided" 20:19-21 parfi "mule" See also imiru, sisti gab-bu u,-mu be-li il-ta-sap-pa-raum-ma ANSE.KUNGA sup-ra a-du-t ANSE.KUNGA sd a-ki-i lib-bi sd be-lf-ia a-rnal be-[lf-ial al-tap-ra, "Now I have sent to my lord a mule after my lord's (own) heart" 59:4-10; 181 MA.NA a-na sa-ma-du sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES ki-i id-din-an-na-a-si u(!?)* sa-ma-du sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES rkil-i ni-bu-ka um-ma ul ba-nu-u LUGAL i-ta-ri um-ma KJ.BABBAR-ma i-is ul i-mangur um-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-ba-nu-d-rtul ab-ka-nim-ma fidl-na-ni, "After he gave us eight minas for a team of mules, and after we brought a team of mules, he said: 'They're no good. The king will return and say: "The silver-where is it?" He won't consent. He'll say, "Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me"'" 56:12-22; en-na mdEN- ral-na aeb-gi KUR A&+Sur*.KI* ritl-tal-ka ki-i FANSEI.KUR.RA.MES ki-i [ANSE1.KUNGA.MES ib-rba-kdml-ma ril-[sap-par], "Bel-usebsi has now gone off to Assyria. He [will write] whether he is bringing horses or mules" 56:23-29; mLa-ql-pu ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.KI it-tal-ka 3 sa-ma-da sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES it-ti-ga i-tab-ka ma-a,-da ba-nu-u, "Liqipu came from Elam. He brought three teams of mules with him. They are of very good quality" 57:810; m Nu-Fuml-mu-ru DUMU mlR-GIR 4 .KU A di-ni it-ftil mLa-qi-pu i-dab-bu-ub um-ma mi-nam-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES a-na <m>Gu-lu-ga ul ta-a[d-din] ul a-na-ku-a ANSE.KUN[GA.MES] a-bu-ka ba-tu u mires-t[i(!)] be-lf ki-i au-e-bi-li ANSE.KUN[GA.MES] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA in-da-bar u mNu-[um-mu-ru] a-na bel(!) di(!)-ni sd be-lf-ia it-tu-r[u], "Nummuru, son of Arad-Nergal, is arguing with LdqTpu (in) court, saying: 'Why didn't you g[ive] the mules to Guliisu? Didn't I myself bring the mul[es] here?' Af- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 357 ter my lord sent both a cash payment and trading capi[tal], he came into possession of the mul[es] from Elam, and Nu[mmuru] becam[e] my lord's adversary in court" 57:15-24; sad-da-qdd a-na paan be-lf-ia al-tap-rral um-ma pa-an be-lf-ia mab-r[a] ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-rbal-nu-u-ti ra-na bel-lfia rlu-u-sel-bi-li [u] rki-i ANSE1.KUNGA.MES ful sel-ba-a-ta rbe-lf li-i/1-ru-us, "Last year I wrote to my lord, saying: '(If) it suit[s] my lord, let me send fine mules to my lord.' [But] if you(!) don't desire mules, let my lord cancel the order" 58:12-22; rANSE1.KU[NGA.MES] (context broken) 32:10 parzillu "iron" See also era, kaspu, patar parzilli; for discussion see comment on No. 102:17 and 22 a-na E[N.LIL.KI] ki-i a[l-lik] a-na b[e-l(-ia] dul(!)-la [e-pu-us] i-na muh-rti-ial 5 AN.BAR mar-ra-a-rtil be-If lu-u-se-bil, "When I w[ent] to N[ippur], [I performed] service for [my] l[ord]. To me (now) let my lord send five iron shovels" 102:12-18; ki-i na-kut-ti rdsl-gu AN.BAR mar-ra-a-ti a-na be-Ifia is-pur, "It is urgent! Concerning iron shovels I have written to my lord" 102:21-23; ds-su AN.BAR Sd be-li is-pur 20 GO.UN AN.BAR sd na-sa-ka "dAG-APIN-es DUMU LU.t.BAR dt-a gab-bi ina URU Ka-ldh ik-te-mis, "Concerning the iron about which my lord wrote-Nabo-1-res, a member of the SangO-Ea family, collected in Kalbu all twenty talents of iron which I was carrying(?)" 41:6-11; fAN.BARI mala na-sd-a-ti [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din [gab]-rbil a-na-ku a-kdm-mis, "Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody. I myself will collect it [al]l" 41:17-19; [en-na a]-[du kil-i AN.BAR [be-lf se]-bu-t a-na mam-ma [ul ad]-din-ma ul is-qul, "[Now t]hen, if (I had known that) [my lord wa]nted iron, I wouldn't have weighed (it) out and [so]ld (it) to anybody" 41:24-26; fanal tia-ra-pi be-lf ul is-pur ul-tu "lfa-bil-GLNA il-li-ka ul iq-ba-a' a AN.BAR ina pa-ni-su ad-din*, "But my lord didn't write (to me) soon enough, (and) he didn't say (anything) to me after Uabil-kinu had come to me. Therefore, I sold the iron before him" 41:27-32; en*-na* AN*.BAR* [ma-l]a be-li se-bu-ti [lis-pu]-ram-ma [a-na be]-l(-ia [lu-se]-bi-li, Now my lord [should wr]ite to me for [as mu]ch iron as he wants so that [I can se]nd (it) [to] my [lo]rd" 41:32-36; ki-i ds-mu-u um-ma AN.BAR sX SES-ia i-ba-ds-suid id 1 MA.NA KO.BABBAR SES-u-a rlul-ge-bi-lu, "As I have heard: 'My brother's iron is available.' Let my brother send me an amount equivalent to one mina of silver" 96:10-13; ulrtul rDAM(?)1.[GAR.MES] u TUR.MES [X x] iU-de-e rgab(?)l-[bi] sfG qa*-tar-ra-a-ftilr rKA1 qul-mu-d AN.rBAR 1 it-ti-su(!?) i-sd-ral, "From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es)" 35:19-24 pasiru "to break up, loosen (soil); to sell (goods)" See also bil harbi, epinnu, ereiu (B), mayydru, rittu, sapdnu GIS.APIN.rMES1 [a GU4.MES] Xd LU.ENGAR.MES a-rdi(?)l [x]-x-rkal gab-bi a-na KIN rbe-li-i-nul a-bu-uk- pi-si-ir-ti lup-lur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the ma 5i-fil-[lu] d be-lf-i-nu sd ina KA-JTs' cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10; LO.ENGAR.MES id si-i-hu um-ma kurban-nu si-i-bu(!) ma->a-da ki-i la pa-d.-ra ul ta-a-bu a-na e-re-si, "The cultivators of the farm are saying, 'The clods of the farm are numerous; if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting'" 92:11-15; LO.UNUG.KI-a-a ki-i il-lik-ei-nu um-ma bu-bu-ut-ku-nu Xid £ab-tu a-du-i LO si-lullu ina UNUG.KI i.pa-di-ddrrul, "When the Urukians came, they said: 'Now, in Uruk, petty dealers are selling the plunder which they took from you'" 18:10-14 *patar parzilli "iron dagger" See also parzillu, qastu, qulma en-na EME-Xsi mit-tu ram(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l i-na GQ[R.A]N.BAR ta-ku-1 us-sil 1 ina 1za-qapl tan-ki-si, "Now his tongue is dead. Why? Did you flay it with an [i]ron dagg[er], or did you cut it off while it was sticking out?" 85:14-16 pataru "to ransom" (G) See also muXsuru, puturu, pitru G-stem: 4 10-su LO-ka Lu mam-ma-nu-u-ka sd a-ta-mar a-pa.t-ar-am-ma a-kil-lak-ka, "And I will ransom ten of your men-any man of yours whom I have seen-and I will hold (him) for you" oi.uchicago.edu 358 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 24:20-24; s6 LO sab-utul-tu si tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmabl-[s]i ... ul am-me-[r]ik-rkal al-[l]akdm-m[a] a-rpaf-farl-dsunu-tu, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote ... I won't del[a]y. I'll go an[d] ransom them" 30:4-6, 14-16; en-na [a]l-te-mu um-ma [tRI]N.ME,-ia 6d lal-qu [SES]-iia ip-ta-tar-si-nu-t[u], "Now [I] have heard that my [brother] has ransomed my [me]n who disappeared" 24:10-13; ms[u-dAMAR.U]TU DUMU mMU-S[ES ana] man-de-rsil ki-i ias-purl mx-x-x ip-ti-rsil-[s1ma i-na] URU Hi-in-da-[a-nu] id-di-nu-sd a-n[a-ku] a-na 14 MA.N[A KU.BABBAR] ap-ta-tar-si, "When I sent Er[Iba-Mard]uk, son of NMdin-a[bi, for] information, [PN] hid [him, and then] they sold him [in] Udind[nu]. I m[yself] had to ransom him for one-and-a-half min[as of silver]" 72:15-22; LO ami-lut-tu s6 tap-fur at-tuddi-al i-i a-na mam-rmal la ta-nam-di-rsul, "The slave whom you ransomed is mine. Don't sell him(!) to anyone" 84:4-7; LO qal-la-rlu-u-ttul s tap-tu-ru rat-tu-il-a Sa-nu ana 1 MA.JNA1 3 rGIN 1 8 GIN KO.BABBAR pa-at-ru i-na 1 GIN IGI.4.GAL.LA KU.BABBAR-ka i-Si, "The slave boys whom you ransomed belong to me. They were ransomed for one mina and twenty-eight shekels of silver. Take one-quarter per shekel as your silver" 79:4-9; [x (x)] s6 a.rnal-[ku(?)] [ap(?)]tfu-raml-ma (context broken), "[...] whom [I(?) my]self(?) [ran]somed [...]" 88 r. 5'-6'; [an]-ni-ti lu-a i-rdal-[a]t [a(?)-me(?)]-rlut(?)1-ti i-na URU t x-[x-x] rap(!?)-tur-rak(?)-ka(?)l, "[Th]is is to att[es]t that I ransomed(?) [a sl]ave(?) for you(?) in the town Bit-[...]" 85:5-7; a-du-u LO Si (mistake for si) a-kan-na ina Su n mKu-ta-a ap-fu-ru-sd a-na-ku i-qa-ba-al-su, "Now the slave whom I ransomed here from Kuta-I will take delivery of him in person" 80:19-22; ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu 16 pu-tu-ru tata-mar pu-tu-ram-ma a-kan-na i-din, "If you see slaves for ransom, ransom (them) for me and deliver (them) here" 40:19-23; raml-me-ni dib-bi flal sa-an-rqul-[ti] SES-u-a i-Sap-rparl um-ma FrL.TUR 1.MES 6s a-na [Hatl-tij.KI rill-lik x [p]u-tur-a-[ma ... ], "Why is my brother sending unsubstan[tiated] reports, saying: '[R]ansom(?) the agents who went to Syria [and ... ] to Babylo[n ... ]'" 74:2-5; en-na la tu-mas-s6-ra-a-ni pu-tu-ra-i-ma LO sar-ru-ti lu-qab-bil-ma lud-dak-ka, "Now don't abandon me. Ransom me and I will take delivery of and give you the thieves" 60:26-28; KI.BABBAR 16 tal-fpurl ub-lu-ui a KASKAL -ia1 ta-sal-lim ZI.MES lu-up-t[ur-ma] a-na LO.TUR.MES-[ka] is 1 rMA1.NA [K01.[BABBAR ... ], "I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed. Let me rans[om] the living beings [and deliver(?) them(?)] to [your] agents for one mina of sil[ver each(?)]" 75:21-27; LO a-mi-lut-tu s6 SES-ia 16 taw-liq a-du-4 i-na URU Ki-ipra-a-nu am-rat ba-an-fil KU.BABBAR rFES1-t-a lu-se-bi-lam-ma lul-lik-ma lu-up-tu-rasi-i a-di la rana 1+enl a-bi i-nam-di-nu-st, "My brother's slave who ran away has now been seen in the town Kiprfnu. Quickly! My brother should send me silver that I may go and ransom him before they sell "x-[x] [ris-Ilhim to someone else" 81:4-11; LU a-rmel-lu-ti c6 ul-tu URU Sd6-pi-ial tal-Flik-mal a1W 6 tKtJ1.BABBAR ina FUGU-mal ia-a-nu-a-rmal su-bi-lam-m[a] rlup-fu-ras-suml-[ma] [LU(!) al-m[i-lutu] rlud-dakl-[ka], "The slave who came from Sa-pi-Bel(?) and [PN] took away-there is absolutely no silver for (him). Send me (some), so th[at] I may ransom him [and] give yo[u] a sl[ave]" 77:514; 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES a 3 tRIN.MES ul-rtul ta-mir-tu t rla-ki-nul a-kan-na-ka rit-tab-sgl li-mur-sinu-rtul a-di la Su" LUj.DAM.GAR1 i-kas-ri6-dul sup-ram-ma rlul-li-kam-mal ki-i 16 pu-tu-ru lu-up-turdg-§d-nu-t[u], "Five camels and three laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there. Let him locate them. Before the merchant gets hold of them, write to me. Then let me come; and if they are for ransom, let me ransom the[m]" 4:4-13 pesenu "to hide, conceal" See comment on No. 72:18 6i-rpurl mx-x-x ip.ti-sil-[sd-ma i-na] URU Hiin-da-[a-nu] id-di-nu-Bd, "When I sent Er[iba-Mard]uk, son of Naidin-a[bi, for] information, [PN] hid [him, and then] they sold him [in] Uindi[nu]" 72:15-20 mS[U-dAMAR.UJTU DUMU mMU-S[ES ana] man-de-rsil ki-i pesfi "white" GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR 89:16; SE.GIS.t BABBAR.MES 53:8; 53:17; [SE.GIS.I BABBAR.MES] 53:14 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 359 petfl "to open" See comment on No. 78:9 KA me-res-ti-S- ik-ta-nak um-ma a-di mdAG-SUM.NA il-lak mam-ma KA me-res-ti-su-nu ul BAD ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] AN§E.A.AB.BA ZO.LUM.JMA1 in-da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al-ka, "He sealed the door to his consignment, saying: 'Until Nabf-iddin goes, no one should open the door to their consignment.' If you can't op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here" 39:9-18; dEN t dAG lu-u i-du-d U8 NU BAD-ta ina IGI-ia i-pet-tu ki-i il-lik, "May B61 and NabQ know (that) they will open an unopened ewe in front of me if he has not gone" 78:810 pihatu see bil paias pisirtu "loosening" See also paidru In the cognate expression piiirta pasaru, "to break up soil": GIS.APIN.rMEs1 [A GU4 .MES] sa LO.ENGAR.MES a-rdi(?)l [x]-x-Fkal gab-bi a-na KIN be-lf-i-nul a-bu- uk-ma i-Fil-[bu] d be-li-i-nu sd ina KA-rgsl p1si.ir-ti lup-sur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10 pitbu "hole" ma-la KO.BABBAR-ka Sd i-na pit-hi i-na eq-li-ka si-il-mu mam-ma la i-par-rrakl-ka-a-ma,"Let no one bar you from any of your silver which is safeguarded in the hole in your field" 106:9-13 pitru "ransom" See also patatru, pu.tufru a-na-ku la-x-x &d a-na pit-fril rta-adl-din 4-&al-lam-ga, "I myself will pay you in full for the [...] which you gave as ransom" 84:12-15 pfi "mouth, wording, command, authorization" See also ana pi en-na ki-i na-kut-ti ds-Su GI&.APIN.MES sd pi-i be-lf-i-nuIal-na §ES-ia ds-pu-ra, "Now in urgency I have written to my brother concerning the plows that were ordered by our lord" 92:16-19; a ki-i ana ZI.[MES] [su-rul-[bu] rpil ka-a-di-sai [mim-mu-il lu-mur, "And if they are to be made to ent[er] among the dependent[s], let me see some authorization from his guard-post" 4:14-18 In the expression ki pi annl, "in this manner, like this, as follows": ki-i pi-i an-ni 33:9; ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 1:15; 33:16; ki-i pi-i ran-nil-i 86:20-21; ki-[i] pi-i anni-i 110:15; ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i] 43:9; ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i 19:4; 33:23; 51:17-18; 65:10; 89:5; ul ki-i pi an-ni-iP 10:4; rul(!)1 ki-i pi-i an-rnil-i 26:5; lull ki-i pi-i an-rnil-[i] 75:4; ki-i pi sd 51:25-26 In the idiom ana pi X sabatu, "to silence, protest(?)" (see comment on No. 14:15-16): a-na pi-i-kal ul a-sab-bat, "I will not protest(?) against you" 14:15-16 pubru (UKKIN) see under irib kiniSti sa bit ili pfitu "forehead, front" In the idiom put X nald, "to guarantee, act as guarantor for X": ki-i a-na tu-bi be-lf-id Sak-na 2 LO qal-la-lu-tu lu-ti sd 'Kul-la-a lu-ai sd Et-sag-gil-ti sd mamma i-na lib-bi-si-ni sd a-na tu-bi be-lf-id sak-na a lu-ui a-me-lut-tu mim-ma sd be-li-id lu-i 'Ti-ru-tu lu-i 'Qf-rbil-DiG.GA lu-i sd iha-du-u be-lf li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik a-na-ku pu-us-sunu na-sd-k[a], "If my lord deems fit, my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boys- oi.uchicago.edu 360 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR either of the woman Kulla, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tiritu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers. I myself a[m] acting as their guarantor" 83:25-32; [p]u-us-su-nu a-ki(?) pa-ni-id na-[9d-ka], "I will a[ct] as [gu]arantor for him(!) on my own(?)" 83:42 In the idiom pfit X mahisu, "to guarantee the safety of X" (see comment on No. 7:20): a-ga-Inul ki-i ta-b[u]-uk [l]a-pa-an ZI.MES man-nu [p]u-ut-su-nu i-majt-aas, "But if you have l[e]d these away (already), who is going to [k]eep them safe from the rebels?" 7:17-20; 6d LU sab-ftul-tu 9d tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmahl-[s]i a-du-4 lul-lik-ma td-re-mul AD.MES-iinu lul-ma-ad-du, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote, saying: 'Guara[nt]ee their safety'-Now let me go and learn what their fathers are thinking" 30:4-9 i putfiru "ransoming" See also mussuru, pa.taru, pitru; for discussion see comment on No. 4:12-13 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES t 3 tRIN.MES ul-Gtul ta-mir-tu frla-ki-nul a-kan-na-ka lit-tab-sui li-mur-id-nu-ftul a-di la Su"n LO.DAM.GAR1 i-kag-Fgd-dul sup-ram-ma rlul-li-kdm-mal ki-i sd pu-tu-ru lu-up-tur-dsi-inu-t[u], "Five camels and three laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there. Let him locate them. Before the merchant gets hold of them, write to me. Then let me come; and if they are for ransom, let me ransom the[m]" 4:4-13; ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu id pu-tu-ru ta-ta-marpu-tu-ramma a-kan-na i-din, "If you see slaves for ransom, ransom (them) for me and deliver (them) here" 40:19-23; a bfrb-tu ma-la ib-tab-tu-nu pu-tu-ru ina Su"-d-nu la te-ep-pu-us, "And also you must not ransom from them any of those whom they have already taken captive" 19:10-13 qabf "to speak, say, tell" i-qab-bi 51:7; la i-qab-bi 37:29; 86:7; 101:11; rull [i]-rqabl-bi 20:22; i-qab-bak-ka 23:25; [il-qab-bakka 86:26; ta-qab-ba-a 86:21; ta-qab-ba-a) 60:20; ta-qab-bi 14:14; 79:10; [t]a-fqab-bil 82:22; la taqab-bi 92:22; la rtal-qab-bi 96:20; ta-qab-bi-i' 55:5; a-rqabl-b[i] 61:10; a-qab-bak-ka 86:15; i-qabbu 111:14; i-qab-bu-u 1:15, 29; i-fqabl-b[u]-d 82:34; i-qab-bu-d-nu 86:19; ni-qab-bi 89:21; iq-ta-[bil 33:10; aq-ta-bi 16:17; 90:15; iq-ba-a 5:6; iq-ba-fal 97:5; iq-ba-a> 26:6; ul iq-ba-a> 41:30; taq-[bil 33:24; taq-b[a] 67:4; [taq-bal-a 66:8; taq-ba-a' 10:4; taq-bu-u 100:4; aq-bi 57:25; 89:6; [u]l Faqlbi 43:9; aq-bu-u 16:30; 17:18; 56:11; aq-ba-a' 87:7; aq-ba-ds-Si 100:6; aq-ba-d-s't sil 105:12; aq-bakka 90:24; aq-fbak-kal 104:16; aq-bak 19:5; [ul] aq-bak 85:10-11; fiq-bul-ma 110 r. 7'; iq-bu-nu 81:13; liq-bul-nu 20:8; fiq-bu-'l-[n]u 84:16; ul taq-ba-nim-ma 81:23; [niq-bak] 7:6; qf-bi-ma 1:1; 2:1; 9:1; 11:1; 12:2; 15:2; 18:1; 22:1; 25:2; 31:10; 34:1; 35:1; 39:1; 47:1; 49:1; 50:1; 63:1; 71:1; 78:1; 84:1; 86:1; 87:1; 89:1; 95:1; 99:1; 100:1; 106:1; qi-bi-rmal 33:1; 66:1; 90:1; 91:1; 105:1; fqPt-bi-ma 24:1; 32:1; 45:18; 51:1; 96:2; [q]f-bi-ma 108:1; qf-rbi-mal 45:1; 77:2; rqfl-bi-rmal 4:1; rqf-bi-mal 64:1; 70:1; qi-bi-m[a] 19:1; [qfl-bi-m[a] 23:1; qf-bi-[ma] 14:1; 37:1; 61:1; qf-b[i-ma] 28:1; 31:1; 52:1; 68:1; 73:1; 81:1; q[-fbil-[ma] 82:1; qf-[bi-ma] 3:1; 69:1; q[f-bi-ma] 17:1; 104:1; 107:1; [qf-b]i-ma 55:2; rqi-bi-[ma] 26:1; [qf-bil-[ma] 10:1; 30:1; 36:1; rfqf-[bi-ma] 67:1; 76:1; 79:1; 109:1; [qi-rbil[ma] 20:1; [qi-bi-ma] 40:1; 43:1; 48:1; 54:1; 75:1; 85:1; 92:1; q(-ba-dS-si-nu-tim-ma 7:25; liq-bi 35:11; 69:16; 110:8; liq-bi-ma 17:38; 76:19; 111:7; rliq-bil-ma 72:27; liq-ba-a 86:32; liq-ba-ds-summa 6:20; liq-ba-dsi-s'-nu-tu 1:22; lu-a-uq-ba-di 78:14; lu-ri-uq(!)-bul 110 r. 5' In the idiom liginna qabd, "to learn to read" (see comment on No. 83:14-15 and 47): am-me-ni LU qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-Sib lil-Flil-kdm-ma NINDA.UI.'A lig-bd-e-ma li-kul a fIMl.GID.DA it-ti L(J.AMAN.LA.MES liq-tbil, "Why is a slave boy living in the marsh? Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices" 83:1115; lu-a s[AL] sd be-lf-id D LO qal-lum-ma la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] IM.GID.DA liq-bi, "And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, she/he should not delay. Let her/ him co[me and] learn to read" 83:44-47 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 361 qallalfitu "slave boys" See also amiltu, amiliitu, amtu, ardu, nisu biti, qallu, subdru For discussion see comment on No. 74:29 Sdl 'Zar-pa-[ni-tu] id LO qall-la-lu-d-[ti-ii] rt sd LO(?).ME9(?)1SES-4-a tup-pa-Sl Sal-m[u-aJ] &il-mu rga(?)1 [lis(?)-pur(?)-ma(?)] lu-mas-s[i], "Let my brother [write(?)] so that I may have new[s] of [his] well-be[ing], of the well-being of Zarpa[nitu], of [his] slave b[oys], and of his slave men(?)" 82:59; ki-i a-na tu-bi be-l-id sak-na 2 L qal-la-lu-tu lu-d i 'Kul-la-a lu-u sd 't-sag-g-lu s(d mam-ma i-na lib-bi-si-ni id a-na tu-bi be-lf-id sak-na d lu-u a-me-lut-tu mim-ma sd be-lf-id lu-u 'Ti-ru-tu lua 'Qf-fbil-DOG.GA lu-u iad ba-du-l be-if li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik a-na-ku pu-us-su-nu na-sd-k[a], "If my lord deems fit, my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boys-either of the woman Kullf, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tiriitu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers. I myself a[m] acting as their guarantor" 83:25-32; L qal-la-rlu-d-tul sd tap-turu rat-tu-ul-a ds-nu a-na 1 MA.NA 1 rGIN 1 8 GIN KU.BABBAR pa-at-ru, "The slave boys whom you ransomed belong to me. They were ransomed for one mina and twenty-eight shekels of silver" 79:4-7; mMu-seb-si isds-pu-rak-ka ri-qu-us-su la i-tur-ru LfJ qal-la-lu-d-tu ki-lal-le-e in-na-ds-summa it-ti-s' li-bu-uk, "Musebsi, whom I sent to you, must not return empty-handed. Give him both slave boys that he may bring (them) with him" 79:15-21; ril-na rlibl-bi FLu1-ti.rMES1 rd LO qallal-lu-tifpaq-dul-nik-ka ma-a'-du-i-t[i], "Among the slave men and slave boys are man[y] who should be handed over to you" 74:28-31 qallu (adj.) "small" GAL-ti qal-la-rtil SAL a-a-i-ti it-ti a-ja-mes i-si, "Big or small, any woman whatever, deliver (her) together with it" 97:17-19 qallu (s.) "slave boy" See also amiltu, amilutu, amtu, ardu, nis' biti, qallalutu, suzdru r[l [ki-i] dS-mu-rul um-ma 'Ti-ru-[tul i[t(?)-ti(?) id(?)] muh--i rURUI.TUG sd mAD-i'-nu-ru r[l LiU qalflal sd 'Sag-gfl-u i-na [pa-anl mSUM.NA-ra i-na ap-pal-ru am-me-ni LO qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-sib lil-rlil-kdm-ma NINDA.JUI.1A lis-bd-e-ma li-kul 4 [IM1.GfD.DA it-ti LO.8AMAN.LA.MES liq-rbil a-di DINGIR.MES tu-bu is-tak-nu lib-[bi-s]a-am-ma lil-li-ka, "[So] I have also heard: 'The woman TIrfitu, t[ogether with(?) the one who is] in charge of the textile quarter of Abi-nuru, as well as a slave boy of the woman Saggilu, are in the presence of Nadn& in the marsh.' Why is a slave boy living in the marsh? Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices. For as long as the gods deem fit, let him c[om]e and go" 83:7-16; lu-i S[AL] sd be-lfid 0 LO qal-lum-ma la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] IM.GID.DA liq-bi, "And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, she/he should not delay. Let her/him co[me and] learn to read" 83:4447; be-lf liq-ba-ds-gum-ma [rLI qal-la lu-tir-r[a] DUMU m"ak-ni DUMU mHa-la-pi Si-i, "Let my lord command him that he should return the slave boy. He is a son of Saknu, son of lalapu" 6:20-24; fLOr a-mi-lu LU qal-rla-al [at]-[tul-ni ram-mel-ni tu-ma-s'ir-[••] ul i-rne-etl<-bi>-siul rli-x-[x(-x)] ki-i-la-a-Si, "The man is [ou]r slave boy. Why did you let [him] go? He won't come <ba>ck. He won't [...]. Detain him" 31:6-9 qalu "to heed" [S]E§S-a-a lut-d-e-rbill aSrqull-ku rmi-nul-a si-rbu-tul sd rSE~i-ia a-na-ku [df(?)]-rpur(?)1, "Let my [br]other send a shipment. I have heeded you. Whatever desire my brother has had, I myself have [se]nt(? it)" 73:19-21 qqpu "to believe, trust" en-na a-sap-pa-rak-kdm-ma ul rtal-qf-pan-ni, "Now I'm sending a message to you because you didn't believe me" 2:24-25 oi.uchicago.edu 362 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR qaqqadu "original capital, principal" See also tbdtu, mirestu, zittu rAN.BARI ma-la na-gd-a-ti [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din [gab]-rbil a-na-ku a-kdm-mis [4] rmim-mal meres-ti [d6] rse-ba-a-til i ki-i Kf.BABBAR GIN rSAGI.DU ra-nam-dil-na-ak-ka, "Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody. I myself will collect it [al]l; [and] whatever consignment [that] you are desiring-even silver in shekels (or) original capital-I will give (it) to you" 41:17-23 qaqqaru (qaqqar, qiqqar) "land holding, plot of land, territory" See also eqlu, gihu; for discussion see comments on No. 91:16 and 18-19 and No. 98:15 LU.GU.EN.NA um-ma sup-ras-rgum-mal lil-li-kdm-m[a] qaq-qar kag-da-dg-[sg] la tam-me-r[i]k-ka Falkdml-ma qaq-qar rsal-bat, "The sandabakku is saying, 'Send him a message that he should come, an[d] a plot will be gotten hold of for h[im].' Don't del[a]y. Come and seize the plot" 91:13-19; ral-di la qaq-qar il-la-Fa> lu-tir(?)-ram(!?)1-ma ina muh-bi-gs-nu se-Sek lu-Fr kun(?)l, "Before the holding is lost to us, let me retum(? it to cultivation?), or let it be assigned(?) as scrubland(?) for their use" 94:29-31; a ki-i qaq-qar [SES]-r-al se-bu-u [n G]U 4.MES u 180 FLOJ.ENGAR.ME[S] [S31 SES- ia lil-lik-u-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-d, "But if it is land that my [brother] wants, let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows" 96:15-19; qaqqa-ra ki-i ni-Fisi-gu-ri 4 LIM 1 ME, ""The holding, when we laid claim to it, was 4000 (cubits) and 100 (cubits)" 98:14-15; a-rnal pa-an ITI.SU dul-la-ka gab-bi a-na qf-qar lu-i gd-kin, "Before the beginning of the month of Duiizu, let all your labor be allocated to the land" 92:27-29; man-nu sd i-se-lu-d-ma ina(!?) qaq-qar E[N.LIL.KI] [lu(?)]-rfe(?)-su(?)1, "And whoever is negligent, let them expel(? him) from(?) the territory of N[ippur]" 27:27-30 qaribu see qeribu qastu "bow" See also patar parzilli, qulmt2, sdba Sa qasti a-Fdu-il 2 ME GIS.BAN.MES LO.TUR.MES i-te-eb-b[u], "Now, two hundred bows! The servants are rebell[ing]!" 10:14-15 qatarru (qatdru) "incense" See also qutdru, quturtu; for discussion see comment on No. 35:22 ul-rtul fDAM(?)1.[GAR.MES] U TUR.MES [X x x] 6-de-e rgab(?)l-[bi] sfG qa*-tar-ra-a-frt i rKA1 qulmu-a AN.rBAR 1 it-ti-gu(!?) i-Sd-al, "From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es)" 35:19-24 qatf "to come to an end" (G); "to put an end to; to complete" (D) See also gamdru, qitu G-stem: rki-il mdAG-ba-ni la i-man-gu-ru-i-ma la i-sap-pa-rak-ka faml-me-rnil dul-la qa-tu-d, "If NabO-bdni does not agree, and he does not write to you, why should service come to an end?" 26:20-23 D-stem: LO Hi-in-da-ri gab-bi ta-a-bi rtdl-qa-ti, "The Uindaru have put an end to all good(will)" 13:6-8; MUN.UI.A rkil-i te-pu-us qu-ut-ti-id-ma, "Just as you made the alliance, put an end to it" 30:17-18; en-na a-du-i ki-i MUN SES-ai-a d-qat-tu-ma i-pu-us ANSE.MES lal tu-mag-gar tir-rag-sg-nuti at-tu-ku gS-nu ta-a'-ti Iul-ma-a-nu a-rna mub-bil i-di-ni, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them. (But if you think) they belong to you, give me a gratuity (or) present in exchange" 35:4-10; tl.OS.SA.[DU.MES URU 1 gab-bi e-re-es-rsu-nul ruql-ta-at-tu-dtl, "All the city's neighbors have completed their planting" 93:13-15 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 363 qitu "hand; bundle (a measure of date-palm fibers and flax)" See also ana qdt, ina qdt, la qdt, maqarratu In the idiom qati deku, "to beg for help, to lift one' hands in supplication": DUMU.MES m9ak-ni SU"-su-nu id-de-ku-a a a-na-ku ul a-bfe-es-si-sd-nu-tu, "The sons of Saknu begged for help, but I am not harboring them" 5:7-11 In the idiom qdta/u kasgdu, "to obtain possession of" (see comment on No. 4:9-10): a-di la Su" ELu.DAM.GARJ i-ka-rs'd-dul sup-ram-ma rlul-li-kdm-mal ki-i sd pu-.tu-ru lu-up-tur-dsS•-nu-t[u], "Before the merchant gets hold of them, write to me. Then let me come; and if they are for ransom, let me ransom the[m]" 4:9-13; [ki-i] fihl-bu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] fiq-bul-nu umrmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tir-ru um-[ma en-na] ib-[bu-un-nil Sv•nl-[ni lik-Su-da], "[After] he plundered me, am[ong us] they spoke saying (not only): 'They have wreaked [vengeanc]e,' (but) also: '[Now let us re]cover our loss'" 20:7-11 In the idiom qati/a nadanu, "to help, lend a hand": [Su"-k]a i-din-ma kin-si kit-rmu-sal, "Lend [me a hand]. I'm on bended knee" 66:14 In the idiom qati/a sabatu, "to take by the hand": ki-i a-fkan-nal-ka mam-ma Sv-su-nu is-sab-tu-ma a-Ina 1+en(?)l [a(?)-hi(?)] it-tan-nu (erasure) mi-nu-u be-t Ui-tar-ra, "If someone there has taken his(!) hand and given (him) to someone(?) [else](?), what will my lord give me in return?" 83:22-24 In the idiom qati/a gakanu, "to lay hands on, take in hand": LO sar-ru-ti-su ki-i iq-bu-nu Su" a-na muh-6i-'•-nu ul ds-kun, "(As to) his kidnappers-because they told me (about the slave)-I didn't take them in hand" 81:12-15; INIM "Mu-sal-lim hta-ranl.tis a-na pa-an mGu-lu-Sd be-if lis-pur a-di la Su"(!)-su i-Sak-fkal-nui-r-mal l+en sa-ma-da ibba(!)-ka, "Quickly, let my lord send Musallim's decision to Gulfisu before he in fact gets his hands on one team and leads it away" 57:12-15 a-na* Su" GADA.MES gd-nu-ti-ma la i-x-x, "[They(?)] must not [...] for other bundles of flax" 35:2930 qatu "to approach" (G); "to approach(?)" (D) See also qeribu; for discussion see comment on No. 80:26 D-stem: mdEN-su-nu mAm-me-ia-bab KCJ.BABBAR-id a-na da-na-ni is'-g be-li lu-mas-SAR li-qet-tu, "BE•lunu (and) Amme-yabab carried off his silver by force. Let my lord release (it). Let them approach(?)" 80:23-26 qerebu (qardbu) "to come near, approach, enter the presence of" (G); "to bring (near)" (D) See also qata G-stem: d LO.UEN1.LIL.KI la i-du-rul a-na pa-an be-lt-id i-qer-ru-bu, "Those who don't even know a Nippurian can enter the presence of my lord" 103:9-11; a-na-ku ra-ial-lu-u ki-i aq-rib-d-iS-ma a-rnal pa-an-id be-It la is-pur-ds-su, "Can I be an ally if I have approached him and my lord did not send him to me?" 83:16-18 D-stem: u4-1mul il-tap-ru-nu-m[a] rlul-us-pur mlul-qar-rib-id-nu<-ti>, "When they have written to me, let me write. Let me bring the<m>" 108:19-22 qetQl see qapt? qinnu "family, kin, kinsman" See also abu, bit abi, bitu, mdru ad-su Lj qin-rnal id "Na-ba-a rLU.SIMUG [sd] be-tl is-pur um-rmal i-na LO Pu-qu-u-fdu(!)l-i a-dud ina lib-bi ITI.KIN LO Pu-qu-u-da gab-bi ra-nal EN.rLfLI.KI a-na i-si-in-na il-la-rkul-i-ni, "Concern- oi.uchicago.edu 364 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR ing the family of Naba, the smith, [about whom] my lord wrote, saying: '(They are) among the Puquidu tribe'-now in the month of Ulfilu, the entire Puqidu tribe is coming to Nippur for the festival" 27:6-13; [a]-[na nal-si-ka-a-ti Fsi L01 A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma ki-i mN a-ba-a ni-is-bi* i*-kul sh mub-bi-s' lu-ud-al-lim-mu FLOt qin-na lu at-tu-a-ni, "Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; and if Nabf has used up the advance, let them make full restitution for that which is charged against him, even if the family is one of ours" 27:19-24; a-rnal pa-an ITI.BARA 2 LI[M(?)] LO qin-na-a-ti a-Inal pa-an SES-id il-la-ka i stt-tu-ti-s-nu ul im-me-rik-ku-i il-la-ku-u-nu, "Before the month of Nisannu, two thous[and(?)] families will be coming to my brother. And should the rest GU4.MES-id tir-ra-nim-ma of them not stay behind?-should they come also?" 1:22-28; tRIN.MES-ia G bi-na-a-nu d rqf-in-nu-du [at-tu-n]u-[mal TEN1 u-bar-ku-nu a-na-ku, "Please give back my men and my cattle. Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host" 8:9-15 qitu "end" See also gamdru, qatd ki-i a-di qi-it IT an-ni-i flal ta-at-tal-ka ki-in-gu ina SA-su ia-a -nu, "If you haven't come by the end of this month, there will be no sealed tag for him" 81:30-34; a-na qf-[i]t mT [an-ni]-fil a-dann[u ... ], "At the e[n]d of [thi]s month, the ter[m ... ]" (context broken) 108:5-6 qubbulu "to take delivery of, accept" See comment on No. 60:28 D-stem: a-du- LO Sd (mistake for sd) a-kan-na ina Su" mKu-ta-a ap-tu-ru-su a-na-ku u-qa-ba-alsr, "Now the slave whom I ransomed here from Kuta-I will take delivery of him in person" 80:19-22; en-na la tu-mas-si-ra-a-ni pu-tu-ra-i-ma LO sar-ru-ti lu-qab-bil-ma lud-dak-ka a-na-ku gab-bi-sti-nu i-de, "Now don't abandon me. Ransom me and I will take delivery of and give you the thieves. I know all of them" 60:26-29 qullu see qdlu qulmf (a type of ax) See also patar parzilli, qaStu; for discussion see comment on No. 35:23 ul-ftul [DAM(?)1.[GAR.MES] u TUR.MES [xx x ] a-de-e rgab(?)l-[bi] sfG qa*-tar-ra-a-ftil ra KA1 qul-mui AN.[BAR1 it-ti-su(!?) i-Sd-[al, "From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es)" 35:19-24 qiilu (qullu) "coil" See also dasannu, h.tu, kaspu, nisbu, isqlu; for discussion see Introduction, p. 7 n. 27, and comment on No. 2:35-36 rkit1-ta a-kan-na-ka KI.JLAM-ial at-mid qu-d-rihl ki-pi-it-ma rtirl-ru, "In truth, I've covered over my market stall there. Collect the coils and return them to me" 35:25-28 qutiru "fumigant" See also qatarru, quturtu; for discussion see comment on No. 70:9-11 and 21 ma-la an-ni-i [KI'l.GI (= qux-tdru) Sd GESTU" i-na SU" l*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU T[d1 a-na i-siin-na a-na EN.JLIL.KI1 il-la-ka SES-ai-a lu-a-Je-bi-li, "My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival" 70:10-17; ki-i na-kut-ti as-sd KiU.GI (= qux-tdru) s6 GESTU" a-na SES-ia dS-pur bta-an-tisi SESi-a lu-a-se-bi-li, "In urgency I have written to my brother about fumigant for the ears. My brother should send a shipment posthaste" 70:20-24 quturtu "smoke" See also qatarru, qutaru [en-na ina] URU qu-tur-Ftul [am-rat], "[Now] smoke [has been seen in] the town" 66:16-17 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 365 rabft (A) "great, big" GAL-ti qal-la-rtil SAL a-a-i-ti it-ti a-ba-mes i-gi, "Big or small, any woman whatever, deliver (her) together with it" 97:17-19 rabfk (B) "chief" See also abu, asariddtu, nasiku ba-ru sd be-lf-i-nu u-ba-sd-b[u] ra-buti-tus-[nu] ina muz-bi-i-[nu], "Our lord's diggers are bringing starvat[ion]. Are th[ey] the chiefs over [us]?" 92:35-38; dS-sti RIN.MES s(d 8ES--a is-pur 40 sti-nu na-pul-tu fal-du-t "Zum-bu-ta-a-nu ra-bu-gd-nu a LO.SAMAN.LA u-u a-na pa-an SES-id a-sap-pa-rassU SES-u-a dib-ba .ta-bu-tu it-ti-rsgl [l]id-bu-ub, "Concerning the men about whom my brother wrote-forty of them are dependent(s). Now, Zumbutinu is their chief and an apprentice scribe. I am sending him to my brother. My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance" 1:8-14 rakfsu "to assemble, build" See also arad ekalli, batqu, epesu, sullulu ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-Fbil um-ma a-na fuGUl GIS.GIGIR-ka sd i-na sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar-rat sab- ta-tu la ta-har-ra-asa-na-ku GIS.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma -seb-bi-lak-ka en-na a-di GIS.GIGIR ra-as-ki tuSeb-bil GIS hu-Sd-am-ma ul ta-ad-din, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'? Now up to the time you should send a completely assembled chariot, you will not have delivered even a scrap of wood" 33:23-32 ramanu (ramnu) "self" 1 GO.UN KU.BABBAR m Mu-seb-sd-a-a LU.1tA.TAM LO.AD.ADI-ka a-na mas-ka-at-fta kil-i i'-kun mMu-seb- gd-a-a ki i-mu-i-ti 1 GO.UN KO.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-gs it-ta-sg, "After Musebsiya, the chief temple steward, your grandfather, had deposited the one talent of silver in the storehouse, (and) after Musebsaya had died, he took the talent of silver for himself" 38:33-38; ra-man-gu la ta-hab-bil, "Don't cheat yourself" 106:14-15; ra-m[an]-gu Fla ta-bab-bi-ill, "Don't cheat yourse[lf]" 30:22-23; r[l ig-de-ru-i-k[a] sup-ram-ma ra-ma-na-rnil ni-is-sur, "But (if) they have turned hostile towards yo[u], write to me so that we may protect ourselves" 18:21-23 ramfl "to throw down, cast, place" e-si-ta i-na rbi-ri-i-nul la ta-fram.-m[a], "Don't caus[e] trouble between us" 84:10-11 ramu "to grant" See also naddnu In the cognate expression rimfta ramu, "to give a land grant" (see comment on No. 97:28-29): a-ga-Fal [NIG].rGAl LU s be-lf-gs ri-mu-rtul ri-ril-mudsuil, "This is the [est]ate of a man whose lord has given it to him as a land grant" 97:27-29 rasdu "to found" (G); "to establish firmly, root deeply" (S) S-stem: ki-i dib-bi sd su-lum-mu-i [ill-tap-ra [ZAG(?)] nu-lar-sad, "If he sends word of a peace agreement, we will firmly establish the [border(?)]" 34:12-15 radfi "to acquire" In the idiom nakutta rasY, "to start worrying": am-me-ni ma-la-gan-ni-i rUD1.MES LU.DUMU sip-ri ½d SES-ia i-tal-kan-ni na-kut-ti ar-ta-gi, "Why has my brother's messenger (been) gone from me so long? I've started to worry" 107:5-8; ramlme-rnil ul-rtul a-na LO t A-Fram1 tal-rlikl td-en-Fgal a gSu-lum-rgal [lai a-gem-tmul na-kut-ti drrgik-kul, "After you went to the people of Bit-Aram, why don't I hear your news or your greeting ? I have started worrying about you" 104:4-9 oi.uchicago.edu 366 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rebfi "one-quarter" LO qal-la-flu-i-tul id tap-tu-ru rat-tu-il-a Si-nu a-na 1 MA.JNAl ) (GIN 1 8 GIN KLJ.BABBAR pa-at-ru ina 1 GIN IG.4.GAL.LA KJ.BABBAR-ka i-.i, "The slave boys whom you ransomed belong to me. They were ransomed for one mina and twenty-eight shekels of silver. Take one-quarter per shekel as your silver" 79:4-9; [a-d]u ki-i §ES rt• LO be-if MUN.I4I.A [a]t-ta tRIN.MES-ia d-sur-ma KI.BABBAR-ka i-na 1 GIN IGI.4.GAL.LA lut-tir-ka, "[No]w if [y]ou are a brother and an ally, guard my men, and I will pay you in full for your silver-(plus) one-quarter for every shekel" 24:14-19 rSu "head, beginning" See also Sa resi In the adverbial expression ultu res, "from the beginning" (see comment on No. 80:4): ul-tu re-esg RIN.MES-ku-nu a DUMU.MES-ku-nu ni-i-nu, "From the beginning we have been your servants and your sons" 80:4-5 In the idiom reja nadd, "to ignore": ki-i tas-pur um-ma mHa-ir-a-nu lu-u sa-bit sAGl-ka a-na lib-fbi-sgl la ta-nam-du, "Just as you wrote: 'May -ayrdnu be captured'-Don't you (now) ignore him" 11:7-11 In the idiom resX nasu, "to pay attention to X, to check on X": am-me-ni re-es UN.MESt ul ta-na-is-sg' full a-na-ku-i aq-bak-ka ruml-ma re-es UN.MES t i-su adi a-na-ku al-la-ka, "Why aren't you paying attention to the household dependents? Didn't I myself tell you: 'Pay attention to the household dependents until I come in person'?" 90:2227 re>f (re) "shepherd" See also ndqidu; for a discussion of the spelling re, see the comment on No. 119:11 en-na Ful,.UDU.UI.A.MES 9d mGu-rdul-[x(-x)] [LU].rSIPA ul-tir-ri [d] ANSE.A.AB.BA [4 m]dAG-A.GAL rnil- i-ni nu-tir, "Now the [sh]epherd has returned the flocks of Gudu[...]. [And] we ourselves have returned the camel [of] Nabf-leoi" 103:12-17; ki-i mGIS.MI-a LI.SIPA fANSE 1.A.AB.BA [a-kan-n]a-ka bzaan-tisg up-ras-si, "If Silli the camel-herd is [ther]e, send him here right away" 62:19-24; a-du-ril a-Inal [pal-an LO.SIPA.JMES(?)l rftl-[e-m]u be-l lisg-kun-mal ANS[E.KUR.RA.MES] (broken), "Now let my lord issue an or[de]r t[o] the shepherds(?), and [...] the ho[rses(?)] ... (broken)" 94:34-37; [LOt(?)].SIPA(?) [gd(?) a(?)-na(?)] [LO(?)] rA-ram(?)l (context broken), "[the shep]herd(?) [who(?) ... to(?)] the Arameans(?)" 62:7-8 rimfitu "land grant" In the cognate expression rimfita rfmu, "to give as a land grant" (see comment on No. 97:28-29): a-ga-fal [NIG].rGAl LO Sd be-li-sgi ri-multul ri-ril-mu-rtisl, "This is the [est]ate of a man whose lord has given it to him as a land grant" 97:27-29 riquitu "emptiness" In the adverbial expression riqissu, "empty-handed": mMu-&eb-Si sd ds-pu-rak-ka ri-qu-us-su la i-tur-ru LU qal-la-lu-d-tu ki-lal-le-e in-na-s'-gum-ma it-ti-sg li-bu-uk, "MuSebsi, whom I sent to you, must not return empty-handed. Give him both slave boys that he may bring (them) with him" 79:15-21 rittu "plow(-ox)" See also bil iarbi, epinnu, ersgu (B), mayydru, paadru, sapanu For discussion see comments on No. 60:11-12 and No. 91:9 and 11 GU 4.MES id ina pa-ni-id tu-mas-sir GU4 bi-ri a-rdil-kan-na ul i-Sir GU4 at-tu-a-a ku-tal ni-ri-si a GU, rit-ta it-ta-fril-iz-zu GU, rit-ta ab-kdm-ma e-re-su ni-ris, "(About) the oxen which you let me have: the breeding bull until now has not been well. My own ox, his backup in the yoke, and the plowox are (also) halt. Bring me a plow-ox so that we can cultivate" 91:4-13; 2 GU4 .MES ba[b]-rbal-nu- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 367 m ti gI ina rit-ti ina [SU]"1"Ba-lii-a-nu e-rsil-ki(!)-ma bi-bi-ri-ma muh-ru, "Requisition, levy, or buy accustomed to the plow" 60:11-15 Babitinu two f[i]ne oxen fr[om] sab•ru "to turn around, turn back" (G); "to make change allegiance" (D) D-stem: ul dlu-[sa-f]irsiU-m[a] a-na KUR Sd-ni-tam-[ma] ul in-rnal-[bit],"I did not make him [chan]ge allegiance, an[d] he did not fl[ee] to anoth[er] land" 88:4'-6' salhmu "to become friends, to make peace" See also ade, ayyalu, bil .dbti, dibbu, kittu, tdbtu, tdbuitu, sulummd at-ta tl SUi-i it-ti a-ha-Fme'l sa-al-ma-tu-nu a at-rtul-nu rful-ub-t[a]-ni i-hab-bat, "You and he are on friendly terms with each other; yet he is making captiv[e]s of our people" 18:23-28 samahu "to become united" (G); "to unite in an alliance" (D); "to join forces, to be ass6ciated, to conspire" (Dt) See comment on No. 16:25-28 Dt-stem: [a-d]u-u ne-be-ri is-sab-tu-nu ina URU Ka-par-si-nu-um-mu su-nu u mDU-NUMUN it-ta-ha-mes us-sa-am-ma-ah, "[No]w they have seized the river-crossing from us. They and Mukin-zeri are joining forces in Kaparsinummu" 16:23-28 sanqu see la sanqu sapainu "to flatten" See also bel tiarbi, epinnu, eresu (B), mayydru, pasdru, rittu For discussion see comment on No. 95:19-23 GU 4 .MES t LO.JENGAR1.MES ki-i ds-pu-ru i-na t mNa-td-ri i-sap-pa-nu, "When I have sent the oxen and the farmers, they will flatten in the House of Niteru" 95:20-23 In the cognate expression sipna sapanu, "to do flattening work": [en(?)-na(?)] mdEN-bal-ni [a-na] rLO(?) na-gil-r[i(?)] rgupl-ra-dsg-um-m[a] si-ip-nu riti-ti rlilis-rpul-un, "[Now(?)] dispatch Bl1-bini [to] the hera[ld](?), an[d] let him do flattening work with the servan[ts]" 95:16-20 LO0.TUR1.[MES] sarru "criminal, thief, kidnapper" See also jidbitu, sartattu, tJbl^ t a-na mult-tii-ka sar-ru-nu mIl-ta-gab a-di SES.MES-e-ri1s a-kan-na-rka lal us-rsd1-[bu] gu-si-gi-ma rkil-i a-n[a] rtl mla-[ki-ni a a-nal LO Bir-ri rsu-sil-[s•-m]a a-di t-gis-nul [lu-si]-bu sd-la-a-n[u-a akan-na-k]a(!?) sa-dr-r[u-tu la us-f]d-bu a rlal-pa-rnil-[su-nu] ul ta-zak-ki, "And as for you-our criminal Iltagab, together with his brothers, must not sett[le] there. Expel him. Either t[o] Bit-Yakin or to the people of Birru expel [him]. [Let them l]ive together with their own tribe. Crim[inals must not sett]le [ther]e without my permission. Or on account [of them] you will not be free of claims" 19:15-26; rmi-nu-mu-il sar-ra-a [sd] a-na pa-an-ka a-bu-ka-su, "But what about this criminal of mine whom I (already) brought to you?" 87:5-6; en-na la tu-maS-&d-ra-a-ni pu-tu-ra-i-ma LO sarru-ti lu-qab-bil-ma lud-dak-ka a-na-ku gab-bi-sa-nu i-de, "Now don't abandon me. Ransom me and I will take delivery of and give you the thieves. I know all of them" 60:26-29; ina mat-r[ril-i L[0] sar-ru-ti-riazl gd LO-ta-[kal ki-i a-sab-bit 1+en 5 KU.BABBAR ta-an-da-jzar-sa-nu-tuina lib-bi an-t nili MUN.tJI.A-a fbu-su-u[s], "Previously when I captured my kidnappers of your slaves, you received them for (only) five (shekels) of silver each. Remem[ber] this goodwill of mine" 2:26-30; L0i sarru-ti-gil ki-i iq-bu-nu Su" a-na mul--hi-&s-nu ul dg-kun, (As to) his kidnappers-because they told me (about the slave)-I didn't take them in hand" 81:12-15; ia-a -nu LO Ath-la-mu-i u UR.GIR,, l+en sd rL sarl-[ru-ti], "There is not an Ablamfi or one single dog-of-a-crim[inal] around" 109:17-19; SES-U-a la i-kil-li-gs lis-pu-ras-sum-ma Lu sa-dr-ru-ti-id lu-kin, "My brother must not keep him. Let him send him to me so that I may establish who his kidnappers were" 86:10-13; mdruTul-eri-ba LO.MA.LAU 4 ritl-ti-ka a-sap-par-ma IMU Lf0 sar-ru-ti-gs ril-qab-bak-ka r5+1 GIN KU.BABBAR ta-nam- oi.uchicago.edu 368 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR da-ds-su, "I will send Sama'-eriba, the boatman, with you; he will tell you the names of his kidnappers, and you will give him five shekels of silver" 86:23-27; rL0 sar-ru-l-tul (context broken) 88 r. 2' In the adverbial expression ina sarri, "criminally": al-kdm-ma ds-frul ib-bu-un-fnil ni-in-sd-[ma] i-na sar-r[i] bi-lu-tu-tdi mnan-da-at-t[a] ina mub-ti-ka ni-is-kun la ta-pal al-kdm-ma a-kan-na dul-la-ka e-pu-us, "Come now. Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) o[ur] deficit, have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you? Don't answer. Come and do your work here" 9:10-19 sartattu (sartatti) "deceptively" See also sarru; for discussion see comment on No. 17:32 [(DN)] lu-4 i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-u] L1O-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a]s'i-ui LU.DUMU sip-ri-su la il-la-kdm-ma larpa-anl sa-ar-ta-at-tu Lu-a l+en la am-hu-ru rsul-t-ma KASKAL" a-na GIR"-gd al-tak-nu, "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his, that he and his messenger were not coming here, that I did not accept even a single slave by deceptive means, and that I would have set him on the road" 17:27-34 sebisu "seven times" ki-i na-kut-tu a-di 7-si dg-Fsis [a-m]e-lut-tu a-na be-it-id ds-pu-ru, "It is urgent! As many as seven times I have written to my lord about a [sl]ave" 83:39-40; ra-dil 7-id a-n[a] rSES-ial rall-tap-ra, "As many as seven times I have written t[o] my brother" 43:23-24 self (ielu) "to be slack, negligent about something" Fatl-ta [(x)] rtil a-Ina-kul [a-n]a ra-del-[e] Fla(?)l nu-se-lu, "You and I, we must not be slack [abo]ut the treat[y]" 20:13-16; man-nu id i-se-lu-d-ma ina(!?) qaq-qar E[N.LIL.KI] [lu(?)]-Ire(?)-su(?)l, "And whoever is negligent, let them expel(? him) from(?) the territory of N[ippur]" 27:27-30; SE.BAR-a la ta-se-[lu], "Don't be negli[gent] about my wheat" 95:15 sikkatu "peg" ds-~i FGIS.BAL-gal.MES gd be-if is-pur 3 ME GIS.KAK.fMES 1 &d ral-na SA t.GAL.MES 1al-na be-li-ia full•URU1 x(-x)te-bi-li ril 5 [ME GIS.KAK1.MES [id(?)] r• kut-al-hi t a-di-is-su-ui a-nal LU.EN.NAM sd DIN(?) full-te-bi-li, "Concerning the ballukku(?)-wood about which my lord wrote-three hundred pegs, which are for the palace buildings, I have sent to my lord; and five hundred pegs, [which] (are for) the bit kutd i (and) bit adisgg, I have sent to the governor of the t[own ... ]din(?)" 94:613; ma-la(!) [s]i-rbul-u-ti sd be-li-ia [sd is-p]ur u GIS.KAK.MES [a-na be-lf-i]a -rseb-bill, "Every single one of my lord's [de]sires [about which] he has [writt]en-even the pegs-I am sending [to] my [lord]" 94:15-18 sikkfiru "bolt" a mam-ma ina pa-an LU.ARAD.%.GAL.MES Si-i-pi gi&-tal-li GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GIS ia-a'-nu-um-rmal GIS.•lJRt.MEr is absolutely no one in charge of as) there a GIS.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-ds-rfgal, "And (inasmuch the builders, no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon" 89:13-17 silullt "petty dealer, peddler" See also tamkdru; for discussion see comment on No. 18:13 LO.UNUG.KI-a-a ki-i il-lik-i-nu um-ma bu-bu-ut-ku-nu sd hab-tu a-du-(i Li si-lul-lu ina UNUG.KI i-padig-d-Frul, "When the Urukians came, they said: 'Now, in Uruk, petty dealers are selling the plunder which they took from you'" 18:10-14 sinniltu "woman" See also amiltu, amtu, mussurtu lu-d S[AL] sd be-lf-id a LO qal-lum-ma la im-me-rik-ka lil-li-[kdm-ma] IM.GID.DA liq-bi, "And whether (it is) a w[oman] of my lord or a slave boy, she/he should not delay. Let her/him co[me and] learn oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 369 to read" 83:44-47; en-na a-ldul-. fSAL 1 mdTam-mes-la-ma-a-a a-di mdAG-KAR-ir a-na Fsull-mu be-lfia al-tap-ra, "Just now I have sent the woman of Tammes-lamaya together with Nabi-Etir to greet my lord" 59:15-18; GAL-ti qal-la-rtil SAL a-a-i-ti it-ti a-hta-mes i-si, "Big or small, any woman whatever, deliver (her) together with it" 97:17-19; rag-gsu a-tu KUI.BABBAR SAL.BI ral-na rmlE-.t-ri SESl[u]-a liq-bi, "Concerning the cash payment of silver for that woman-let my brothe[r] speak to Eteru" 69:14-16; SAL fgi-il ina r•l x (x), "That woman is in the house of [...]" 82:21; SAL (context broken) 82:25 sipnu "flattening" See also sapdnu; for discussion see comment on No. 95:19-23 In the cognate expression sipna sapanu, "to do flattening work": [en(?)-na(?)] rmdEN-bal-ni [a-na] rEL(?) na-gil-r[i(?)] r1supl-ra-dc-sum-m[a] si-ip-nu ritl-ti LO.TTUR1. [MES] rlil-is-rpul-un, "[Now(?)] dispatch Bel-bdni [to] the hera[ld](?), an[d] let him do flattening work with the servan[ts]" 95:16-20 sirifs "brewer" r1 SE.BAR ra-nal LU.SIMxGAR.MES rlid-dinl-ma KAS.SAG fsd LUl ha-re-e [sd be]-rlil-ia lib-lul, "Also, let him give wheat to the brewers that they(!) may brew beer for the diggers [of] my [lo]rd" 93:24-28 sisfi "horse" See also imiru, paru en-na mdEN-f-seb-si lal-na KUR As+sur*.KI* fitl-tal-ka ki-i FANSE1.KUR.RA.MES ki-i FANSEl.KUNGA.MES ib-rba-kdml-ma ril-[gap-par], "B~l-usebsi has now gone off to Assyria. He [will write] whether he is bringing horses or mules" 56:23-29; [en-na i-n]a lib-bi ITI.A[PIN] [ANSE].rKUR 1 .RA.rMES gab-bil [O.UI.A] r E.BAR 1 ik-kal FNUMUN1 [ni]-rirl-ri-su-rl1 ra-di Ug1.UDU.UI.A sd be-li-rial i-na Fiha-am-rai.UI.A SE.rBAR 1 ik-kal, "[Now i]n Arab[samnu], all the [ho]rses will be grazing on the [stubble] of the wheat. Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:19-25; a-du-Fal a-rnal [pa]-an LU.SIPA.rMES(?)1 rtdi-[e-m]u be-f lif.rkun-mal ANS[E.KUR.RA.MES] (broken), "Now let my lord issue an or[de]r t[o] the shepherds(?), and [...] the ho[rses(?)] ... (broken)" 94:34-37 sittu (sittu) "rest, remainder" si-it-ti SE.BAR-Si ina let mZa-kir, "The rest of his wheat is in Zikir's charge" 90:17-18; sit-ta NIG.SIDgs ina Su" mdPA-bu-ni DUMU mA--lap-dAMAR.UTU ul-te-bi-la-ds-gS, "The rest of his account I have sent to him in the hands of NabO-blni, the son of Alulap-Marduk" 51:14-17; su-pur-ma ma-la sd lba-da-a-ta sfG.UI.A ina SU"-sg i-Si sit-ta lu sak-nu, "Write and take from him as much wool as you wish. The remainder will be stored" 48:12-16; a-rnal pa-an ITI.BARA 2 LI[M(?)] LO qin-na-a-ti a-rnal pa-an SES-id il-la-ka d sft-tu-ti-gd-nu ul im-me-rik-ku-u il-la-ku-u-nu, "Before the month of Nisannu, two thous[and(?)] families will be coming to my brother. And should the rest of them not stay behind?-should they come also?" 1:22-28 sulummi "peace agreement" See also ade, dibbu, kittu, saldmu, .tabtu, .tdbutu ki-i dib-bi gd su-lum-mu-d [ill-tap-ra [ZAG(?)] nu-gar-gad, "If he sends word of a peace agreement, we will firmly establish the [border(?)]" 34:12-15 suluppli "dates" ki-i K[A] me-res-ti la ta-p[et-te] ANSE.A.AB.BA ZU.LUM.JMA1 in-da-am-ma ab(!)-kdm-ma* al-ka a-di la LO ma-dak-ti ta-kas*-d*-du*, "If you can't op[en] the do[or] to the consignment, load a camel with dates, come, and bring it here before the campaigning army arrives" 39:14-19 oi.uchicago.edu 370 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR sabatu "to seize, take hold of, arrest, apprehend, capture, hold in confinement; to reach" (G); "to seize, capture" (D); "to cause to seize" (S) See also tabatu, sabtu G-stem: am-me-ni "Il-a-AD a-na pa-an be-frl-ial i-Flil-kdm-ma a-na di-ni-sYi UGU di-ni-si i-sab-batsl, "Why should Ili-abu have come before my lord if he (i.e., my lord) was going to hold him captive at his court on account of his case?" 80:6-9; ... ra-kanl-na-ka ina pa-anl LO.fGOI.[EN.NA] 1r LU1lSAG.L.MES r41 EN.LIL.[KI] risl-sa-bat u rKA1 ka-lak-k[a] (broken), "He seized the [...] there in the presence of the sand[abakku] and the heads(?) of the houses of Nippur, and [he ... ] the door of the storehou[se]" 74:21-23; ul-tu URU Sd-pi-(idl [ki]-Fil fihl-li-qa mlna-qf-bi-[dE]N-FDIN1 is-sa-batsu, "(But) [wh]en he escaped from Saplya, Ina-qibi-[B]~l-ablut captured him" 17:13-15; [a-d]u-u nd-be-ri is-sab-tu-nu ina URU Ka-par-si-nu-um-mu gs-nu u mDU-NUMUN it-ta-ha-mes us-sa-am-ma-ah, "[No]w they have seized the river-crossing from us. They and Mukin-zeri are joining forces in Kaparsinummu" 16:23-28; LO.A. 1KIN kal-a-da ki-i is-bat a-na rmA-timl-ma-a> ritl-ta-din, "The messenger-when he reached the guard-post, he handed (him) over to Atimmai" 23:14-15; u4-mu sd a-na pa-ni-ka it-rtall-[ku]-d ma-la sd rba-dul-4 li.is-bat, "When he go[e]s to you, let him take as many as he likes" 47:18-21; GU 4.NINDA.MES ul-tu lib-bi rAB(!?).GU41.uI.A [150+1 GIS.APIN.[MESI be-lf lil-is-bat-am-rmal, "Let my lord take the young bulls from the cows (and also) one hundred and fifty(+) plows" 94:26-29; mHa-ir-a-nu lu-lu sa-bit, "May /Jayrfnu be captured" 11:8-9; ki-i SES-dtu a MUN.UI.A se-ba-ta LO lu-u sa-bit, "If you desire brotherhood and friendly relations, let the man be held in confinement" 2:9-11; mA-a-hir-ftul ina(!) t 'SES-ba-ni be-li lu-se-sa-a-'i ina pa-an be-liia lu-u sab-bat, "Let my lord evict Ay-birtu from the house of Abu-bani, and let her be held in the presence of my lord" 80:15-19; ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-fbil um-ma a-na FUGUI GIS.GIGIR-ka •d ina sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar-rat sab-ta-tu la ta-bar-ra-asa-na-ku GI.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma d-ebbi-lak-ka, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'?" 33:23-29 In the idiom abbilta sabatu, "to intercede, act as a father for": a-bu-us-su as-bat, "I have taken on the role of his father" 2:17 In the idiom add sabatu, "to conclude, enter into a treaty": ul be-li a-de-e ritl-ti mDU-NUMUN t~1LO Ru-bu-U is-bat, "Did not my lord conclude a treaty with Mukin-zEri and the Rubu) tribe?" 6:4-7; sad-d[a]-rqdd(?)l ul-tu rtdbl-ttd t a-[de]-rel itti ral-ba-me ni-ls-ba-rtal [ul] ka-a-sd nu-ul-rtas-bitl-ka, "Last [ye]ar(?), when we entered a(n alliance of) friendship and tr[ea]ty together, did we [not] cause you to enter (it) as well?" 7:13-16 In the idiom ana pi X sabatu, "to silence, protest(?)" (see comment on No. 14:15-16): a-na pi-fi-kal ul a-sab-bat, "I will not protest(?) against you" 14:15-16 In the idiom batqa sabitu, "to undertake repairs": m SES.MES-MU id-a'-al kit-ta ki-i pi-i an-ni a-na mSES.MES-MU iq-ta-Cbil um-ma &d tap-qi-da-i[n- n]a t zi-qur-ra-tu-i ki-i a-na nd-pe-si-ia bat-qu-d sd BAD.AN.KI iddin if in truth he (Biniya) said to AbbE-iddin: 'With regard [m]e-if the ziggurat is mine to build, then are the repairs of 33:8-15; [bat]-qa sd BAD.AN.KI [IJi-is-bat, "[Le]t him undertake ki-i as-sa-ba-ti-ia, "Ask Abbtto the fact that you appointed D&r also mine to undertake?'" the [rep]airs of Der" 33:21-22 In the idiom ina sibttti sabatu, "to bind in fetters": a-du-d 5 MU.AN.NA.MES a-ga-a ul-tu i-na rsibl-te-e-tu sab-tu a-na m DU-NUMUN ki-i aq-bu-d umma lull i-du e-ka-me rsu-d•, "Now it has been five years since he was bound in fetters. When I spoke to Mukin-zeri, he said: 'I don't know where he is'" 17:15-20 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 371 In the idiom itti ahames sabatu, "to band together": ul-tu a-na-ku rtl o rMul-Se-zib ritl-ti a-ria-mesl [sab-ta]-a-nu ki-i jlar-pu-ti dul-ril [i-n]a together, he promptly [perfor]med service for me [i]n the town of Indul" 17:9-12 FURU 1 In-du-ul [i-pu]-rugl, "After Musizib and I [ban]ded(?) In the idiom qaqqara sabatu, "to seize a plot of land, take over a holding" (see comment on No. 91:18-19): LO.GO.EN.NA um-ma sup-rasg-gum-mal lil-li-kdm-m[a] qaq-qar kas-da-ds-[s' ] la tam-me-r[i]kka fal-kdml-ma qaq-qar Isal-bat, "The sandabakku is saying, 'Send him a message that he should come, an[d] a plot will be gotten hold of for h[im].' Don't del[a]y. Come and seize the plot" 91:13-19 In the idiom qati/a sabatu, "to take by the hand": ki-i a-rkan-nal-ka mam-ma Su-su-nu is-sab-tu-ma a-rna 1+en(?)l [a(?)-bi(?)] it-tan-nu (erasure) mi-nu-d be-if u-tar-ra, "If someone there has taken his(!) hand and given (him) to someone(?) [else](?), what will my lord give me in return?" 83:22-24 D-stem: ina maht-rril-i L[0] sar-ru-ti-fia,1 gd LO-tu-rkal ki-i d-sab-bit l+en 5 KiU.BABBAR ta-an-datlar-su-nu-tu ina lib-bi an-rnil-i MUN.JI.A-a hu-su-u[s], "Previously when I captured my kidnappers of your slaves, you received them for (only) five (shekels) of silver each. Remem[ber] this goodwill of mine" 2:26-30; KASKAL-ral ... [L]u.KOR d-sab-bit, "[...] my(?) caravan [...] the [en]emy seized [...]" 74:11-13 S-stem: rGO.MES 1 ki-ri al-t[ir] rbe-lfl ki-i rld-.a-a[s(?)-bit(?)],"As soon as I prep[ared] the loads, my lord had them sei[zed](?)" 72:6-7; a-na-[ku] r21 GO.ME rSfG1-[id] &u(!?)-[us(?)-b]u-[ta(?)-ku(?)], "I have been d[epr]iv[ed](?) of [my] two loads of wool" 72:13-14; sad-d[a]-rqdd(?)1 ul-tu r.tbl-tui it a-[de]-rel it-ti ral-fja-meg ni-is-ba-ltal [ul] ka-a-sd nu-ul-rtas-bitl-ka, "Last [ye]ar(?), when we entered a(n alliance of) friendship and tr[ea]ty together, did we [not] cause you to enter (it) as well?" 7:13-16 sabtu "prisoner" See also liubtu, sabdtu a-du-ut 1 sab-ta a-na pa-lanl-ka [i]l-lak, "One prisoner is now coming to you" 87:4-5; sd L6 sabrtul-tu sd tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmanl--[s]i a-du-i lul-lik-ma tet-re-mul AD.MES-gl-nu lul-ma-addu, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote, saying: 'Guara[nt]ee their safety'-Now let me go and learn what their fathers are thinking" 30:4-9 sibfi "men, people, laborers, workers" See also amilu, napultu, nids, nisg biti, sdb gsa qasti For logographic writings, see comment on No. 93:11 ul-tu re-es tRIN.MES-ku-nu DUMU.MES-ku-nu ni-i-nu, "From the beginning we have been your ser- vants and your sons" 80:4-5; la ta-qab-bi um-ma man-nu dul-lu li-pu-ug 3 ME tRIN.MES e-[pigl dullu ina pa-ni-ka, "You mustn't say: 'Who will do the work?' Three hundred laborers are at your disposal" 92:22-25; a-di 10 ARIN.MES it-ti-gsd -sgat-li-qu a-na mutl-ti-ka ki-i at-ta-ki-la uti-bil-ta talt-tebi-la-an-ni, "But right up to the time that he made ten men run away with him, you were doing me wrong-even though I trusted you" 11:14-19; ds-si tRIN.MES idsES-a-a is-pur 40 sd-nu na-pultu Fal-du-ri "Zum-bu-ta-a-nu ra-bu-sri-nu a LO.SAMAN.LA Si-d a-na pa-an SES-id a-sap-pa-ras-sii SESri-a dib-ba ta-bu-tu it-ti-[sril [I]id-bu-ub, "Concerning the men about whom my brother wrote-forty of them are dependent(s). Now, Zumbutainu is their chief and an apprentice scribe. I am sending him to my brother. My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance" 1:8-14; 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES a 3 IRIN.MES ul-ftul ta-mir-tu t rla-ki-nul a-kan-na-ka rit-tab-Siil, "Five camels and three laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there" 4:4-7; LO gu-du-du sd t "Ia-aki-nu ki-i il-lik-u-nu 4 tRIN.MES 5 ANSE.MES ilt-tab-tu, "When the Bit-Yakin patrol came, they stole oi.uchicago.edu 372 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR four men, five donkeys" 18:4-7; ERIN.JMESWBa 1) GU4.MES-ia tab-tab-ti en-na rlu-Iil ti-da-a ki-il at- tu-na a-na EN KOR-ia ta-tu(erasure)-rral,"You have plundered my men and my cattle. Now you should know that they belong to us. You have become my enemy" 8:4-9; tRIN.MES-ia I GU4.MESid tir-ra-nim-ma bi-na-a-nu I rqf-in-nu-dl [at-tu-n]u-(mal tEN 1 d-bar-ku-nu a-na-ku, "Please give back my men and my cattle. Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host" 8:9-15; 10 tRIN.MES sd mA-tim-ma-a > it-ti-ia ka-a-da d-kal-lu, "They are holding ten men of Atimmi, with me at the guard-post" 23:26-27; 8 GIN Kf.BABBAR fsd(?) i1 id-jial ina(!?) EN.LIL.KI ra-na tRIN1.MES •drbal-lu-di-rtul rit-tal-din fdsl-lu-ma, "The eight shekels of silver which the bit sabdl in(?) Nippur should have given to the saballdtu-workers, I squandered" 66:8-11; en-na [a]l-te-mu um-ma [tRI]N.MES-ia sid hal-qu [tEt]-dt-a ip-ta-tar-su-nu-t[u] [a-d]u ki-i SES rl1 LO be-li MUN.UI.A [a]t-ta tRIN.MES-la i-sur-ma KU.BABBAR-ka i-na 1 GfN IGI.4.GAL.LA lut-fir-ka, "Now [I] have heard that my [brother] has ransomed my [me]n who disappeared. [No]w if [y]ou are a brother and an ally, guard my men, and I will pay you in full for your silver-(plus) one-quarter for every shekel" 24:10-19; ul i-na mah-ri-i td-e-mu ds-kun-gu um-ma ma-ma-la SUKU.UI.A id tiRIN.MES-ial SE.BAR X X [O(?)1 x x it-tu s[u]-rbi-lil, "Didn't I previously instruct you, saying: 'S[e]nd me each and every bit of my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]'?" 95:7-12; MU DINGIR &sul-la-aum-ma ma-la-a rtRIN.MESI sd it-ti-ka rlil-tab-ka, "Swear to me by god, saying: 'Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive)'" 29:19-23; 70 ftRIN.UJI.A LO1 Si-i-bl[u] sd be-ll-ia d-tir i 1 FLOl.0S.SA.jDU.MES URU 1 gab-bi e-re-es-rsu-nul ruql-ta-at-tu-rl, "My lord's farm-manager has (al- ready) returned seventy workers; and all the city's neighbors have completed their planting" 93:1115 s~bfi sa qasti "bowmen" See also gudadu, madaktu, qastu mdEN-U-sal-li sd be-lf is-pur KASKAL a-na GIR"-su al-tak-na 1 ME tRIN.rMES sid GIS.BAN it-ti-su a-di BAD.AN.KI it-tal-ka, "Bel-usalli, about whom my lord wrote, I have sent off on the road. One hundred bowmen went with him as far as DEr" 57:5-7 saltu "battle" ul ki-i pi-i an-ni-i taq-rbil um-ma a-na rUGU1 GIS.GIGIR-ka 3d i-na sal-ta ina AMBAR A.MES mar-rat sabta-tu la ta-bar-ra-asa-na-ku GIS.GIGIR a-rak-kds-ma i-seb-bi-lak-ka, "Did you not tell me: 'You must not write off your chariot that was captured in battle in the saltwater marshes-I myself will build a chariot and send it to you'?" 33:23-29 samidu "team (of mules)" See comment on No. 56:12 and 15 ral-na fKUR1 As'+ur.KI riti-tal-ka Ia a-na SES-Su ki-i aq-bu-u um-rmal r81 MA.NA a-na sa-ma-du sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES ki-i id-din-an-na-a-si u(!?)* sa-ma-du Sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES Fkil-i ni-bumdEN-i-eb-si ka um-ma ul ba-nu-t LUGAL i-ta-ri um-ma KO.BABBAR-ma i-is ul i-man-gur um-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-ba-nu-d-rtul ab-ka-nim-ma ridl-na-ni, "Bel-usebsi has gone to Assyria. But when I spoke to his brother, he said: 'After he gave us eight minas for a team of mules, and after we brought a team of mules, he said: "They're no good. The king will return and say: 'The silver-where is it?' He won't consent. He'll say, 'Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me""" 56:8-22; mLa-qf-pu ultu KUR.NIM.MA.KI it-tal-ka 3 sa-ma-da sd ANSE.KUNGA.MES it-ti-si i-tab-ka ma-a'-da ba-nu-i mGu-lusi um-ma 1+en sa-ma-da ab-ba(!)-ka "La-qf-pu ul i-man-gur um-ma ul a-nam-di-ka INIM mMu-Sal- lim ha-lanl-tisg a-na pa-an mGu-lu-&i be-lf lis-pur a-di la Su"(!)-su i-&ak-rkal-nu-i-rmal l+en sa-mada ib-ba(!)-ka, "Laqipu came from Elam. He brought three teams of mules with him. They are of very good quality. Gulfiiu says: 'I will lead away one team.' Liiqipu won't consent and says: 'I will not give (it) to you.' Quickly, let my lord send Musallim's decision to Gulfi'u before he in fact gets his hands on one team and leads it away" 57:8-15 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 373 saparu "to press in" (G); "to gouge(?)" (D) See comment on No. 16:19 D-stem: ds-su dib-bi sd ina bi-rit-ka u ina bi-rit mBA-sd-a a-na-ku a-na mDU-NUMUN aq-ta-bi um-ma "BA-Sd-a LO.GO.EN.NA [u]s-sap-pi-ri, "Concerning the matter which is between you and Iqisa: I myself spoke to Mukin-zeri, saying: 'Iqisa has [g]ouged(?) the sandabakku"' 16:14-19 sardpu "to refine (metals), to fire (bricks)" (G); "to scorch" (D) t-a Flal ik-kal, "Allot the god a full A sha[re]. That which you scorc[h], B~I, Nabfl, and Ea may not eat" 66:20-23 D-stem: UA.L[A] FDINGIR mul-li rfd tul-sa-ra[p] dfEN dlAG sebfl "to desire, want" See also erjeu (A), sibuitu mi-nu-ud u-6 me-re'-ti gd SES-a-a se-bu-d lu-mas-si-ma lis-fpurl, "What is this consignment that my brother desires? Let him specify in writing and send it" 40:11-14; UD.ME-uS-Su SES-U-a i-sap-pa-ra um-ma man-rnul sd LO a-me-lu[t-tu] se-bu-d [a-na] pa-ni-ia sup-r[a(?)], "Daily my brother writes to me, saying: 'Whoever desires a sla[ve], writ[e t]o me'" 36:10-15; en*-na* AN*.BAR* [ma-l]a be-if se-bu-d [lis-pu]-ram-ma [a-na be]-li-ia [lu-se]-bi-li, Now my lord [should wr]ite to me for [as mu]ch iron as he wants so that [I can se]nd (it) [to] my [lo]rd" 41:32-36; ri ki-i qaq-qar [SES]-T-al sebu-t [n G]U 4.MES u 180 rLO1.ENGAR.ME[S] r9l SES-ia lil-lik-u-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-d, "But if it is land that my [brother] wants, let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayydru-plows" 96:15-19; [en-na a]-Fdu kil-i AN.BAR [be-lf se]-bu-6 a-na mam-ma [ul ad]-din-ma ul dc-qul, "[Now t]hen, if (I had known that) [my lord wa]nted iron, I wouldn't have weighed (it) out and [so]ld (it) to anybody" 41:24-26; ki-i SES-u-tu a MUN.I.A se-ba-ta LO lu-u sabit, "If you desire brotherhood and friendly relations, let the man be held in confinement" 2:9-11; en-na ki-i LO se-ba-ftal sup-ram-ma LU lu-se-bi-lak-Fkal, "Now if you want the man, write to me, and let me send you the man" 23:22-23; mim-mu-u se-ba-ta mus-sa-am-ma Su-pur, "Whatever you desire, specify in a letter and send it" 49:15-17; sad-da-qdd a-na pa-an be-lf-ia al-tap-fral um-ma pa-an be-lf-ia mat-r[a] ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-rbal-nu-u-ti ra-na bel-lf-ia Flu-u-sel-bi-li [u] rki-i ANSE1. KUNGA.MES rul sel-ba-a-ta rbe-lf li-ifl-ru-us, "Last year I wrote to my lord, saying: '(If) it suit[s] my lord, let me send fine mules to my lord.' [But] if you(!) don't desire mules, let my lord cancel the order" 58:12-22; ul ki-i pi-i an*-ni*-i* SES-u-a is-pu-ra um-ma a-du-u SE.BAR ma-la se-ba. a-ti* lu-ui-e-bi-lak-ka, "Did not my brother write to me as follows, saying: 'Now let me send you as much wheat as you want'?" 51:17-22; am-me-ni ab-lbu-tu-d ki-i la se-ba-a-ti ul-tu tas-mu-u um*ma dul-la-a-ti sd DINGIR.MES i-na UGU* mla-da-a,-Il i-ba-dsg-i, "Why (did you act) as if you didn't want brotherhood after you heard it said: 'The work assignments of the gods are upon Yada-Il'?" 3:5-10; rAN.BAR 1 ma-la na-sd-a-ti [a-na] mam-ma la ta-nam-din [gab]-Fbil a-na-ku a-kdm-mis [t] rmim-mal me-res-ti [9d] rse-ba-a-til i ki-i KU.BABBAR GIN FSAG1.DU ra-nam-dil-na-ak-ka, "Don't sell any of the iron which you are carrying [to] anybody. I myself will collect it [al]l; [and] whatever consignment [that] you are desiring-even silver in shekels (or) original capital-I will give (it) to you" 41:17-23; a-du-a L0 ra-lakl-ti gd LO t rDa-ku-ru(?) tal-tal-ka mim-mu-dil [se-ba]-a-tisupram-ma lum-ljur-am-ma lu-ge-bi-lak-Fkal, "The caravan of Bit-Dakkiri has now come. Whatever you [desire], write to me, and I will buy and send (it) to you" 36:4-9; ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i u]l faql-bi umma ma-la Kd [se-ba-a-ta] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.[KI ib-ba-ka], "Did I [no]t say as fo[llows]: 'All that [you desire he will bring] from Ela[m]'?" 43:9-11 s.nu "flock (of sheep and goats)" See also immeru, latiru ki-i Ug.UDU.UI.A fSd1 LU A-ra-mu ib-ba-ku-d-nu la ta-me-rik-ka-rmal Fitl-ti-gS-nu fall-kdm-ma a-kan- na ni-ig-zu-zu, "Because they are leading the flock of the Arameans here, don't delay. Come with them, and let us do the shearing here" 47:4-10; [l]a Fta-me-rik-kal al-kdm-ma FU, 1.UDU.uIJ.Ald aq- oi.uchicago.edu 374 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rbak-kal ab-kdm-ma [KU.BABBAR] lud-din, "[Do]n't delay. Come and lead in the flock about which I spoke to you, and then let me give you [silver]" 104:13-18; [en-na i-n]a lib-bi ITI.A[PIN] [ANEE].JKURI.RA.JMES gab-bil [O.UI.A] FSE.BAR1 ik-kal [NUMUNI [ni]-rirl-ri-Ju-[rlt a-di U,1.UDU.UI.A sd be-l-rGial i-na rlal-am-ra J.UI.A SE.JBAR1 ik-kal, "[Now i]n Arab[samnu], all the [ho]rses will be graz- ing on the [stubble] of the wheat. Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:19-25; en-na FU,1.UDU.UI.A.MES id mGu-fdul[x(-x)] [LO].SIPA ul-tir-ri [d] ANSE.A.AB.BA [sd mdAG-A.GAL rnil-i-ni nu-tir, "Now the [sh]epherd has returned the flocks of Gudu[...]. [And] we ourselves have returned the camel [of] Nabf-l'i" 103:12-17; mNUMUN-a sd tas-pur U,.UDU.UI.A.MES lul-tal-lim, "Z&ri, about whom you wrote, let him be compensated for the flocks" 20:31-33; [ki]-ri ,U.UDU1.UI.A.fMESl[a]-Inal LO Pu-qu-d[u] [ib]-Fbal- kuiFL Al-ram[.MES(?)] [sd it]-rti-kal x x (context broken), "[Whe]n they [le]ad the flocks to the Puqid[u] tribe, the Aramean[s(?) who are wi]th you [...]" 105:4-7; rUg.UDU1.[UI.A.MES] (context bro- ken) 47:25 sibittu see bit sibitti sibtetu "fetters" In the idiom ina sibt&ti sabatu, "to bind in fetters" (see comment on No. 17:17): a-du-u 5 MU.AN.NA.MES a-ga-a ul-tu i-na rsibl-te-e-tu sab-tu, "Now it has been five years since he was bound in fetters" 17:15-17 sibuftu "desire" See also mirestu, sebu ul ki-i pi an-ni-il taq-ba-a' um-ma mim-ma si-bu-ut-ka up-ram-ma lu-se-bi-lak-ka 3-st LO.DUMU sipri-ia a-na pa-ni-ka it-tal-ka mim-ma ul tu-se-bi-la, "Didn't you say to me as follows: 'Whatever your desire, write to me and I will send it'? Three times my messenger has come to you. You have sent me nothing" 10:4-9; 4 mi-nu-ui si-bu-tu sd SES-id SES-t-a lu-mas-si-ma lis-pur, "And whatever my brother's desire, let my brother specify in writing and send it" 1:46-47; 0 mi-nu-u si-bu-ut-ka ina 1 Sun DfJ-ia mus-sa-am-ma sup-ru, "And whatever your desire, specify (it) in writing and send (it) in the hands of Biniya" 33:36-39; ma-la(!) [s]i-Fbul-d-ti d6be-lf-ia [d6 is-p]ur u GIS.KAK.MES [a-na be-li-i]a tu-rseb-bill, "Every single one of my lord's [de]sires [about which] he has [writt]en-even the pegs-I am sending [to] my [lord]" 94:15-18; ki-i SE.GIS.1 id SES-ia 44 MA.NA KO.BABBAR muh- ram-ma Su-bi-li-gSid l mil-nu-u si-bu-ut-ka u-pur, "Accept four and one-half minas of silver as the equivalent of the sesame of my brother and send it. And whatever your desire, write" 52:5-9; maa -da si-bu-ut ana be-li-ia a-na-dg-gi, "Great is the desire which I am conveying to my lord" 102:19-20; an-ni-ti si-bu-ta-a ina let SES-ia, "This desire of mine is in my brother's charge" 70:1819; am-me-ni ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES rLOI.DUMU sip-ri-ka ul am-mar il a-na si-bu-tu ul ta-sap-par, "Why don't I ever see your messenger, and why don't you ever write for what you want?" 71:47; [S]ES-t-a lu-6i-se-[bill a-rqull-ku rmi-nul-u si-rbu-tul d FSESl-ia a-na-ku [dgs(?)]-rpur(?)l, "Let my [br]other send a shipment. I have heeded you. Whatever desire my brother has had, I myself have [se]nt(? it)" 73:19-21 siditu "travel provisions" ZID.DA.KASKAL a-na ku-lu-ku-sg at-ta-du* 0 a-na LO Hla-bi-i, it-ta-lak-ka, "I deposited travel provisions in his storehouse, and he went to the UabP> tribe" 78:14-16 sillu "protection" A m•u-ma-a a-na LU Pu-qu-d[u] si-il-l[i] ki-i be-li ba-[du-t] [ana(?)] LO Pu-q[u-du] [lul(?)-lik(?)], "The son of Sumi is m[y] protection for the Puquid[u] tribe. If my lord w[ishes, let me go(?) to(?)] the Puqfidu" 53:20-25 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS situ "expenditure, release" In the idiom ana siti gasU, 375 "to release" (see comment on No. 83:43): a-m[e-lu]t-tu a-na si-ti be-if la [ti-se-sa-a] be-li lis-pu-ram-ma, "(If) my lord will not [release] a sl[av]e (man), let my lord write to me" 83:43-44 subttu "garment, robe" See also musiptu, tahlaptu; for discussion of dl subdti, see comment on No. 83:8-9 2 TOG.JI.A d dBE sgd re-e-si a-di mi-qit-ti-s~-nu ina su" mam-ma ina lib-bi LO.TUR.MES i-sam-ma su- bi-lu, "Fetch for me and send the two garments of the god Ea-sa-r&si, together with their scraps, from the hands of any one of the agents" 64:5-9; [tl [ki-i] ds-mu-rul um-ma 'Ti-ru-rtul i[t(?)-ti(?) sid(?)] mulb-hi rURUl.TUG sd mAD-i'-nu-ru r[1 LO qal-rlal sd Sag-gfl-d i-na rpa-anl mSUM.NA-ra i-na ap-pal-ru, "[So] I have also heard: 'The woman Tiritu, t[ogether with(?) the one who is] in charge of the textile quarter of Abi-nfiru, as well as a slave boy of the woman Saggilu, are in the presence of Nadni in the marsh'" 83:7-11 subaru "boy, young man, servant, agent" See also alaktu, dlik tiarrdni, amilutu, barrdnu, karu (A), nis' biti, qallu, tamkdru For discussion see comment on No. 38:8 mdAG-APIN-e* 1da ul-tu UNUG.KI il-li-ka um-ma rLO.TURI.MES a-na UNUG.KI ul il-li-ku-a-ni a-na KUR.NIM. MA.KI it-tal-ka il me-res-ti-su-nu gab-bi sak-na-at, "Nabui-res, who came from Uruk, said: 'The agents did not come to Uruk.' He went off to Elam, and all their consignment was stored" 38:612; ds-sui L.TUR.MES sd tas-pur um-ma e-kan-nu ds-nu a-du-u ina LO D[u-na]-ral-nusu-nu, "Concerning the agents about whom you wrote, saying: 'Where are they?' They are now among the D[un]dnu" 61:5-9; a-rdu-u1 2 ME GIS.BAN.MES LU.TUR.MES i-te-eb-b[u], "Now, two hundred bows! The servants are rebell[ing]!" 10:14-15; LO.DAM.GAR-S1i te-ku-tu la i-lak-kan um-ma a-na bla-ra-pi ul taq- LJ.TUR.MES ik-te-lu-ds, "His i ba-nim-ma ul ak-li-s4i LO a-me-lu-tu a-na biu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-ds-sd merchant mustn't lodge a complaint, saying: 'You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him. The slave-you've allowed him to escape, and agents have detained him'" 81:20-29; ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu sd pu-tu-ru ta-ta-mar pu-tu-ram-ma a-kan-na i-din mim-ma sd-nu-umma la ta-matb-bar me-res-ti sd LU.TUR.MES a-di-kan-na sak-na-at ki-i LU a-me-lu-tu ia-a'-nu KU.BABBAR tir-ra[m-m]a ... (remainder broken), "If you see slaves for ransom, ransom (them) for me and deliver (them) here. Don't buy anything else. The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. If there are no slaves, return the silver [a]nd [...]" 40:19-30; lu-biir-ma ki-lal-le-e l+en ina lib-bi LOjI.TUR.MES ril-leq-qam-ma a-na SES-ia i*-nam*-din*, "I have indeed fallen behind, but one among the agents can take both (wagons) and deliver (them) to my brother" 63:13-18; LO.TUR.MES dul-lu ina pa-ni-ka li-pu-us, "The servants should work under your supervision" 89:78; a-du-6 LO.TUR.MES ral-na t L Sag-gi-bu-ti rall-tap-rama-la(!) [s]i-rbul--ti sd be-li-ia [sd if-p]ur u GIS.KAK.MES [a-na be-l(-i]a d-rseb-bill, "I have now dispatched agents to Bit-Sangibiti. Every single one of my lord's [de]sires [about which] he has [writt]en-even the pegs-I am sending [to] my [lord]" 94:13-18; 2 TOG.UJI.A sd dBE sd re-e-gi a-di mi-qit-ti-sl-nu ina un mam-ma ina lib-bi LO.TUR.MES i-sam-ma Su-bi-lu, "Fetch for me and send the two garments of the god Ea-sa-redi, together with their scraps, from the hands of any one of the agents" 64:5-9; [en-na LU].TUR [sd] SESili[aad] [LO.DAM.G]AR-[sLir a-rnal KA B[AD] lil-lik-u-rma* ba-a-tul [s6] ina let "mEril-baFli-bul-[ku], "[Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge" 54:7-11; rki(?)-i(?)1 r§E§-.il-[a] a[t-t]a Sup-rra-mal LO.D[AM.GA]R TUR.MES ridl-[]eb-rbill, "If(?) y[o]u are [my] brother, write to me, and I will d[is]patch a m[erchan]t (and) agents" 75:12-15; KU.BABBAR sd tal-rpurl ub-lu-d a rKASKAL"-ial ta-sal-lim ZI.MES lu-up-f[ur-ma] a-na LO.TUR.MES-[ka] sd 1 rMA1.NA rK1l.[BABBAR ... ], "I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed. Let me rans[om] the living beings [and deliver(?) them(?)] to [your] agents for one mina of sil[ver each(?)]" 75:21-27; a-na oi.uchicago.edu 376 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR LU.TUR.MES SES-i-a liq-bi-ma lil-li-ku-nim-ma LO a-me-lu-tu li-bu-uk [KO.BABBAR] scd ES-id a-rsap-pal[ra] KASKAL" a-na G[IR" LO.TUR.MES] 5u-ku[n], "Let my brother speak to the agents, and let them come and conduct the slaves. I am sendi[ng] my brother's [silver]. Se[t the agents] on the road" 76:18-25; [en(?)-na(?)] dEN-bal-ni [a-na] rEL(?) na-gil-r[i(?)] sgupl-ra.dssunm-m[a] si-ip-nu itl-ti Le.rTUR1.[MES] Elil-is-rpul-un, "[Now(?)] dispatch BEl-bani [to] the hera[ld](?), an[d] let him do flattening work with the servan[ts]" 95:16-20; [diSl-ti r[E1.GIS.1 sd tas-pur [x] x SE.GIS.1 L.TUR.MES rinlda-lbar-t-ni, "Concerning the sesame about which you wrote-the agents received from me [n amount of] sesame" 90:19-21; ul-ftul rDAM(?)1.[GAR.ME§] u TUR.MES [x x x] d-de-e rgab(?)l-[bi] sfG qa*-tar-ra-a-rtil a fKA1 qul-mu-ii AN.rBAR1 it-ti-5u(!?) i-Sd-ral, "From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es)" 35:19-24; raml-me-ni dib-bi rlal sa-an-rqul-[ti] SES-4i-a i-sap-rparl um-ma rLo.TURl.MES sd a-na Trlat1-ti.rKIlill-lik x [ p]u-tur-a-[ma ... ], "Why is my brother sending unsubstan[tiated] reports, saying: '[R]ansom(?) the agents who went to Syria [and ... ] to Babylo[n ... ]'" 74:2-6 sullulu "to roof a building" a-lik-ma t.MES ina pa-ni-ka lu-d-sa-lil, "Go, or I will have to roof the buildings in front of you" 89:25-26 sulfilu "canopy" di-sX GIS.KfN ma-gar-ra sd SES-i-a i[s-ku]n a-du-r1il ab-[t]ir t GI§ rsu-Iul.la(!)-a(!)-nu al-tap-ra inam<-mu>-su-nu, "Concerning the kigkand-wood for wagon(s) which my brother de[posi]ted (with me)-I have now rea[d]ied (them); and I have sent the wooden canopies(?). They are on the <mo>ve" 63:4-9 sa "of, concerning; which, who, that" See also mala (conj.), mannu Introducing a genitive: sd 1:5, 7, 33, 44, 47; 2:27, 40; 3:9; 5:5, 15; 7:7; 10:20; 14:6; 16:20, 22; 17:5, 39; 18:4; 19:7; 20:20; 21:6; 22:5; 23:17, 26; 24:9; 27:6; 30:4; 33:14, 21; 34:5, 9, 13; 36:5, 20; 38:20, 24, 42; 40:6, 7, 20, 26; 43:5, 7; 45:28; 46:11, 17, 20, 22; 51:5, 26; 52:5; 53:7; 55:4; 56:13, 15; 57:9, 24; 59:9, 11, 19, 24; 60:5, 22; 62:18; 64:5, 14, 17; 70:7, 11, 21; 73:21; 75:26; 76:23; 77:19; 81:4; 82:16; 83:5, 9, 10, 26, 29, 45; 92:6, 9, 11, 18, 36; 93:9, 10, 12; 94:12, 16, 23; 95:5, 10; 96:8, 11, 12; 99:9; 102:5, 8; 103:13, 21; 107:7, 11; 108:7, 16; 109:19; 111:7; fr'l 27:20; 47:5; 53:12; 57:6; 74:22; 76:12; 82:6, 7, 8, 23; 93:27; 96:18; 97:13; 108:4; 110:9, r. 19'; rFd(?)l 66:9; [sd] 20:4; 21:10; 54:7; 76:8; 93:28; 103:16; [sd(?)] 94:11 Introducing a subordinate clause: dc1:8, 28; 3:15; 5:6; 6:8; 12:14; 16:14, 29; 17:5; 18:12, 16; 19:8, 14; 20:32; 21:22; 22:5, 6; 23:5, 25, 31; 24:12, 22, 26; 27:22, 28; 28:7; 29:22; 30:5, 11; 31:11, 17; 32:5; 33:4, 11, 25; 34:6, 11; 36:13; 38:6, 25; 39:4; 40:5, 12; 41:6, 7, 12; 42:4, 6; 43:6, 10; 45:4, 24; 46:6; 47:18; 48:5, 13; 49:5; 51:5; 53:7; 55:5; 56:6, 7; 57:5; 58:6; 59:8; 60:6, 12; 61:6; 62:15; 63:5; 65:4, 13; 67:4; 68:4, r. 4'; 69:5; 70:6; 72:29; 73:6; 74:4; 75:21; 77:6; 78:5; 79:5, 15; 81:5; 82:10; 83:20, 28, 31, 35, 38; 84:5, 13; 86:4; 87:8; 88 r. 5'; 90:5, 12, 19; 91:4; 92:9, 33; 94:7, 8; 96:6, 24; 97:5, 14, 20, 22, 23, 28; 98:7; 100:4; 101:5, 16; 102:5; 103:9; 104:16; 106:10; 107:17; 109:4; 110:10; 111:13, 17; Si (mistake for dci) 80:19; ridl 29:12; 44:6; 47:20; 62:5; 66:21; 70:14; 76:5; 97:11; 103:22; 110:13, r. 3', 6'; 112:3'; [3d] 20:5; 27:7; 41:21; 44:12; 54:10; 87:6; 94:17; 99:9; 105:7; [&d(?)] 62:7 sa biidi see budu sa kakkulli(?) "brick-molder(?)" See also epertu; for discussion see comment on No. 103:25 si DUMU.MES m DUB-NUMUN [rd be-lil is-pur um-ma e-per-ftul su-bil man-nu [lis-p]ur LO.GAKKUL [a- nal fi-[ti(?)l ni-i-ni nu-tir, "About the sons of Sapik-zeri of whom my lord wrote, saying: 'Send oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 377 baked brick'-who [should se]nd (it)? We ourselves have returned the brick-molder(?) to his house" 103:21-26 sa 15 "without" See also saldnu dEN u dAG lu-u i-du-u ki-i sd la KO.BABBAR ni-bi ta-rnal-i, "But may Be1 and Nabu know that with- out silver you cannot carry away an(y) amount" 43:28-29; Fsad la m A-a-ba-u-su [a-na] df D hur<sd>-na l[a(?) il(?)-la(?)-ku(?)], "[They must no]t [go(?) to] the house of the river or<de>al without m'A-a-ba-u-su" 110 r. 15'-16'; rkit-tul-ui sd kil-i m"dAG-DOl-' IrDUMU1 m TUK-4i-DINGIR Frg lal be-liia rki-il pi-i an-ni-i i-rdabl-bu-bu-ril, "Is it true that according to Nab0Q-pus, son of Rtiii-ili, they are speaking without the permission of my lord as follows ... " 110:12-16 sa muhhi see muhhu sa rei (Sares', sit re&i) (an official) See also re-u; for discussion see comment on No. 120:10 2 TOG.TJI.A sd dBE d re-e-gi a-di mi-qit-ti-su-nu ina su" mam-ma ina lib-bi LU.TUR.MES i-sam-ma subi-lu, "Fetch for me and send the two garments of the god Ea-sa-ri&i, together with their scraps, from the hands of any one of the agents" 64:5-9; ... ra-kanl-na-ka ina rpa-an1 LU.LGUI.[EN.NA] rf L61.SAG.A.MES r[&l EN.LIL.[KI] fis1-sa-bat u fKA1 ka-lak-k[a] (broken), "He seized the [...] there in the presence of the sand[abakku] and the heads(?) of the houses of Nippur, and [he ... ] the door of the storehou[se]" 74:21-23 sa,'lu "to ask, inquire" u, -mu-us-su man-nu DUMU URU sd a-tam-mar Sul-mu sd SES-ia ag-s>a-la, "Daily, whatever native of the city I see, I inquire about the well-being of my brother" 70:5-8; mSES.MES-MU sd-a'>al kit-ta kii pi-i an-ni a-na mSES.MES-MU iq-ta-rbil um-ma sd tap-qf-da-i[n-n]a t zi-qur-ra-tu-4 ki-i a-na ne-pesi-ia bat-qu-d"d BAD.AN.KI ki-i as-sa-ba-ti-ia,"Ask Ahhe-iddin if in truth he (Biniya) said to Abheiddin: 'With regard to the fact that you appointed [m]e-if the ziggurat is mine to build, then are the repairs of Der also mine to undertake?'" 33:8-15; u a-na sub-ti-ni a-na a-si-ni u e-re-bi-ni SESu-a lig-al, "Therefore let my brother inquire about our (right) to go out and come back to our dwellings" 12:18-21; ral-na [m]dEN-mu-SIGs LU e-ri-bi UKKIN sd r•t.DINGIR be-if liq-bi-ma lig-al um-ma urdel-e re-ril ina t rmlRa-pa-a' ina t mla-a-sar [ina] rtl mHla-a-ria-al-nu [ina] E1t man-ni, "Let my lord speak to Bel-mudammiq, a member of the temple assembly, and ask: 'Are the copper utensils in the House of Rapa'? In the House of Yasar? [In] the House of IJayyiinu? [In] whose house?'" 111:5-13; mKit-nu-Frd Lj1.EN.LfL.KI [k]i-i a-na UNUG.KI rit(?)-tur(?)l-ma DINGIR.MES lii-al-urnil k[i]-Fil dib-bi an-nu-i-tu [ki-nu]-ru(?)l, "[I]f Kitnusa, the Nippurian, has returned(?) to Uruk, let them ask the gods whether these words are [tru]e" 110 r. 7'-10' saddaqad "last year" gad-d[a]-rqAd(?)1 ul-tu .tdbl-tai Ž a-[de]-rel it-ti ral-ba-mes ni-is-ba-rtal [ul] ka-a-sd nu-ul-rtas-bitlka, "Last [ye]ar(?), when we entered a(n alliance of) friendship and tr[ea]ty together, did we [not] cause you to enter (it) as well?" 7:13-16; sad-da-qhd a-na pa-an be-li-ia al-tap-rral um-ma pa-an be-lf-ia majz-r[a] ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-rbal-nu-a-ti ra-na bel-lf-ia rlu-i-&el-bi-li, "Last year I wrote to my lord, saying: '(If) it suit[s] my lord, let me send fine mules to my lord'" 58:12-19 sadfi see tabarri &adt(?) saballfltu (meaning uncertain) See comment on No. 66:9-10 rit-tal-din radl[hal-lu-irtul 8 GIN KU.BABBAR rsd(?) t1 gd-hjal ina(!?) EN.LIL.KI ra-na tRINI.MES s lu-ma, "The eight shekels of silver which the bit sa'al in(?) Nippur should have given to the &aballdtu-workers,I squandered" 66:8-11 oi.uchicago.edu 378 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR abhilu see bit sahali sakinu "to establish, set up; to deposit, store, put, place, submit; to allocate (with ana)" (G); "to store as usual(?)" (Gtn); "to happen, arise, come into existence" (N) G-stem: 1 GO.UN KU.BABBAR mMu-seb-sd-a-a LO.rA.TAM LI.AD.ADI-ka a-na mas-ka-at-fta kil-i igskun m Mu-seb-sd-a-a ki i-mu-u-ti 1 GU.UN KO.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-s'r it-ta-s&', "After Musebsaya, the chief temple steward, your grandfather, had deposited the one talent of silver in the storehouse, (and) after Musebsaya had died, he took the talent of silver for himself' 38:33-38; en-na ki-i a-m[at] SESi-tu* pa-nu-t[u] Flal taa-kun Sa a-mat a-na* mul-tii-ia is-kun mus-si-ma sup-rraml-ma lu-ut i-de fkili SES-ai-a at(!)-ta, "Now even if you did not establish the wor[ding] of the previo[us] brotherhood (agreement), find out who established the wording with regard to me and write to me so that I may know that you are my brother" 3:13-20; di-si GIS.KIN ma-gar-ra 6dSES-U-a i[s-ku]n a-du-uil ab[t]ir, "Concerning the kiSkana-wood for wagon(s) which my brother de[posi]ted (with me)-I have now rea[d]ied (them)" 63:4-6; r l ki-i za-ku- su-d iz-za-zu a-na mult-ti-&id lis-kun-ma, "But if he is to stand free of obligation, let him make a deposit against his charge" 27:25-27; ma-la me-resti-[sl-nu] &d tagr-kun gab-bi atl-ta-din a KU.BABBAR a-na lib-bi m"lll-tam-meg ki-i ad-din lia-ran-tis KA-tul a-pu-rlul, "Every single item of [their] consignment which you stored I have sold. And when I handed over the silver to Iltammes, I straightway satisfied the outstanding balance" 45:4-8; dsrgti ib-bu-un-rnil ni-in-sd-[ma] i-na sar-r[i] bi-lu-tu-i ta man-da-at-t[a] ina mult-hi-ka ni-is-kun, "Inasmuch as we have carried (it as) o[ur] deficit, have we criminal[ly] imposed tribut[e] upon you?" 9:10-17; [hi-ft]u sd m BA-sd-a [ul i]l-ta-kan-ni, "He did [not bla]me Iqila" 16:20-21; ki-i pa-ni-ka mah-btr tYA.LA-a ina lib-bi su-kun, "If it suits you, put my share in" 34:26-27; ds-sgi di-ni sd "Museb-si DUMU mDa-bi-bi sd be-li is-pur di-in-su-nu a-na ITI.BARA a-na KA.DINGIR.JRA.KIJ a-na pa-an mTUK-i-DINGIR DUMU "Ga-tal IaVd-kinl, "Concerning the case of Musebsi, son of Dabibi, about which my lord wrote: their case will be submitted to Risi-ili, son of Gabal, at the beginning of Nisannu, at Babylon" 38:24-28; a-[nal pa-an ITI.Su dul-la-ka gab-bi a-na qi-qar lu-i sid-kin, "Before the beginning of the month of Dufizu, let all your labor be allocated to the land" 92:27-29; mdAG-APINes s~ ul-tu UNUG.KI il-li-ka um-ma [LO.TUR 1.MES a-na UNUG.KI ul il-li-ku-u-ni a-na KUR.NIM.MA.KI it- tal-ka it me-res-ti-su-nu gab-bi sak-na-at, "Nabfl-res, who came from Uruk, said: 'The agents did not come to Uruk.' He went off to Elam, and all their consignment was stored" 38:6-12; me-relti sd LO.TUR.MES a-di-kan-na Sak-na-at ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu ia-a'-nu KU.BABBAR tir-ra[m-m]a [...], "The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. If there are no slaves, return the silver [a]nd [...]" 40:26-30; a-ldil i-mat ki-i e-rperl-ti a-ga-a i-na [g]u-ru-un-nu iak-na-lat1, "How long will it sd be before this baked brick must be placed in a [h]eap?" 103:18-21; su-pur-ma ma-la 9a-da-ata sfG.UI.A ina Su"-&ui i-si st-ta lu iak-nu, "Write and take from him as much wool as you wish. The remainder will be stored" 48:12-16 In the idiom harrina ana sepi X sakanu, "to dispatch X, to set X on the road": DUMU.LP.KIN sd be-lf-id it-ti LO.A.KIN-ia a-na URU Sd-pi-ia KASKAL* a-na* Se-pi-su be-if iikun, "My lord should dispatch the messenger of my lord to Sapiya with my messenger" 5:15-19; "mAG-Dt-[U]g gd a-na pa-an [§]ES-ia ds-pu-Iral KASKAL [a]-na GIR"-.gi SES-Tal-a lij- kun, "Nabfl-ip[u]s, whom I sent to my [br]other, let my brother set him [o]n the road" 107:16-20; KASKAL a-na GIR" Kd mTam-mes-la-ma-a-a be-it li-kun-ma, "My lord should set Tammes-lamaya on the road" 59:19-20; a-mi-lut-ta ina l[et] mla-da-a'-fl i-ba-dsg-t• KASKAL a-na GIR"-'•i be-lf lis-kun, "There is a slave in the ch[arge] of Yada'-I. Let my lord set him on the road" 59:25-28; wdEN-a-sal-li gd be-l is-pur KASKAL a-na GIR'"-ti al-tak-na, "BI- usalli, about whom my lord wrote, I have sent off on the road" 57:5-6; [(DN)] lu-t i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-a] LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a] g~-a ta LO.DUMU sip-ri-i4 la il-la-kdm-ma la-fpa-anl sa-ar-ta-at-tu LO-a l+en la am-hu-ru rsul-u-ma KASKAL" a-na GIR"-Jgu al-tak-nu, "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his, that he and his messenger were not coming here, that I did not accept even a single slave by deceptive means, and that I oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 379 would have set him on the road" 17:27-34; KASKAL" a-na G[IR" LJ.TUR.ME§] su-ku[n], "Se[t the agents] on the road" 76:24-25 In the idiom qati/a gakanu, "to lay hands on, take in hand": LO sar-ru-ti-is ki-i iq-bu-nu Su" a-na muhb-ii-su-nu ul ,g-kun, "(As to) his kidnappers-because they told me (about the slave)-I didn't take them in hand" 81:12-15; INIM mMu-sallirm Ia-anl-tisg a-na pa-an 'Gu-lu-si be-lf lis-pur a-di la SU"(!)-su i-ak-rkal-nud-lfmal l+en sa-ma-da ib-ba(!)-ka, "Quickly, let my lord send Musallim's decision to Gulisu before he in fact gets his hands on one team and leads it away" 57:12-15 In the idiom tekfita sakanu, "to complain, lodge a complaint": en-na te-ku-ui-tul la ta-sak-kan SE.BAR-a la ta-se-[lu], "Now don't complain. Don't be negli[gent] about my wheat" 95:13-15; LO.DAM.GAR-gM te-ku-tu la i-lak-kan um-ma a-na ha-rapi ul taq-ba-nim-ma ul ak-li-sg LU a-me-lu-tu a-na hu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-ds-sg' f LU.TUR.MES ik-te-lu-Sgi, "His merchant mustn't lodge a complaint, saying: 'You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him. The slave-you've allowed him to escape, and agents have detained him'" 81:20-29 In the idiom t&ema sakanu, "to give instructions, issue an order, make a report": a-du-ril a-rnal [pa]-an LU.SIPA.1MES(?)I Ft.l-[e-m]u be-if ligsrkun-mal ANS[E.KUR.RA.MES] (bro- ken), "Now let my lord issue an or[de]r t[o] the shepherds(?), and [...] the ho[rses(?)] ... (broken)" 94:34-37; u mim-mu-u tcd-e-mu sak-na-a-tigab-bi lu-sam-hi-i-ri, "And you make all kinds of reports-Should I treat them all the same way?" 92:30-32; ul i-na mabi-ri-i tee-mu di-kun-gu um-ma ma-ma-la SUKU.UI.A sd "tRIN.MEt-ial SE.BAR X X 1r(?)1 x X it-tu [u]rbi-lil, "Didn't I previously instruct you, saying: 'S[e]nd me each and every bit of my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]'?" 95:7-12; Full ki-i pi-i an-rnil-[i] frt-e-mu sakl-n[a- ta] um-ma sd-la-nu-rul-[a] a-na rURU Mal-rad la t[al-l]a-kdm(!)-[ma] ta-rsapl-[pa]-rraml-ma rl+enl a-sib u[RU Ma-rad] a-nam-da[k-ka], "Did [you] not give the followi[ng] instructions'You must not g[o] to Marad without [my] permission. Rather, you will wri[t]e to me, and I will give [you] one of the residents of [Marad]'?" 75:4-11 In the idiom ana tfibi saknu, "to deem fit" (see comment on No. 83:15): [ki-i] ad-na tul-bi-si [s]ak-Inul rlill-l[ik], "[If] he [d]eems fit, let him g[o]" 108:13-15; kii a-na tu-bi be-lf-id gak-na 2 LO qal-la-lu-tu lu- u sd Kul-la-a lu-f sd f-sag-gil-i sd mamma i-na lib-bi-si-ni sv a-na tu-bi be-l-id gak-na il lu-t a-me-lut-tu mim-ma sd be-li-id lu-u 'Ti-ru-tu lu- r'fQ-bil-DiOG.GA lu-u gsd a-du-u be-l[ li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik a-na-ku pu-us-su-nu na-sd-k[a ki]-i a-na tu-bu be-li-id la sak-rnul [a be-l]i la il-lak rL0U.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.rMES1 ma-a -da sd a-kan-na i-du-in-ni a-na 1+en i-na lib-bi-sg'-nu be-if lid-din-ma rlil-bu-kdm-ma lid-di-ni, "If my lord deems fit, my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boys-either of the woman Kulla, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tiriitu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers. I myself a[m] acting as their guarantor. [But i]f my lord does not deem fit [and] my [lor]d will not come, there are many men of Babylon who know me here; let my lord give (the slave) to one of them, and let him bring (him) and give (him) to me" 83:25-37; lil-Flil-kdm-ma NINDA.JUI.IA liS-b6-e-ma li-kul a FIMl.GID.DA it-ti LO.SAMAN.LA.MES liq-rbil a-di DINGIR.MES tu-bu i&-tak-nu lit-[Ii-s]a-am-ma lil-li-ka, "Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices. For as long as the gods deem fit, let him c[om]e and go" 83:13-16 Gtn-stem: me-res-ti ki-i in-lbu*-ru-u-nu ina B mDUB-ku DUMU mBa-na-a-a il-tak-kan-na* ai KA me-reg- ti-sg ik-ta-nak, "When NabO-lei and BEl-ipus received the consignment from me, they stored it as usual(?) in the House of Sipiku, son of Binaya, and he sealed the door to his consignment" 39:7-10 N-stem: e-si-tu ina bi-rit-e-nu la tagsgdkin, "Let no trouble arise between us" 75:29-30 oi.uchicago.edu 380 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR sikin t.mi "governor" See also bel pazas&, sandabakku; for discussion see comment on No. 64:14 si-mu-tu ki-Fil al-lik ina tup-pi Sd Lf.GAR.KU ul i-s'tu-ru, "They did not write in the tablet of the governor that I had gone to make purchases" 64:11-15 sakkullu (a type of wood) See also ballukku, gammis, kigkani, Fassugu en-na a-di GIS.GIGIR ra-as-ki tu-seb-bil GIS bu-ds-am-ma ul ta-ad-din en-na ma-la GIS.GIGIR-ia GIS.MES.GAM GIS.SA.KAL gu-bi-la, "Now up to the time you should send a completely assembled a chariot, you will not have delivered even a scrap of wood. Now send me every single part of my chariot-sassugu-woodand sakkullu-wood" 33:29-35 saknu (an official) s' a-na sak-ni-ka um-ma ul he-ra-ka ha-ru sd be-lI-i-nu u-ha-Sd-h[u], "(And) about what you are saying to your saknu-official: 'I am not a digger.' Our lord's diggers are bringing starvat[ion]" 92:33-36; ha-an-tis a-fdil la LO har-ra-a-nu sd FLO id-kinl il-la-ku-i-[ni] i-[di]-ma al-kdm-ma ranal-din, "Quickly, before the caravan of the saknu-official come[s], ma[ke a depo]sit, come, and I will give (to you)" 45:27-30 salfmu "to be well, safe, completed" (G); "to pay in full, compensate, make full restitution; to guard, protect, safeguard; to achieve complete success"(D); "to be compensated (Dt) See also Julmdnu, gulmis, gulmu G-stem: u4 -mu tal-tap-ra ul am-me-rik-ka KU.BABBAR sd tas-rpurl ub-lu-i f[KASKAL"-ial ta-al.ilim, "On the day that you wrote to me, I did not delay. I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed" 75:19-23; SES.MES-Ti-nu ki-i pi-i an-ni-i i-qab-bu-d um-ma SES.MES-4-nu a-sar il-li-ku ul is-lim-di-sd-nu-tu, "Their brothers are saying as follows: 'Wherever our brothers went, it wasn't safe for them'" 1:14-17; sd 5 MA.NA KtJ.BABBAR SfG.UI.A ina SU" LrUPuqu-da-a-a ki-i ag-zu-zu a-na r5 MA.NA-i ul sa-lim 1 GIN.AM i-mat-tu, "Of the wool valued at five minas of silver received from the Puqiidians-when I sheared (it), it(?) did not amount(?) to five minas. They were each short one-third mina" 46:22-27; ma-la KO.BABBAR-ka s i-na pft-hi i-na eqli-ka si-il-mu mam-ma la i-par-frakl-ka-a-ma, "Let no one bar you from any of your silver which is safeguarded in the hole in your field" 106:9-13 D-stem: a-na-ku la-x-x Id a-na pit-ril [ta-adl-din ti-al-lam-ga, "I myself will pay you in full for the [...] which you gave as ransom" 84:12-15; 3 GIN KU.BABBAR a-na UGU mZALAG-a-ni be-li ip-rusu r[1 MA.NA GIN KZJ.BABBAR ul-tal-lim, "My lord decided that there was a charge of twenty shek- els of silver against Niirani. He has paid the thirty shekels of silver in full" 21:13-17; fenl-[na adu]-ai [k]i-i ZI.MES Id SES-il-nu [l]a ul-tal-li-mu [U]RU Il-ta-zi-nu [i]t-ti-ka ab-[k]a a ia-a-nu-u a[tt]a rafl .AD-ka a[l]-ka, "N[ow the]n, [i]f the rebels of our brother have [n]ot completely achieved their goal, br[in]g the [settle]ment of Iltazinu here [w]ith you. If not, then y[o]u and your clan c[o]me" 7:6-12; [ki-i] [Ll1.DAM.GAR ik-tal-d[u] [a i-na u,-m]u ta-tam-ru rUDU.MESI gSu -lim-sgi, "[If] the merchant has already arriv[ed], [then as soon] as you see (him), compensate him for the sheep" 24:28-30; a si mim-ma ina m[uh(?)-hi(?)-id(?)] i-ba-ds-Sti rki-iI x[(-x)] ki-i KP.BABBAR ra kil-[i x(x)] lu-gal-lim, "And for any (claim) there is a[gainst(?) him]-whether it is [...], or silver, o[r ... ], I will make full restitution" 108:16-19; [a]-Tna nal-si-ka-a-ti sId LU1 A-ram lid-bu-ub-ma ki-i "mNaba-a ni-is-ui* i*-kul Id muh-zi-tid lu-idgal-lim-mu rLUl qin-na lu at-tu-fl-ni, "Let him speak [t]o the shaykhs of the Arameans; and if Naba has used up the advance, let them make full restitution for that which is charged against him, even if the family is one of ours" 27:19-24 In the idiom sipis iullumu, "to guarantee safe conduct(?)" (see comment on No. 76:15-17): mi-Ina-al KASKAL["] I9d DAM.GAR-nil [il-la-ku] [LOr.M[EE] i-fna--d-suil [GIRi a-na-ku rt1 [at-tal a-na muh-b[i-sd] nu-sal-lam, "Whatever caravan journey that our merchant [makes] that brings along slav[es], we-both you and I-will guarantee safe conduct(?) fo[r it]" 76:11-17 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 381 Dt-stem: mNUMUN-a s tas-pur US.UDU.UI.A.MES lul-tal-lim, "ZerA, about whom you wrote, let him be compensated for the flocks" 20:31-33 aliinu- "without permission" See also s a h i-na mab-ri-i gi-la-nu-us-su a-na mAD-l-a ki-i ad-din lib-ba-ti-ia in-da-al, "Before, when I gave to Abu-Il5 without his permission, he became angry with me" 100:15-19; ki-i KASKAL"-ka a-na LO Duna-a-nu i-ba-ds-su-u sd-la-nu-d-a la tal-lak, "If your journey is to the Duninu, don't go without my permission" 60:6-9; sd u,-mu-us-su ES-Jfil-[a] il-ta-nap-par um-ma mi-nam-ma gd-la-nu-d-a KU.BABBAR a-na mIlb-na-a ta-nam-rdi-nal-[dS-Si], "About that which my brother daily keeps writing to me, saying-'Why are you giving silver to Ibna without my permission?'" 109:4-9; si-la-a-n[u-aa-kan-nak]a(!?) sa-dr-r[u-tu la us-sld-bu rlial-pa-.nil-[si-nu]ul ta-zak-ki, "Crim[inals must not sett]le [ther]e without my permission. Or on account [of them] you will not be free of claims" 19:24-26; full kii pi-i an-Inil-[i] rtu-e-mu sakl-n[a-ta] um-ma g•ila-nu-rul1[a] a-na rURU Mal-rad la t[al-l]a-kdm(!)[ma] ta-fsapl-[pa]-rraml-maf1+enl a-sib U[RU Ma-rad] a-nam-da[k-ka], "Did [you] not give the followi[ng] instructions-'You must not g[o] to Marad without [my] permission. Rather, you will wri[t]e to me, and I will give [you] one of the residents of [Marad]'?" 75:4-11; 1+en UDU.NITA rgal[I]a-nu-d-a a-na KiJ.BABBAR rla tal-nam-din, "Don't sell a single sheep wi[th]out my permission" 47:11-13 salisisu "three times, three of (something)" 3-si L sip-ri-ia a-na pa-ni-ka it-tal-ka mim-ma ul tu-Se-bi-la, "Three times my messenger has II.DUMU come to you. You have sent me nothing" 10:7-9; 3-gi a*-na pa-ni-si ki-i al-lik riS-pul-ra, "After I went to him the third time, he wrote to me" 100:12-14; 5 MA.NA KO.BABBAR ki-i id-din 3-id LO a-mi-lu-tu* ki-i 3 MA.NA KO.BABBAR a-na mBA-Sg-a at-ta-din, "After he gave me five minas of silver, I sold three of his slaves for three minas to Iqiga" 51:8-11 salmig see gulmig alti "to throw away, squander" For discussion see comment on No. 66:11 8 GIN KU.BABBARIg(?) i31 gd-hal ina(!?) EN.LIL.KI ra-na RINl.MES gI-[hal-lu-u-[ftul it-tal-din rasllluma, "The eight shekels of silver which the bit labdl in(?) Nippur should have given to the Sa/sallttu-workers, I squandered" 66:8-11 salu see svaalu samall "apprentice scribe" See also tupiarru dg-sgJi RIN.MES aiSES-i-a iS-pur 40 ga-nu na-pul-tu ral-du-d mZum-bu-ta-a-nu ra-bu-id-nur L). SAMAN.LA &ai-a a-na pa-an SES-id a-sap-pa-ras-si SES-ti-a dib-ba ;ta-bu-tu it-ti-Fsgi [I]id-bu-ub, "Conwhom my brother wrote-forty of them are dependent(s). Now, Zumbutinu sh cerning t men about is their chief and an apprentice scribe. I am sending him to my brother. My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance" 1:8-14; am-me-ni LO qal-[la i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-sib lil-Tlil-kdm-ma NINDA.JUI. 1A liS-bd-e-ma li-kul a [IMl.GID.DA it-ti LU.SAMAN.LA.MES liq-[bil, "Why is a slave boy living in the marsh? Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices" 83:11-15 samai~ammfi "sesame" See also seu, u.ttatu; for discussion of samaggammu pesatu, see comment on No. 53:8 ki-i SE.GIS.A I6 SES-ia 44 MA.NA KO.BABBAR mub-ram-ma su-bi-li-gs, "Accept four and one-half minas of silver as the equivalent of the sesame of my brother and send it" 52:5-7; 44 MA.NA KU.BABBAR SE.GIS.I muh-ram-ma su-bil*, "Buy for me and send sesame worth four and one-half minas of sil- oi.uchicago.edu 382 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR ver" 49:12-14; rmal-bii-ra-a-tirsd SE.BAR )l [SE].GIS.I.MES 5d be-lf [is-pu-ra] [L]O.rDAMl.GAR ul i-man- [gur] [x(-x)]-x-ti ul i-nam-[din], "Equivalents in wheat and [ses]ame, about which my lord [wrote], the [mer]chant will not acc[ept]. He will not se[ll ... ]" 97:13-16; Idsl-sui rSE 1.GIS.1 sd tas-pur [x] x SE.GIS.1 LU.TUR.MES rinl-da-biar-i-ni,"Concerning the sesame about which you wrote-the agents received from me [n amount of] sesame" 90:19-21; rdsl-ti KI.LAM rURU(?)1 sd SE.GIS.1t Si [be]-ll [i]s-pur a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD i-na[m-di]-lnul 1tl i-na t rfid ti-li-[tu] [ana] ri pil fx BAN 1 [SE.GIS.1 BABBAR.MES] [i]-Inam-di-nu ll 3 MA.NA KU.BABBAR a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.t BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD ki-i am-tur ul* iz-nu, "Concerning the town's(?) price for sesame about which my [lo]rd [w]rote-they were se[lli]ng white sesame for one pdnu, two situ (per mina) in the town gate, and they were [s]elling [white sesame for] one panu, n sutu (per mina) in the deliv[ery] house; so when I accepted one pdnu, two situ of white sesame for three minas of silver in the town gate, they did not become angry" 53:6-20; fal-kdm-mal SE.GIS.1 m[u-bur], "Come and re[ceive] the sesame" 53:28 sammu "pasturage, fodder" In the expression sammi uttati, "stubble of the wheat" (see comment on No. 94 reverse): [en-na i-n]a lib-bi ITI.A[PIN] [ANSE].rKUR].RA.JMES gab-bil [f.LI.A] TSE.BARI ik-kal [NUMUN 1 [ni]rirl-ri-su-rg ra-di US1.UDU.UI.A si be-li-rial i-na rlial-am-ra O.BI.A SE.rBAR1 ik-kal, "[Now i]n Arab[samnu], all the [ho]rses will be grazing on the [stubble] of the wheat. Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:19-25; O.UI.A SE.BAR (context broken) 94:33 samfl "heaven" a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-6 ki-i a-na-ku i at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]s,"Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k (it)" 23:5-7 sandabakku (title of the governor of Nippur) See also bil paasl,sakin tirmi LOf.G(.EN.NA um-ma sup-ras-rsum-mal lil-li-kdm-m[a] qaq-qar kas-da-di-[iu] la tam-me-r[i]k-ka falkdml-ma qaq-qar rsal-bat, "The sandabakku is saying, 'Send him a message that he should come, an[d] a plot will be gotten hold of for h[im].' Don't del[a]y. Come and seize the plot" 91:13-19; ds-sg dib-bi d ina bi-rit-ka u ina bi-rit mBA-Sd-a a-na-ku a-na mDU-NUMUN aq-ta-bi um-ma mBA-Sda LJ.GU(.EN.NA [u]s-sap-pi-ri,"Concerning the matter which is between you and Iqisa: I myself spoke to Mukin-zeri, saying: 'Iqlsa has [g]ouged(?) the sandabakku"' 16:14-19; ... ra-kanl-na-ka ina rpaan 1 LO.LFGOl.[EN.NA] ri LO1.SAG.t.MES rg1i EN.LIL.[KI] Fisl-sa-bat u FKA 1 ka-lak-k[a] (broken), "He seized the [...] there in the presence of the Sand[abakku] and the heads(?) of the houses of Nippur, and [he ... ] the door of the storehou[se]" 74:21-23; rLGJ1.GJ.rEN 1.NA (context broken) 74:19 sanuf (adj.) "other, else" GU4.MES* sd-nu-um-ma la* tu-ba--a, "Don't look for other oxen" 55:9-10; mim-ma id-nu-um-ma la ta-mah-liar, "Don't buy anything else" 40:24-25; AD.MES-a-nu a-ta-meS ku-ul-lu a l+en ral-na a-ali i sid-ni-i a-&u-uz-zu, "Our fathers rule jointly, and they stand each as the confederate of the other" 2:37-40; ul [rl-[sa-b]ir-ga-m[a]a-na KUR Sd-ni-ti)m-[ma] ul in-rnal-[bit],"I did not make him [chan]ge allegiance, an[d] he did not fl[ee] to anoth[er] land" 88:4'-6'; SAL a-mat-ka id-ni-rta(!?)l 'A-ta-li-[l]a sd ina t Da-ku-ru mam-ma a-na KU.BABBAR ul i-nam-din-su, "Your other slave woman, AttB-lT[l]a, who is in Bit-Dakkuiri, no one will sell her (either)" 31:15-18; a-na* Su" GADA.MES 3¼nu-ti-ma la i-x-x, "[They(?)] must not [...] for other bundles of flax" 35:29-30 sanu "to become different" (G); "to change, alter" (D) D-stem: dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES Sd bal-tla-nu al-de-relid it-ti a-ta-mes min-su nu-[ull-tan-nu-ma, "By B61-How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are alive'?" 23:30-32 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 383 9aparu "to write and send a letter; to send something or someone" (G); "to keep writing" (Gtn) See also abdku, abalu, nasui, satdru G-stem: i-sap-fparl 74:3; fil-[sap-par] 56:29; i-sap-pa-ra 36:11; i-tap-pa-ram-ma 100:9; la i-sap-parak-ka 26:22; ta-sap-par 23:24; ul ta-sap-par 71:7; ta-fsapl-[pa]-rraml-ma 75:9; ta-sap-lparl-ra-ma 2:19; a-sap-par 22:14; a-rlapl-par73:18; a-sap-par-ma 86:24; a-rfap-pal-[ra] 76:23; a-sap-pa-ramma 2:7; a-&ap-pa-ra[s-si] 82:37; a-Sap-pa-ras-si 1:12; a-sap-pa-ras-sum-ma 33:18; a-sap(!)-pa-rakka 47:14; [a]-sap-pa-rak-ka 86:6; ul a-sap-pa-rak-ka 34:21; a-&ap-pa-rak-kdm-ma 2:24; [a]-fsapl[par]-rkal 28:19; ni-sap-par 18:9; il-ta-par 109:22; fill-tap-ra 34:14; il(?)-[tap(?)-ra(?)] 26:14; il-tapra-su 69:10; il-tap-rak-[ka] 18:17; il-tap-ra-an-ni 37:13; tal-tap-ra 2:16; 75:19; fal-tal-[par] 88:8'; rall-tap-ri 13:24; al-tap-ra 5:22; 39:21; 42:3; 45:26; 46:8, 29; 50:5; 51:24; 59:10, 18; 63:8; 97:35; 107:11; al-tap-r[a] 1:8; 69:26; al-tap-rral 32:7; 58:13; 80:29; rall-tap-ra 41:16; 43:24; 90:9; 94:15; 103:29; al-t[ap]-ra 1:40; [a]l-tap-[ra] 93:31; ral-tapl-ra 44:21; fal-tap-ral 25:7; ral<-tap>-ral98:25; a[i-tap-ra] 96:28; [al-tap-ra] 104:12; [al-tap-r]a 43:14; rall-tap-rak-k[a] 37:19; rall-[tap-rak]-rkal 3:12; il-tap-ru-nu-m[a] 108:20; ni-il-tap-ra 98:13; is-pur 1:9; 17:6; 27:7; 38:25; 39:5; 40:6; 41:6; 44:6; 46:6; 49:5; 56:7; 57:5; 58:6; 60:6; 78:5; 94:7; 102:6; 103:22; 110:10; [i]s-pur 53:7; 69:6; ris-purl 82:10; [is-p]ur 94:17; ris(?)-pur(?)l 82:15; [is-pur] 73:6; ul is-pur 41:28; is-pur-ma 15:11; iK-pu-ra 34:6; 51:6, 19; 97:20; 101:5; ris-pul-ra 96:7; 100:14; if-pu-r[a] 43:6; [is-pu-ra] 97:14; is-rpur-ral 98:7; la is-pur-ds-su 83:18; is-pur-rak-kdm-ma 37:6; is-pur-an-na 78:12; tas-pur 11:7; 20:32; 22:5; 23:5, 12; 28:7; 30:5; 33:4; 61:6; 90:5, 12, 19; tas-rpurl 68:4; 75:21; rta/l-[pur] 28:14; ul tas-pur 37:30; tas-pu-ra 48:5; rtagl-pu-ra 76:5; rtasl-pur-rral20:5; tas-pu-ram-ma 24:6; ad-pur 70:22; 102:23; di-rpurl 72:17; di-p[ur] 82:11; r[d-purl 73:13; [d&(?)]-fpur(?)l 73:21; la d&-pur 1:33; as-pur-ma 82:12; ds-pu-ru 83:40; 95:21; ds-pu-ra 92:19; rdgl-pu-ra 66:20; ai-pu-rral 107:18; di-pu-[ra] 54:6; [d]j-pura 45:32; rdsl-pu-[ra] 72:24; rfd-pul-[ra&-gji] 112:9'; ds-pu-rak-ka 71:9, 12; 79:15; 89:23; ds-pu-rrakkal 65:12; ds-rpul-rak-ka 23:20; ds'-pu-rak-kdm-ma 36:17; [ai-p]u-ra-fkdml-[ma] 74:27; tas'-pur-a-nu 1:31; &u-pur15:19; 49:17; 52:9; rful-p[ur] 104:22; Su-pur-ma 15:17; 37:15; 48:12; vup-ru 2:37; 33:39; 75:16; rfup-rul 44:23; Jup-ra 59:7; 85:20; rfupl-ra 32:14; &up-r[a(?)]36:15; sup-ra(!)-a 21:21; fuprra-mal 75:13; sup-ram-ma 2:33; 4:11; 10:6; 16:12; 18:22; 23:23; 36:7; 40:16; sup-framl-ma 3:17; 100:22; sup-ras-[si] 82:35; &up-rai-id2:9; 62:24; sup-r[as-s'] 45:18; gup-rag-rgum-mal 91:14; rguplra-di-sum-m[a] 95:18; Sup-fral-nim-ma 46:13; lis-pur 1:47; 16:30; 21:8, 25; 57:13; lis-rpurl 40:14; liK-pu[r] 21:12; rlisl-[pur] 72:32; [lis-p]ur 103:24; [lii(?)]-rpur(?)l 71:17; rlis-purl-[m]a 39:23; [lis(?)pur(?)-ma(?)] 82:8; liK-pu-ra 38:44; 70:26; 80:31; 85:25; 107:15; lis-pu-rral 111:21; lis-pu-[ra] 83:41; lis-pu-ram-ma 29:10; 38:18; 83:44; flisl-pu-fram-mal 83:21; liK-pu-r[am-ma] 112:8'; [lil]-fpu-ramlma 108:12; [lis-pu]-ram-ma 41:34; lis-pu-ras-si 16:9; li'-pu-ras-sum-ma 86:11; rlil-[purr]-rgi-nu-tilma 110 r. 11'; rlul-us-pur 108:21; lu-u&-pu[r] 69:8; lu-u&-pu-ra 22:10 Gtn-stem: il-ta-nap-par 109:5; al-ta-nap-pa-rak-kdm-ma 11:5; il-ta-&ap-pa-ra 59:5 saqalu "to weigh out" See also madadu [en-na a]-rdu kil-i AN.BAR [be-l se]-bu-d a-na mam-ma [ul ad]-din-ma ul d•-qul, "[Now t]hen, if (I had known that) [my lord wa]nted iron, I wouldn't have weighed (it) out and [so]ld (it) to anybody" 41:24-26 saqfl "to be high (in price, value)" r§E1.BAR a-na mdAG-rA1.[GAL] i-din-ma a-na t fta-du-d lid-din man-nu ki-ma ma-ti-ri i-fraql-qa-a, "Give the wheat to Nabf-l[Vi] and let him sell to the house which he prefers. (But) who will offer a higher price than the market place?" 37:20-24 sarru "king" LUGAL i-ta-ri um-ma KU.BABBAR-ma i-is ul i-man-gur um-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-ba-nu-u-rtul ab-ka- nim-ma fidl-na-ni, "The king will return and say: 'The silver-where is it?' He won't consent. He'll say, 'Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me'" 56:17-22; LO.DUMU.KIN Sd a-na pa-an LUGAL oi.uchicago.edu 384 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR il-lik ul ibi-Iii-si, "The messenger who went to the king has not returned" 34:10-12; a-rnal mrE-Itdrrul um-rmal LUGAL um-ma a-rnal mE-tM-er-a-ma tRIN.JMES1-ia i GU4.ME§-ia taji-tab-ti, "To Eteru from the king. Say to Eteru: 'You have plundered my men and my cattle"' 8:1-5; LUGAL full [i]Fqabl-bi lub-ra, "The king must not [s]ay: 'Let me look into it'" 20:22-23; LO be-if di-ni-ka a-&ib LUGAL ik-te-lis um-ma ul tal-lak, "Your court adversary is here. The king detained him, saying: 'You will not go"' 20:29-31; LUGAL (context broken) 74:14 sasf "to cry out, shout" (G); "to pound, ring constantly (said of the ears)" (Gtn) Gtn-stem: en-na GESTU"-a GU.DE.Dt-a ma-la an-ni-i mKUL.GI (= qux-tdru) sd GE§TU" i-na Su" l*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU Igdl a-na i-si-in-na a-na EN.rLIL.KI1 il-la-ka SES-u-a lu-a-se-bi-li, "Now my ears are constantly pounding. My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival" 70:8-17 assiugu (a type of wood) See also ballukku, gammis, kiskant, sakkullu en-na a-di GIS.GIGIR ra-as-ki tu-seb-bil GIS 1u-sd-am-ma ul ta-ad-din en-na ma-la GIS.GIGIR-ia GIS.MES. GAM tz GIS.SA.KAL gu-bi-la, "Now up to the time you should send a completely assembled chariot, you will not have delivered even a scrap of wood. Now send me every single part of my chariotsagssgu-wood and sakkullu-wood" 33:29-35 sasu "him" (dat.) a-na-ku dS-p[ur] ral-na rid-a-id1, "I myself se[nt] a letter to him" 82:11; FEN1.M[ES] r1i(?)l-tu iFqabl-b[u]-u ruml-ma a-na i-a-'d sup-ras-[gi], "(Even) the owner[s] of the payment(?) are sa[yi]ng: 'Send [her] to him'" 82:33-35 satammu (sattamu) "chief temple steward" 1 GO.UN KU.BABBAR mMu-seb-sd-a-a LIJ.mSA.TAM LO.AD.ADI-ka a-na mas-ka-at-rta kil-i is-kun mMu-seb- sd-a-a ki i-mu-u-ti 1 GI.UN KO.BABBAR a-na ram-ni-gs it-ta-su, "After Musebsaya, the chief temple steward, your grandfather, had deposited the one talent of silver in the storehouse, (and) after Musebsaya had died, he took the talent of silver for himself' 38:33-38 sattu "year" Sd mPAp-rial gi-i MU.7.KAM rGAL(?) ki-il la pa-an mKab-ti-id Fill-lik, "She belongs to Nisiriya. Seven years it was(?) that he did service for Kabtiya" 82:16-19; a-du-u 5 MU.AN.NA.MES a-ga-a ul-tu i-na rsibl-te-e-tu sab-tu a-na mDU-NUMUN ki-i aq-bu-u um-ma full i-du e-ka-me sgu-il, "Now it has been five years since he was bound in fetters. When I spoke to Mukin-zEri, he said: 'I don't know where he is'" 17:15-20 satfru "to write (on a tablet)" si-mu-tu ki-ril al-lik ina tup-pi sd LI.GAR.KU ul is-ltu-ru, "They did not write in the tablet of the governor that I had gone to make purchases" 64:11-15; mdAG-SESI.MES-sSUM.NA1 rLj.DUB.SAR-kal-ma dAG u drAMAR.UTU1 a-na be-l-id lik-ru-bu [lis-fur-ma], "Nabfl-abbE-iddin, who is your scribe, [let him write]: 'May Nabf and Marduk bless my lord'" 85:20-23 sebfi "to become sated" am-me-ni LO qal-rla i-na libl-bi ap-pa-ru a-gib lil-rlil-kdm-ma NINDA.1UI.1A li-b6-e-ma li-kul ft fIM 1 .GID.DA it-ti LO.SAMAN.LA.MES liq-rbil, "Why is a slave boy living in the marsh? Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices" 83:11-15 SE.UAR see GIS.SE.JAR self see sela oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 385 semA "to hear, listen" la ta-&em-man-nu 11:6; ral-sem-mu-ma 97:27; flal a-gem-rmul 104:8; il-te-rmu(?)-d(?)1 4:24; al-te-mu 14:4; 106:17; al-te-fmul 4:18; [a]l-te-mu 24:11; is-mu-rdl 110 r. 6'; tas-mu-i 3:7; ad-mu-d 2:4; 96:10; 99:4; dg-mu-ril 29:5; 83:8; [d&]-mu-i 20:17; fli-isl-mu-u 98:23 spu "foot" In the idiom harranaana iepi X Sakanu, "to dispatch X, to set X on the road": DUMU.LO.KIN sd be-lI-id it-ti LO.A.KIN-ia a-na URU Sd-pi-ia KASKAL* a-na* se-pi-sd be-lf lis-kun, "My lord should dispatch the messenger of my lord to Saplya with my messenger" 5:15-19; mdAG-DJ-[u]g gs a-na pa-an [S]ES-ia ds-pu-rral KASKAL [a]-na GIR"-sI SES-ti-a lis-kun, "Nabf- Ip[u]s, whom I sent to my [br]other, let my brother set him [o]n the road" 107:16-20; KASKAL a-na GIR "H s mdTam-meg-la-ma-a-a be-if lig-kun-ma, "My lord should set Tammes-lamaya on the road" 59:19-20; a-mi-lut-ta ina l[et] la-da-a>-ll i-ba-ds-su KASKAL a-na GIR " - gd be-if lis-kun, "There is a slave in the ch[arge] of Yada)-II. Let my lord set him on the road" 59:25-28; mdENd-sal-li &d be-if iS-pur KASKAL a-na GIRS-gd al-tak-na, "Bel-usalli, about whom my lord wrote, I have sent off on the road" 57:5-6; [(DN)] lu-u i-du ki-i la lib-b[u-d] LO-su lu ak-ta-ra-t[a] siStl LO.DUMU Sip-ri-Sd la il-la-kdm-ma la-rpa-anl sa-ar-ta-at-tu LO-a l+en la am-ju-ru [&ul-a-ma KASKAL" a-na GIR"n-Sal-tak-nu, "May [DN] know that I in fact did not detac[h](?) one slave o[f] his, that he and his messenger were not coming here, that I did not accept even a single slave by deceptive means, and that I would have set him on the road" 17:27-34; KASKAL" ana G[lR" LO.TUR.MES] Su-ku[n], "Se[t the agents] on the road" 76:24-25 In the idiomsgpi pardsu, "to bar access to": LO n[a-qid-d]i t.DINGIR.MES-ni am-m[i]-ni GIR" a-na pa(!)(copy: la)-[anl DINGIR.MES-e-ni ta-p[ar]- ra-si, "The he[rdsm]en of our temples-w[h]y are you ba[rr]ing them from our gods?" 103:5-8 In the idiom g'pi gullumu, "to guarantee safe conduct(?)" (see comment on No. 76:15-17): mi-rna-al KASKAL[] sEd DAM.GAR-nil [il-la-ku] Ll].M[ES] i-rna-dg-grl [GiRl" a-na-kuefl Eat-tal a-na muzh-b[i-sd] nu-fal-lam, "Whatever caravan journey that our merchant [makes] that brings along slav[es], we-both you and I-will guarantee safe conduct(?) fo[r it]" 76:11-17 ,esseku "scrubland(?)" See comment on No. 94 reverse be-if i-te se-&ek mu-ut-ti lik-tab-bi-si, "Let my lord keep contracting(?) the boundaries of the facing scrubland(?)" 94:25-26; t al-di la qaq-qar il-la-ra, lu-tir(?)-ram(!?)l-ma ina mubt-ti-'id-nu ge-gek lu-ri kun(?)l, "Before the holding is lost to us, let me return(? it to cultivation?), or let it be assigned(?) as scrubland(?) for their use" 94:29-31 se'u "grain" See also gamagsammu, u.ttatu t GU4 1.ME§ ni-ri se-e ul [ikl-[kal], "Oxen in the yoke do not e[at] grain" 94:32 si "she, that, this" (f. sg.) si-i 75:30; 82:16; 84:6; gi-fil 82:22; rfi-il 82:21, 30; SAL.BI 69:14 Sibsu "rent, tax" See also biltu, utqu (B); for discussion see comment on No. 102:5 ds-sg SE(!) sib~-i sd be-if is-pu-ra mSUM.NA-a lil-li-kdm-ma a-kan-na liSg-i atat-ta a-kan-na-ka SE.BAR mu-bur-sv, "Concerning the rent in grain about which my lord wrote to me-Let Nadni come and transport (it from) here. And (as for) you-receive the wheat from him there" 101:4-10; sd gi-ibsd sd be-If is-pur a-du-u aht-tir DUMU sip-ri sd be-lf-ia it-ti mSUM.NA-a lil-lik-ma SE.BAR li-in-du-rdul[ma] li-i[5-su], "As to the rent about which my lord wrote: I have now readied (it). Let the messenger of my lord go with Nadnf, and let them measure out the wheat [and] trans[port it]" 102:5-11 oi.uchicago.edu 386 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR sibu "farm" See also eqlu, qaqqaru; for discussion see comment on No. 93:11 [be-lf-i-nul a-bu-ukma Si-f il-[4u] Sd be-l(-i-nu sd ina KA- dil pi-si-ir-ti lup-hur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10; LO.ENGAR.MES sd si-i-hu um-ma kur-ban-nu si-i-hu(!) ma-ia-da ki-i la pa-ds-ra ul ta-a-bu a-na e-re-si, "The cultivators of the farm are saying, 'The clods of the farm are numerous; if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting'" 92:11-15; 70 1tRIN.UI.A LO1 si-i-h[u] sd be-la-ia d-tir t i FLl.JOS.SA.[DU.MES URU 1 gab-bi e1 uql-ta-at-tu-.'1, "My lord's farm-manager re-es-rsu-nul has (already) returned seventy workers; and all the city's neighbors have completed their planting" 93:11-15 GIS.APIN.FMES1 [a GU4 .MES] Sd LO.ENGAR.MES a-Fdi(?)l [x]-x-rkal gab-bi a-na KIN t 1 Aik ru "beer" [l SE.BAR fa-nal LU.SIMxGAR.MES [lid-dinl-ma KAS.SAG Isd Lr1 lta-re-e [sd be]-fli1-ia lib-lul, "Also, let him give wheat to the brewers that they(!) may brew beer for the diggers [of] my [lo]rd" 93:24-28 simfitu "purchasing" See comment on No. 64:11 In the idiom simfita aliku, "to go to make purchases": si-mu-tu ki-ril al-lik ina tup-pi s~ LO.GAR.KU ul is-tu-ru, "They did not write in the tablet of the governor that I had gone to make purchases" 64:11-15 gina (sini) "two" dAG lu-u i-de ki-i a-di 1+en si-ni i-lil-rtu(?)l a-malt-ha-ru-ku ki-i DUMU Sip-ra-a* a-na rSESI-id altap-r[a], "May Nabf know that before I receive even one or two dried figs from you, I will have had to sen[d] my messenger to my brother" 69:21-26 ,iniHu "twice" l+en-3s 2-id la kit-ta-a ah-tar-sa-a,"Have I even once or twice unjustly made a withdrawal?" 2:21-23 Sipatu "wool" See also argamannu, tabarrisadi(?), tabarru, takiltu ds-su SIG.UI.A sd be-li is-pur mdAG-DoJ-U u mNa-ba-a al-tap-ra um-ma al-ka-a-ma a-mur ki-i ina URU La-he-e-fril DUMU-gSU d Za-bi-ni SIG.II.A ig-fzul-zu [Eta]-an-tis sup-[ral-nim-ma [lul]-li-kdm-ma [sfG.JI].Al ina Su"-su flu-uml-hur, "Concerning the wool about which my lord wrote-I have sent Nabf-ipus and Naba saying, 'Go and see. If the son of Zabinu has sheared the wool in Labiru, [qui]ckly write to me and [I will c]ome and accept the [woo]l from him'" 46:6-16; siG.JI.A sd LU Pu-qu-du ul ba-na-a u KI.LAM-Si-na ul ba-na SfG.tI.A sd LO La-tie-e-ri ba-na-a t KI.LAM-si-na ba-na, "The wool of the PuqFidians is not good, and its price is not good. The wool of the Labirians (on the other hand) is good, and its price is good" 46:16-22; sd 5 MA.NA KU.BABBAR SG.UI.A ina Su" LO Pu-qu-da-a-a ki-i ag-zu-zu a-na 15 MA1.NA-ti ul id-lim j GfN.AM i-ma-ftu, "Of the wool valued at five minas of silver received from the Puqildians-when I sheared (it), it(?) did not amount(?) to five minas. They were each short one-third mina" 46:22-27; 3d taS-pu-ra um-ma slG.JI.A a-kan-na ia-a *a*-nu 20 Gt.UN SIG.JI.A ina let mdEN-SUM.NA a-du-a ina EN.LIL.KI Su-d su-pur-ma ma-la sd ta-da-ata SIG.II.A ina SU"-gs i-si sft-ta lu iak-nu, "About what you wrote to me, saying: 'There is no wool here.' There are twenty talents of wool in Bel-iddin's charge. He is now in Nippur. Write and take from him as much wool as you wish. The remainder will be stored" 48:5-16; ds-si sIG.ULA sd SESi-a is-pur a-du-ui LO.DUMU sip-ri-ia a-na LO Kal-da it-ta-lak ta-an-tfis a-na SES-ia i-ge-bi-li, "Concerning the wool about which my brother wrote-my messenger has now gone off to Chaldea. I will send a shipment to my brother right away" 49:4-11; fkil-i KO.BABBAR h SIG.UI.A a-na SES-ia Fludldin, "If it is silver or wool (that my brother desires), I can give (that) to my brother" 96:13-15; oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 387 d-de-e fgab(?)l-[bi] SiG qa*-tar-ra-a-ftil ta KA1 qul-mu-a AN.[BAR 1 it-ti-Su(!?) i-sgd-al ma-a'-da allpir-s't, "Deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es). I've already cleared out much of it" 35:21-25; a-na-[ku] r21 GO.ME ISIGl-[idJ] u(!?)[us(?)-b]u-[ta(?)-ku(?)], "I have been d[epr]iv[ed](?) of [my] two loads of wool" 72:13-14; rki-il 2 GO.ME SiG-rial u ki-i KO.BABBAR, "And whether it is my two loads of wool or whether it is the silver ... " 72:27-28; rLYf1.DAM.rGAR 1-ra SIG-i[a] (context broken) 72:25 sipru "work" GIS.APIN.[MES 1 [i GU4.MES] Sd LU.ENGAR.MES a-fdi(?)l [x]-x-rkal gab-bi a-na KIN rbe-lf-i-nul a-bu-uk- ma si-il-[tzu] sd be-lf-i-nu sd ina KA-isil pi-si-ir-ti lup-sur, "Bring all the plows [and oxen] of the cultivators together(?) with your [...] to the work-assignment of our lord, so that I may break up the soil on the fa[rm] of our lord that is in his quarter" 92:5-10 sipu "rafter" a mam-ma ina pa-an LU.ARAD.L.GAL.MES ia-a'-nu-um-fmal GIS.URI.MES gis-tal-li GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GIS i-i-pi a GIc.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-ds-firs1, "And (inasmuch as) there is absolutely no one in charge of the builders, no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon" 89:13-17 siqlu "shekel" See also dasannu, hatiu, kaspu, quilu GIN 12:22; 21:13, 16, 20; 24:18; 66:8, 12; 79:6, 7; 82:24; 86:27; 97:7, 11; rGfN 1 44:9, 17; 66:12; 97:9; [Gf]N 66:13; GfN.AM 46:26; KO.BABBAR GIN 41:22; FKU.BABBAR] GfN 56:6 sittu see sittu fs "he, it, that, this" (m. sg.) su-t 16:9; 23:30; 27:25; 40:11; 48:11; rfu-dl 17:20; sui-u 1:11; 2:35; 6:24; 17:30; 18:24; 20:19; 65:15; 83:19; 100:9; s'g(!)-u 12:17; rsul-i-ma 17:33; si-i-ma 2:5 subtu "dwelling" See also asabu, dsib dli gal-la gi(!)-d mi-iq-ti ina mulh-hti-g u a-na gub-ti-ni a-na a-si-ni u e-re-bi-ni SES-t-a lig-al, "... that stone has damage on it now. Therefore let my brother inquire about our (right) to go out and come back to our dwellings" 12:16-21 sulminu "present, gift (of greeting)" See also salamu, sulmis, sulmu, ta tu; for discussion see comment on No. 35:8-9 en-na a-du-4 ki-i MUN SES-d-a ti-qat-tu-ma i-pu-us ANSE.MES flal tu-mas-sar tir-rasg-g-nu-tiat-tu-ku gs-nu ta-a -ti gul-ma-a-nu a-rna mubj-hil i-di-ni, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them. (But if you think) they belong to you, give me a gratuity (or) present in exchange" 35:4-10; [gu]l-ma-n[a] ra-nal pa-[an] [SES-i]a ds-pu[ra] [en-na LU].TUR [gd] [SESl-i[a i)] [LO.DAM.G]AR-[rg1 a-rnal KA B[AD] lil-lik-u-rma* /ia-a-ful [sd] ina let t [Eril-ba fli-bul-[ku], "I have se[nt] a [g]if[t] to m[y brother]. Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge" 54:5-11 SulmiS (galmig) "in good condition" See also galdmu, gulmanu, gulmu; for discussion see comment on No. 24:7 ril-da-tam-fmal ul-tu mMu-gal-lim-dlM tas-pu-ram-ma 2 GU, gu-ul-mig ad-da-ds-sum-ma a-na i-sin-nu sd UNUG.KI ril-bu-uk, "This is to attest that after you sent Musallim-Adad to me, and I had given to him two oxen in good condition, he led (them) to the festival of Uruk" 24:4-10 oi.uchicago.edu 388 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Vulmu "well-being, safety, greeting" See also salamu, gulmdnu, Sulmis In greeting formulae: lu gul-mu 51:3; lu s'ull-mu 64:3; lu [gul-mul 69:3; lu su[l-mu] 40:3; l[u sidl-mu] 15:4; lu- sulmu 13:5; 28:3; 52:3; 70:3; 89:3; 102:4; lu-u sul-m[u] 73:3; flu-ui ull-m[u] 54:3; lu-uti ul-mul 21:4; lu-u gu[l-mu] 107:3; rlul-id u[l-mu] 96:4; lu-a s[ul-mu] 43:3; rlu-i sull-mu 48:3; rlul-i [gul]mu 26:3; lu-'T1 [sul-mu] 17:3; lu-u s•l-mu 1:3; 34:3; lu- Jg'l-mu 3:3; 12:5; 66:3; 78:3; 82:4; luUi S'[l-mu] 85:3; lu-[il su-lum 61:3; lu-i s u-l[um] 23:3; [lu-u sul-mu] 92:3; a-na gul-mu 90:3 tup-pi a-na sul-mu cd SES-id al-tap-r[a], "I have written and sen[t] my tablet to inquire about the well-being of my brother" 1:7-8; SES-a-a tup-pa-g' giil-m[u-gSi] rgil-mu g1l 'Zar-pa-[ni-tu] sd6 LU qall-la-lu-ai-[ti-su]'a gd LU(?).MES(?)1-r.fg(?)1 [lig(?)-pur(?)-ma(?)] lu-mas-s[i], "Let my brother [write(?)] so that I may have new[s] of [his] well-be[ing], of the well-being of Zarpa[nitu], of [his] slave b[oys], and of his slave men(?)" 82:5-9; u 4-mu-us-su man-nu DUMU URU sd a-tam-mar sul-mu sd SES-ia a-sd-'a-la, "Daily, whatever native of the city I see, I inquire about the well-being of my brother" 70:5-8; ma-la-a rtRIN.MES1 id it-ti-ka flil-tab-ka [ba]l-tu-sd-nu [li-i]t-tab-Fgsu-u a-d[i] i-na gu[l-m]u 'a-nal URU-ai-fnul fru-nu il-nt-eh-hi-Fsul, "Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive). [Let] them remain [vi]gorous unt[il] they return sa[fe]ly to their town" 29:2128; a-du-u LO.DUMU sip-ri a-na gul-mu gd SES-ia al-tap-ra rba-anl-tisg r•ES-i-al tup-pi-su u gu-l[umig] lu-a-mas-sa-lmal lis-pu-ra, "Now I've written to inquire about my brother's well-being. Quickly, let my brother find his tablet and [his] greet[ing] and let him send a letter to me" 107:9-15; di-ni sd be-li DU-us me-nam-ma kal-an-nu ba-an-tis [be-lI tup-pa]-Fril u SILIM-ga lis-pur, "The decision which my lord made-why is he withholding it from me? Quickly, let [my lord] send his [tablet] and greeting" 21:22-25; SES-U-a tup-pi-si gu-lum-gs lis-pu-ra, "My brother should send me his tablet a-di mdAG-KAR-ir a-na sIull(and) his greeting" 70:25-26; en-na a-rdul-ui SAL1 mdTam-mes-la-ma-a-a mu be-li-ia al-tap-ra, "Just now I have sent the woman of Tammes-lamaya together with Nabi-Etir u.DUMU.KIN-fkal ul am-mar i rigu-lum-rgul ul ta-I ap-parl ba-an-tis to greet my lord" 59:15-18; L su-'lum-gu mus-sil-ma sup-ra mdAG-fSES.MES-.SUM.NAI LUJ.DUB.SAR-kal-ma dAG u dFAMAR.UTUl a-na be-li-id lik-ru-bu [lisg-tur-ma] gu-lum-gd [b]e-lf lu-mas-s[i-ma] lis-pu-ra, "I don't see your messenger, nor are you sending your greeting. Quickly! Find your greeting and send it to me. Nabf-abbliddin, who is your scribe, [let him write]: 'May NabQ and Marduk bless my lord' [Then] let my [l]ord fin[d] his greeting [and] send it to me" 85:17-25; [aml-me-rnil ul-rtul a-na LO i A-'raml talrlikl t.-en-fgal 1Žgu-lumr-gal Flal a-sem-Imul na-kut-ti dr-rsfk-kul, "After you went to the people of Bit-Aram, why don't I hear your news or your greeting? I have started worrying about you" 104:4-9 sumu "name" mduTul-eri-ba LO.MA.LAU 4 'itl-ti-ka a-gap-par-ma 'MU LO1 sar-ru-ti-su ril-qab-bak-ka i 15+1 GIN K%.BABBAR ta-nam-da-6g-gi, "I will send Sama'-eriba, the boatman, with you; he will tell you the names of his kidnappers, and you will give him five shekels of silver" 86:23-27 In the idiom gum ili i0l0, "to swear an oath": •u-mi DINGIR.MES be-li rlul-Se-la-a a-na pa-ni-ka lul-rlikl, "Let my lord swear an oath to me, (and) I will come before you'" 80:13-14; mSd-lim ina pa-ni-ka la tu-masg-ar gSi--ma a-na l+en a-hi la i-4al-liq a-di a-gap-pa-ram-ma MU DINGIR i-se-la-dig-gi dr-ki-si sup-ras-si, "You must not let Salim out of your sight. He must not run away to someone else before I can write and swear an oath concerning him. After that, send him to me" 2:4-9; MU DINGIR rgu1la-a um-ma ma-la-a 'IRIN.MES 1 sd it-ti-ka rlil-tab-ka, "Swear to me by god, saying: 'Let each and every man who is with you be brought back (alive)'" 29:19-23; [a]-[nal muth-li mi-ri l [ni] Ina-sikl LfO U-bu-lu, um-ma IMU DINGIR 1 gu-[l]a-a mB a-ni-ia rul tal-pal-ldb, "[O]n wh[at] account is the shaykh of the Ubilu tribe saying: 'Sw[ea]r an oath by god to me (that) you will not fear Biniya'?" 98:16-20 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 389 §unu "they" (m. pl.) su-nu 61:9; riu-nul 29:28; su-nu 1:9; 16:26; 35:8; 61:7; 79:6; s'-rnul 92:37 supala "below, downstream" [m]an-nu 9d UGO-ka-ma [il] id su-pa-la-ka [a]-Sib gSEi.BAR be-li it-tan-nu-rsil, "[Wh]oever [is s]ettied upstream [or] downstream of you, my lord has given him wheat(-acreage)" 97:22-24 sursudu see rasddu sfit "those of, those which, who" DINGIR.MES sui-ut .KU[R] u EN.LfL.KI ZI.MES sd SES-ridl li-is-su-ru "May the gods of Eku[r] and Nippur guard my brother's life" 1:4-5 sit resi see sa resi tabarri sadi(?) "imported(?) red wool" See also argamannu, sipdtu, tabarru, takiltu; for discussion see comment on No. 45:10 and 13 sfG.IJg.ME.DA.KUR.JRAl r)l SIG.ZAl.GIN.KUR.RA la TSu"l-[gt] ram-hurl, "I received from [his] hands the imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool" 45:10-11; ria-nu-al-ma Su-bil SIG.r•E1.ME.DA.KUR.RA u SfG.ZA.GIN.KUR.RA a-kan-na ma-a -da*, "Send absolutely nothing. There is much imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool here" 45:12-14 tabarru "red wool" See also argamannu, ispdtu, tabarrisadi(?), takiltu FDAMI.GAR ki-i SiG.!t 10 GUR (erasure) 1lal i-nam-di-rka INIM 1 [a-n]a mNa-di-nu DUMU "x-[x(-x)] rq[lbi-ma FKIJ.BABBARl sup-r[as-su ... (broken)], "The merchant-if he will not give you ten kor of red wool-say something [t]o NMdinu, son of [PN], send [him] silver, [and he will ... .]" 45:14-18 tabbanitu see tabnitu tabnitu (tabbanitu) "sacrificial table, meal" See also ban?, budu, isinnu, mubanna ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES mam-ma tab-ni-tu ina I.DINGIR ul fi-ban-fnul, "For a long time no one has arranged the sacrificial table in the temple" 17:35-37; en-na a-Inal mMar-duk SES-d-a liq-bi-ma U, GIS.MA &drfDl lu-se-bi-lam-ma rtab-ne-el-tu i-na lib-bi lu-be-en-_nul, "My brother should now speak to (the man) Marduk to have a riverboat transport a flock here so that they may arrange the sacrificial tables therewith" 17:37-41; u4-mu GIS.KIN SES-[i-a] u-seb-bil 2 fxl [x] FLOI.DIM tab(!)-ba-[nitu] a-na SES-ia i-g[eb-bil], "When [my] brother sends the kifkanu-wood, I wi[ll send] to my brother the two [...] temple coo[ks]" 10:16-19 tahlaptu (talduptu) "cloak" See also musiptu, subdtu an-ni-ti lu-i i-da-at ul-tu a-qab-bak-ka TUG tah-lap-ti x-x(-x), "This is to testify that after I was speaking to you, he(?) ... a cloak" 86:13-17 takilu "to trust" (G); "to assure, give assurance" (D) G-stem: a-di 10 tRIN.MES it-ti-gi ti-alt-li-qu a-na mut-lzi-ka ki-i at-ta-ki-la (Ii-bil-tatalt-te-bi-la-anni, "But right up to the time that he made ten men run away with him, you were doing me wrongeven though I trusted you" 11:14-19 D-stem: en-na a-na a-kan-na-ak-ka um-ma lul-lik pal-tha-ka ki-i tu-ta-kal-la-a-nu su-mi DINGIR.MES be-if rlul-se-la-a a-na pa-ni-ka lul-(likl, "Now, over there, he is saying: 'I would go, but I am afraid. If you would give me assurances, let my lord swear an oath to me, (and) I will come before you'" 80:9-14 oi.uchicago.edu 390 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR takiltu "blue-purple wool" See also argamannu, sipdtu, tabarri Sadt(?), tabarru am-me-ni a-na SES-ia la ds-pur um-ma sd 5 MA.NA KJ.BABBAR <<5 MA.NA KO.BABBAR> SIG ta-kil-tu t) sfG dr-ga-man-nu muji-ram-ma Fsul-bil, "Why didn't I just write to my brother and say: 'Buy and send me blue-purple and red-purple wool worth five minas of silver'?" 1:32-36; ina ULO1 Kal-du gab-bi-si ki-ril u-ba-,u-u sIG ta-kil-tu ba-ni-ti t sif dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-u i[a]-a)-nu, "When I searched the length of Chaldea, there w[as]n't any good-quality blue-purple wool or any fine-quality red-purple wool" 1:36-39; en-na sIG ta-kil-ti bab-ba-n[i]-t[a] sfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-til 11 sfG ta-kil-tu lib-bu-i Sd a-na TOG mu-sip-tu sd SES-id i-malzh-ha-su ina Su" "Mu-ru SES-l-a lu-ge-bil, "My brother should now send in the hands of Murru some f[i]n[e] blue-purple and red-purple wool and also some blue-purple wool out of which they can weave my brother's musiptu-textile" 1:40-45; SIG.Ut.ME.DA.KUR.rRA1 r1• rSIG.ZA1.GIN.KUR.RA la rSU"1-[Kii] ram-burl, "I received from [his] hands the imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool" 45:10-11; lia-nu-al-ma u-bil sfG.JUET.ME.DA.KUR.RA u SIG.ZA.GIN.KUR.RA a-kan-na ma-a'-da*, "Send absolutely nothing. There is much imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool here" 45:12-14 tamirtu "region, vicinity" 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES z) 3 tRIN.MES ul-rtul ta-mir-tu rla-ki-nul a-kan-na-ka rit-tab-til, "Five camels and three laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there" 4:4-7 tamkiiru "merchant, trader" See also alaktu, dlik harrdni, harrdnu, karu (A), silullu, suhdru rkil-i mdAMAR.UTU-LUGAL-a-ni it-tal-ka ki-i ha-du-u a-na fKA.DINGIRL.RA.KI it-ti-sti liS-Si u rki-il a-kanrnal a-na LO.DAM.GAR lid-din, "If Marduk-sarrini comes, let him carry with him to Babylon whatever he wishes. Or if (he wishes), let him hand it over here to a merchant" 38:12-16; en-rna alna "mAMAR.UTU-[LUGAL-a-nil rbe-lil lis-pu-ram-ma i-rnal GIS.MA.MES sd LO.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.MES a-na paan ITL.BARA 1 ra-nal KA.DINGIR.RA.K[I lis-gi] 1tl ki-i a-na LO.DA[M.GAR.ME]S, "Now my lord should write to Marduk-sarrdni [that he should transport (it)] to Babylo[n] in the boats of the men of Babylon before Nisannu, even if it is to the me[rchant]s" 38:17-23; rki-i SES1-ri-a la il-lik FKU. BABBAR a-nal 1+en lib-bu-u a-lik KASKAL".ME SES-d-a lu--gse-bi-li LO.DAM.GAR-gdi te-ku-tu la i-gak- kan um-ma a-na ha-ra-pi ul taq-ba-nim-ma ul ak-li-su LO a-me-lu-tu a-na hu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-dgsu L LO.TUR.MES ik-te-lu-sg, "If my brother himself hasn't (yet) come, my brother should send silver to one of the travelers. His merchant mustn't lodge a complaint, saying: 'You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him. The slave-you've allowed him to escape, and agents have detained him'" 81:16-29; 5 ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES at 3 tRIN.MES ul-Ftul ta-mir-tu i Flaki-nul a-kan-na-ka rit-tab-gsu li-mur-gs-nu-rtul a-di la Su" FLO.DAM.GARl i-kas-rid-dul sup-ram-ma rlul-li-kdm-mal ki-i sd pu-tu-ru lu-up-fur-dg-gs-nu-t[u], "Five camels and three laborers from the region of Bit-Yakin have appeared there. Let him locate them. Before the merchant gets hold of them, write to me. Then let me come; and if they are for ransom, let me ransom the[m]" 4:4-13; [ais-ia] SAL a-rmill-[tu] i~d ES-ril-[a] ris-purl a-na-ku di-p[ur] ral-na rgd-a-sgal a-di LI3.DA[M.GAR] dipur-ma ul-rtul U[RU.BAR]A.DUMU ra-bul-kas, "[Concerning] the slave wo[man] about whom m[y] brother wrote-I myself se[nt] a letter to him. I sent (it) along with the mer[chant], and I then led her(?) from [Par]ak-mari" 82:9-14; ki-i pa-an SES-id ma[it-r]u lia-dig la-pa-an LO.DAM.LGAR1 lu-usSam-ma rlul-se-rbil-lak-ka, "[N]ow if it su[it]s my brother, I will gladly convey her from the merchant and have (her) brought to you" 82:26-29; [ki-i] rLO.DAM.GAR ik-tal-d[u] [1) i-na uN-m]u tatam-ru rUDU.MESi Sul-lim-gs, "[If] the merchant has already arriv[ed], [then as soon] as you see (him), compensate him for the sheep" 24:28-30; rDAM 1.GAR ki-i sfI.u1t 10 GUR (erasure) rlal i-namdi-Fka INIM1 [a-n]a mNa-di-nu DUMU "x-[x(-x)] rqil-bi-ma rKU.BABBAR1 Sup-r[aSg-g ... (broken)], "The merchant-if he will not give you ten kor of red wool-say something [t]o Nadinu, son of [PN], send [him] silver, [and he will ... .]" 45:14-19; rgab(?)l-b[i(?) a-na L]0.'DAM.GAR1.MES a-kan-n[a- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 391 ka] [il-din-a-ma LO a-mi-[lu-tu a]-ga-a* sd i-bu-[ka] ma-aw-da lba-nal-[a], "He indeed gave al[l(?) the ... to the m]erchants the[re]; but [th]ese sla[ves] whom he le[d here] are of very good qual[ity]" 45:21-25; ki-i pi-i a[n-ni-i u]l raql-bi um-ma ma-la sd [se-ba-a-ta] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA.[KI ib-ba-ka] meres-ti-sril KU.[BABBAR X x x (x)] gab-bi LJ.DA[M.GAR x x x (x)], "Did I [no]t say as fo[llows]: 'All that [you desire he will bring] from Ela[m]'? His consignment, the sil[ver, and(?)] all the [...], the mer[chant ... ]" 43:9-13; [en-na LO].TUR [sd] rSES1-i[a 4] [L(.DAM.G]AR-rS[il a-rnal KA B[AD] lil-liku-rma* ha-a-tul [s]d ina let m ~Eril-ba rli-bul-[ku], "[Now] let an agent [of] m[y] brother [and] his [merch]ant go to the to[wn g]ate and fet[ch] the cash payment [which is] in Eriba's charge" 54:711; rki(?)-i(?)1 rSES-rl-[a] a[t-t]a sup-[ra-mal LO.D[AM.GA]R TUR.MES r•l-[sleb-fbill, "If(?) y[o]u are [my] brother, write to me, and I will d[is]patch a m[erchan]t (and) agents" 75:12-15; mi-rna-al KASKAL["] •fdDAM.GAR-nil [il-la-ku] ULOI.M[ES] i-rna-ds-situl GiRl" a-na-ku [i 1 at-tal a-na mu/j-h[i- Id] nu-al-lam, "Whatever caravan journey that our merchant [makes] that brings along slav[es], we-both you and I-will guarantee safe conduct fo[r it]" 76:11-17; as-sui zu-ub-ta U LO.DAM.GAR sd tas-pur ba-bi-ta-nu at-tu-ka Lf.DAM.GAR DUMU TIN.TIR.KI, "Concerning the captive and merchant about whom you wrote: 'The marauders are yours, and the merchant is a citizen of Babylon'" 28:59; Ljl-ia, sd ina let SES-id Fal-du-u L7O.DAM.GAR [a]-sap-pa-rak-ka,"(Concerning) my slave who is in my brother's charge-[I am] now sending a merchant to you" 86:4-6; ra-du-u i 1 GIS gam-mis kili a-murl ana pi a-na 1 GIN LU.DAM.GAR [i]p-ta-ra-as ratl-ta-si-fqul, "Now when I saw gammi'-wood, the merchant [d]ivided (it) into exact one-shekel portions (and) I made a selection" 97:6-8; rmaliti-ra-a-ti [sd SE.BAR at [SE].GIS.I.MES sd be-li [is-pu-ra] [L]O.JDAMl.GAR ul i-man-[gur] [x(-x)]-x-ti ul i-nam-[din], "Equivalents in wheat and [ses]ame, about which my lord [wrote], the [mer]chant will not acc[ept]. He will not se[ll ... ]" 97:13-16; rkil-i me-res-ti rLU.DAM.GAR1 ta-mar r2 MA.NA 5 GIN1 i-din-ma t me-res-til bab-ba-n[i-ti] [muht-raml-ma, "If you see the merchant's consignment, give two minas, five shekels, and buy a fine-qual[ity] consignment" 44:7-11; ul-rtul rDAM(?)1.[GAR.MES] u TUR.MES [x X x] i-de-e rgab(?)l-[bi] SIG qa*-tar-ra-a-Ftil1 KA1 qul-mu-d AN.JBARI it-ti-su(!?) i-Sd- tal, "From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es)" 35:19-24; fLru.DAM.RGARl-ra SIG-i[a] (context broken) 72:25; frL0.D[AM(?).GAR(?)] (context broken) 108:10 tamuf "to swear" a-na-ku at-ma-ka um-ma dAG u MES.TAK.KA ki-i as-si-qf-ma la ba-nu-u, "I have personally sworn to you, saying: 'By Nabfl and MES.TAK.KA, I did not choose any that were no good'" 60:23-25; "NuU-ru 4-gS dib-bu a-na mull-li-frid ub-te-e dtTU ul i-ta-ma-id, "Nfru has four times sought an agreement with me. But by Samas, he will not swear to it" 13:11-15 thru "to return (intrans.); to be proved guilty, to be convicted; to turn into, become" (G); "to return, give back; to repeat; to turn into (trans.); to take (away) captive" (D) G-stem: mMu-seb-si d½dsg-pu-rak-ka ri-qu-us-su la i-tur-ru LO qal-la-lu-d-tu ki-lal-le-e in-na-dsg-umma it-ti-gi li-bu-uk, "Mu1ebsi, whom I sent to you, must not return empty-handed. Give him both slave boys that he may bring (them) with him" 79:15-21; mKit-nu-sgd L01.EN.LIL.KI [k]i-i a-na UNUG.KI rit(?).tur(?)1-ma DINGIR.MES lis-al-u-rnil k[i]-ril dib-bi an-nu-a-tu [ki-nu]-Fi(?)l, "[I]f KitnuSa, the Nippurian, has returned(?) to Uruk, let them ask the gods whether these words are [tru]e" 110 r. 7'-10'; LUGAL i-ta-ri um-ma KO.BABBAR-ma i-iS ul i-man-gur um-ma ANSE.KUNGA.MES bab-ba-nutd-tul ab-ka-nim-ma ridl-na-ni, "The king will return and say: 'The silver--where is it?' He won't consent. He'll say, 'Bring me fine mules and give (them) to me'" 56:17-22; a-na ID ljur-gd-na beIf rliml-[pur]-rds-nu-til-maki-i it-rtul-ru-d-rni al-na lii-bil<-ti>-&ii-nurbe-lfl li-x-x-Si-nu-rtil, "Let my lord se[nd] them to the river ordeal; and if they are proved guilty, let my lord [...] them for their wrong<doing>" 110 r. 11'-14'; mTam-mas-]l a-na pa-ni-id ki-i tas-pur di-rnil ina pa-an LO.A.KIN-ka ki-i id-bu-bu it-tu-ra, "When you sent Tammas-Il to me, (and) when they had prosecuted the case in the presence of your messenger, he was proved guilty" 23:11-13; tRIN.JMESl-ia 0 GU4.MES-ia ta[t- oi.uchicago.edu 392 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR tab-ti en-na rlu-61 ti-da-a rki-il at-tu-na a-na EN KOR-ia ta-tu(erasure)-rral,"You have plundered my men and my cattle. Now you should know that they belong to us. You have become my enemy" 8:4-9; ba-tu u mi-res-t[i(!)] be-liki-i u-se-bi-li ANSE.KUN[GA.MES] ul-tu KUR.NIM.MA in-da-jiar u "Nu-[um-mu-ru] a-na be-lf(!) di(!)-ni Id be-lf-ia it-tu-r[u], "After my lord sent both a cash payment and trading capi[tal], he came into possession of the mul[es] from Elam, and Nu[mmuru] becam[e] my lord's adversary in court" 57:21-24; ul-tu UGU u,-mu a-ga-a a-na DUMU* sd be-lf-ia at-tu[r], "From this day forth I have beco[me] a son of my lord" 59:22-24 D-stem: ki-i a-fkan-nal-ka mam-ma Su-su-nu is-sab-tu-ma a-rna 1+en(?)l [a(?)-bi(?)] it-tan-nu (erasure) mi-nu-ii be-lf i-tar-ra, "If someone there has taken his(!) hand and given (him) to someone(?) [else](?), what will my lord give me in return?" 83:22-24; a GU4-ka sd bab-tu U-tar-rak-rkal, "Moreover, your ox which has been plundered I will return to you" 24:25-27; Li Tam-timl [x(-x)].JMES gab-bil d-tar-rrul, "The Sealanders will return all the [...]." 20:6-7; am-me-ni dib-bi an-nu-d-rtul ia-a-rmal-a-ti be-if rdl-tir, "Why has my lord repeated(?) each and every one of(?) these words?" 110:10-12; 70 rtRIrN.jI.A LUl Si-i-b[u] sd rbe-lf-ia i-tir 1 1TLI1.uS.SA.rDU.MES URU1 gab-bi e-re-es-rsunul ruql-ta-at-tu-rl, "My lord's farm-manager has (already) returned seventy workers; and all the city's neighbors have completed their planting" 93:11-15; en-na rUSl.UDU.UI.A.MES s6 mGu-fdul-[x(x)] [LOJ].SIPA dl-tir-ri [Ui] ANSE.A.AB.BA [6 m]dAG-A.GAL rnil-i-ni nu-tir, "Now the [sh]epherd has returned the flocks of Gudu[...]. [And] we ourselves have returned the camel [of] Nabu-le'i" 103:12-17; am-me-ni LO bal-qu tu-tir-ram-ma a-na LO be-if KOR-ia ta-nam-fdinl, "Why did you capture the runaway and are now giving him to my enemy?" 2:30-32; LI.GAKKUL ra-nal t-Fgi(?)l nii-ni nu-tir, "We ourselves have returned the brick-molder(?) to his house" 103:25-26; rkitl-ta a-kanna-ka KI.LAM-ial ah-mid qu-di-lil ki-pi-it-ma rtirl-ru, "In truth, I've covered over my market stall there. Collect the coils and return them to me" 35:25-28; KU.BABBAR tir-ram-[ma] lu(!)-bi-bu-nu, "Return the silver so [that] they may clear me of the claims" 65:8-9; me-res-ti sd LO.TUR.MES adi-kan-na Sak-na-at ki-i LO a-me-lu-tu ia-a'-nu KU.BABBAR tir-ra[m-m]a [...], "The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. If there are no slaves, return the silver [a]nd [...]" 40:2630; en-na a-du-a ki-i MUN SES-u-a u-qat-tu-ma i-pu-ul ANSE.MES rlal tu-mas-sar tir-rag-gd-nu-ti, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them" 35:4-7; ANSE.MES Fanl-nu-[u-tu lu-u rita-tul-[a-a] tir-rram-mal, "Return those donkeys to me even if they are [my] gratui[ties]" 35:15-17; RIRN.MES-ia it GU4.MES-id tir-ra-nim-ma bi-naa-nu £ rq-in-nu-u1 [at-tu-n]u-rmal tEN 1 6-bar-ku-nu a-na-ku, "Please give back my men and my cattle. Then [yo]u will be kinsmen, and I will be your foreign host" 8:9-15; be-if liq-ba-ds-sum-ma rLUJ qal-la lu-tir-r[a] DUMU m9ak-ni DUMU "Ha-la-pi ia-f, "Let my lord command him that he should return the slave boy. He is a son of Saknu, son of Ualapu" 6:20-24; a-di la qaq-qar il-la-ra, lutir(?)-ram(!?)1 -ma ina muh-bi-su-nu Se-sek lu-ru kun(?)1, "Before the holding is lost to us, let me return(? it to cultivation?), or let it be assigned(?) as scrubland(?) for their use" 94:29-31 In the idiom gimilla turru, "to wreak vengeance": [ki-i] ritl-bu-ta-ni ina bi-[ri-ni] riq-bul-nu um-rmal [gi-mil-l]a ut-tir-ru um-[ma en-na] ib-rbuun-ni l Sulu"-[ni lik-Su-da], "[After] he plundered me, am[ong us] they spoke saying (not only): 'They have wreaked [vengeanc]e,' (but) also: '[Now let us re]cover our loss'" 20:7-11 teblh "to rebel, attack, get under way" See also tebd a-rdu-.l 2 ME GIS.BAN.MES LO.TUR.MES i-te-eb-b[u], "Now, two hundred bows! The servants are rebell[ing]!" 10:14-15; a-du-a et-ti-bi pa-an-ia du-gu-lu* a-di l-le-bi-li-ka GU4 .MES* Sd-nu-um-ma la* tu-ba->a, "I've gotten under way now. Wait for me. Until I send you (a dispatch), don't look for other oxen" 55:6-10; dul-lu-la-nu mul-su it-ti-bi be-li-a-ni ki-i il-li-ka mi-na-a ni-qab-bi, "Their work has been abandoned. He's gotten under way-our lord. When he has come, what will we say?" 89:18-21 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 393 tebfi "rebel, insurgent" See also jidbitu, sarru, tebO; for discussion see comment on No. 7:7 and 19 ZI.MES ina UGU-i-nu i-ba-ds-su tal-lak-ma bal-qa-a-ta, "There are rebels among us. If you go, you'll perish" 10:27-29; renl-[na a-du]-ril [k]i-i ZI.MES id SES-ril-nu [l]a ul-tal-li-mu [u]RU Il-ta-zi-nu [i]tti-ka ab-[k]a, "N[ow the]n, [i]f the rebels of our brother have [n]ot completely achieved their goal, br[in]g the [settle]ment of Iltazinu here [w]ith you" 7:6-10; a a-ga-rnul ki-i ta-b[u]-uk [l]a-pa-an ZIMES man-nu [p]u-ut-su-nu i-mal-fbas, "But if you have l[e]d these away (already), who is going to [k]eep them safe from the rebels?" 7:17-20 tekftu (tikitu) "complaint" See comment on No. 81:20-21 u mim-mu- i td-e-mu sak-na-a-ti gab-bi lu-sam-bi-i-ri te-ku-ut-ka ul mur-ri-rat, "And you make all kinds of reports-Should I treat them all the same way? Your complaint isn't (even) being looked into" 92:30-33 In the idiom tikiita gakanu, "to complain, lodge a complaint": LO.DAM.GAR-gs te-ku-tu la i-gak-kan um-ma a-na ha-ra-pi ul taq-ba-nim-ma ul ak-li-s' LU a- me-lu-tu a-na hu-ul-lu-qu na-tan-ta-ds-su ii LI.TUR.MES ik-te-lu-gs, "His merchant mustn't lodge a complaint, saying: 'You didn't tell me soon enough and therefore I wasn't able to detain him. The slave-you've allowed him to escape, and agents have detained him'" 81:20-29; en-na te-ku-j-rdtul la ta-sak-kan SE.BAR-a la ta-se-[lu], "Now don't complain. Don't be negli[gent] about my wheat" 95:13-15 tilitu see bitu sa teliti tibtu "goodwill, friendship; alliance" See also ade, ayyalu, bil tabti, dibbu, kittu, salamu, sulumma, tabu, tabu, tdbuitu, tuibu ina mah-rril-i L[0] sar-ru-ti-rialsd LO-ti-fkal ki-i t-sab-bit l+en 5 KU.BABBAR ta-an-da-htar-as-nutu ina lib-bi an-rnil-i MUN.UI.A-a bu-su-u[s], "Previously when I captured my kidnappers of your slaves, you received them for (only) five (shekels) of silver each. Remem[ber] this goodwill of mine" 2:26-30; sad-d[a]-rqdd(?)1 ul-tu frtbl-tid a-[de]-Fel it-ti ral-ta-mes ni-is-ba-rtal [ul] ka-agd nu-ul-rtas-bitl-ka, "Last [ye]ar(?), when we entered a(n alliance of) friendship and tr[ea]ty together, did we [not] cause you to enter (it) as well?" 7:13-16 tibu "good(will)" See also bil tdbti, salamu, sulummu, dtabtu, tabu, tbibatu, tffbu For discussion see note to No. 13:6-7 LO Hi-in-da-ri gab-bi ta-a-bi ril-qa-ti, "The Jindaru have put an end to all good(will)" 13:6-8 tabu "to be good, safe, pleasant" See also bil tafbti, .tdbtu, tabu, tdbatu, tabu LO.ENGAR.MES gd si-i-jlu um-ma kur-ban-nu si-i-tu(!) ma-)a-da ki-i la pa-ds-ra ul ta-a-bu a-na e-resi, "The cultivators of the farm are saying, 'The clods of the farm are numerous; if they are not broken up, it will not be good for planting'" 92:11-15; KASKAL" rkal-da-rnal ul ta-a-bi SAL Fal-miltu ul a-sap-pa-rak-ka pa-an lud-Fgull-ma ds-Sd-a KASKAL" ta-a!t-!d-aml ul a-kil-li-sa, "The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. Let me wait a while. As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:19-25; a-de-e-ni AD a-na DUMU it-ta-din AN-a ki-i a-na-ku a at-ta ni-par-rral-[a]sa-&ar di-nu i-du-a a la di-nu i-dab-bu-bu ina let l -di'W, "Our treaty-given father to son-by Heaven, you and I can not bre[a]k dEN u dAG ul i-tib-ba (it). Where one knows the law and one litigates without due process, it will not be pleasant for him in the jurisdiction of Bel and Nabf" 23:5-10 oi.uchicago.edu 394 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR tibfitu "alliance, friendly relations" See also ade, ayyalu, bil tdbti, dibbu, kittu, saldmu, sulumm2, rtdbtu, tdbu, t!dbu, .abu See comments on No. 1:13 and No. 30:17 SES-a-a dib-ba fa-bu-tu it-ti-ftil [l]id-bu-ub, "My brother [sh]ould speak with him about an alliance" 1:13-14; ki-i SES-U-tu di MUN.UI.A se-ba-ta LU lu-i sa-bit, "If you desire brotherhood and friendly relations, let the man be held in confinement" 2:9-11; en-na a-du-ti ki-i MUN SES-ii-a i-qat-tu-ma i-pu-us ANSE.MES 1lal tu-masg-ar tir-ras-si-nu-ti,"Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them" 35:4-7; MUN.UI.A [kil-i te-pu-us qu-utti-sg-ma, "Just as you made the alliance, put an end to it" 30:17-18 ta'tu (tdtu) "gratuity" See also sulmdnu; for discussion see comment on No. 35:8-9 en-na a-du-u ki-i MUN SES--l-a d-qat-tu-ma i-pu-us ANSE.MES [lal tu-masg-ar tir-ras-sg-nu-ti at-tu-ku si-nu .ta-a'-ti ul-ma-a-nu a-Fna muh-bil i-di-ni, "Now then, if my brother has made a complete end to friendly relations, don't let the donkeys go. Return them. (But if you think) they belong to you, give me a gratuity (or) present in exchange" 35:4-10; ANSE.MES ranl-nu-ri-tul lu-ti tfatu1-[d-a] tirrram-mal, "Return those donkeys to me even if they are [my] gratui[ties]" 35:15-17 teiimu "to take charge of" See comment on No. 34:24 n KASKAL' kal-da-fnal ul ta-a-bi SAL fal-mil-tu ul a-Sap-pa-rak-ka pa-an lud-rgull-ma 6g-gd-a KASKAL" ta-at.t•-faml ul a-kil-li-si, "The road of the guard-posts is not safe; I am not sending the slave woman to you. Let me wait a while. As soon as you have taken charge of the road, I won't hold her back" 34:19-25 t.mu "report, news, instructions; mind, will, discretion, volition" ds-si ti-e-me gS LO Kal-du Sa SES-'-a is-pu-ra LO ma-dak-tu gab-bi i-de-ek-ku-d um-ma rSE1.BAR id URU La-rak ni-ik-kal, "Concerning the report about the Chaldeans about which my brother sent me a letter-they are mobilizing the entire campaigning army. They are saying, 'We will eat the wheat mDa-ku-ru [a-d]u-t ne-bd-ri is-sab-tu-nu, "[N]ews about Bitof Larak'" 34:5-10; [tf]-e-mu gS Dakkiri: [No]w they have seized the river-crossing from us" 16:22-24; ds-siti t•m[u gd] t mI[a-k]iFnul [dV] Ftagl-pur-rralLO Tam-Ttiml [x(-x)].rMES gab-bil d-tar-rrul, "Concerning the repo[rt about] Bit-Y[ak]in [about which] you wrote to me-the Sealanders will return all the [...]" 20:4-7; ds-su tfee-mu sd LJ rLa-hi-rul sd SES-di-a iS-pu-r[a] LO.DUMU sip-ri.MES sd [mx-x]-x-a ul-tu BAD i[l-li]-Fkuu-nil, "Concerning the report about the Labirians about which my brother wrote to m[e]-the messengers of [P]N c[am]e here from D&r(?)" 43:5-8; [mMU-rSUM LO.DUMU Sip-ril-ia ft.-el-mu i-frisl a-na be-lf-rial liq-bi, "Suma-iddin, my messenger, has requested instructions. Let him speak to my lord" 110:6-8; ki-i KASKAL sd m DU(!)-NUMUN ril-ba-dS-su-t- [be]-f1f( lis-pur [m]i-nu-u`t-e-mi [sd] LO Kal-du [b]e-lf lu-mas-si-rmal liS-pu[r], "If the journey of Mukin-zeri is going to take place, my [lo]rd should write. [Wh]atever news (there is) [about] Chaldea, my [l]ord should find out and writ[e]" 21:6-12; ds-si tO-e-mu &d LO Kal-du gd tas-pur LO.DUMU uip-ri-ia id a-na mDU-NUMUN il-lik a-di-kanna ul ij -bi-si, "Concerning the news about Chaldea about which you wrote-my messenger who went to Mukin-zeri has not yet returned" 22:4-8; Faml-me-Fnil ul-[tul a-na LO t A-Tram 1 tal-rlikl t.en-rgal 11 Su-lum-rgal Tlal a-gem-rmul na-kut-ti dr-fik-kul, "After you went to the people of BitAram, why don't I hear your news or your greeting? I have started worrying about you" 104:4-9; a-1 na t.-mil-ia [all-[tap-rak]-Fkal,"At my own discretion, I have w[ritten to] you" 3:11-12; [n G]U4.MES u 180 FrLfl.ENGAR.ME[S] [gal SES-ia lil-lik-a-nu let ma-a-a-ri li-id-ku-a la rtal-qab-bi um-ma i-na t.-mi-ia ul al-<li->ka-ak-ku-d, "Let [n ox]en and 180(?) farmer[s] of my brother come and move the blades of the mayyaru-plows. Don't say: 'Didn't I come to you on my own volition?'" 96:17-22 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 395 In the idiom .t(mX lamadu, "to learn the will, opinion, or mind of X": sd LO sab-ftul-tu sd tas-pur um-ma pu-ut-su-nu rmahl-[s]i a-du-4 lul-lik-ma t(fe-mul AD.MESsg-n 1 u lul-ma-ad-du, "Concerning the prisoners about whom you wrote, saying: 'Guara[nt]ee their safety'-Now let me go and learn what their fathers are thinking" 30:4-9 In the idiom teima sakanu, "to give instructions, issue an order, make a report": a-du-dil a-Inal [pa]-an LU.SIPA.rMES(?)1 rtl-l[e-m]u be-if lis-rkun-mal ANS[E.KUR.RA.MES] (bro- ken), "Now let my lord issue an or[de]r t[o] the shepherds(?), and [...] the ho[rses(?)] ... (broken)" 94:34-37; u mim-mu-i t&-e-mu sak-na-a-ti gab-bi lu-sam-thi-i-ri, "And you make all kinds of reports-Should I treat them all the same way?" 92:30-32; ul i-na mat-ri-i t6e-mu dg-kun-gu um-ma ma-ma-la SUKU.UI.A s( rtRIN.MES-ial SE.BAR X x r)(?)1 x x it-tu &[u]rbi-lil, "Didn't I previously instruct you, saying: 'S[e]nd me each and every bit of my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]'?" 95:7-12; full ki-i pi-i an-fnil-[i] rt.-e-mu sakl-n[a- ta] um-ma sd-la-nu-rdl-[a] a-na rURU Mal-rad la t[al-l]a-kdm(!)-[ma] ta-ra'apl-[pa]-raml-ma rl+enl a-sib U[RU Ma-rad] a-nam-da[k-ka], "Did [you] not give the followi[ng] instructions'You must not g[o] to Marad without [my] permission. Rather, you will wri[t]e to me, and I will give [you] one of the residents of [Marad]'?" 75:4-11 temu see te'amu tfibu "good" See also bil tdbti, tdbtu, tabu, .tbu, tdbatu ki-i a-na tu-bi pa-ni-ka um-ma URU Il-ta-zi-ni ki-i lib-bi-su(!)-nu li-ru-bu i lu-su-a, "If it is good for you, say (to them): 'May they come in and go out of Iltazinu as they please'" 7:21-24 In the idiom ana .tibiiakanu, "to deem fit": [ki-i] Fa-na tul-bif-ig [S]ak-Fnul rlill-l[ik], "[If] he [d]eems fit, let him g[o]" 108:13-15; ki-i a-na tu-bi be-lf-id gak-na 2 LU qal-la-lu-tu lu- sd 'Kul-la-a lu-u d 'E-sag-gil-i sd mam-ma i-na lib-bi-si-ni sd a-na tu-bi be-lf-id &ak-nat lu-a a-me-lut-tu mim-ma d be-lf-id lu- 'Tiru-tu lu-u 'Ql{-bil-DOG.GA lu- sd ha-du-u be-li li-bu-[kdm-ma li]l-lik a-na-ku pu-us-su-nu nasd-k[a t ki]-i a-na tu-bu be-lf-id la sak-rnul [t be-l]i la il-lak FLU.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.[ME•I ma- av-da &d a-kan-na i-du-in-ni a-na l+en i-na lib-bi-gi-nu be-lf lid-din-ma rlil-bu-kdm-ma liddi-ni, "If my lord deems fit, my lord should co[me and br]ing me two slave boys-either of the woman Kulla, or of the woman Esaggilu, or of anyone among them whom my lord deems fit (to bring), or it may even be a slave man of my lord's, or the woman Tirftu, or the woman Qibi-dumqi, or whomever my lord prefers. I myself a[m] acting as their guarantor. [But i]f my lord does not deem fit [and] my [lor]d will not come, there are many men of Babylon who know me here; let my lord give (the slave) to one of them, and let him bring (him) and give (him) to me" 83:25-37; lil-rlil-kdm-ma NINDA.IUI.lA lis-be-e-ma li-kul ) FIMl.GfD.DA it-ti LO.SAMAN.LA.MES liq-rbil a-di DINGIR.MES tu-bu is-tak-nu lit-[hti-s]a-am-ma lil-li-ka, "Let him come here, eat bread to satiation, and learn to read with the scribal apprentices. For as long as the gods deem fit, let him c[om]e and go" 83:13-16 tuppu "tablet" Ira-an-tis GABA.RI tup-pi-ia lu-mur, "Quickly, let me see a reply to my tablet" 10:23-24; rGABA1.RI tup-[pi-ia lu-mur], "[Let me see] a reply to [my] tab[let]" 96:29; ita-an-tisg rGABA.RI tup-pi-id suprul, "Quickly! Send me a reply to my tablet" 44:21-23; ba-an-tiS kGABA1.RI-ka [a-na] rtupl-pi-id lumur, "Quickly, let me see your reply [to] my tablet" 69:27-28; a-na gul-mu &d SES-ia al-tap-ra Fltau u-l[um-&a] lu-ai-mas-sa-rmal lis-pu-ra, "Now I've written to inquire anl-t.isg [ES-d-al fup-pi-~du about my brother's well-being. Quickly, let my brother find his tablet and [his] greet[ing] and let him send a letter to me" 107:10-15; fup-pi a-na gul-mu sd SE§-ia al-tap-r[a], "I have written and oi.uchicago.edu 396 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR sen[t] my tablet to inquire about the well-being of my brother" 1:7-8; SES-d-a tup-pa-d6 S•l-m[uai] Sral-mu Sd1 'Zar-pa-[ni-tu] 1fd LU qall-la-lu-d-[ti-Si] rd d6 LO(?).MES(?)1-rlg(?)1 [liS(?)-pur(?)ma(?)] lu-mas-s[i], "Let my brother [write(?)] so that I may have new[s] of [his] well-be[ing], of the well-being of Zarpa[nitu], of [his] slave b[oys], and of his slave men(?)" 82:5-9; ba-an-til LO.DUMU sip-ri-ka lu-mur tup-pi rlis-purl-[m]a lil-li-ka*, "Quickly! Let me see your messenger. Let him send tablets [o]r come" 39:22-24; u4-mu tup-pi ta-mur nu-bat-ta la ta-ba-a-ti, "When you see my letter do not delay even overnight" 89:23-24; Si-mu-tu ki-ril al-lik ina fup-pi 6d LI.GAR.KU ul ig-ft-ru, "They did not write in the tablet of the governor that I had gone to make purchases" 64:11-15; en-na a-du-ri1 tup-ppil rall-tap-rak-k[a], "I have just now sent yo[u] my tablet" 37:1719; e[n-n]a tup-[pi a-na SES-ia al-tap-r]a, "[I have] n[o]w [dispatch]ed my tab[let to my brother]" 43:14; di-ni sd be-if DU-U me-nam-ma kal-an-nu ba-an-tis [be-lf tup-pa]-risl u SILIM-Id lis-pur, "The decision which my lord made-why is he withholding it from me? Quickly, let [my lord] send his [tablet] and greeting" 21:22-25; it-ti tup.rpi-idl 8 GIS.UMBIN.MES a-na rbe-li-ia rull-te-bi-flil, "With my tablet I have sent to my lord eight bundles" 97:35-37; §ES-d-a tup-pi-Si Su-lum-16m lis-pu-ra, "My brother should send me his tablet (and) his greeting" 70:25-26; tup-pa-a-nu an-nu-tu ma-la dI-pu-rak-ka [ta]-fmu-•l-ru, "Have [you s]een all these tablets that I've sent you?" 71:10-13; ru4lmu tup-pi be-if il-mu-ru mNUMUN-ia nu-bat-ta Flal i-ba-ti lil-li-kdm-ma SE.NUMUN a-na LO.ENGAR.MES lid-din, "When my lord has seen my tablet, ZEriya must not stay the night. Let him come and give seed to the cultivators" 93:19-24; u-de-e e-rril sd a(!)-na bu-du ja-al-qa i-na tup-pa be-If lu-lmassil-ma lis-pu-Iral, "The copper utensils which are (intended for use) at the badu-ceremony have disappeared. My lord should identify them in a tablet and send it to me" 111:16-21 tupsarru "scribe" See also samalli rLO.DUB.SAR-kal-ma dAG u drAMAR.UTU1 a-na be-lf-id lik-ru-bu [lis-tur-ma], "Nabu-abbe-iddin, who is your scribe, [let him write]: 'May Nabf and Marduk bless my lord'" 85:20-23 mdAG-rSES1.MES-fSUM.NAl u "and, or, but" u 1:4; 9:5; 12:11, 14, 18, 20; 16:15, 26; 21:25; 23:10; 35:20; 38:3, 15; 41:3; 43:28; 44:3, 18; 45:13; 46:3, 7, 18; 56:3; 57:3, 21, 23; 60:3, 19, 24; 61:13; 72:3, 28; 74:23; 85:22; 90:14; 92:30; 94:3, 17; 96:17; 97:3; 100:21; 107:13; 109:19; 110:3; u(!?) 56:15; rul 58:20; 93:3; [u] 27:3; 53:3; 58:3; 72:25; 98:3; U 60:16; zi1:11, 26, 35, 38, 42, 46; 2:10, 34, 39; 4:5, 14; 5:10; 7:11, 14, 17, 24; 8:4, 10, 11; 9:3, 15, 23; 13:10, 20; 16:10; 17:30; 18:24, 26; 19:7, 10, 15, 21, 26; 23:7, 8, 16; 24:20, 25; 28:6; 29:17; 33:6, 34, 36; 34:16; 35:12, 23; 37:12; 38:11; 39:6, 9; 41:11, 21, 31; 45:6; 46:21; 51:13; 63:7; 66:12, 22; 68:8; 71:6; 74:22; 75:22; 76:8; 78:8, 16; 80:5; 81:28; 83:6, 14, 41, 45; 85:16, 18; 86:26; 89:9, 13, 17; 91:9; 92:20; 95:21; 96:14, 15; 98:15; 99:5; 101:8; 104:7; 108:16; r•1 4:26; 6:6, 9, 11; 7:12; 17:9; 18:21; 20:14; 23:29; 24:15; 27:16, 25; 38:23; 41:27; 42:6; 45:10; 53:11, 15; 62:15; 74:29; 76:15; 77:8, 15; 82:8, 14; 83:2, 7, 9, 19, 42; 93:12, 24; 94:10; 97:13; 108:18; r:(?)1 113:3'; [a(?)] 6:12; [i] 24:29; 41:20; 54:7; 68 r.2'; 83:32, 33; 92:5; 97:23; 103:15 ubfiru see bel ubari udti "utensils, merchandise" See also mirestu, utalu; for discussion see comments on No. 35:21 and No. 111:9 and 16 ral-na [m]dEN-mu-SIG, LO e-ri-bi UKKIN id rfI.DINGIR be-if liq-bi-ma lis-al um-ma id-del-e Fe-ril ina mlRa-pa-a' ina rt t mla-a-lar [ina] r1l mHa-a-fia-al-nu [ina] Frl man-ni, "Let my lord speak to Blmudammiq, a member of the temple assembly, and ask: 'Are the copper utensils in the House of Rapa'? In the House of Yasar? [In] the House of Jayyinu? [In] whose house?'" 111:5-13; d-de-e e-Fril id a(!)-na bu-du ia-al-qa, "The copper utensils which are (intended for use) at the budu-ceremony have disappeared" 111:16-18; ul-rtul [DAM(?)1.[GAR.MES] u TUR.MES [x x x] u-de-e gab(?)l- oi.uchicago.edu 397 GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS [bi] sfG qa*-tar-ra-a-Ftil£ fKA 1 qul-mu-f AN.rBAR1 it-ti-su(!?) i-gd-ral, "From the mer[chants(?)] and agents [...] deliver to me a[ll](?) the merchandise: the wool, the incense, and with it, the outstanding iron ax(es)" 35:19-24 ubburu "to fall behind; to be outstanding, overdue" See also bdtu, kdgu, nemerkd lu-lir-ma ki-lal-le-e l+en ina lib-bi rLO1.TUR.MES lil-leq-qam-ma a-na SES-ia i*-nam*-din*, "I have indeed fallen behind, but one among the agents can take both (wagons) and deliver (them) to my brother" 63:13-18; mim-ma FKtr.BABBAR-idl-[nu] ul uh-bu-[ur], "None of the[ir] silver is outstan[ding]" 68 r. 1'-2' ul "not" ul 1:17, 27; 2:25; 5:11; 6:4; 10:4, 9; 13:15; 14:16; 17:37; 19:4, 26; 20:28, 31; 22:8; 23:10; 30:14; 31:8, 13, 18; 33:23, 32; 34:12, 17, 20, 21, 25; 35:14; 37:30; 38:9; 39:14; 41:26, 28, 30; 46:18, 19, 26; 51:17; 53:19; 56:17, 19; 57:11, 12, 19, 20, 25; 59:14; 60:22; 61:14; 64:15; 65:10, 14; 68 r. 2', 5'; 69:9, 11, 13, 21; 71:6, 7; 72:10; 75:20; 81:15, 23, 24; 84:20; 85:17, 18; 88:4', 6'; 89:5, 13, 17; 90:6, 23; 91:6; 92:15, 33, 35; 94:32; 95:7; 96:21; 97:15, 16, 32; 100:8; 110 r. 21', 23'; full 17:19; 20:22; 58:21; 75:4; 90:24; 98:20; rul(!)l 26:5; [u]l 43:9; 74:7; u[l] 17:20; [ul] 16:21; 41:26; 85:10 uliltu "dried fig" dAG lu-d i-de ki-i a-di 1+en si-ni d•uil-rtu(?)1 a-mah-ha-ru-ku ki-i DUMU ip-ra-a* a-na rSESL-id altap-r[a], "May Nabfi know that before I receive even one or two dried figs from you, I will have had to sen[d] my messenger to my brother" 69:21-26 ulift "distant, remote (in time)" ak-te-ra-ma lu-se-bi-la-ds_-s um-ma ul-lam-ma lib-ba-ti-ia SES-di-fal 1al i-mdl-l[a], "Though I waited, I in fact wrote(?) to him (my brother), saying: 'It has indeed been a long time-my brother must not beco[me] angry with me'" 63:20-25; sd mTam-masl-l i-qab-bak-ka um-ma 10 RININ.MES ~d mA-timma-a' it-ti-ia ka-a-da dl-kal-lu dAG ki-i u4-mu ul-lu-d ki-la at-tu-sj ,1l ina SES.MES-Si Su-a, "Concerning what Tammas-Il is saying to you: 'They are holding ten men of Atimmd. with me at the guardpost'-By Nabfi, it is not for eternity. The detention is his (alone). And he is among his brothers" 23:25-30 ultu (conj.) "after" ul-tu 3:7; 7:13; 12:7; 17:7, 9, 16; 24:4; 41:29; 86:15; 89:11; ul-rtul 35:19; 104:4; rul-tul 66:6 ultu (prep.) "from" ul-tu 17:13; 26:11; 38:6; 41:12; 43:8, 11; 57:8, 23; 77:6; 96:24; ul(!)-tu 93:8; ul-rtul 4:5; 82:13; [u]ltu 6:8; rul(?)I-tu 18:19 ultu libbi "from among" See also ana libbi, ina libbi GU4 .NINDA.MES ul-tu lib-bi [AB(!?).GU 41.UI.A r150+1 GIS.APIN.[MESi be-li rlil-is-bat-am-tmal, "Let my lord take the young bulls from the cows (and also) one hundred and fifty(+) plows" 94:26-29 ultu muhhi "from" See also adi mu1hi mint, ana mult4i, ina mu ti ul-tu UGO u4 -mu a-ga-a a-na DUMU* &d be-li-ia at-tu[r], "From this day forth I have beco[me] a son of my lord" 59:22-24 ultu res see resu oi.uchicago.edu 398 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Ulfilu (name of the sixth month) a-du-u ina lib-bi ITI.KIN LO Pu-qu-d-da gab-bi Fa-nal EN.LLLKI a-na i-si-in-na il-la-1kuil-u-ni, "Now in the month of Uliilu, the entire Puquidu tribe is coming to Nippur for the festival" 27:9-13 umma (marker introducing quotations, often replacing forms of the verb qabO) See comment on No. 24:11 um-ma 1:2, 16, 30, 33; 2:2, 4, 17; 3:2, 8; 4:2, 19; 6:7; 7:22; 8:2; 9:2; 10:5; 11:2, 8; 12:2; 14:2, 4, 15; 16:11, 17; 17:2, 19, 20; 18:2, 11; 19:2, 5; 20:2, 30; 22:2; 23:2, 5, 20, 26; 24:2, 11; 25:3, 4; 28:2; 29:6, 21; 30:5; 32:2; 33:2, 5, 11, 24; 34:2, 8; 35:2, 11; 36:2, 12; 37:7, 30; 38:8, 12, 29, 32; 39:2, 11; 40:2, 6; 41:16; 42:1; 43:10; 45:2; 46:8; 47:2; 48:2, 5; 49:2; 50:2; 51:2, 7, 20; 52:2; 56:16, 18, 20; 57:10, 12, 17, 26; 58:14; 59:6; 60:20, 23; 61:2, 6, 11; 63:2, 22; 64:2; 65:2, 13; 66:2, 8; 67:2; 68:2; 69:2, 6, 16; 71:2; 73:9; 74:3; 75:2, 6; 78:2, 4, 5, 11; 79:11; 80:10; 81:2, 22; 82:2, 16, 22; 83:8; 85:2; 89:2, 7; 91:2, 14; 92:12, 22, 34; 95:2, 9; 96:10, 20; 97:27; 98:18, 21; 99:2, 4; 100:2, 5, 7, 15; 101:12; 103:23; 104:2; 106:2; 108:2; 109:2, 6; 111:8; um-rmal 8:2; 20:9; 27:8; 31:2; 56:11; 73:11; 77:2; 79:2; 87:2; um-m[a] 96:2; [u]m-ma 30:2; 43:2; 86:2, 8; 97:21; ruml-ma 60:6; 73:2; 76:2; 82:35; 86:22; 90:2, 25; 98:8; 111:15; [um]-ma 105:2; um-[ma] 20:10; rum-mal 7:6; 26:2, 7; 44:6; 54:2; 62:3; 70:2; 72:8; 84:2; ruml-[m]a 97:17; fuml-[ma] 31:10; 92:2; [um-m]a 90:16; 107:2; u[m-ma] 20:17; 28:15; 85:11; <um-ma> 55:2; [um-ma] 10:2; [um(?)-ma] 83:4; um-ma-a 1:6; 2:3; 3:4; 4:3; 5:3; 6:3; 9:4; 11:3; 12:5; 13:4; 14:3; 18:3; 19:3; 21:5, 20; 22:3; 23:4; 24:3; 28:4; 29:3; 30:3; 31:4; 32:3; 33:3; 34:4; 35:3; 37:14; 38:5; 39:3; 40:4; 41:5; 43:4; 45:3; 46:5; 47:3; 48:4; 49:3; 50:3; 51:4; 52:4; 53:5; 57:4; 58:5; 59:3; 61:4; 63:3; 64:4; 65:3; 67:3; 68:3; 69:4; 73:4; 75:3; 77:4; 79:3; 80:3; 81:3; 82:3; 89:4; 90:4; 91:3; 94:5; 95:3; 96:5; 99:3; 100:3; 102:3; 104:3; 106:3; 108:3; 109:3; um-ma-ral 92:4; 111:4; um(!)-ma-ral 60:4; um-rmal-a 27:5; 66:4; 71:3; 72:5; 76:3; 87:3; 97:4; fuml-ma-a 16:3; 20:3; 36:3; 44:5; 55:3; 74:1; 85:4; 101:3; 107:4; rum-mal-a 10:3; ruml-ma-ral 15:5; rum-ma-al 56:5; 84:3; 93:5; [u]m-ma-a 17:4; 37:2; 54:4; [um]-ma-a 37:3; 105:3; [um-m]a-a 86:3; um-ma-[a] 15:2; um-m[aa] 83:3; [u]m-tma-al 26:4; u[m-m]a-a 70:4; 103:4; fuml-[ma-a] 98:5; [um-ma-a] 110:5 fimu (s.) "day" See also umu (conj.), amu sa (conj.), imussu ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES mam-ma tab-ni-tu ina t.DINGIR ul u-ban-rnul, "For a long time no one has arranged the sacrificial table in the temple" 17:35-37; am-me-ni ma-la a-gan-ni-i UD.MES9LU1.DUMU sip-ri-ka ul am-mar It a-na si-bu-tu ul ta-sap-par, "Why don't I ever see your messenger, and why don't you ever write for what you want?" 71:4-7; am-me-ni ma-la-gan-ni-i FUD1.MES LO.DUMU sip- ri sd SES-ia i-tal-kan-ni, "Why has my brother's messenger (been) gone from me so long?" 107:57; ul-tu UGU iu-mu a-ga-a a-na DUMU* id be-lf-ia at-tu[r], "From this day forth I have beco[me] a son of my lord" 59:22-24; [am-m]e-ni ul-tu u,-mu [SES-u]-a rill-l[i]-Fkul [LO.D]UMU Sip-tril-[Sa] [i]a(?) il(?)-[tap(?)-ra(?)], "[Wh]y from the time my [brother] we[n]t has[n't](?) he s[ent](?) his [mes]senger?" 26:11-14; gab-bu u,-mu be-lf il-ta-sap-pa-ra um-ma ANSE.KUNGA Sup-ra, "Every day my lord keeps writing, saying: 'Send me a mule'" 59:4-7; [ki-i] rLO1.DAM.GAR ik-tal-d[u] [t i-na u4m]u ta-tam-ru FUDU.MESI gul-lim-ga, "[If] the merchant has already arriv[ed], [then as soon] as you see (him), compensate him for the sheep" 24:28-30; dEN rki-i ma-lal UD.MES Sd bal-rta-nu al-detel Ad it-ti a-ba-mes min-su nu-rull-tan-nu-ma, "By Be1-How can we possibly have altered (our vow to say:) 'The treaty which is between us is not (binding) for each and every day that we are i-qab-bak-ka um-ma 10 IRIN.MES sd mA-tim-ma-a' it-ti-ia ka-a-da sd alive'?" 23:30-32; gTam-mas-ll ul-lu-a ki-la at-tu-gS t•1 ina SES.MES-g gSu-i, "Concerning what Tammas-II dAG ki-i u,-mu a-kal-lu is saying to you: 'They are holding ten men of Atimmni with me at the guard-post'-By Nabfl, it is not for eternity. The detention is his (alone). And he is among his brothers" 23:25-30; UD.I.tKAM1 93:8; [UD].rx.KAMI 108:9 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 399 iimu (conj.) "when, on the day that" See also dmu (s.), fmu sa (conj.), imussu; for discussion see Introduction, p. 11 and nn. 88-90 u4-mu GIS.KIN SES-[d-a] ui-eb-bil 2 fxl [x] rLu1.DIM tab(!)-ba-[ni-tu] a-na SES-ia u-s[eb-bil], "When [my] brother sends the kigkani2-wood, I wi[ll send] to my brother the two [...] temple coo[ks]" 10:16-19; u,r 4 mul il-tap-ru-nu-m[a] Flul-us-pur flul-qar-rib-su-nu<-ti>,"When they have written to me, let me write. Let me bring the<m>" 108:19-22; u4-mu tup-pi ta-mur nu-bat-ta la ta-ba-a-ti, "When you see my letter do not delay even overnight" 89:23-24; u,-mu tal-tap-ra ul am-me-rikka KC.BABBAR sd tas-rpurl ub-lu-di r[KASKAL'-ial ta-sal-lim, "On the day that you wrote to me, I did not delay. I took along the silver which you sent, and (now) my caravan venture is completed" 75:19-23; u,-mu LO.DUMU ip-ri-ia [it]-te-eb-si a-na SES-ia a-Sap-par, "When my messenger [re]turns, I will write to my brother" 22:11-14; ru 41-mu tup-pi be-lf ril-mu-ru mNUMUN-ia nu-bat-ta rlal i-bati lil-li-kdm-ma SE.NUMUN a-na LO.ENGAR.MES lid-din, "When my lord has seen my tablet, ZEriya must not stay the night. Let him come and give seed to the cultivators" 93:19-24 fimu sa (conj.) "when" See also dmu (s.), imu (conj.), imussu u,-mu id a-na pa-ni-ka it-rtall-[ku]-u ma-la sd r[a-dul-i li-is-bat, "When he go[e]s to you, let him take as many as he likes" 47:18-21 fimussu "daily" See also umu (s.), imu (conj.), umu sa (conj.) u,-mu-us-su ta-qab-bi um-ma a-na pi-ri-kal ul a-sab-bat, "Daily you say: 'I will not protest(?) against you'" 14:13-16; sd u.-mu-us-su SES-ril-[a] il-ta-nap-par um-ma mi-nam-ma Sd-la-nu-u-a KU.BABBAR a-na "Ib-na-a ta-nam-rdi-nal-[ds-sgi], "About that which my brother daily keeps writing to me, saying-'Why are you giving silver to Ibna without my permission?'" 109:4-9; u4-mu-us-su man-nu DUMU URU Sd a-tam-mar sul-mu sd SES-ia a-sFd-a-la, "Daily, whatever native of the city I see, I inquire about the well-being of my brother" 70:5-8; UD.ME-US-su SES-a-a i-sap-pa-ra um-ma man-rnul sd LO a-me-lu[t-tu] se-bu-u [a-na] pa-ni-ia Sup-r[a(?)], "Daily my brother writes to me, saying: 'Whoever desires a sla[ve], writ[e t]o me'" 36:10-15; UD.ME-US-SU LO.DUMU sip-ri.MES-Sf-nu la pa-an ata-mes ul i-ba.t-tis-lu, "Their messengers never cease (going) to each other daily" 20:25-28 utfilu "goods" See also mirestu, uda u-tu-l[u] (context broken) 85:12 uttatu (uttetu) "wheat; wheat-acreage" See also Samassammu, fseu; for a discussion of the possible meanings "wheat," "barley," and "main cereal crop," see the comment on No. 34:9; see also the comment on No. 93:24-28 41 MA.NA KO.BABBAR SE.BAR mu-bur-am-ma fu-bi-rlil, "Buy and send to me wheat equal in value to four and one-half minas of silver" 50:6-7; ul ki-i pi-i an*-ni*-i*SES-i-a if-pu-ra um-ma a-du-A1 SE.BAR ma-la se-ba-a-ti* lu-ai-se-bi-lak-ka, "Did not my brother write to me as follows, saying: 'Now let me send you as much wheat as you want'?" 51:17-22; SE.BAR Sd taq-bu-4 um-ma a-lik-ma "GAR-MU lid-dak-ka ki-i aq-ba-ds-sYa um-ma mim-ma a-na rkal-a-Sd ul a-nam-dak-ka a-di gi-d i-fap-pa-ramma i-na-dS-sgai--ma i-nam-dak-ka, "The wheat about which you spoke, saying-'Go, and let Sakin- sumi give to you'-When I spoke to him, he said: 'I won't give anything to you until he himself writes a letter, conveys (it), and gives (it) to you'"100:4-ll; dsf-si SE(!) fib-Si sd be-lf is-pu-ra m SUM.NA-a lil-li-kdm-ma a-kan-na lis-si a at-ta a-kan-na-ka SE.BAR mu-l:ur-S , "Concerning the rent in grain about which my lord wrote to me-Let Nadni come and transport (it from) here. And (as for) you-receive the wheat from him there" 101:4-10; ds-sfi td-e-me fd LO Kal-du gd SES-a-a ifpu-ra LO ma-dak-tu gab-bi i-de-ek-ku-u um-ma fSEI.BAR Id URU La-rak ni-ik-kal, "Concerning the report about the Chaldeans about which my brother sent me a letter-they are mobilizing the en- oi.uchicago.edu 400 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR tire campaigning army. They are saying, 'We will eat the wheat of Larak'" 34:5-10; SE.BAR in-nads-sum-ma ta-di a-na ni-is-bi ba-di-ma a-na KU.BABBAR lid-din, "Give him wheat; and (if) he prefers, let him put it (on deposit) for withdrawal (later); or (if) he prefers, let him sell it" 37:7-9; a-na mTUK-'i-DINGIR su-pur-ma SE.BAR ra-nal mdAG-A.GAL lid-[din1, "Write to Rdri-ili and let him give the wheat to Nabu-lei" 37:14-16; en-na a-du-dtil tup-1pil fall-tap-rak-k[a] fSE1.BAR a-na mdAGFA1.[GAL] i-din-ma a-na i bla-du-i lid-din, "I have just now sent yo[u] my tablet. Give the wheat to Nabfl-l[&i] and let him sell to the house which he prefers" 37:17-22; id si-ib-u s6d be-l[ is-pur a-du-t ajh-tir DUMU sip-ri s6 be-lf-ia it-ti mSUM.NA-a lil-lik-ma SE.BAR li-in-du-Fdul-[ma] li-i[s-su], "As to the rent about which my lord wrote: I have now readied (it). Let the messenger of my lord go with Nadnd, and let them measure out the wheat [and] trans[port it]" 102:5-11; ki-i ANSE.A.AB.BA.MES sd i-di ta-ta-mar SE.BAR i-sam-ma al-ka, "If you see camels for hire, fetch the wheat and come" 95:4-6; ma-ma-la SUKU.JI.A sd rFRIN.MES-ial SE.BAR x x [r(?)1 x x it-tu s[u]-rbi-lil, "S[e]nd me each and every bit of my workers' provisions-wheat, [...], and [...]" 95:9-12; SE.BAR-a la ta-se-[lu], "Don't be negli[gent] about my wheat" 95:15; rmal-ti-ra-a-ti rsd SE.BAR 1l[SE].GI.LIME sd be-lf [ispu-ra] [L]O.JDAM1.GAR ul i-man-[gur] [x(-x)]-x-ti ul i-nam-[din], "Equivalents in wheat and [ses]ame, about which my lord [wrote], the [mer]chant will not acc[ept]. He will not se[ll ... ]" 97:13-16; rSE 1.BAR 9d be-lf is-pu-ra [u]m-ma a-du-u a-nam-din [m]an-nu sd UGu-ka-ma [i] 9d 'u-pa-la-ka [a]sib [SE1.BAR be-if it-tan-nu-[gil, "The wheat(-acreage) about which my lord wrote to me, [s]aying: 'Now I will give'-[Wh]oever [is s]ettled upstream [or] downstream of you, my lord has given him wheat(-acreage)" 97:20-24; 6i-Si SE.BAR id tas-pur 10 GUR SE.BAR a-na mSES-SUM.NA [at-ta-dinl u a-na [mL]a-rqil-pi aq-ta-bi [um-m]a 20 SE.BAR lum-fhurl si-it-ti SE.BAR-ad ina let mZa-kir, "Concerning the wheat about which you wrote-I have given ten kor of wheat to Aba-iddin, and to [L]dqipu I spoke, [say]ing: 'Let me receive twenty (kor of) wheat (from you).' The rest of his wheat is in ZAkir's charge" 90:11-18; rTl SE.BAR [a-nal LO.SIMxGAR.MES rlid-dinl-ma KAS.SAG [sa Li0 tla-re-e [sd be]-rl[-ia lib-lul, "Also, let him give wheat to the brewers that they(!) may brew beer for the diggers [of] my [lo]rd" 93:24-28 In the expression sammi uttati, "stubble of the wheat" (see comment on No. 94 reverse): [en-na i-n]a lib-bi ITI.A[PIN] [ANSE].rKURI.RA.[MES gab-bil [O.UI.A] [SE.BARi ik-kal [NUMUNI [ni]-[irl-ri-gu-ruil a-di U,1.UDU.UI.A d be-lf-[ial i-na Ijal-am-ra O.UI.A SE.FBAR1 ik-kal, "[Now i]n Arab[samnu], all the [ho]rses will be grazing on the [stubble] of the wheat. Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:19-25; U.UI.A SE.BAR (context broken) 94:33 uznu "ear" a-di IGI"-ia tam-mar 1+en ina lib-bi SES.MES-e-Si a-na lib-rbil GESTU 1 .MES-ii la ir-ru-ub-ma la i-saz- laq-s', "Until you see me in person, not a single one of his brothers must come within earshot of him, that he may not help him to escape" 2:12-15; en-na GESTU"-a GUi.D.Dt-a ma-la an-ni-i [KIfJ.GI (= qu,-taru) sd GESTU" i-na Su" l*+en ina lib-bi DUMU.MES URU [F61 a-na i-si-in-na a-na EN.[LIL.KII il-la-ka SES-ii-a lu-i-sYe-bi-li, "Now my ears are constantly pounding. My brother should send me every single bit of this fumigant for the ears with one of the natives of the city who is coming to Nippur for the festival" 70:8-17; ki-i na-kut-ti ds-st KOJ.GI (= qux-tdru) sd GESTU" a-na SES-ia dipur ha-an-til SES-i-a lu-i-se-bi-li, "In urgency I have written to my brother about fumigant for the ears. My brother should send a shipment posthaste!" 70:20-24 uzuzzu see izuzzu yimatu (yama/uttu) "each and every" See also mala (prep.), malmala; for discussion see comment on No. 110:11 am-me-ni dib-bi an-nu-i-[tul ia-a-fmal-a-ti be-if ral-tir, "Why has my lord repeated(?) each and every one of(?) these words?" 110:10-12 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE LETTERS 401 yanu "there is (are) not" See also ydn2, ydnu'amma el-ia, a-Inal UGU(?)-ka i rUN.MES•-ka bi-tu-ka ia-ral-nu, "As far as I'm concerned, neither you nor your people are to blame" 9:22-25; ki-i a-di qf-it ITI an-ni-i rlal ta-at-tal-ka ki-in-gu ina SA-s iaa >-nu, "If you haven't come by the end of this month, there will be no sealed tag for him" 81:3034; en-na ki-i SUKU.UI.A ina mURU-lu-mur ia-a-nu SUKU.UI.A lid-da-dsg-g li-ru-ub-ma t-su li-mur-ma lil-lik-ma liq-ba-ds-id-nu-tu, "Now, if there are no rations in the house of Ali-limur, let him (my brother?) give him (Ali-limur?) rations. Let him go in and inspect his house and go and speak to them" 1:18-22; ina FLO1 Kal-du gab-bi-sd ki-ril i-ba-)u-d SIG ta-kil-tu ba-ni-ti i sfG dr-ga-man-nu bab-ba-nu-d i[a]-a'-nu, "When I searched the length of Chaldea, there w[as]n't any good-quality blue-purple wool or any fine-quality red-purple wool" 1:36-39; sd tas-pu-ra um-ma sfG.UI.A a-kanna ia-a>*-a*-nu20 GO.UN SfG.UI.A ina let mdEN-SUM.NA, "About what you wrote to me, saying: 'There is no wool here.' There are twenty talents of wool in B6l-iddin's charge" 48:5-9; me-res-ti sd LO.TUR.MES a-di-kan-na sak-na-at ki-i LU a-me-lu-tu ia-at-nu KU.BABBAR tir-ra[m-m]a [...], "The agents' trading capital has been on deposit until now. If there are no slaves, return the silver [a]nd [... (broken)]" 40:26-30; ia-a-nu LO A h-la-mu-d u UR.GIR,, l+en id rLU sarl-[ru-ti], "There is not an AblamQ or one single dog-of-a-crim[inal] around" 109:17-19 yanfi "if not" See also ydnu, ydnuwamma ki-i at-ta tal-lak pa-ni-ka lud-gul u ia-a-nu-i sup-rraml-ma lul-lik, "If you go, I will wait for you; but if not, write to me so that I may go" 100:19-22; ki-i dib-bi sd su-lum-mu-i rill-tap-ra [ZAG(?)] nu-sar-sad a ia-a-nu-t ul im-me-rik-ku-u il-lak-u-nu, "If he sends word of a peace agreement, we will firmly establish the [border(?)]. If not, will they not stay there? Will they come here?" 34:1218; [enl-[na a-du]-rd1 [k]i-i ZI.MES sd SES-fil-nu [l]a ul-tal-li-mu [U]RU Il-ta-zi-nu [i]t-ti-ka ab-[k]a t ia-a-nu-d a[t-t]a ral .AD-ka a[l]-ka, "N[ow the]n, [i]f the rebels of our brother have [n]ot completely achieved their goal, br[in]g the [settle]ment of Iltazinu here [w]ith you. If not, then y[o]u and your clan c[o]me" 7:6-12 yanumamma (ydnumma) "absolutely no(thing), no (one)" See also ydnu, ydnm; for discussion see comment on No. 45:12 ria-nu-al-masu-bil sfG.rUyE.ME.DA.KUR.RA u SfG.ZA.GIN.KUR.RA a-kan-na ma-a)-da*, "Send absolutely nothing. There is much imported(?) red wool and blue-purple wool here" 45:12-14; Li a-rmel-luti sd ul-tu URU Sd-fpi-ial tal-rlik-mal rl m'x-[x] risg-gsl- fKill.BABBAR ina rUGU-mal ia-a-nu-a-fmal su-bi-lam-m[a] rlup-tu-ras-suml-[ma] FLO(!) al-m[i-lu-tu] rlud-dakl-[ka], "The slave who came from Sa-pI-BEl(?) and [PN] took away-there is absolutely no silver for (him). Send me (some), so th[at] I may ransom him [and] give yo[u] a sl[ave]" 77:5-14; am-me-ni ul-tu a-na KUR LO Kal-da al-lika a-di-kan-na dul-lu ul ta-mur i mam-ma ina pa-an LU.ARAD.t.GAL.MES ia-a'-nu-um-rmal GIS.rJRI.MES gis-tal-li GIS.SAG.KUL BABBAR GIS si-i-pi i) GIS.UMBIN ul i-nam-din-dSI-rtl, "Why have you not supervised the work from the time I came to Chaldea until now? And (inasmuch as) there is absolutely no one in charge of the builders, no one can give them(!) beams, joists, white bolts, rafters, or even a wagon" 89:11-17 yanumma see ydnuiamma yasi "me" (dat./acc.) en-na mKi-di-ni ina UNUG.KI i-ka-a-sd a ia-a-&i il-tap-ra-an-ni,"Now Kidinni is delayed in Uruk, but he wrote to me personally" 37:10-13 zakfl "to be free of claims, obligations" sd-la-a-n[u-a a-kan-na-k]a(!?) sa-dr-r[u-tu la us-s]d-bu t rlal-pa-rnil-[sui-nu]ul ta-zak-ki, "Crim[inals must not sett]le [ther]e without my permission. Or on account [of them] you will not be free of oi.uchicago.edu 402 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR claims" 19:24-26; rT1ki-i za-ku-d su-d iz-za-zu a-na mubl-bi-si lis-kun-ma, "But if he is to stand free of obligation, let him make a deposit against his charge" 27:25-27 zaqApu "to point upward or forward" en-na EME-Si mit-tu ram(?)-me(?)-ni(?)l i-na Gf[R.A]N.BAR ta-ku-Fus-sil iain za-qapl tan-ki-si, "Now his tongue is dead. Why? Did you flay it with an [i]ron dagg[er], or did you cut it off while it was sticking out?" 85:14-16 zenu "to become angry" 3 MA.NA KO.BABBAR a-na 1 PI 2 BAN SE.GIS.t BABBAR.MES i-na KA BAD ki-i am-bur ul* iz-nu, "When I accepted one pdnu, two sdtu of white sesame for three minas of silver in the town gate, they did not become angry!" 53:16-20 zeru "seed" [en-na i-n]a lib-bi IT.A[PIN] [ANSE].rKUR1.RA.EMES gab-bil [O.UI.A] frE.BAR1 ik-kal INUMUN1 [ni]-rirl- ri-su-rdl a-di u,l.UDU.U1.A sd be-li-rial i-na Fbal-am-ra O.UI.A SE.JBARI ik-kal, "[Now i]n Arab[samnu], all the [ho]rses will be grazing on the [stubble] of the wheat. Will [we] be able to plant while the flock of my lord are in the irrigated area grazing on the stubble of the wheat?" 94:19-25; rmNUMUNial lil-li-kdm-ma SE.NUMUN a-na LO.ENGAR.MES lid-din, "Let Zdriya come and give seed to the cultivators" 93:6-8; Fu, 1-mu tup-pi be-lf ril-mu-ru mNUMUN-ia nu-bat-ta flal i-ba-ti lil-li-kdm-ma SE.NUMUN a-na LO.ENGAR.MES lid-din, "When my lord has seen my tablet, Zeriya must not stay the night. Let him come and give seed to the cultivators" 93:19-24; FSE.NUMUN1 (context broken) 93:17; ril-na ze-e-ri (context broken) 110:17 zilulli see silulld ziqqurratu "ziggurat" See also bit ili m d6tap-qf-da-i[n-n]a t zi-qur-ra-tu-ti ki-i a-na ne-pe-si-ia bat-qu-u K6 BAD.AN.KI ki-i as-sa-ba-ti-ia, "Ask Abb-iddin if in truth he (Baniya) said to AbbE-iddin: 'With regard to the fact that you appointed [m]e-if the ziggurat is mine to build, then are the repairs of Der also mine to undertake?'" 33:8-15; ki-i t ziqur-rat in-na-ds-sum-ma li-pu-u', "If the ziggurat (is his to build), give (it) to him and let him build" 33:19-20 SES.MES-MU sd-a'-al kit-ta ki-i pi-i an-ni a-na mSES.MES-MU iq-ta-rbil um-ma zittu "share" See also barrdnu, karu (A), mirestu, qaqqadu ki-i pa-ni-ka mab-btr UA.LA-a ina lib-bi su-kun, "If it suits you, put my share in" 34:26-27; UA.L[A] t-a rlal ik-kal, "Allot the god a full sha[re]. That which FDINGIR mul-li rd tul-sa-ra[p] dFEN dlAG you scorc[h], Bel, Nabf, and Ea may not eat" 66:20-23 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS IN THE EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL abaku "to lead, conduct, bring" a-tab-kas-su 118 ii 31'; Fil-tab-kas-[si-n]u-t[i] 118 ii 32'; li-bu-kas-suti-[nu]-t[i] 118 ii 33' abilu "to carry, bring" (G); "to send (a shipment)" (S) G-stem: ub-lu,-nis-sum-ma 128:12 S-stem: ul-t[e-bil]-rgsil 118 i 8' abiktu "defeat" a-na si-pi-ir dE-a ME a-bi-rik-tu IRIN.ME 1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina si-tul-rtal 12rtu-daatl NIG.SI.SA US.MES-1i, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8 adl "hard-labor" [r]ik-si-su-nu i-pat-tar NA 4.[NA.RO.A]--iz-nu tl-rsd-an1-[nu]-rtl[a-na] hriarl-ra-a-nau-e-erSu-sul-[n]utu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-rnul-[Su-n]u-tu, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor ... " 128:50-52 agigu "to become enraged" DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-ne-es-su-u at-man(!)-un-sii (sic), "... the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums" 128:59 abitu "misfortune, adversity" a-na di-ni KUR-Si NU ME d'-a LUGAL NAM.MES Sim-tas i-sd-an-ni-rmal a-hi-ti US.MES-di, "If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him)" 128:2-3; [d]rAG DUB.SAR 1 [t].rSAG.fL1 sa-n(q 'AR(!) AN-e mu-ma-'i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-d LUGALI-i-tu rik-sat KUR-Sdi U-pat-tar-ma a-hi-ti(!) ri-sd-[m]u, "NabO, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 abhf "foreign, outsider" See also nakru DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma ra-hi-am SUM(!)1-[i]n dUTU DI.KU, AN-e u KI-rtiml di-ni a-rhi-al ina KUR- SU GAR-ma, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land" 128:9-10; [DUMU.MES1 EN.LIL.KI a-na rdilni ub-lu,-rnisjl-sum-ma kad4-r[a-a] TI-ma i-rdal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LIL E[N KUR.KUR L]O.KOR ra-hal-a i-deti-satl-liar, "If they bring natives of Nippur to him for judgrek-ki-guml-ma tRIN.MES-Tii a-na LO.DE 5 ment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14; a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LO.KOR* BAR-td KU,-ub, "A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:22-23 403 oi.uchicago.edu 404 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR ajibu see aydbu aklu "overseer" lu-u LIO.UGULA lu-u LO gd-tam t.KUR lu-t L[u Ku-u]t SAG LUGAL Id ina Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI 1 KA.DINGIR. RA.KI ana LO.SA.TAM i.KUR GUB-zu tup-Sik(!)-ka t.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-si-nu-tt(!), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a g[U]t re~i-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples ... " 128:56-58 aliku "to go" fitl-tal-ka 117:16' alpu "ox, cattle" [s]i-fin-da-til [GU 4 1].MESl-[id-nu upattaruma] A.SA.rMES-i-nul i-rgd-anl-[nu-u ana ab isarrak], "If [he unyokes] their [t]eams of [oxe]n, or chan[ges] (the boundaries of) their fields ... " 128:37-38; al-Fpil 115:16 ilu "city, town, settlement" See also mdr dli URU 128:15, 22 amiru "to see" [i-ta]-mar 118 i 37'; ril-tam-ru 118 i 35'; fta-taml-ru 118 i 36'; [a-ta]-fmarl 118 i 38'; fa-taml-ru 118 i 34'; lu-[mur] 118 i 18' amitu "word, wording, decision, affair, matter" In the idiom amata lummunu, "to slander": um-ma-a-an rgtl-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] ral-mat-sun <<lum>> -lam-man t[a-as-sun imab-bar] fil-[n]a qf-bit dE-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-Fma-al-an [Su-ut] TSAG1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL UO.MES], "If a scholar (or) Sti reKi-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the Apsfl, (that) sc]holar (or) [sut] rieiofficial [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 amiltu (ameltu) "slave woman" LO a-mil-tu-sd 117 r. iii 13' ana "to, for" a-na 128:1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19, 21, 22, 33, 47, 60; fal-na 128:16; fal-[n]a 128:29; [a-n]a 128:52; [a-na] 128:51; ana 128:22, 28, 57; ana(!) 128:17 annu (arnu) "fine, punishment" DUMU Sip-par.-KIl EN.LIL.KI a rKA.DINGIR-.[R]A.rKIl an.rna el-me-di a-na t rsi-bit-til [slu-ru-bu a-s[ar an-na US]-Fdul URU ana SUR 7 DUB-ak a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LI.KOR* BAR-i KU,-ub, "If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon], or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:20-23 apkallu "sage" See also ummdnu tar-ma, drAMAR1.UTU N[UN].rME DINGIR 1 .MES NUN muS-1 tal-[lum] 1KUR 1 -Su ana LO.KOR-g a-sati"Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy" 128:27-28 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 405 apsfi "Apsf" (= cosmic subterranean water) um-ma-a-an rsdl-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] ral-mat-sun <<lumr> -lam-man t[a-as-sun i-maibar] ril-[n]a ql-bit dt-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [Su-ut] ISAG1 i-na GIt.TU[KUL OS.ME&], "If a scholar (or) suit riFi-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the Apsfi, (that) sc]holar (or) [Sit] re-i-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 arad ekalli "builder" See comment on No. 119:15 1i. arad.6.gal = dr-du t.GAL 119:15; [1]6.arad.6.rgall = rdrl[du 1.GAL] 121:15 arkatu "inheritance" [Sr]-kAt-su-nu sd-ra [itabbal], "The wind [will carry away] their [in]heritance" 128:48 arnu see annu asi "physician" 16u.a.zu = a-su-rtl 120:5 asfi "to go out" (G); "to expel, evict" (S) G-stem: d-rsal 117 r. iii 7' S-stem: In the idiom ana harrAni sus6, "to send on campaign": [r]ik-si-Sl-nu u-pat-tar NA4 .[NA.RO.A]-Sl-nu u-rSd-an'-[nu]-raI [a-na] r arl-ra-a-na d.se.rsugu-l [n]u-tu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-rnul-[su-n]u-tu, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor ... " 128:50-52 aiabu "to dwell, live, settle, take up residence; to sit around, be present" G-stem: FtRIN.MES sUil-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LfL i dE-a DINGIR.MEN GAL.MES1 a-sib AN-e u KI-tim* ME>> ina UKKIN su-ba-ri-d-nu r-rkin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31; a-[s]ib 118 ii 26'; tu-[gib] 118 ii 27' S-stem: il-gesMib-an-ni 117 r. ii 17'; d-lesSib-ki 117 r. ii 18'; ul-te-rsibl 117 r. ii 19'; su-'ib-[d(?)] 118 ii 28' asar (conj.) "where(ver)" DUMU Sip-par.rKI1 EN.LIL.KI 1 rKA.DINGIRl.[R]A.JKI1 an-rna el-me-di a-na t rsi-bit-til [su-ru-bu a-s[ar an-na uS]-rdul URU ana SUR, DUB-ak a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LUI.KOR* BAR-ii KU 4-ub, "If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon], or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:20-23 isipu "exorcist" lIi.mag.mas = a-rsi-pul 120:6; rlt.mas1.mas = a-Sip 122:30 asru "place" ral-sar-rsfilnu a-na na-m[e-e ikkammar], "Their place [will be turned] into [a ruined heap of] was[te]" 128:47 atfinu "mare" a-ta-ra-nul 116:10' atkuppu "reed-mat weaver" r 1Iu1. a d. KID = at-kup-pu 122:16 oi.uchicago.edu 406 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR atmanu "sanctum" See also bit ili, ekurru DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-ne-es-su-u at-man(!)-un-'d (sic), "... the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums" 128:59 ayfbu "enemy" dFAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-gul] vUGUl-gS [i-slarrak, "Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:18-19; DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LfL.KI L) KA.DINGIR.RA.KI riml-ra-gS-nu a-na GAR-fmal NfG.SU-Sf NfG.GA-[S1] a-na KOR-gS fmurl-ni-is-q[( d-ra-rkil mur-ni-is-qf [su-ut] im-ra-a i-kul i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-fbi US1.MES, "If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy" 128:32-34 bfi'iru "fisherman" Iii. u.ba = ba-Nil-[ru] 120:1; lu .u.ba = ba-a-i-ri 122:4 balfitu "to be alive" ral-rbal-lutl 117 r. i 9'; Fabl-lut 117 r. i 10' baqfru "to claim, lay claim to" D-stem: u-baq-rqar-xl 118 ii 11'; S-stem: di-eb-rqir-xl 118 iii 25' barbaru "wolf" ba-ra-ba-ra115:2 bfrfi "diviner" 1 i. UAL = ba-ru-rl 119:13; ii.UAL = ba-Fru-tl 121:13; r 1. UAL = ba-[ru-d] 122:32 batiqu "to cut off" ba-ta-q[u](?) 122:33 bUl narkabti see berkabtu bIl pabas (bil pihati) "governor" See also sdkin tlmi, sandabakku; for discussion see comments on No. 94:12 and No. 119:5 lfi.en.nam = be-el pa-bas 119:5; 121:5; l6.en.nam = [be]-el pa-[has] 122:1; rlu.en.naml = [be]-el pa-has 123:3 berkabtu (bil narkabti) "charioteer" See comments on No. 119:12 and No. 122:12 l .en.gi .gigir = be-er-kab-tu 119:12; I1.en.gis.gigir = GIS.GIGIR 122:12 Ii.en.gis.gigir = bd-er-kab-tu 121:12; beriitu "foundations" DUMU Sip-par.[KIl EN.LIL.KI rKA.DINGIRl.[R]A.TKII an-rna el-me-di a-na t rsi-bit-til [s]u-ru-bu a-s[ar an-na VS]-Fdul URU ana SUR, DUB-ak a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LO.KOR* BAR-ai KU , -ub, "If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon], or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:20-23 at bit ili "temple" See also atmanu, ekurru, kissu lu-a LO.UGULA lu-a LO gd-tam i.KUR lu-a L[0 u-u]t SAG LUGAL Sd ina Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI KA.DINGIR. RA.KI ana LO.SA.TAM f.KUR GUB-ZU tup-sik(!)-ka t.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-s'u-nu-tt(!), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a s[u]t reii-official of the king who serves as a chief temple a oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FORSTENSPIEGEL 407 steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples, ... " 128:56-58 bit sibitti "prison" DUMU Sip-par.fKIl EN.LIL.KI 1 rKA.DINGIR1.[R]A.rKI1 an-rna el-me-di a-na risi-bit-til [slu-ru-bu a-S[ar an-na uS]-fdul URU ana SUR 7 DUB-ak a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LO.KLOR* BAR-1 KU 4-ub, "If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon], or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:20-23 bfiu "property" See also makkdru drAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [U] KI-tim a-[a-bi-su] rUGUi-vGAR-rmal NIG.SU-4d NIG.GA-[aji] a-na KOR-•i [i-sfar- rak, "Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:18-19 bu,>l "to search for, look for, seek (out)" rubl-te-e 118 ii 39' dabhbu "to discuss, negotiate, speak to, speak about; to protest; to plot, conspire against" a-dab-bu-ub 117:12'; ral-dab-bu-ub 118 i 26'; i-dab-bu-ub 117:13'; [i]-dab-bu-ub 118 i 25'; ni-dabbu-bu 117:15'; nid-bu-bu 117:14'; [n]i-i[d-b]u-bu 118 i 28'; [i]d-bu-bu 118 i 27' daj(j)anu see dayydnu daltu "door" da-al-rtil 115:9 danu "to hear, judge a case" See also dayydnu, dinu DUMU Sip-par.Kl i-da-as-ma [a-hi-am SUM(!)1-[i]n dUTU DI.KUs AN-e u KI-timl di-ni a-rhi-al ina KUR- Su GAR-ma, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land" 128:9-10 dasu "to harass, treat with disrespect" DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma [a-hi-am sM(!)1-[i]n dUTU DI.KU, AN-e u KI-Ftiml di-ni a-rhi-al ina KURsi GAR-ma, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land" 128:9-10; FDUMU.MES 1 EN.LIL.KI a-na rdilni ub-lu,-rnisgl-sum-ma kad,-r[a-a] TI-ma i-rdal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LIL E[N KUR.KUR L]0.KOR ra-l1al-a i-derek-ki-guml-ma tRIN.MES-gli a-na LU.DE, i-sall-hhar, "If they bring natives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14 dayyanu "judge" DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma ra-lbi-am SUM(!)1-[i]n dUTU DI.KUs AN-e u KI- t timl di-ni a-fjti-al ina KUR- aiGAR-ma NUN.MES u DI.KU,.MES a-na di-ni St-u[l-me] NU ME, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samag, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land, and princes and judges will not heed a right[ful] verdict" 128:9-11 dekfl "to mobilize" See also dikdtu [DUMU.MES 1 EN.LIL.KI a-na [dil-ni ub-lu,-Fnigl-sum-ma kad,-r[a-a] TI-ma i-rdal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR L]O.KOR a-bal-a i-de-lek-ki-sum-.ma tRIN.ME-S-ti a-na LO.DE 5 d-salt-bar, "If they bring na- tives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14 oi.uchicago.edu 408 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR dibbu "word, talk, agreement, matter" dib-bi 117:5' dikfutu "mobilization" See also dekf [IRIN.MES St]-nu-ti ina di-ku-u[t IRIN].[MES1 KUR Ia gRIN.MESI [sarri idekkf dErra gasra alik pan ummdnisu pan ummdnisu ima ttasma idi nakrisu illak], "If [he called up th]ose [men] in a mobilization of the national or [royal] arm[y, mighty Erra who goes before his army will shatter his front line and go at his enemy's side]" 128:35-36 dinu "case, law, court, justice" See also ddnu, dayydnu LUGAL a-na di-ni NU ME UN.MES-S• SCjj-a KUR-SU in-nam-ma, "If a king does not heed justice, his people will fall into anarchy, and his land will become a waste" 128:1; a-na di-ni KUR-gi NU ME dE-a LUGAL NAM.MES Sim-tas ti-S-an-ni-tmal a-li-ti US.MES-di, "If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him)" 128:2-3; DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma fa-li-am SUM(!)I-[i]n dUTU DI.KUs AN-e U KI-tfiml di-ni a-lhi-al ina KUR-Sgi GAR-ma, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land" 128:9-10; rDUMU.MESi EN.LIL.KI a-na rdil-ni ub-lu,-fnis1-sum-ma kad,-r[a-a] TI-ma i-Edal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR L]O.KOR faa-na Li.DE , 5 -sat-har,"If they bring natives of Nippur to him bal-a i-de-t ek-ki-Suml-ma tRIN.MES-gS for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14; [di-i]n LO.KA.DINGIR. [R]A.KI.ME[S GIS.TUK]-fel-ma(!) ana(!) qa-lim tur-ru d[AMAR.UTU EN ANI [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-Si] UGUlSi GAR-rmal NfG.SU-Sgi NfG.GA-[`li] a-na KOR-Sg [i-s&ar-rak, "If he [hea]rs a [laws]uit involving the people of Babylon only to turn (it) into a frivolous thing, Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:17-19 ekurru "temple" See also atmanu, bit ili, kissu lu-u LO.UGULA lu-U LO gd-tam t.KUR lu-u L[i u-u]t SAG LUGAL Si ina Sip-par.Kl EN.LIL.KI i KA.DINGIR. RA.KI ana LO.SA.TAM t.KUR GUB-zu tup-sik(!)-ka t.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-si-nu-ti(!), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a [fu]t rifi-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples, ... " 128:56-58 eli "upon, concerning, on account of" rUGUl-gs 128:18; UGv-s•-[nu] 128:26 emedu "to impose (an obligation to pay a fine or a tax)" DUMU Sip-par.JKIl EN.LfL.KI L2 [KA.DINGIR1.[R]A.JKI1 an-rna el-me-di a-na t rsi-bit-til [5]u-ru-bu a-S[ar an-na US]-idul URU ana SUR 7 DUB-ak a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LO.KOR* BAR-ai KU4 -ub, "If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon],'or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:20-23; Sip-par.KI FEN.LIL1.KI a KA.DINGIR.JRA.KI UR1.BI.TA [ZI(?)-bi(?)] tRIN.MES su-nurtu1 tup-sik-ka e-[me-da i]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]O.NIMGIR UGU-Su-[nu 6-kan-nu] d[AMAR1.UTU N[UN].JME DINGIR 1.MES NUN mus-tal-[lum] 1KUR 1-su ana Li.KOR-gai d-sat -ar-ma IRIN.MES KUR-fri tup-Sikl-ka ral [n]a LO.KOR-g• ril-zab-bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29; lu-ai LU.UGULA lu-ut LO Sd-tam I.KUR lu-a L[V Su-u]t SAG LUGAL id ina Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI ana Ll.SA.TAM A.KUR GUB- oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 409 zu tup-sik(!)-ka t.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-i-nu-tdU(!) DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-ne-es-su-4 atman(!)-un-s' (sic), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a s[1]t resi-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples, the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums" 128:5659; i-mid 117:2'; e-mid 117:3'; e-[mid] 118i 16'; i-mid-u-ni 117:4'; i-mid-d-[n]i 118 i 17' epigu "to do, make, build, perform" [te]-fel-pis-si 117 r. i 23' epiktu "accomplishment, deed" ep(!)-'et-sidnu za-rqf-ql-[iS 128:49 immanni], "Their accomplishments [will be reckoned as] nothingness" eqlu "field" [s]i-rin-da-til [GU4].rMES1-[ua-nu upattaruma] A.SA.MES-IiL-nl u-rgd-anl-[nu-' ana abe isarrak], "If [he unyokes] their [t]eams of [oxe]n, or chan[ges] (the boundaries of) their fields ... " 128:37-38 erebu "to enter, come back" (G); "to make enter, bring into" (S) G-stem: DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-ne-es-su-u at-man(!)-un-su (sic) ul fir-rul-bu a-na ki-issi-su-un, "... the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums. They will not enter their shrines" 128:59-60; DUMU Sip-par.tKIl EN.LIL.KI t rKA.DINGIRl.[R]A.rKI1 an-rna el-me-di a-na t rsi-bittil [slu-ru-bu a-s[ar an-na us]-rdul URU ana SUR, DUB-ak a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LO.KOR* BAR-a KU,-ub, "If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon], or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:20-23 S-stem: rKJI.BABBAR LO.KA.DINGIR.R[A] .KII.[MES TI(?)-ma(?)] ral-na NIG.GA-gSi d-sie-ri-bi [di-i]n LO.KA.DINGIR.[R]A.KI.ME[S GIS.TUK]-fel-ma(!) ana(!) qa-lim tur-ru dFAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[abi-si] [UGUl-gVi GAR-rmal NfG.SU-&i NIG.GA-[li] a-na KOR-Sgi [i-sJar-rak, "If he [takes] the silver of the people of Babylon [and] brings (it) into his (own) treasury, the people of Babylon only to turn (it) into a frivolous thing, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and i~[r-re]b-si 118 i 9'; ul-te-rib-id 117 r. iii 17'; ul-te-[rib]-id erisu "to request, crave, desire" [ni(?)]-ris 117 r. ii 8'; rte(?)-rii or if he [hea]rs a [laws]uit involving Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, wealth to his enemy" 128:16-19; ui118 i 10' 117 r. ii 9'; APIN 117 r. ii. 10'; e-re-es 117 r. ii. 11' Erib biti (a person allowed to enter the temple) lt.ku 4 .6 = e-rib t 119:9; 121:8; rli.ku 4 1.6 = e-rib rtl 123:7 ersetu "earth" DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma ra-bi-am SUM(!)1-[i]n dUTU DI.KU5 AN-e u KI-rtiml di-ni a-rhi-al ina KUR- Si GAR-ma, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, SamaS, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land" 128:9-10; d[AMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim GAR-rmal, "Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon a-[a-bi-s&] rGvl-gId dtE-a DINGIR.MES GAL.JMESi a-sib AN-e u KI-tim* him" 128:18; f•RIN.MES jal-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LIL t <MES• ina UKKIN gu-ba-ri-gt-nu --rkin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven a and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31; fMASI UDUJ.NITA.MES1-[Vu-nu isabbatu] dlIMi GOJ.GAL1 AN-e a'1 [Ki-tim nammagSc s.risu] i-na jIu-Sit- i ai-gsam-qatl-[ma], "If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine" 128:40-42 esittu "pestle" or "a tax on date orchards" e-si-fitl-ti 115:7 oi.uchicago.edu 410 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR es(s)fi see isf estf "to confuse, trouble" (G); "to fall into anarchy" (N) N-stem: LUGAL a-na di-ni NU ME UN.MES-&d SUj-a KUR-SU in-nam-ma, "If a king does not heed jus- tice, his people will fall into anarchy, and his land will become a waste" 128:1 gallabu "barber" 1t. s u. i = gal-la-bu 122:8; 1u . u. i = galrlal-bu 120:8 gamfru "to use up, spend" nil-ig-m[ur] 117 r. i 8'; ig-rmurl 118 i 19' gariru "to roll over" tag-ru-[u]r 118 ii 13' gimru "everything" [dTFAG DUB.SAR 1 [f].1SAG.fL1 sa-n[q §AR(!) AN-e mu-ma-'i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-4 LUGAL1-d-tu rik- sat KUR-SU d-pat-tar-ma a-hi-ti(!) fi-sdl-[m]u, "Nabl, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 gugallu "canal inspector" FMAS1 UDU.rNfTA.ME1S-[•u-nu isabbatu] drIMI Gi.UGAL1 AN-e r)1 [KI-tim namma&eO srrisu] i-na bu-sdlzbi i-fuam-qatl-[ma], "If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine" 128:40-42 babtu "captive, prisoner" bab-tu-rtul 118 ii 25' halfiqu "to run away, escape, perish, disappear" (G); "to allow to escape" (D); "to help to escape, to make runaway" (S) S-stem: -sgab-rlaq1 117 r. ii 24'; tu-Sab-liq 117 r. ii 25' harAsu "to make a withdrawal, deduction (from an account); to write off, cancel an order" rhur-sal-am-m[a] 118 ii 30' harrinu "road, campaign, journey, caravan, caravan venture" [r]ik-si-su-nu U-pat-tar NA4 .[NA.RU.A]-sa-nu i-rgd-anl-[nu]-Jtl [a-na] rharl-ra-a-na -se-rsu-&ul-[n]utu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-rnul-[su-n]u-tu, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor, ... " 128:50-52 b•ru "to ready, prepare; to woo a woman" b(fr-s[u(?)] 117 r. ii 29' hatf "to make a mistake, commit an offense" i-hat-.tu-rt 118 iii 24' buppt (a weaver) See comment on No. 122:15 [1 ].NA.B[u(?)] = [jz]ap-pu-a 122:15 busfibu "twig" zu-sa-[bu] 115:6 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 411 busabbu "famine" t MAI1 UDU.1NITA.MES1-[S-nu- isabbatu] drIMi GO.JGAL 1 AN-e Fal [KI-tim nammasgi serisu] i-na hu-sdh- 4i u-rsam-qatl-[ma], "If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine" 128:40-42 ibbfi (imbt) "deficit" ribl-bu-un-[ni] 117 r. i 2' idf "to know" (G); "to assign" (D) D-stem: [d]rAG DUB.SAR 1 [2].fJAG.IL1 sa-n(q SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-,i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-u LUGAL1- u-tu rik-sat KUR-Sui -pat-tar-ma a-hi-ti(!) ri-dl1-[m]u, "Nabfl, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 igiru "wall" i-ga-ra 115:10 ilku "corv6e" Sip-par.KI t EN.LIL1.KI I KA.DINGIR.RA.KI URI.BI.TA [zI(?)-bi(?)] IRIN.MES su-nu-rtui tup-sik-ka e-[me-da I]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]0.NIMGIR UGU-id-[nu fl-kan-nu] drAMARl.UTU N[UN]J.ME DINGIR 1.MES NUN mus-rtal-[lum] FKUR 1-su ana LO.KOR-&diu-sah-ar-ma RIN.MES KUR-Frg tup-sikl-ka ra l -[n]a LU.KOR-ti ril-zab-bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29 ilu "god" See also bit ili .tu-daa-na i-pi-ir dE-a ME a-bi-rik-tu ARIN.ME1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina si-tul-rtal ra 1 at NfG.SI.SA U.MES-lii, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8; drAMARl.UTU N[UN].rME DINGIR 1.MES NUN mu§-rtal-[lum] rKUR1-SU ana L(,.KiR-Si a-salt-tarma, "Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy" dt1-a DINGIR.MES GAL.FMES1 a-sib AN-e u KI-tim* 128:27-28; F1 RIN.MES f•l-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LfL <ME>> ina UKKIN su-ba-ri-si-nu ui-kin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31; DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-ne-es-su-d at-man(!)-un-si (sic), "... the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums" 128:59 imbil see ibba imeru "donkey" ril-me-[ri] 115:3 immeru "sheep" fMA~1 UDU.rNITA.ME1S-[&u-nu isabbatu] drlMI GOJ.GAL 1 AN-e rt1 [KI-tim nammalss sdrisu] i-na hu-ldibi a-rlam-qatl-[ma], "If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine" 128:40-42 imrf "fodder" DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI ) KA.DINGIR.RA.KI riml-ra-sd-nu a-na 1 rmurl-ni-is-q sd-ra-rkil mur-ni-is-qt [su-ut] im-ra-a i-kul i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-rbi US .MES, "If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy" 128:32-34 oi.uchicago.edu 412 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR ina "in, among, with (instrumental)" i-na 128:34, 42, 46; ril-[n]a 128:45; ina 128:8, 10, 31, 35, 39, 57; [ina] 128:15 ina libbi "among, within, inside" ina lib-bi 128:8 ina qat "in, from the hands, custody, possession of; through the agency of" ina Su" 121:30; 125 iv 21 isbabbu (istiappu) "scoundrel, rogue" a-na is-#ab-ba ME UMUS KUR MAN(!)-ni, "If he heeds the scoundrel, the land will defect" 128:6 isf (issa, esd, essa) "pit, depression" i-su-rfl 115:4 isaru "straight; penis" i-fsd-ril 116:9' iaHtu "fire" i-sd-ta 116:8' ispartu "female weaver" PAP 140(!) SAL.US.BAR SfG, "Total: 140(sic) female weavers of wool" 125 iv 20 izuzzu (usuzzu) "to stand, serve" lu-u LO.UGULA lu-u LO gd-tam .KUR lu-u L[0 gu-u]t SAG LUGAL sd ina Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI Ž KA.DINGIR. RA.KI ana LO.SA.TAM f.KUR GUB-ZU tup-Sik(!)-ka B.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-su-nu-tu(!), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a sg[]t resi-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples, ... " 128:56-58 kabftu "to be important, honored" tak-bit 117 r. ii 21'; rkabl-tu 117 r. ii 22' kabsarru "jeweler" [l]ii.kab.sar = kab-sar-Frul 122:14; rl6.kab.sarl = k[ab-gar-ru] 123:14 kadrfi "bribe, gift" fDUMU.MESI EN.LIL.KI a-na [dil-ni ub-lu-r[nisl-sum-ma kad4-r[a-a] TI-ma i-tdal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR L]O.KUR fa-hal-a i-de-rek-ki-suml-ma RNIN.MES-&i a-na LO.DE,5 -sat-bar, "If they bring na- tives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14 kadu "to detain, arrest, take into custody" rlal ta-kud-da-di-sg-nu<-ti> 117 r. i 15' kakku "weapon" um-ma-a-an rSil-ut SAG man-za-raz1 [pa-an LUGAL] ral-mat-sun <lum>> a-lam-man f[a-as-sun i-mattar] ril-[n]a qi-bit dt-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [gu-ut] ISAG1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL OS.MES], "If a scholar (or) gst rsgi-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the ApsQ, (that) sc]holar (or) [udt] rigi-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 kali "lamentation-priest" rl 1. g [ ala] = ka-lu-r 1l 123:9 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FLRSTENSPIEGEL 413 kaniku "to seal" ka-na-ku(?) 122:33 kfnu "to be true" (G); "to exact, affirm, certify, establish, assign" (D) D-stem: Sip-par.Kl EN.LfLl.KI i KA.DINGIR.fRA.KI URI.BI.TA [zI(?)-bi(?)] IRRIN.MES Su-nu-ftul tup-sik-ka e-[me-da i]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]O.NIMGIR UGU-&I-[nu 6-kan-nu] dfAMARl.UTU N[UN].JME DINGIRI.MES NUN mus-ftal-[lum] fKURl-su ana LlO.KR-i a-sabt-iar-ma RIN.MES KUR-fST tup-'ikl-ka ral-[n]a LO.KIR-i• fil-zab-bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land d-a will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29; I~RIN.MES Sul-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LfL DINGIR.MES GAL.FMESI a-sib AN-e u KI-tim* <(MES» ina UKKIN su-ba-ri-•'-nu ud-kin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31 kaparru "young shepherd" 16.sipa.tur = ka-par 122:23 karfi (B) "to be short" (G); "to cut short" (S) S-stem: a-na NUN.MES-i MNU ME UD.MES-si Li•GUD.DA.MES, "If he does not heed his princes, his days will be cut short" 128:4 kaspu "silver" FKtJL.BABBAR 128:16 ki (conj.) "if, when, as soon as, after, that, because" ki-i 117 r. iii 14' kissu "shrine" See also bit ili, ekurru DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-ne-es-su-u at-man(!)-un-si (sic) ul rir-rul-bu a-na ki-is-si-su-un, "... the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums. They will not enter their shrines" 128:59-60 kissatu "totality" [d]rAG DUB.SAR 1 [r].lSAG.fL1 sa-n[q SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-'i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-Fdu-i LUGALI1--tu rik- sat KUR-Si u-pat-tar-ma a-bi-ti(!) Fi-sd1-[m]u, "Nabf, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 kuluru (a performer in the cult of litar) See also sinnisanu; for discussion see comment on No. 120:2 1i. kur.gar.ra = ku-lu-a 122:22; 16. kur.gar.ra = ku-l[u-a] 120:2 kuttimmu (kutimmu) "gold- or silversmith" [l6].rkiul.dfm = Fkutl-[tim-mu] 120:11; li.ki.dim ZI = kut-tim-mu 122:13; l16.k&i.diml = kuut-t[im-mu] 123:13 1&"no, not" Nu 128:1, 2, 4, 5, 11; la 117 r. iii 10' Ilsimu "courier" See comment on No. 122:26 16.lab, 4 . a b, = la-as-ma 122:26 oi.uchicago.edu THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 414 lemEnu "to turn into evil, fall into misfortune" (G); "to treat badly, defame" (D) D-stem: In the idiom amita lummunu, "to slander": um-ma-a-an rgIs-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] ral-mat-sun <lum>>» -lam-man t[a-as-sun imab-bar] ril-[n]a qf-bit dt-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [su-ut] FSAG 1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL OS.MES], "If a scholar (or) sit rJ-i-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the Apsf, (that) sc]holar (or) [sut] resiofficial [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 leqf "to take" rdil-ni ub-lu4-rnisl-sum-ma kad4 -r[a-a] TI-ma 1-rdal-as-su-nu-tidEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR L]O.KOR ra-hal-a i-de-rek-ki-suml-ma ARIN.MES-Xi a-na LO.DE, i-sab-bar, "If they bring narDUMU.MES1 EN.LIL.KI a-na tives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14; rKp1.BABBAR LO.KA.DINGIR.R[A].fKIl.[ME§ TI(?)-ma(?)] ral-na NfG.GA-&rd ai-se-ri-bi [di-i]n LO.KA.DINGIR. fUGU1[R]A.KI.ME[S GIS.TUK]-Fel-ma(!) ana(!) qa-lim tur-ru dFAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [U] KI-tim a-[a-bi-si] si GAR- 1mal NfG.SU-ti NIG.GA-[sai] a-na KOR-&i [i-s]ar-rak, "If he [takes] the silver of the people of Babylon [and] brings (it) into his (own) treasury, or if he [hea]rs a [laws]uit involving the people of Babylon only to turn (it) into a frivolous thing, Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:16-19 It "be it" (precative, concessive particle); "indeed" (asseverative particle) lu-u 128:56 maharu "to receive, accept, buy" nim-ta-bar 117:9'; inim-tal-bar 118 i 22'; tam-bur 117:7'; 118 i 20'; nim-tur 117:8'; 118 i 21'; rniml bur 117 r. i 13'; mub-ra-ran-nil 118 i 40'; mub-ras-sum-ma 117:11'; rmubl-ras-sum-ma 118 i 24'; rmab-rakl 118 i 39' mahbbf "ecstatic" 1i.gub.rba = mab-rbu-al 122:29 makkfru "treasury, wealth, estate" See also bdiu [KO1.BABBAR LI.KA.DINGIR.R[A].1KI1.[MES TI(?)-ma(?)] ral-na NIG.GA-gjt-se-ri-bi [di-i]n LO.KA.DINGIR. [R]A.KI.ME[S GIl.TUK]-fel-ma(!) ana(!) qa-lim tur-ru d AMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-sd] FUGUlsu GAR-[mal NfG.SU-Sd NIG.GA-[ UI] a-na KOR-s' [i-s]ar-rak, "If he [takes] the silver of the people of Babylon [and] brings (it) into his (own) treasury, or if he [hea]rs a [laws]uit involving the people of Babylon only to turn (it) into a frivolous thing, Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:16-19 malihu "boatman" lfi.mmi.lab4 = ma-la-bu 122:5; lti.m[a].lab 4 = ma-[la-bu] 123:15 maliku "to give advice" (G); "to deliberate" (Gt) Gt-stem: nin-dal-lik 117 r. i 17' manf0 "to recount, hand over, deliver up to" [r]ik-si-sd-nu i-pat-tar NA4.[NA.RO.A]-ia-nu B-rd-anl-.[nu]-Tl [a-na] rtarl-ra-a-naa-Se-rsu-5ul-[n]utu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-lnul-[Su-n]u-tu, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor, ... " 128:50-52 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 415 maqftu "to fall" (G); "to fell" (S) S-stem: fMAS1 UDU.FNITA.MEgi-[u-nu isabbatu] drIMi GOl.GAL1 AN-e ra1 [KI-tim nammafd0 sirifu] i-na bu-Sdb-lii 6ilsam-qatl-[ma], "If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine" 128:40-42 mfr ili "citizen, native of a city" DUMU Sip-par.KI 128:9; DUMU Sip-par.Kll EN.LIL.KI a rKA.DINGIRJ.[R]A.rKIl 128:20; DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI 1 KA.DINGIR.RA.KI 128:32; FDUMU.MES1 EN.LIL.KI 128:12 mfr sarri "prince" dumu.lugal = mar MIN(sar-rum) 119:2; 121:2 mar sipri "messenger" Ii.a.kin = DUMU Fip-ri 119:14; lUi.a.kin(!) = DUMU sip-[ri] 121:14 mirti sarri "princess" dumu.munus.lugal = mar-ti MIN (Sar-rum) 119:3; 121:3 massar abulli "gate-guard" 16.en.nun.k .gal = ma-as-sar a-bul-lum 119:16; [1]6.en.nun.k lum] 121:16 .gal = ma-a[s-sar a-bul- mitu "land" KUR 128:6, 35; KUR-su 128:1, 5; IKUR1 -SU 128:28; KUR-jii 128:2, 10, 55; KUR-rftl 128:28; dEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR] 128:14; x [x] sd KUR.KUR 117 r. iii 4' mazpfn (mazzaz pdni) "courtier, attendant" See comment on No. 119:18 1. igi . g ub = ma-az-pan 119:18; 121:18; 122:6; um-ma-a-an rsil-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] ral-mat-sun <lum>> 4-lam-man t[a-as-sun i-mah-har] ril-[n]a qf-bit dE-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rmaal-an [fu-ut] rSAG 1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL OS.ME§], "If a scholar (or) sut rift-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the Apsf, (that) sc]holar (or) [sut] rifi-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 minamma (minamma) "why?" mi-nam-ma 117 r. iii 15' miqittu "scraps; corpses" See comment on No. 128:14 rDUMU.MESI EN.LIL.KI a-na rdil-ni ub-lu4-rnisl-sum-ma kad,-r[a-a] TI-ma i-rdal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LIL E[N KUR.KUR L]U.KUjR ra-bal-a i-de-rek-ki-suml-ma tRIN.ME§S-?i a-na LP.DE 5 a-salib-ar, "If they bring na- tives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14 miharu "justice, righteousness" a-na Si-pi-ir dE-a ME a-bi-rik-tu IRIN.ME1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina fi-tul-[tal ai 1tu-daat 1 NIG.SLSA US.MES-fi, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8 mithiris "collectively" Sip-par.KI FEN.LIL1.KTI KA.DINGIR.FRA.KI UR1.BI.TA [zi(?)-bi(?)] iRIN.MES fu-nu-Ftul tup-sik-ka e-[me-da i]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]O.NIMGIR UGU-sU-[nu d-kan-nu] drAMAR1.UTU N[UN].FME DINGIRI.MES NUN muf-rtal-[lum] FKUR1-Su ana LSf.KOR-ui ai-sabt-far-ma tRIN.MES KUR-fri tup-sikl-ka fal-[n]a L(J.KUR-ui ril-zab-bil, "If oi.uchicago.edu 416 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29 mumairu "director" [d]rAG DUB.SAR 1 [r].ISAG.fL1 sa-nfq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-'i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-i LUGAL1I-d-tu rik- sat KUR-Sli -pat-tar-ma a-bi-ti(!) ri-idl-[m]u, "Nabf, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 murasitu "female wildcat" mu-ra-si-ti 116:11' mfirnisqu "thoroughbred horse" DUMU Sip-par.K EN.LfL.KI t KA.DINGIR.RA.KI liml-ra-su-nu a-na rmur1.ni-is-q sd-ra.rkil mur-ni-is-qi [Su-ut] im-ra-a i-kul i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-fbi US1.ME§, "If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy" 128:32-34 musarf "garden" or "inscription" mus-sar-[r]e 118 ii 12' mussuru "to release, let go, set free, abandon" [m]us-Jur(!) 117 r. i 19'; [mu]S-Su-rat 117 r. i 20'; [i-mas -Sir 118 i 5'; [d-mas-si]-rrul-ka 118 i 6' mustalu "judicious" drAMARI.UTU N[UN].rME DINGIR1.MES NUN mugstal-[lum] rKUR1-SU ana LO.KOR-Sid u-sab-tar-ma, "Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy" 128:27-28 muttaggigu "traveling inspector(?)" See comment on No. 122:28 fi. DU.DU = mut-tag-rgisl 122:28 nabalkutu "to rebel" a-na um-ma-a-nu NU ME KUR-su BAL-su, "If he does not heed the scholars, his land will rebel against him" 128:5 naggiru "carpenter" r 1. n a g a r = rnal-ag-rga-rul 123:11 nagiru "herald" Sip-par.KI rEN.LIL1.KI 1t KA.DINGIR.JRA.KI UR1.BI.TA [ZI(?)-bi(?)] iRIN.MES iu-nu-[tul tup-}ik-ka e-[me-da i]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]i.NIMGIR UGU-g'-[nu d-kan-nu] drAMAR1.UTU N[UN].JME DINGIR 1.MES NUN mus-rtal[lum] fKUR 1-su ana LO.KOR-gsd -sa t-tar-ma ARIN.MES KUR-rfti tup-sikl-ka ral-[n]a LO.KOR-gl ril-zabbil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29 nablu (naballu) "wadi" na-fab-lil 115:12 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 417 nakru "enemy" See also abfi FDUMU.MES 1 EN.LIL.KI a-na rdil-ni ub-lue-rnisl-sum-ma kad,-r[a-a] TI-ma i-rdal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LIL E[N KUR.KUR L](.KOR Fa-bal-a i-de-rek-ki-suml-ma tRIN.MES-id a-na LO.DEs d-sab-bjar, "If they bring natives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14; d[AMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-ui] rFUGUL-r GAR-lmal NIG.SU-~i NfG.GA-[d?] a-na KOR-id [i-slarrak, "Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:18-19; a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LO.KOR* BAR-ri KU4-ub, "A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:22-23; Sip-par.KI rEN.LIL1.KI i KA.DINGIR. FRA.KI UR1.BI.TA [zi(?)-bi(?)] tRIN.MES su-nu-rtul tup-sik-ka e-[me-da i]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]O.NIMGIR UGUui-[nu d-kan-nu] d[AMAR1.UTU N[UN].rME DINGIRI.MES NUN muS-rtal-[lum] rKURI-SU ana Li.KOR-ij dril-zab-bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, sao-bar-ma tRIN.MES KUR-rsf tup-Sikl-ka ral-[n]a LO.KOR-s Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29 namfi (A) "to be abandoned, lie in ruins" (G); "to become ruined, to become waste" (N) N-stem: LUGAL a-na di-ni NU ME UN.MES-l•d Sfil-a KUR-SU in-nam-ma, "If a king does not heed jus- tice, his people will fall into anarchy, and his land will become a waste" 128:1 namfi (B) "wasteland" ral-gar-risl-nu a-na na-m[e-e ikkammar], "Their place [will be turned] into [a ruined heap of] was[te]" 128:47 napharu "total" PAP 121:30; 124:31; 125 iv 20 nappahu "smith" u .simug = nap-pa-Frul 123:12 niqidu (ndqiddu) "herdsman" See comment on No. 103:5 1t.na.gada = na-qid-da 122:24 nartu "female singer" SAL.I ii. nar = na-dr-tum 122:21 narfl "stele" [r]ik-si-S•-nu d-pat-tar NA4.[NA.RU.AJ]-i-nt iu-r[d-anl-[nu]-ril [a-na] harl-ra-a-na d-se-fsu-lul-[n]utu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-rnul-[Su-n]u-tu, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor ... " 128:50-52 nlru "male singer" I i . nar = na-ral-ra 122:20 nassabu see nussabu nesfi "to depart, move away from" DINGIR.MEt GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-n6-es-su-u at-man(!)-un-s' (sic), "... the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums" 128:59 oi.uchicago.edu 418 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR nesu "lion" nd-rel-gi 115:1; rnel-e-si 116: 7' ninu "we" ni-ni 118 i 42' nisakku "high priest(?)" See comment on No. 125 iv 23 lI.nu. s = ni-'ak-ku 119:8; 121:10; r lu1.nu.fe LO.NU.frtS dEN 125 iv 22-23 ni•i = ni-Sak-rkal 123:6; mdEN.JRU-D-MA.AN.SUM "people" LUGAL a-na di-ni NU ME UN.MES-fif sJU-a KUR-su in-nam-ma, "If a king does not heed justice, his people will fall into anarchy, and his land will become a waste" 128:1 nukuribbu (nukurib, nukaribbu) "gardener" See comment on No. 119:17 16.nu.giu.kiri, = nu-ku-rib 119:17; 121:17; 16. nu.gii.kiri 6 1 = nu-[k]u-rib-bu 123:17 nussabu (nassabu) "drain pipe" nu-sa-rbal 115:8 pahas see bil pabas paqidu "to appoint, hand over" paq-da 117 r. iii 9' paqiru see baqdru paqayu "mat-weaver" 16. k u . t ag = pa-qa-a-a 122:7; pa-qa-a-a 122:34 parft "mule" pa-rru-tl 115:5; 116:15' parftu (a type of alabaster) pa-ru-tu 116:16' pataru "to ransom" (G); "to undo" (D) D-stem: [r]ik-si-si-nu il-pat-tar NA4.[NA.Ro.A]-su-nu u-rsd-anl-[nu]-rtu1 [a-na] rbarl-ra-a-nau-e-rsuSul-[n]u-tu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-rnul-[Su-n]u-tu [d]FAG DUB.SAR 1 [J].rSAG.fL1 sa-nfq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma- gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-6 LUGALl-t-tU rik-sat KUR-si ti-pat-tar-ma a-bi-ti(!) ri-sal-[m]u, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor, Nabft, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:50-55 >i(!)-ir(!) pibatu see bil pabas pubru "assembly" rtRIN.MES sil-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LfL a dt-a DINGIR.MES GAL.rMES• a-'ib AN-e u KI-tim* <MES» ina UKKIN gu-ba-ri-gs-nu t-rkin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31 qabfi "to speak, say, tell" fil-qab-bak 117 r. iii 19'; i-Fqabl-[ba]k-k[a] 118 i 12'; ral-qab-[bak]-Fkal 118 i 13'; iq-bi4 117:6'; aqbak-ka 117:10'; 118 i 23' oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 419 qallu (adj.) "small, insignificant, frivolous" fKU 1.BABBAR LO.KA.DINGIR.R[A].rKI1.[MES TI(?)-ma(?)] ral-na NIG.GA-gi u-se-ri-bi [di-i]n LO.KA.DINGIR. [R]A.KI.ME[S GIS.TUK]-rel-ma(!) ana(!) qa-lim tur-ru drAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-gs] FUGU 1- SU GAR-rmal NfG.SU-.i NfG.GA-[S(i] a-na KOR-gi [i-slar-rak, "If he [takes] the silver of the people of Babylon [and] brings (it) into his (own) treasury, or if he [hea]rs a [laws]uit involving the people of Babylon only to turn (it) into a frivolous thing, Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:16-19 qalu "to heed" LUGAL a-na di-ni NU ME UN.MES-ga SOjj-a KUR-SU in-nam-ma, "If a king does not heed justice, his people will fall into anarchy, and his land will become a waste" 128:1; a-na di-ni KUR-gS NU ME dE-a LUGAL NAM.MES sim-tasg U-g-an-ni-rmal a-i-ti US.MES-di, "If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him)" 128:2-3; a-na NUN.MES-~i NU ME UD.MES-SU LOGUD.DA.MES, "If he does not heed his princes, his days will be cut short" 128:4; a-na um-ma-a-nu NU ME KUR-SU BAL-su, "If he does not heed the scholars, his land will rebel against him" 128:5; a-na is-tab-ba ME UMUS KUR MAN(!)-ni, "If he heeds the scoundrel, the land will defect" 128:6; a-na si-pi-ir dE-a ME a-bi-fik-tu ARIN.ME1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina Si-tul-[tal rtu-da-atl NIG.SI.SA US.MES-gi, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8; DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma ra-bi-am SUM(!)I- [i]n dUTU DI.KUS AN-e u KI-rtiml di-ni a-rhi-al ina KUR-gt GAR-ma NUN.MES u DI.KU,.MES a-na di-ni Sgu[l-me] NU ME, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land, and princes and judges will not heed a right[ful] verdict" 128:9-11 qappatu (a basket made of palm leaves) qa-rpal-ti 115:13 qerebu (qardbu) "to come near, approach, enter the presence of" (G); "to bring (near)" (D) D-stem: t-qar-rrabl 118 i 33'; rlu-[qar]-rrabl-sg 117:20'; [i-qa]r-[r]ib-Su 117:18'; ril-[qar]-rib-binu-ti 117:19'; qur-rib-[gs] 118 i 30'; [qur]-rib-su 117:17'; lu-qar-rib-[Sl] 118 i 31'; lu-qar-rib-si-rnutil 118 i 32' qibitu "command" um-ma-a-an rsal-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] ral-mat-sun <lum»> i-lam-man t[a-as-sun i-mahbar] ril-[n]a qi-bit d -a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [gu-ut] rSAGI i-na GIS.TU[KUL OS.MES], "If a scholar (or) gst rfgi-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the Apsi, (that) sc]holar (or) [Sut] r-gi-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 rabf "great, big" a-na si-pi-ir dt-a ME a-bi-rik-tu JRIN.ME1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina Yi-tul-rtal u~rtu-daat 1 NIG.SI.SA US.MES-g.ia, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8; fiRIN.MES SgU-nu-tim d dEN.LIL • dE-a DINGIR.MES GAL.JMESg a-gib AN-e u KI-tim* «MES> ina UKKIN su-ba-ri-sui-nu a-rkin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31; DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-ne-es-su-d at-man(!)-un-Sg (sic), "... the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums" 128:59 rakgsu "to assemble, build" (G = D) D-stem: 6-rak-rk6sl-am-ma 117 r. ii 14'; a-rak-kas 117 r. ii 15' oi.uchicago.edu 420 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR rasi "to acquire" ul a-ras-sd 117 r. i 16' ri see rJti' redfi "to lead, guide; to pursue, hound" (G); "to hound constantly" (Gtn); "to be led away" (N) Gtn-stem: a-na di-ni KUR-Sli NU ME d-a LUGAL NAM.MES gim-tasu-id-an-ni-fmal a-bi-ti US.MES-di, "If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him)" 128:2-3; a-na li-pi-ir dt-a ME a-bi-rik-tu IRIN.ME1 KUR ina libbi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina si-tul-ltal t ftu-da-atl NIG.SL.SA US.MES-Id, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8 N-stem: DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI t KA.DINGIR.RA.KI riml-ra-su-nu a-na tmurl-ni-is-q[ Sd-ra-fkil murni-is-qt [Su-ut] im-ra-a i-kul i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-fbi US1.MES, "If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy" 128:32-34 ridfl "soldier" r1i61.u = re-du-d 122:17 rEft (re) "shepherd" See comment on No. 119:11 lti.sipa = re-e 119:11; 121:11; 122:11 riksu "bond, agreement" [r]ik-si-id-nu t-pat-tar NA4.[NA.RO.A]-i1-nu u-sd-an1-[nu]-AT [a-na] rarl-ra-a-na -se-rsu-ul-[n]utu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-rnul-[su-n]u-tu [d]AG DUB.SAR 1 [t].rSAG.fL1 sa-nfq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma- i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-Idu-u LUGAL1-u-tu rik-sat KUR-dti -pat-tar-ma a-bi-ti(!) ri-Sdl-[m]u, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor, Nabfl, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:50-55 rubf "prince" a-na NUN.MES-Ui NU ME UD.MES-gai LiGUD.DA.MES, "If he does not heed his princes, his days will be cut short" 128:4; DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma ra-bi-am SUM(!)1-[i]n dUTU DI.KU, AN-e u KI-rtiml di-ni a-rbi-al ina KUR-gi GAR-ma NUN.MES u DI.KU,.MES a-na di-ni su-u[l-me] NU ME, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land, and princes and judges will not heed a right[ful] verdict" 128:9-11; NUN ta &[u-ut SA]G.JME•I-[J ina su-q]i URU rsi-lul-lis is1-sa-nu-du-u-nu, "The prince and [his] S[ut rj]siofficials will continually prowl [the stree]ts of the city like peddlers" 128:15; drAMARI.UTU N[UN].rME DINGIRI.ME§ NUN mus-rtal-[lum] rKUR 1-SUana LU.KUR-Jti -sat-tar-ma, "Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy" 128:27-28 sab~ru "to turn around, turn away" (G) "to make change allegiance"; with ana: "to turn over to, to turn into(?)" (D) D-stem: dFAMARl.UTU N[UN].fME DINGIR1.MES NUN mus-rtal-[lum] rKUR 1-SU ana LO.KOR-i• d-sah-harma, "Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy" 128:27-28; rDUMU.MES1 EN.LIL.KI a-na rdil-ni ub-lu~-rnigsl-um-ma kad,-r[a-a] TI-ma I-rdal-as-su-nu-ti dEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR L]O.KOR ra-bal-a i-de-rek-ki-suml-ma IRIN.MES-Si a-na LO.DE, 6-sai-Itar, "If they bring natives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14 oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 421 sabllf "cress" sa-rab-le-el 116:12' sakrumag (a high-ranking military official) See comment on No. 120:9 lii.kir 4 .dab = sak-ru-ma-si 120:9; rli.kir,.dab1 = sak-rrul-mas 123:2 samfitu (sammutu?) "red cakes" ("fragrance"?) sa-mu-rtul 116:13' sanfqu "to check, supervise, control" [d]rAG DUB.SARI [t].rSAG.fL1 sa-nfq §AR(!) AN-e mu-ma-ii(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-u LUGAL1-a-tu rik- sat KUR-J I -pat-tar-ma a-bi-ti(!) ri-d61-[m]u, "Nabfi, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 sandli (usandi2) "fowler" See comment on No. 122:3 1t. musen. d i = sa-an-rdu-d1 122:3 sikkFiru "bolt" Fsil-ik-ku-frul 115:11 silulli "like a peddler" See comment on No. 18:13 NUN i) s[u-ut SA]G.rMES1-[isu ina su-q]i URU rsi-1ul-lig ils-sa-nu-du-ti-nu, "The prince and [his] s[At r]s'i-officials will continually prowl [the stree]ts of the city like peddlers" 128:15 sinnikinu (a performer in the cult of litar) See also kuluhu; for discussion see comment on No. 122:27 1 . u r. SAL = si-nis(!)-a-Fnul 122:27 sfiqu "street" NUN S[u-ut SA]G.rMES1-[& ina su-q]i URU rsi-lul-lis isl-sa-nu-du-i-nu, "The prince and [his] s[uft rd]Ki-officials will continually prowl [the stree]ts of the city like peddlers" 128:15 sabAtu "to seize, take hold of, arrest" [is]-sab-tu-[(x)] 117 r. i 4' sabtu "prisoner" sab-tu-[tu] 118 ii 24' sabii "men, people, laborers, workers" FDUMU.MES 1 EN.LIL.KI a-na [dil-ni ub-lu4-rnisl-gum-ma kad,-r[a-a] TI-ma l-rdal-as-su-nu-tidEN.LfL E[N KUR.KUR L]U.KUR ra-jal-a i-de-Fek-ki-suml-ma tRIN.MES-ij a-na LO.DE, ti-sab-bar, "If they bring na- tives of Nippur to him for judgment, and he takes a brib[e], and harasses them, Enlil, lo[rd of the lands], will mobilize a foreign [en]emy against him and turn his men into(?) corpses" 128:12-14; a Sip-par.KI rEN.LIL 1.KI KA.DINGIR.[RA.KI UR1.BI.TA [ZI(?)-bi(?)] tRIN.MES su-nuS-tul tup-Sik-ka e-[meda i]l-ki [&i-si-it] [L]O.NIMGIR UGU-tia-[nu a-kan-nu] drAMAR1.UTU N[UN].FME DINGIR1.MES NUN mus-rtal[lum] rKUR1-Su ana LU.KOR-&i i-sab-bar-ma tRIN.MES KUR-rft tup-sikl-ka ral-[n]a LO.KOrR-&di ril-zab- bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29; FtRIN.MES sli-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LIL 1~ dt-a DINGIR.MES GAL.MES 1 a-gib AN-e a KI-tim* <ME>> ina UKKIN su-ba-ri-si-nu 6-rkin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the oi.uchicago.edu 422 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31; [tRIN.MES S•]-nu-td ina di-ku-u[t RIN].rMEý1 KUR rtIRIN.MESi [sarri idekka dErra gasra alik pdn ummdnisu pan ummdnigu imatbbasma idi nakrisu illak], "If [he called up th]ose [men] in a mobilization of the national or [royal] arm[y, mighty Erra who goes before his army will shatter his front line and go at his enemy's side]" 128:35-36; PAP 10 tRIN.MES, "Total: ten men ... " 121:30 s~du "to prowl" NUN ) s[u-ut SA]G.fMES1-[su ina su-q]i URU rsi-lul-lis isl-sa-nu-du-d-nu, "The prince and [his] s[ut ri]gi-officials will continually prowl [the stree]ts of the city like peddlers" 128:15; ra(?)l-sa-ad 117 r. ii 5' sibitu "oil-presser" u1.i.sur = sa-hi-rtul 120:3 sibittu see bit sibitti sibtu (a tax) FMAS1 UDU.rNfTA.MESI-[su-nu isabbatu] drIMi GO.JGALI AN-e ril [KI-tim nammasse serisu] i-na hu-gdhbi u-rsam-qatl-[ma], "If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine" 128:40-42 simittu "yoke" DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI t KA.DINGIR.RA.KI riml-ra-ts-nu a-na rmurl-ni-is-qi[ S-ra-rkil mur-ni-is-qi [iu-ut] im-ra-a i-kul i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-fbi US1.MES, "If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy" 128:32-34; [s]i-rin-da-til [GU4].1MES1-[gi-nu upaftaruma] A.sA.MES-Sd-nu tdi-[rd-anl-[nu-i ana abh iSarrak], "If [he unyokes] their [t]eams of [oxe]n, or chan[ges] (the boundaries of) their fields ... " 128:37-38 sa "of, concerning; which, who, that" sd 117 r. iii 4', 7'; 119:20; 128:57; r&dl 121:30 sa re8i (gareg, sut rsgi) (an official) See comment on No. 120:10 1 i.sag = g[d-r]eg 120:10; NUN a g[u-ut SA]G.rMES1-[g ina su-q]i URU rsi-lul-lis isl-sa-nu-du-u-nu, "The prince and [his] A[ut r&]&i-officials will continually prowl [the stree]ts of the city like peddlers" 128:15; um-ma-a-an rs'i1-ut SAG man-za-raz1 [pa-an LUGAL] fal-mat-sun <<lum> ui-lam-man t[a-as-sun i-mabl-har] ril-[n]a qf-bit d-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [Su-uf] TSAG 1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL OS.MES], "If a scholar (or) iut regi-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the Apsf, (that) sc]holar (or) [sgt] rigi-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46; lu-t LO.UGULA lu-au LO gd-tam i.KUR lu-au L[U iuu]t SAG LUGAL idina Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI ana LO.SA.TAM t.KUR GUB-zu tup-Sik(!)-ka i.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-gi-nu-ta(!), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a g[u]t regi-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples, ... " 128:56-58 ,adf "mountain" [gd]-du-a 116:2' ,abitu "female pig, sow" sd-hi-ti 116:4' oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 423 abfi "pig" [id]-bu-U 116:3' sakanu "to establish, set up; to deposit, store, put, place, submit" DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma ra-bi-am SUM(!)l-[i]n dUTU DI.KU, AN-e u KI-rtiml di-ni a-[fi-al ina KUR- su GAR-ma, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land" 128:9-10; drAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-sd] UGU1-sgi GAR-Imal NfG.SU-&id NfG.GA-[fri] a-na KUR-Si [i-&]ar-rak, "Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:18-19; tal-ta-kan 117 r. iii 6' sakin bfili "manager of the herds" See comment on No. 122:25 1 i.gar.mA .anne = sd-kin bu-lu 122:25 sakin temi "governor" See also bil pahas&, sandabakku; for discussion see comment on No. 64:14 1 .gar.umus = sd-kin .t-e-mu 119:7; 121:7; l .gar.umus = sd-kin Fte-el-[mu] 122:2; rl .gar1.umus = sd-kin rt.l-e-rmul 123:5 sami "heaven" DUMU Sip-par.KI i-da-as-ma [a-hi-am SUM(!)1-[i]n dUTU DI.KU 5 AN-e u KI-Ttim 1 di-ni a-Fhi-al ina KUR- Si GAR-ma, "If he harasses a native of Sippar but hears the case of an outsider, Samas, judge of heaven and earth, will set up foreign justice in his land" 128:9-10; dFAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-si] TUGU1-Su GAR-[mal NIG.SU-gii NIG.GA-[&Li] a-na KUR-gai [i-sfar-rak, "Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:18-19; FrRIN.MES Sl&-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LIL a dE-a DINGIR.MES GAL.TMESI a-gib AN-e u KI-tim* <MES> ina UKKIN gu-ba-ri-sg-nu d-rkin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31; [MA8S UDU.FNITA.MESi-[gu-nu isabbatu] drIMI GU. 1GAL1 AN-e ril [KI-tim nammaggsserisu]N i-na hu-Sdhgi ud-rgam-qatl-[ma], "If [he collects] a sibtu-tax from [their] flocks, Adad, the canal inspector of heaven and [earth], will fell [the herds of his steppe] through famine" 128:40-42; [d]rAG DUB.SAR1 [f].rSAG.fL1 sa-niq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-3i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-tdu-i LUGALL-u-tu rik-sat KUR-g u -pattar-ma a-lzi-ti(!) ri-d61-[m]u, "Nabl, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 samu "to ordain, determine" [d]FAG DUB.SAR 1 [].[SAG.fL1 sa-nfq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-4i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-d LUGA1-4-tu riksat KUR-gSi -pa.t-.tar-ma a-hti-ti(!) ri-isa-[m]u, "Nabfl, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 sandabakku (title of the governor of Nippur) See also bJe pazas&, gskin t.emi; for discussion see comment on No. 119:4 l i.g. en.na = Sd-an-da-bak-ku 119:4; 121:4; rl 6.gi. en.na 1 = Sd-an-(dal-bak-Fkul 123:1 ,angf "chief religious administrator" 1i.t.BAR = &d-an-gu-t 121:9; 123:8; 16.t.BAR = gd-an-Fgul-d 119:10 sanu "to become different" (G); "to change, alter" (D) G-stem: In the idiom temu sand, "to defect, change loyalty": a-na is-hab-ba ME UMUS KUR MAN(!)-ni, "If he heeds the scoundrel, the land will defect" 128:6 oi.uchicago.edu 424 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR D-stem: a-na di-ni KUR-Sgl NU ME d-a LUGAL NAM.MES Sim-tas di-4.an-ni-rmal a-tli-ti US.MES-di, "If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him)" 128:2-3; [s]i-rin-da-til [GU4,].MESl-[su-nu upattaruma] A.SA.rMESsg-nu1 d-rsd-anl-[nu-d ana altý isarrak], "If [he unyokes] their [t]eams of [oxe]n, or chan[ges] (the boundaries of) their fields ... " 128:37-38; [r]ik-si-Si-nu d-pat-tar NA 4 .[NA.R(.A]-•d-/ nu I-d•-an1-[nu]Tdl [a-na] rharl-ra-a-nau-sge-rsu-sul-[n]u-tu [a-n]a a-de-e i-man-inul-[su-n]u-tu [d] AG DUB.SARI [f].FSAG.IL1 sa-nfq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-'i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-ui LUGAL1-di-tu rik-sat KUR-gti -pat- tar-ma a-bi-ti(!) Fi-sdl-[m]u, "If he undoes their [ag]reements, or alt[er]s their st[elae], or sends th[e]m out [on] campaign, or consigns [th]em [t]o hard-labor, NabQ, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:50-55 saparu "to write and send a letter; to send something or someone" ril-tapl-[r]a 118 ii 16'; tal-tap-[r]a 118 ii 17'; ta[l]-tap-Framl-[m]a118 ii 18'; [a]l-rtap-ra(?)1 118 ii 15'; sup-rag-s'-nu-tim-ma 118 i 40' fiqfi "cup-bearer" ld. U.DU,.A = sd-qu-d 120:7; 122:9 saraku "to give, bestow" dFAMAR.UTU EN AN1 [u] KI-tim a-[a-bi-su] FUGUl-&li GAR-rmal NfG.SU--gi NfG.GA-[Id] a-na KuR-Sgl [i-s]ar- rak, "Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:18-19; DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI 1 KA.DINGIR.RA.KI fiml-ra-sl-nu a-na rmurl-ni-is-qf id-ra-rkil mur-ni-is-ql [su-ut] im-ra-a i-kul i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-rbi USI.MES, "If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy" 128:32-34 sarru "king" lugal = sar-rum 119:1; 121:1; flugall = rsarl-rum 119:19; LUGAL a-na di-ni NU ME UN.MES-gi stjU-a KUR-SU in-nam-ma, "If a king does not heed justice, his people will fall into anarchy, and his land will become a waste" 128:1; a-na di-ni KUR-Sgl NU ME dE-a LUGAL NAM.MES gim-tas ui-d-an-niwmal a-bi-ti US.MES-di, "If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change ina di-ku-u[t his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him)" 128:2-3; [IRIN.MES gS]-nu-tm tRIN].JMES1 KUR fi RIN.ME81 [sarri idekktl dErra gasra dlik pdn ummdnisu pan ummdnisu imah!tasma idi nakrisu illak], "If [he called up th]ose [men] in a mobilization of the national or [royal] arm[y, mighty Erra who goes before his army will shatter his front line and go at his enemy's side]" 128:35-36; um-ma-a-an rgis-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] ral-mat-sun <<lum>>i-lam-man t[a-assun i-mah-har] fil-[n]a qi-bit dt-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [gu-ut] FSAG1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL OS.MES], "If a scholar (or) ugt r-'i-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the ApsQ, (that) sc]holar (or) [sut] regi-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 Sarritu "kingship" [d]rAG DUB.SAR 1 [t].JsAG.oL1 sa-nfq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-,i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-ad-rdu-d LUGALl-d-tu riksat KUR-Sid -pa.t-tar-maa-ti-ti(!) Fi-gdl-[m]u, "Nabfl, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 sAru "wind" [dr]-kdt-su-nu Sd-ra [itabbal], "The wind [will carry away] their [in]heritance" 128:48; gd-ra 116:5' oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 425 satammu (sattamu) "chief temple steward" 1 . . .tam = sat-ta-mu 119:6; 121:6; rli. h. tam 1 = at-rtal-mu 123:4; lu-u LO.UGULA liu-4 Li sd-tam t.KUR lu-u L[0 Su-u]t SAG LUGAL s~ ina Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI ana L(J.SA.TAM i.KUR GUB-zu tup-sik(!)-ka t.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-si-nu-tu(!), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a s[u]t rjsi-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples ... " 128:56-58 sataru "to write" (G); "to record" (D) D-stem: u-gat-tar-gsul.nu-su 117 r. ii 16' semf "to hear, listen" (G); "to have someone hear" (S) G-stem: [GIS.TUK]-rel-ma(!) 128:17; S-stem: u-se[s2-rmul-[u] 118 ii 9' simtu "destiny, fate" a-na di-ni KUR-iS NU ME dE-a LUGAL NAM.MES sim-tasl i-d-an-ni-Imal a-hi-ti US.MES-di, "If he does not heed the justice of his land, Ea, king of destinies, will change his destiny so that misfortune constantly hounds (him)" 128:2-3 sipru "work, craftiness" a-na si-pi-ir dE-a ME a-bi-[ik-tu iRIN.ME1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina si-tul-ftal 4 [tu-daat 1 NfG.SI.SA uS.MES-&ai, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8 gisitu "proclamation" Sip-par.KI [EN.LIL1.KI a KA.DINGIR.[RA.KI UR1.BI.TA [ZI(?)-bi(?)] fRIN.ME, su-nu-rtul tup-'ik-ka e-[me-da i]l-ki [Si-si-it] [L]O.NIMGIR UGU-Si-[nu i-kan-nu] d[AMAR1.UTU N[UN].JME DINGIR 1.MES NUN mus-rtal-[lum] rKUR1-su ana LO.KOR-&i t-salt-har-ma RIRN.MES KUR-[ti tup-sikl-ka fal-[n]a LO.KOR-Sai il-zab-bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29 sitfiltu "deliberation" a-na si-pi-ir dt-a ME a-bi-rik-tu IRIN.ME 1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina ji-tul-[tai al tu-daat1 NIG.SI.SA US.MES-ari, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8 subarrfi "freedom" [fRIN.MES gsl-nu-tim dA-num dEN.LIL dt-a DINGIR.MES GAL.rMES• a-Sib AN-e u KI-tim* <ME>» ina UKKIN lu-ba-ri-id-nu ai-kin-nul, "Anu, Enlil, and Ea, the great gods, who dwell in heaven and earth, in the assembly affirmed the freedom of those men from such obligations" 128:30-31 iilkultu "fodder" su-ku-ul-[tul 115:17 Sulminu "present, gift (of greeting)" sul-ma-a-nu 118 i 43' sulmis (salmis) "in good condition" sul-fmi'l 117 r. ii 20' iunfitu "them, those" (m. pl.) &u-nu--tul 128:25; [si]-nu-tu 128:35; fsgil-nu-tim 128:30 oi.uchicago.edu 426 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR supelu "to exchange" See comment on No. 117 r. ii 12'-13' sup-i-il 117 r. ii 12'; i-gep-bil-li 117 r. ii 13' fit "those of, those which, who" DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI z KA.DINGIR.RA.KI Fiml-ra-su-nu a-na rmurl-ni-is-q sd-ra-fkil mur-ni-is-qf [iu-ut] im-ra-a i-kul i-na si-mi-it-ti a-a-Fbi US1.MES, "If he gives the fodder of a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon to (his own) thoroughbreds, [those] thoroughbreds which have eaten the fodder will be led away under the yoke of the enemy" 128:32-34 Hit rIsi see sa resi tabAku "to pour out, heap up" DUMU Sip-par.rKI1 EN.LIL.KI rKA.DINGIR1.[R]A.[KI1 K an-rna el-me-di a-na t rsi-bit-til [su-ru-bu a-s[ar an-na uS]-[dul URU ana SUR 7 DUB-ak a-na t si-bit-tu i-ru-[bu] LO.KOR* BAR-i KU,-ub, "If he imposes a fine on a native of Sippar, Nippur, or Baby[lon], or [p]uts him in prison, the city wh[ere the fine was impo]sed will be razed to the foundations. A foreign enemy will enter the prison which he ente[red]" 128:20-23 tabarru "red wool" ta-ba-ra 116:14' thru "to return (intrans.)" (G); "to return, give back; to repeat; to turn into (trans.)" (D) D-stem: FK0I.BABBAR LO.KA.DINGIR.R[A].FKII.[MES TI(?)-ma(?)] ral-na NIG.GA-su u-se-ri-bi [di-i]n LJ.KA.DINGIR.[R]A.KI.ME[S GIS.TUK]-rel-ma(!) ana(!) qa-lim tur-ru dfAMAR.UTU EN ANI [U] KI-tim a-[abi-si] FUGUl-gt GAR-Fmal NfG.SU-'fi NfG.GA-[•t] a-na KOR-ST [i-slar-rak, "If he [takes] the silver of the people of Babylon [and] brings (it) into his (own) treasury, or if he [hea]rs a [laws]uit involving the people of Babylon only to turn (it) into a frivolous thing, Marduk, lord of heaven [and] earth, will set [his] e[nemies] upon him and [g]ive his property and wealth to his enemy" 128:16-19 tibnu "straw" ti-ib-ni 115:14 tupsikku "work-basket, forced labor" Sip-par.KI FEN.LILl.KI ) KA.DINGIR.FRA.KI UR1.BI.TA [zi(?)-bi(?)] IRIN.MES gu-nu-itul tup-gik-ka e-[meda i]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]O.NIMGIR UGU-i•-[nu -kan-nu] dIAMAR1.UTU N[UN].FME DINGIR1.MES NUN mug-rtal[lum] FKUR-su ana LO.KOR-S•i f-sa-tbar-ma IRIN.MES KUR-fSi tup-lik-ka ral-[n]a LO.KOR-afril-zab- bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will r .KUR lu-u L[0 su-u]t SAG do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29; lu-' LU.UGULA lu-au LI sd-tam LUGAL 3s ina Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI a2 KA.DINGIR.RA.KI ana LO.SA.TAM I.KUR GUB-zu tup-'ik(!)-ka I.ME DINGIR.MES im-mi-du-is-nu-tia(!) DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ig-ga-gu-ma i-n6-es-su-ti at-man(!)-un-Sli (sic), "If either an overseer, or a chief temple steward, or a 5[u]t rtXi-official of the king who serves as a chief temple steward in Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon, conscripts them to do forced labor for the temples, the great gods will become enraged and quit their sanctums" 128:56-59 tibihu "butcher" 1 i.gfr.li6 = ta-bi-bu(!) 120:4; lI .gfr.l = ta-bi-zu 122:10 ta'tu (fdtu) "gratuity" um-ma-a-an rgiul-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] al-mat-sun (lumr ti-lam-man t[a-as-sun i-mahltar] Fil-[n]a qi-bit dt-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-Ima-al-an [Su-ut] ISAG1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL OS.MES], "If a scholar (or) Sut reji-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive oi.uchicago.edu GLOSSARY AND INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS: EXERCISES, ROSTERS, AND FURSTENSPIEGEL 427 their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the ApsO, (that) sc]holar (or) [sut] rifi-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 t2>inu "miller" 1ft. hr. Ar = tex(EN)-i-ni 122:19; l6.rIr. rl = rtexl(EN)-'i-ni1l 123:16 temu "report, news, instructions; will, mind, discretion" In the idiom temu sanm, "to defect, change loyalty": a-na is-hab-ba ME UMUS KUR MAN(!)-ni, "If he heeds the scoundrel, the land will defect" 128:6 tfidu "way, path" a-na si-pi-ir dE-a ME a-bi-Fik-tu IRIN.ME 1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina Si-tul-rtal i rtu-daat 1 NfG.SI.SA US.MES-gA, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8 tupsarru "scribe" [lu.dub.sar] = [fup]-rsarl-ru 120:12; rld.dub.sarl = rtupl-sar-rrul 123:10; rlu.dubl.sar = tu[p-sar-ru] 122:31; [d]rAG DUB.SAR 1 [g].rSAG.fLl sa-niq SAR(!) AN-e mu-ma-)i(!)-ir(!) gim-ri mu-adrdu-i LUGAL1-ui-tu rik-sat KUR-Sti i-pa.t-tar-ma a-ti-ti(!) fi-sdl-[m]u, "Nabu, scribe of [E]sagil, who supervises the totality of the heavens, who controls everything, who assigns kingship, will undo the bonds of his land and ord[ai]n adversity" 128:53-55 u "and, or, but" u 128:10, 11, 31; [u] 128:18; a 128:8, 15, 20, 24, 30, 32, 57; 1•l 128:35, 41 ul "not" ul 128:60; NU 128:11 umminu "army" a-na si-pi-ir dE-a ME a-bi-rik-tu IRIN.ME1 KUR ina lib-bi DINGIR.MES GAL.MES ina Si-tul-rtal i ratu-daat 1 NfG.SI.SA US.MES-gi, "If he heeds the craftiness of Ea, (it will mean) the defeat of the national army, (and) among the great gods they will constantly hound him in deliberate and righteous ways" 128:7-8; [IRIN.MES Si]-nu-tul ina di-ku-u[t tRIN].rMES1 KUR a2tRIN.MES1 [5arri idekka], "If [he called up th]ose [men] in a mobilization of the national or [royal] arm[y, ... ]" 128:35 ummanu "scholar, expert" a-na um-ma-a-nu NU ME KUR-su BAL-SU, "Ifhe does not heed the scholars, his land will rebel against him" 128:5; um-ma-a-an rgsu-ut SAG man-za-razl [pa-an LUGAL] Fal-mat-sun <lum> ti-lamman t[a-as-sun i-mal-ftar] [il-[n]a qf-bit dE-a LU[GAL ABZU um]-rma-al-an [Sgu-ut] SAG1 i-na GIS.TU[KUL (JS.MES], "If a scholar (or) sit rJ£i-official, (who are) court[iers of the king], slander them [in order to receive their] gr[atuity], at the command of Ea, ki[ng of the ApsO, (that) sc]holar (or) [srit] rti-official [will be put to death] by the swo[rd]" 128:43-46 fimu (s.) "day" a-na NUN.MES-Sfi NU ME UD.MES-Si/ LUGUD.DA.MES, "If he does not heed his princes, his days will be cut short" 128:4 usandf see sandfi uttatu (uttetu) "wheat" For a discussion of the possible meanings "wheat," "barley," and "main cereal crop," see the comment on No. 34:9; see also the comment on No. 93:24-28 PAP 15.2.5.0 <SE(?)>.BAR(?) 124:31 oi.uchicago.edu 428 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR uzuzzu see izuzzu zabilu "to carry" In the expression tupsikka zabilu, "to do forced labor" (lit.: "to carry the work-basket"): Sip-par.KI rEN.LILl.KI iKA.DINGIR.rRA.KI UR 1.BI.TA [zI(?)-bi(?)] tRIN.MES &u-nu-ftul tup-Sik-ka e-[meda i]l-ki [si-si-it] [L]U.NIMGIR UGU-Isu-[nu u-kan-nu] dFAMARI.UTU N[UN].rME DINGIR 1.MES NUN musftal-[lum]IKUR1-su ana LO.KOR-sVd -sai-bar-ma fRIN.MES KUR-Fid tup-sikl-ka ral-[n]a LO.KOR-SL rfl-zab-bil, "If [he mobilized] Sippar, Nippur, or Babylon collectively, or imposed forced labor on those people, or [exacted] from th[em a co]rv6e at the herald's [proclamation], Marduk, the s[ag]e of the gods, the judici[ous] prince, will turn his land over to his enemy so that the men of his land will do forced labor for his enemy" 128:24-29 zabalu (a silver alloy?) za-ha-la 116:6' zaqiqis "like nothingness" ep(!)-set-s•-nu za-rqiaqf1-[i immanni], "Their accomplishments [will be reckoned as] nothingness" 128:49 zeru "to hate" [nil-ze-er-[sd(?)] 117 r. i 7' zilullis see silullis oi.uchicago.edu PERSONAL NAMES In the transcriptions of the PNs in this volume, word-final -Ca-a is rendered -Cd, except in the case of names based upon roots tertiae infirmae, for which the rendering -Cd is deemed to be more accurate. Word-final -Ca-a-a is transcribed -Caya. m 'A-a-ba-u-su mAhhbb m'A-a-ba-u-su 110 r. 15' mSES.MES-J•'-a 65:1 mA-a-it-te-tusu mAbbi-sullim rmAl-a-it-te-u-su 69:12 mSES.MES-SIL[IM] 83:40 mAbi-nfiru mAhhutu mAD-iP-nu-ru 83:9 (+ comment) mAD-[i,-nu-ru] 73:5 'A-te-ma-qarrad MAD-i-nu-ru] 73:7 mAbu-Ila 'AU-Ftel-ma-qar-rradl 125 iii 12 (+ comment) (>Ab-'Ildh) mAD-/l-a 100:17 (+ comment) "Ahu-bani m•ES-ba-ni 80:16 m"ESl-ba-rnal 124:24 mAdad-beli mdIM-be-lf 46:1 (+ comment) "Ahulap-Marduk 'Adirtu "Adiru 85:2 m"SES-a-ta 'A-dir-ti 125 iv 5 (+ comment) Adiru51:15-16 mA-di-ri mdPA-bu-ni 11:1 (+ comment) DUMU mA-hiu-lap-dAMAR.UTU mAli-limur mURU-lu-mur 1:19 mAdu(m)mA• m Al-du-um-ma-a > 15:3 (+ comment) mA-du-ma-a 16:1 mAmil-Ea mAh[,...] mAmil-Gula mLU-dt-a "SES-x-x 108:2 mSE[S-x-x(-x)] 75:1 83:1 mLO-rdGu-lal 126:24 "Amil-Isin m m Aba-ires mSES-APIN-eK 124:25 LO-fPA.SE.KI1 126:23 (<Ammi-ladin) mAm-me-la-din 102:1 (+ comment) mAmme-ladin "Aba-iddin mSES-SUM.NA 90:13 mSES-rSUM 1 "Amme-yabab (<Ammi-yabab) "Am-me-ia-bab 80:23 (+ comment) 67:1 mAbbi-iddin (Amydn) "Am-ia-a-nu 100:1 (+ comment) mAmyinu mSES.MES-MU 33:8, 10 429 oi.uchicago.edu 430 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR mBa-lat-si mAna-mu3bhi-Nabif-lfmur mAna-qibi mBalitu mA-na-qf-bi mBa-la-tu 65:2 mApla-usur 10:11; 86:1 mBalibaya m mdKASKAL.KUR-a-a 124:26 (+ comment) A-FrSES 68:1 m [ lDUMU.rUS-PAPI 126:16 B 'Banat or 'BanAti m 'Ba-na-ti 125 iv 14 Apli m m 9:3; 28:2 mBa-rlatl-si 45:9 mA-na-UGU-dAG-IGI 5:5 DUMU.US-a 124:8 Aplaya mrDUMU.UM-a-ral 126:15Bant-ina-Ekur m Arad-Nergal mNu-ruml-mu-ru DUMU 'Banati or 'Binata rFBa-nal-[ta-a] 125 i 24 iBanat-ina-Ekur 'Ba-na-rtal-i-na-t.rKUR1 125 ii 7 m lR-GIR 4.KU 57:15-16 fBanat-ina-ili or Banati-ina-ili mAsabba FrBa-nal-ti-ina-i-lf 125 iv 4 mA-rsab-bal 126:25 (+ comment) 'Asar-I•itu 'A-rsarl-le-,i-ti 125 iii 15 (+ comment) m "Banaya mDUB-ku DUMU mBa-na-a-a 39:8 "Baniya "Ba-ni-ia 33:4; 98:19; 99:1 mBa-fnil-ia 64:1 mDtr-ia 33:37 'Attfi-lila (Attd-llla) 'A-ta-li-[l]a 31:16 (+ comment) mAtimma > See comment on No.23:15 and 26 mA-tim-ma-a, 23:26; 99:6 rmA-timl-ma-a 23:15Bauitu 'Batultiki 'Ba-tul-Fti-kil 125 iii 6 (+ comment) 'Baultu mAy-[...] "rAl-a-[x-x(-x)] 126:5Baysar fdBa-i-i-ti 125 iii 19 (+ comment) "Baysar 'Ay-hirtu 'A-a-bir-rtul 80:15 "Ba-i-sar 59:1 (+ comment) . m mrdEN(?)1-X[(-x)] 32:2 "Bibiya mBa-bi-ia mBa-bi-id 52:2; 124:17 69:2 "Bahianu See comment on No. 13:1 "Ba-hi-a-nu 60:13 "Ba-bi-ia-nu 13:1; 21:1 "mBa-tzil-ia-ral-ni101:1 "dEN-AD 68:2 m "Bel-ana-maitisu m d"EN-ana-KUR-^i 19:1 19:1 "Blaini mdEN-a-ni 50:2; 121:28 mEN-a-ni 35:2 mBabhf "Ba-ju-at "Balassu 121:20 'Bairssu rBa-lat-su 22:1 "Ba-lat.-sul 40:1 mBa-rlat-sul 105:1 mBel-bani mdN-bal-ni 95:16 "mBl-.res mdEN-APIN-eS 90:1 rmdEN-APIN-e"l 93:1 oi.uchicago.edu 431 PERSONAL NAMES mrdEN-APIN-e•l 77:1 "mBl-usallim mdEN-SILIM-im mBe-li-APIN 63:1 mBe-If-APIN 95:1 "Bel-usebsi mdEN-u-seb-si 'BMlessunu 'Be-let-su-Fnul 125 ii 8 mB~l-ibni mdEN-DU 106:4 56:8, 23 md EN1-u'-seb-si 56:7 "Bel-zeri mdEN-NUMUN 121:22 mBir-Iltames "Bil-iddin "Bir-Salmi (Birr-Salm) mBir-NU 15:1 (+ comment) mBdl-ipus~ 39:6 58:11 mdEN-DO-rusl mBir-Tammes (Birr-Sames) See comment on No. 81:1 "Bir-Tam-me 24:2 45:2 mB1l-iqisa 86:2 fmldEN-BA-Md mBittA mBi-fitl-ta-a 124:27 (+ comment) "mBl-iribanni mEN-i-rib-an-ni 121:24 'Beli-utti MlBe-rfll--ti 125 ii 20 (+ comment) mBUL-Tames (Pu-Sames / Ippuba-Same') mBUL-rTa-megl 75:2 (+ comment) mDiibibi m mBeliya Mu-seb-si DUMU mDa-bi-bi 38:24-25 (+ comment) mBe-[fl1-ia 124:21 mDidiya mB~l-mudammiq [m]dEN-mu-SIG LO e-ri-bi UKKIN 111:55-6 mBel-musallim mdEN-mu-Sal-[lim] 38:1 See comment on No. 76:2 mDa-di-ia 124:16 mfDa-dil-[ia] 76:2 rmdIlM.DU.DU-NUMUN-SI.SA A <m >Da(!)-di-ia 128:62 mBel-napsiti mdEN-ZI(!).MES 121:21 'Dannat-eristu rFlDan-Tnatl*-NIN-rtil 125 i 2 (+ comment) mBe1-nasir mdEN-SES-ir (Birr-Sames) 81:1 (+ comment) mBir-Il-ta-mes mdEN-SUM.NA 48:9 mdEN-D?-Us' md[ENl-DtJ-U 121:23 90:2 mBl-niirsu mdEN-nu-ur,-t 4:1 (+ comment) mDanneya "Dan-ne-e-a 60:1 [mlDan-Fnd-el-[a] 126:28 "Danni-ili mBl-raili mEN-TUK-fi-il mDan-ni-DINGIR 106:1 (+ comment) 19:2 (+ comment) "Digil mBelsunu mdEN-stf-nu 80:23 mDi-gfl 11:2 (+ comment) mdEa-gabbi-iddin(?) "mB~-usaiti RU-DO-MA.AN.SUM LO.NU.tS mdEN-i-sa-ti 12:3 mdEN. mEN-i-sa-tu 22-23 (+ comment) 121:25 "Bel-usalli "mdEN-M-sal-li 57:5 mEa-ipus mdt-a-D k-u 95:2; 99:2 dEN 125 iv oi.uchicago.edu 432 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 'Edullitu "Gabal t.DUL.LU-i-[til 125 ii 6 (+ comment) mTUK-1i-DINGIR DUMU "Ga-bal 38:28 (+ comment) Emuqtu 'E-muq-ti 125 iv 15 (+ comment) mEreu r E-re 14:1;Ga-ia-lat "E-res 'mTUK-&i-DINGIR DUMU m"Ga-ball 38:29 Gabalat 125 i 4 (+ comment) 14:1; 124:6 mE-fre'l 68:5 [ mE]-res 86:29 mE-re-si 9:1 mE-re-r1il 10:2; 76:9 mEriba "mEril-ba54:10 rmlEri-ba 90:8 'Gudu[...]fi mfGu-dul-[x(-x)] 103:13 mGuluu See comment on No. 33:1 "Gu-lu-s' 33:1; 57:10, 13 <"'Gu-lu-sid 57:19 abilkin "mHabil-kinu m"a-bil-GI.NA 41:29 (+ comment) mEriba-[...] mHa-rbil-GIN x-x 1 126:26 r'lEri-rbal-[x-x(-x)] 126:33 "mEriba-AN.GAL mSU-AN.rGAL1 126:22 (+ comment) "alapu m See comments on No. 6:17-24 and No. 13:10 DUMU mgak-ni DUMU mHa-la-pi 6:22-23 DUMU mlak-nu DUMU mHa-rlal-pi 6:17 "Eriba-Marduk mEri-ba-dAMAR.[UTU] 43:1 ms[u-dAMAR.U]TU DUMU mMU-S[ES] 72:15-16 "marrinfl mHar-ra-a-nu-u 34:1 mEribsu "rEl-rib-st x-x(-x) 126:9 (Hayran) 11:8 (+ comment) " m"ayrinu 'Erita'Ha-ir-a-nu fErista fNIN-ta* 31:11 'Esagil-bMlet f'.SAG.IL-be-let 125 iv 11 (+ comment) mUayyinu 'Ha-a-lia-al-nu 111:12 (+ comment) 'Hibti rlHEi-ib-[ta-a] 125 i 15 (+ comment) 'Esaggilu 't-sag-gfl-4 83:27 'Sag-gil-a 83:10 (+ comment) (HIayyan) 'Iba[...] 'I-ba-rxl-[(x)] 101:15 "Ilba "'Eteru "T El-td-rrul 8:1 "E-t?-ri 87:2; 124:7 [mlE-td-ri 69:15 "rE-ed-ril 25:1 terama 83 "E-td-er-a-ma 8:3 "mGabbi-ili mGab-bi-DINGIR.ME[S] 14:2 (+ comment) fGad 'Ga-du-u 125 iv 19 (+ comment) "ml-ba-a 109:1 "ml-ba-[a]99:9 "IbnA bna 'mlb-na-a31:1; 109:8 31:10 m*Ib*-na*-a* "Iddiya lddiya "Id-di-ia 52:1; 91:2 "mfld-di-ial 104:1 "Id-di-id 69:1 mIkuniya m[I-ku-nil-ia 96:3 (+ comment) oi.uchicago.edu SONAL NAMES mll[...] m"l-x-x 433 'Inbu-essu r'In-bul-[es-su] 125 ii 24 (+ comment) 6:1 mIqisa-Marduk "Illi-abu (Ilah-iab) m ml-a-AD 80:6 (+ comment) BA-dAMAR.UTU 35:1 "Iltagab (Sagab) m Il-ta-gab 19:17 (+ comment) "Iqisa-Nabii(?) "lltagab-II (Sagab-3il) mIl-ta-rgab-ll 30:2 (+ comment) m"qisa rmlBA-~JidA[G(?)] 126:31 m BA-da 12:11; 70:2; 124:23 mBA-sd-a 3:1; 12:9; 16:15, 18, 20; 49:2; "mltfma-II (Sdma-)Il) ml-ta-ma-ll 12:22 (+ comment) mlltamee (Sames) See comment on No. 36:1 mIl-ta-me 24:1 51:11; 82:36 mKabtiya mKab-ti-id 82:18 51:2 mKab-ti-[ia] 73:10 m Kab-t[i-ia] 48:1 mKab-ti-ia mIltammes (Sames) See comment on No. 36:1 rmlll-tam-me 45:6 "Ilu-eres mKaribaya "Ka-fri-ba-a-al 77:3 (+ comment) mKidinni m DINGIR-APIN-eg 55:4 mKi-di-ni 'Ilu>a-qarrad 'I-flul-a-qar-rad 125 ii 17 mKimti m m Illi-u[...] m DINGIR.rMES'1-a-X-[x] 126:7 Ki-rmul DUMU "x*-x*-a* 55:14-15 mKinai mKi-na-a 39:1; 78:1; 89:2 mKi-rnal-a 124:20 ["K]i-na-a 107:1 "Il-yada, mrl-ia-da-a > 5:1 (+ comment) 'Imbaniti 'llm-ba-ni-rtil 125 ii 21 (+ comment) 37:11, 25, 28 37:4 mKi-rdi-nil mKi>ini mKi-4i-i-ni 100:2 "Imdibi mKi->i(?)-ni(?)l Pmllm-rdi-bil 94:1 (+ comment) 80:1 mKini mdIM.DU.DU-zera-lisir EmdIM.DU.DU-NUMUN-SI.SA A <m>Da(!)-di-ia 128:62 (+ comment) mKi-i-n[i] 103:1 mKiribtu mKi-rib-tu 43:2; 79:1; 89:1; 90:5 mIna-Isin-alid m NfG.BA-ia [DUMU 1 "mna-PA.SE.KI-J.TU38:31 mKitnusa m Kit-nu-fTd LI1.EN.LIL.KI 110 r. 7' 'Ina-Isin-sarrat rflln-rsil-ni-rgar-ratl 125 i 1 (+ comment) 'Ku-bu-i- -rx-x1 125 iii 13 "Ina-qibi-Bil-ablut. mlna-qf-bi-[dE]N-rTIN1 mKiibu-i'[...] 17:14 (+ comment) mKudurru m fIna-silliSu-aban(ni) 'Ina-GIS.MI-su-a-ban<-ni>125 iii 7 (+ comment) (1) NfG.DU 1:2; 17:2; 18:2; 23:1; 28:1; 33:2; 71:2; 73:2; 76:1; 79:2; 82:2 oi.uchicago.edu 434 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR mKudurru (2) 'MerenAt m NIG.fDU1 44:1 r'Mel-re-nat 125 ii 3 (+ comment) fKullfi 'Kul-la-a 83:26 'Mrestu 'Me-rresl-ti 125 iii 16 (+ comment) mKu-ta-a 'Mina-epussu f'Mi-na-al-e-pu-rusl-[Sl 125 iii 1 (+ mKut& 80:20 (+ comment) fKutiritu r'Kul-ti-ri-i-ti 125 iv 1 (+ comment) rKuzub-[...l frUI1.L[I-x-x(-x)] 125 i 13 (+ comment) m Libii mLabasi comment) 'Mini-ahti 'Mi-nu-u-az-fti-il 125 iii 3 (+ comment) Minfl-[...] fMi-nu-ft-x-xl[(-x)] 125 iii 2 124:3 mrLal-ba-si 70:1 mMukin-apli (Lamis-'fl) mLa-mis-1l 78:2 (+ comment) mMukin-zEri mLa-ba-si mDU-A mLamis-Il 37:2; 63:2 See comment to No. 16:16 and 26 m DU-NUMUN 6:5; 16:16, 26; 17:18; 18:1; mLaqipu 22:7 m La-qi-pu 57:8, 11, 17, 27 m [mL]a-fqif-pi 90:15 'Lfi-tabaiti(?) 'TLu(?)-ta-ba-rti(?)l 125 iii 10 (+ comment) vMullSu-rab t 125 iii 20 (+ comment) fdNIN.L-ra-batl 'Murasitu 'Mu-ra-&i-ti 125 iv 16 (+ comment) mMabiya mMa-bi-ia DU(!)-NUMN 21:6 [m DU-NUMUN 97:30 124:18 (+ comment) MannmMu-ri mrMan-nal-a 49:1 (+ comment) fMannu-imasiiki 'Man-nu*-i-ma-si-kil 125 iii 5 (+ comment) mMurru (Murr) 1:29 (+ comment) mMu-ru 1:45 mMusallim mMu-sal-lim 57:12 mMusallim-Adad mMarduk Mu-sal-lim-dM 24:5; 41:1 mMar-duk 17:38 mMusallim-Marduk Marduk-re [m]Mu-Jal-lim-dAMAR.T 54:2 mdAMAR.UTU-rAPINl-[es] 40:2 mdrAMAR.UTU1-APIN-e 110:1 27:14 mdAMAR.UTU-APIlN-e]f m mMusebSiya mMu-ieb-&d-a-a LO.rSA.TAM1 38:33-34 mMu-seb-sd-a-a Marduk-sarr~ni mdAMAR.UTU-LUGAL-a-ni 38:13 38:17 mdAMAR.UTO-rLUGAL-al-ni 110:9 mdAMAR.[UTUl-LUGAL-[a-ni] 96:1 mMusebsi m mdAMAR.UTU-rLUGAL-a-nil m Mu-seb-si 79:10, 15 Mu-&eb-si DUMU "Da-bi-bi 38:24-25 m "Musezib rMul-se-zib 17:9 "Marduk-[...] mndlAMAR.UT[U-X-X(-X)] 38:36 67:2 oi.uchicago.edu ONAL NAMES mNabAfu (Nabbd') "Na-ba-su 41:14 (+ comment) mNabfi-nisir See comment on No. 1:1 mdAG-SES-ir 1:1; 51:1; 73:1 mdAG-rSEEl-ir 17:1 "Naba mNa-ba-a 27:21; 46:7; 107:2; 121:19 mAG-rSES-irl 109:2 mNa-ba-a rLO1.SIMUG 27:6-7 m Nabfl-ahbb-iddin mdAG-fSES1.MES-[SUM.NA LO.DUB.SAR-kal-ma 435 mNabfini mdAG-t-ni 45:1 (+ comment) m 85:20-21 Nabu-nirairua mdAG-tRIN.TAU-i-a 2:2 mNabfl-bini mNabfi-sar-ili 26:20 mdAG-[ba]-rnil 26:19 mdAG-ba-ni mdAG-LUGAL-DINGIR.MES ment) mNabft-bfini mrdAG-LUGALl-DINGIR.MES mdPA-bu-ni DUMU mA-bu-lap-dAMAR.UTU 51:15-16 (+ comment) 26:1 mNabfi-usallim mdAG-SILIM 12:8 mNabf-eriba mdAG-SU 124:12 (+ com- 55:2 mNabu-[...] mdA[G-X-x] mNabfi-eres mdAG-APIN-es 38:6 mdAG-APIN-eS DUMU LO.6.BAR dE-a 41:8-9 LO.IGI.GUB 16:7-8 [m]dAG-APIN.-e 55:1 mdAG-APIN-es 'Nadbata 'Na-ad-ba-ta 9:2 (+ comment) mNadni mSUM.NA-a 91:1; 97:1; 101:6; 102:9 m SUM.fNAl-a 124:15 mdAG-rAPIN1-[es] 57:1 fmldA[G-A]PIN-es' 65:11 "NabtO-Etir m m SUM.NA-SES 21:19; 72:24 mNabu-gamil m 66:2 124:13 72:26 ms[u-dAMAR.U]TU DUMU mdAG-SUM.NA 39:2, 11 mdrAG-SUM1 .N[A] mdAG-SU[M.NA] 54:1 35:10 107:16 m[dAG-DOl-uSg FDUMU m x-[x(-x)] 45:17 ImNa-dil-nu 45:8 46:7; 87:1 1 MU-S[ES] 72:15-16 mNadinu "Na-di-nu DUMU mdAG-DU-[u]S m "mNAdin-[...] ImlSUM.NA-[x-x(-x)] 126:32 "Nabfi-ipus mTUK-&i-DINGIR 110:13-14 m SUM.NA 124:14 m SUM.jNA1 61:2; 'Nabhlf mNabfi-,ie4 ['Na-ah-lu-•1 125 ii 19 (+ comment) 37:5, 16; 39:6 [m]dAG-A.GAL 103:16 mdAG-r A.GAL 71:1 mdAG-rAl.[GAL] 37:20 mdAG-A.GAL 'Namirtu fNa-mirl-ti 125 iv 6 (+ comment) 'Nanay-asat rIdNa-rna-al-a-sat 125 i 12 (+ comment) "Nabf-nfidin-ahi mdpA-AS-SES SUM.NA-iSES9 [mSUM.NAl-SES mNabf-iddin mdAG-Do-uS SUM.NA-ral 83:11 mNadin-ahi mdAG-KAR-ir 59:17 mdAG-ga-mil 27:1 2:1 oi.uchicago.edu 436 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR 'Nanay-bfnafti 'Nfrsu-ban rf[d]rNa-nal-a-ba-rnal-ti125 i 11 (+ comment) 'Naniy-ilat [fdNa-na-a-i-lat 125 i 7 (+ comment) 'zALAG-'a-ban 125 iii 8 (+ comment) Nru "Niiru mNu-d-ru 13:9, 11 (+ comment) mNusku-iddin 'Naniy-mahrat 125 iv 21 mdPA.TOG-SUM [fdN]a-na-a-rmab-ratl 125 i 10 (+ com- 'ment) Pan-ili-[...] ImGI-URU- 1 x-x 1 125 iii 11 (+ comment) 'Naniy-siminni [dN]a-na-a-si-min-ni 125 i 8 (+ comment) Qauseres mdGIS.BAN-APIN-eS . 0'Qibi-dumqi 'Nanaiy-[...] [fdN]a-na-a-ax-xl 125 i 9 121:26 (+ comment) Qibi-dumqi 'Qf-[bil-DOG.GA 83:30 (+ comment) 'Nasikeya 126:11 (+ comment) mlNal-sik*-e-a Qibitu r'QPl-bi-i-ti 125 iv 17 (+ comment) mNasiriya mPAP-ia 82:1; 106:2 mQibiya a 66 mPAP-lial 82:16Q WNatkat Na-atl-kt 125 iv 7 (+ comment) 'Qisti-umma 'Qi-is-ti-um-ma-a 125 iii 22 (+ comment) mQi s tiy a mN.teru m m Na-.-ri 95:22 (+ comment) 95:22 (+ comment) NfG.BA-ia mNa-td-ri i'Qunnudu m "Nergal-[...] 126:12 mdIGIDU-DNGIR)-X(-) "mdlI.DU-rDINGIR(?)1-x(-x) 126:12 [m"dMAS-Dil-Us m mIna-PA.SE.KI-U.TU 38:31 'Qunnudu f'Qu-un-nu-du 125 iv 13 (+ comment) "Rainu (Rcn) m Ninurta-ipus Imd]MA-D- FDUMU 1 L.ENGAR-a 16:4 LO.ENGAR-a 16:4 Ninurtaya mdMAsaa 34:2 ""MAS-a-a 34:2 'Nippuritu ,p, r .lRa-pa-a> r . fEN.LIL.fKIl-i-ti 125 ii 1 (+ comment) Rafnu (Rtn) Ra-a-a-nu 29:1 (+ comment) 'Rammenitu Ramm.nitu Ra-am-me-ni-ti 125 iv 3 (+ comment) m Rapar m,~apa,, 111:10 (+ ( comment) mRasi-ili mRi.i'ili mNummuru mNu-um-mu-ru(!) 57:26 t m Nu 57:23 mTUK-Ji-DINGIR 37:1, mTUKDINGIR TUK-fi-DINGIR 37:1, 14 DUMU mGa-bjal 38:28, 29 mNu-fuml-mu-ru DUMU m¶R-GIR 4.KJ 57:15-16 mdAG-rDUl-.[U] [DUMU1 mTUK-Si-DINGIR Nu-[um-mu-ru] 57:23 78:11 "Nu-rum-murl 124:30 rmlNu-ums-murl 126:37 110:13-14 110:13-14 mNu-um-mur mNirinnu mzALAG-a-ni 21:14 (+ comment) mNiireya "zALAG-e-a 50:4 14 mRebimu "Re-ti-mu 31:2 (+ comment) 'R -iliki-ili 'SAGl-DINGIR-ki-i-si* 125 ii 2 (+ comment) 'Rimat 'Ri-mat 125 ii 4 (+ comment) oi.uchicago.edu 437 SONAL NAMES 'Rimiissu 'Ri-mu-su 125 iii 14 (+ comment) m"alim "Rimftu mRi-mu-tu 99:5 [m]Ri-[mu-tul 10:1 mSama-Il (Sama'-ll) mgd-ma-a4-fl 105:2 (+ comment) mld-lim 2:4; 124:5 "Samas-eriba nmdurul-eri-ba LO.MA.LAU 4 86:23 'Risat 'Ri-sat 125 ii 5 (+ comment) "Samas-Eres mdUTU-APIN-e` 16:12 "Risataya mRi-gat-ra(?)-al 126:14 "Riibu m'Ru-bul 32:14 'Samhat or 'Sambfti 'Sam-ba-ti 125 iv 9 (+ comment) mSangu-Ea ndAG-APIN-es DUMU L0.t.BAR dE-a 41:8-9 'Saggilu see 'Esaggilu m Sames "Sa-mes 36:1 (+ comment) m"Sfpiku mDUB-ku DUMU mBa-na-a-a 39:8 mSiiqaya "Su-qa-a-a 22:2 (+ comment) mSapik-zeri 'SutatAti(?) 'SaqAt-dlItar or 'Saqati-dltar 'Sa-qa-ti-dINNIN 125 iii 21 (+ comment) 'Su-ta-rtal-ti 125 ii 16 (+ comment) DUMU.MES mDUB-NUMUN 103:21-22 mSarrfini "Salmfl mSal-Imu-ul mLUGAL-a-ni 121:27 126:8 mLUGA[L]-[al-[ni] 48:2 'Sarbfi 'Sar-bu-u 125 iv 10 (+ comment) 'Sarrat f•ar-rat 125 iv 8 (+ comment) "Sillfi "Sil-la-a 50:1; 61:1; 124:28 "mSill-la-[a]126:3 "Sil-flal-a 119:20 mSil-fla-al 119:21 "Sil-rlal-a-a-ma 119:22 "mGI.MI-a LO.SIPA [ANSEi.A.AB.BA 62:20-21 mSilli-dAs 'Sarrat-alisa r'Sar-rat-URU-sdl 125 i 5 (+ comment) "SilInu DUMU mSil-a-nu 17:5 (+ comment) 'Sima-qarrad 'Si-ma-qar-rad 125 iii 18 (+ comment) fir(?) "GiS.Ml-rdAs+sur(!?)1 126:13 '~ahundu 'Sd-bu-un-du 125 iv 12 (+ comment) mjikin-sumi mGAR-MU 100:5; 124:4 m"Siilal 69:5 (+ comment) lSu-la-a 124:2 mSu-la-a m"Sullumu "Sul-lu-mu 47:2 mSulmdn-gre7 "Saknu DUMU mgak-ni DUMU "Ha-la-pi 6:22-23 DUMU mSak-nu DUMU "'ma-lal-pi 6:17 DUMU.MES mSak-ni 5:7 DUMU.MES m ak-nu 5:12 m"dStil-man-fAPIN--e["] 72:1 mSuma-iddin [m]MU-FSUM LO.DUMU ip-ril-ia 110:6 oi.uchicago.edu 438 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR mYada>-II mSuma (Yadae-il) See comment on No. 3:2 and 10 mla-da-a-ll 3:2, 10; 23:2; 59:21, 26 m[Ia]-rdal-a-ll6:18 'Su-ma-a 12:1; 83:41 m'Ful-ma-a 124:1 A m u-ma-a 53:20 "Siizubu 'mu-zu-bu 69:7 m "Tammas-II (Samas->ll) mTam-mas-ll 23:11, 21, 25 (+ comment) mTamme-I (ame-4) mZabdi-Il (Zabdi-Iil) See comment on No. 51:5 and 7 mZab-di-jl 4:2; 51:5, 7 Tammes-Is Yasar mla-a-sar 111:11 (+ comment) (SameS^I) See comment on No. 36:1 mTam-mes-[ll] 82:15 mdTammes-lamaya (Sames-lamaya) mdTam-mes-la-ma-a-a 59:16, 19 (+ comment) "Zabinu DUMU-Sui sd mZa-bi-ni 46:11 (+ comment) mZakir mZa-kir 64:2; 90:18 ment)'Zarpanitu mTaqbi-lisir 'Zar-pa-[ni-tu] 82:6 mrTaql-bi-sI.sA 124:22 mZera fTarimanni 'TTal-ri-man-ni 125 iv 2 (+ comment) mNUMUN-a 20:31 m NUMUN-ral 124:10 mZera-ibni fTasrihfisu m Tas-rril-hu-su 125 iii 17 (+ comment) NUMUN-ib-ni 36:16 NUMUN-DO 47:1 m mTgi-etir mFrsUJ-KAR-irl 126:6 (+ comment) m"Zra-iddin mNUMUN-MU m Tikiinu m Ti-ik-ia-a-nu 81:2 (+ comment) 'Tirindu rF'Ti-ri-in-du 125 iv 18 (+ comment) 36:2 mNUM[UN]-MU 104:10 m NUMUN-rMU(?)I 124:11 mra-] mNU[MUN-X(-)68:11 m 68:11 NU[MUN-X(-X)] NUMUN-[x(-x)] 47:16 m fTirfitu 'Ti-ru-tu 83:30 Ti-ru-rtu 83:8 m"Tb-Samas ["]DOJG.GA-dUTUI 30:1 f'Tmanitu fT?-ma-rni-til 125 ii 15 (+ comment) mUmban-[...] m riya rmNUMUN-ial 93:6 m NUMUN-ia 93:20 mNUMUN-rial 124:9 'Zumbitu rl'Zum-ba-ti 125 i 3 (+ comment) mZumbutanu ra-bu-sg-nu a [m]rUm-ban-DINGIR1-[x(-x)] 126:30 (+ mZum-bu-ta-a-nu comment) LU.SAMAN.LA 1:10-11 (+ comment) mUpabbir ml-pah-r[irl 126:21 m"Zizznu mZu-u-za-nu 15:18 (+ comment) oi.uchicago.edu 439 PERSONAL NAMES Uncertain mrx-xl-a 126:19 [mx-x]-x-a 43:7 126:17 55:15 [m]rx-x-x-al mx*-x*-a* ['dX-(X-)API]N-e' 71:16 t lx(-x)-6d-ba-ka 125 i 6 mlx-bi-di-si 84:2 "x-(x-)-ia-a-x 108:1 rIln(?)1-du-rlu(?)-x1 125 ii 22 124:29 KI-rx-x-xl 126:27 mKAL-X m r'Xl-KI-rxl 125 i 18 ['rx-xl-rkil-i-rtil 125 i 26 m KKUR(?)l-su-rnul 126:20 fx-la-[x(-x)] 125 ii 9 'Ma-fxl-[x-x(-x)] 125 ii 13 mx-x-ma-ral 26:2 'Mi-rxl-sL-ds-rsi(?)l 125 iii 4 [ mIu'M-x-x(-x)1 126:18 [fx]-NI(?)-rxl-[x] 125 ii 14 m X-AS[(-x)] 126:4 'Na-rxl-[x-x(x)] 125 ii 11 'fx-xl-na-rxl 125 iii 23 ['Nu-rxl-[x(-x)] 125 i 23 mNUN-[x-x(-x)] 126:2 [fx]-ji-rxl-[x] 125 i 22 126:10 mx-0S-x-x r'1[x]-rx-til 125 i 19 fx-rx-xl[(-x)]-rtil 125 ii 10 [m]Tu-rxl-[x(-x)] 126:29 rTTul-[x-x-x(-x)] 125 ii 12 r'luR-[x-x-x(-x)] 125 i 14 "x-x 77:17; 84:1; 104:2 mx-[x] 77:8 mx-x-x 20:2; 72:17 r"x-x-xl 126:1 mx-[x(-x)] 45:17 mx-[x]-x 32:1 mx-[x(-x)] 62:1 rmlx-x-x 58:6 [m]-x-x-x 126:36 [m]x-[x(-x)] 20:1 [mx-x]-x 111:1 "[x-x(-x)] 25:5 rml[x-x-x] 85:1 [m]x-x(-x)-x 126:35 m[x]-x-[x(-x)] 126:34 r"1[x-x(-x-x)] 61:9 rfx-x-x-xl 125 ii 18 [Trx-x-x-xl 125 i 17 r1[x]rx-x-xl 125 i 20 ['(x-)]rx-x(-x)l 125 i 21 ['x]-rxl-[x]-rxi 125 i 25 'fx-xl-[x(-x)] 125 ii 23 trx-x(-x)-x-x-xl 125 iii 9 oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu GEOGRAPHICAL, TRIBAL, AND FAMILY NAMES Abenna DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LfL.KI Lj A-be-en-na 69:9 a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI 128:32 DUMU Sip-par.JKIl EN.LfL.KIl [KA.DINGIR1.[R]A.rKI1 128:20 Ahlamfi LO Ah-la-mu-u 109:18 (+ comment) DUMU TIN.TIR.KI 28:9 Aram, Aramfya (Aramu) See also Bit Aram, Bit-Halupe, fHindaru, Puqddu, Rubui, Ubdlu A-Framl 4:23 LI A-ram 18:8; 96:25 LO A-ram gab-bi Fil-na EN.LfL.fKIl 27:1617 LO A-ram.MES [ga]b-bi-ds-nu 15:8-9 rLO Al-ram[.MES(?)] 105:6 na-si-ka-a-ti s&d L01 A-ram 27:19-20 Ug.UDU.UI.A rj1l LO A-ra-mu 47:4-5 [L0(?)] rA-ram(?)l 62:8 Barsip DUMU DUMU Bar-sipa.KI 12:25 Biritu [LO] rBil-ri-ta 26:8 (+ comment) Birru LO Bir-ri 19:22 (+ comment) Bit-Ali-iimur t mURU-lu-mur 1:18-19 Bit-Ahu-bani [rW m ES-ba-ni 80:16 Asiir see mat Aslir Bit-Amfikini See also Kaldu, Kalddya, Sapiya i mA-muk-a-rnul 14:8 Lt rtl A-rmukl-[a-nu] 76:6 Bfib-dfiri KA.BAD.KI 69:8 (+ comment) Bibili KA.DINGIR.RA.KI 58:8 Bit-Aram See also Aram LOU A-rraml 104:5 (+ comment) FKA1.DINGIR.RA.KI 79:13 FKA.DINGIRl.RA.KI 38:14 KA.DINGIR.RA.K[I] 38:22 Bit-Dakkfiri See also Kaldu, Kalddya t Da-ku-ru 31:17 [:t]-e-mu sd t "mDa-ku-ru 16:22 LO a-lak-ti sd Lf r[Da-ku-ru(?)1 36:4-5 KA.DINGIR.R[A.KI] 38:40 KA.DINGIR.rRA.Kll 38:27 KA.JDINGIR1.RA.[KI] 74:6 Sip-par.KI [EN.LIL1.KI a KA.DINGIR.FRA.KIl 128:24 Sip-par.KI EN.LfL.KI a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI Bit-Ialupe See also Aram; for discussion see comment on No. 6:17-24 DUMU Sn akDUMU DUMU mHa-flal-pi 6:17 128:57 GIS.MA.MES Id LO.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.MES 38:19-20 [LOl.KA.DINGIR.RA.KI.ME 1 83:34 LO.KA.DINGIR.[R]A.KI.ME[§] LO.KA.DINGIR.R[A].rKI.[MEB] DUMU 128:17 LO 128:16 441 mSak-ni DUMU a-la-pi 13:10 m Ha-la-pi 6:22-23 oi.uchicago.edu 442 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN Bit-Iayyanu f9t l a-a-rial-a-nu 111:12 (+ comment) GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Elamtu KUR.NIM.MA 57:23 KUR.NIM.MA.KI 38:10; 57:8 KUR.NIM.MA.[KI] 43:11 Bit-Nabi-eres g mdAG-APIN-es LJ.IGI.GUB 16:7-8 Gamu Bit-Nabf-usallim LO Ga-a-mu 83:6 (+ comment) LO Ga-a-me 9:20 S"mdAG-SILIM 12:8 Bit-Nat.ri SmNa-t.-ri 95:22 (+ comment) Uabi, Bit-Rapa, t f mlRa-pa-a, 111:10 (+ comment) Ialapi see Bit-Halupe Bit-Sangibliti i LU Sag-gi-bu-ti 94:14 (+ comment) Jamdanu (Hamddn) LO a-fam-da-anl 14:18 (+ comment) Hatti Bit-SApiku mar Bainaya i mDUB-ku DUMU Li Ha-bi-i, 78:12 and 16 (+ comment) [Hjatl-ti.[KI1 74:4 (+ comment) m Ba-na-a-a 39:8 Bit-Silani See also Kaldu, Kalddya DUMU.KIN sVd DUMU mgil-a-nu 17:5 (+ comment) Bit-Yakin See also Kaldu, Kalddya, mdt Tdmti S"mla-a-ki-ni 19:9 9 ml a-rki-nil 19:20-21 ta-mir-tu t rla-ki-nul 4:6 LO gu-du-du sd Ai mla-a-ki-nu 18:4 t.-m[u dJ] t "I[a-k]i-fnul 20:4-5 Bit-Yasar t mla-a-sar 111:11 (+ comment) Bit-[. . .] t [x-x(-x)] 104:21 URU t x-[x-x] 85:6 Buwali Iindanu LO Hi-in-da-a-nu 41:12 (+ comment) URU Hi-in-da-[a-nu] 72:19 LO Hi-in<-da>-a-nu 40:7 (+ comment) Hindaru (Hinderu) See also Aram LO Hi-in-da-ri 13:6 (+ comment) Iltazinu URU Il-ta-zi-ni 7:22 [U]RU Il-ta-zi-nu 7:9 (+ comment) Indul FURU 1 In-du-ul 17:12 (+ comment) Iqbi-Bdl see Qibi-Bel Kaldu, Kaldiya See also BTt-Amukdni, Bit-Dakkdri, Bit-Sildni, Bit-Yakin, mdt Tdmti, Sapiya KUR LO Kal-da 89:11 LU Bu-a-a-li 13:16 (+ comment) Der BAD 43:8 BAD.AN.KI 33:14, 21; 57:7 BAD.[A]N.[KI1 77:16 Duninu See also Aram LO Du-na-a-nu 60:7 (+ comment) LO D[u-na]-ral-nu61:8 LU Kal-da 49:7 t(-e-me s~ LU Kal-du 34:5 th-e-mu sd LU Kal-du 22:4-5 t•-e-mi [&d] LO Kal-du 21:9-10 FLOl Kal-du gab-bi-s' 1:36 Kalbu See also mdt Assur URU Ka-ldb 41:10 Kaparsinummu [URU] Ka-par-fi-nu-um-ma 86:33 URU Ka-par-si-nu-um-mu 16:25 (+ comment) oi.uchicago.edu GEOGRAPHICAL, TRIBAL, AND FAMILY NAMES Kiprinu URU Ki-ip-ra-a-nu 81:6 (+ comment) 443 DUMU Sip-par.JKII EN.LfL.KI rKA.DINGIRl. [R]A.KI1 128:20 LO.GO.[EN.NA] a LO.SAG.A.MES [I41 Labiru (LabuFru) URU La-be-e-rril 46:10 (+ comment) LO La-be-e-ri 46:20 EN.LIL.[KI] 74:21-22 t sd-bal ina(!?) EN.LfL.KI 66:9 Parak-mari L rFLa-bi-rul 43:5 FLO La-bil-ri 43:25 URU BARA.DUMU 99:7 U[RU.BAR]A.DUMU 82:13 (+ comment) Larak a-sib URU d EN.LfL.KI a LO.BARA.DUMUu-a 19:6-7 LO URU La-rak 34:9 Marad FURU Mal-rad 75:7 (+ comment) U[RU Ma-rad] 75:10 mit As•sir See also Kalbu KUR A&+sur*.KI* 56:24 [KUR 1 Av+Jur.K1 56:9 miit Tamti See also Bit-Yakin, Kaldu, Kalddya KUR Tam-tim 69:10; 31:11 LO Tam-ftiml 20:6 Puqidu See also Aram LO Pu-qu-du 46:17 (+ comment) LO Pu-qu-d[u] 53:21; 105:5 LU Pu-q[u-du] 53:24 L10 Pu-qu-da-a-a 46:23 Lf Pu-qu-u-rdu(!)l-a 27:8 LI Pu-qu-u-da gab-bi 27:10-11 LfJ.SAG.KAL.rMES1 Si LO Pu-qu-d[u] 14:5-6 Purattu fo Pu-rat-ti 90:6 Qibi-B~I Naqari rURU1 Qi-bi-dEN 66:6 (+ comment) LU Na-qa-ri 13:19 (+ comment) Nippur EN.LIL.KI 48:10; 70:15; 96:26 Rubu" See also Aram LO Ru-bu-ui 83:7 FLO Ru-bu-u 6:6 (+ comment) EN.LfL.KI rl1 LI) Ru-bu-u 6:8-9 EN.LIL.KI1 6:19; 27:17 EN.LIL1.KI 27:11; 86:18 FEN.LfL.KI 83:5 EN.JLfL.KIT 70:15 EN.rLILl.[KI] 4:22 E[N.LIL.KI] 102:12 EN.LIL.KI r•l LU Ru-bu-U 6:8-9 2.KU[R] U EN.LIL.KI 1:4 Sip-par.KI [EN.LIL 1.KI KA.DINGIR.[RA.KI1 Sippar DUMU Sip-par.KI 128:9 Sip-par.Kl FEN.LfL1.KI a KA.DINGIR.rRA.KII 128:24 Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI 128:57 128:24 Sip-par.KI EN.LIL.KI DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LfL.KI a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI a KA.DINGIR.RA.KI 128:32 128:57 DUMU Sip-par.jKIl EN.LfL.KI qaq-qar E[N.LIL.KI] 27:29 fKA.DINGIRl.[R]A.rKI1 128:20 LI.JEN1.LIL.KI 103:9 [LI1.EN.LIL.KI 110 r. 7' LO.EN.LIL.KI.rMES1 18:15 LO a-5ib URU sd EN.LIL.KI a LI.BARA.DUMU- a-a 19:6-7 [DUMU.MES 1 EN.LfL.KI 128:12 DUMU Sip-par.KI EN.LfL.KI 2 KA.DINGIR.RA.KI 128:32 Saknu DUMU mSak-ni DUMU mHa-la-pi 6:22-23 DUMU msak-nu DUMU m'a-rlal-pi 6:17 DUMU.MES mSak-ni 5:7 DUMU.MES mSak-nu 5:12 oi.uchicago.edu 444 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN Sapiya See also Bit-Amukdni, Kaldu, Kalddya; for discussion see comment on No. 5:17 URU Sd-pi-ia 5:17; 17:6 URU Sd-pi-fidl 17:13 URU Sd-fpi-ial 77:6 TAmtu see mdt Tdmti Tane LO Ta-ne-nel 13:20 (+ comment) Ubfilu See also Aram LO U-bu-lu 32:8 Ina-sikl LU U-bu-lu4 98:17 (+ comment) GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Uruk UNUG.KI 18:14; 24:9; 37:11; 38:6, 8, 32; 110 r. 8' UNUG.rKll 72:23 FUNUG1.KI 18:20 LO.UNUG.KI-a-a 18:10 LO.UNUG.rKI-a-al 32:4 LO.rUNUG.KI1.M[ES] 108:9 Wasabinu FLO U-a-sal-ba-nu 13:18 (+ comment) Uncertain FURUl X(-X)-DIN(?) 94:12 FL01 x-x-ru 13:17 oi.uchicago.edu INDICES GENERAL INDEX The following is a selective index of subjects, terms, and names found in the Introduction, General Catalog, text translations, and comments. In the alphabetization scheme adopted, the Semitic consonants h and b follow h, the consonants s and s follow s, and t follows t. Old South Arabian; Proto-Arabic; Sabean; Safaitic; Thamfid, Thamildic; West Semitic Arabsamnu (month name) 193, 196 Aram, Aramean(s) 3, 5, 7, 15-17, 19-21, 24-25, 46, 49, 63, 65-66, 72, 89, 123-24, 142, 145, 199, 201, 206, 211, 21415, 221, and passim; see also Ablamf; Bit-Aram; BitBabiani; Dunanu; Gambiilu; tindaru; Naqari; Puqfidu; Rubu'; Rulua; Tana; Ubfilu; Yasiiin Aramaic 12, 39, 44, 51, 73, 77, 95, 100, 119, 123, 128, 14243, 145, 147, 159, 166, 172, 174, 185, 199, 216, 225, 24748, 251, and passim; see also Nabatean; Palmyrene; West Semitic Aramaism 12 archers 20 archery equipment 57 archives 9 n. 73 army 18-19, 42, 73, 100, 111, 273; see also military service Arrapba 48 Ashurbanipal 41, 83 assemblies, assembly 224, 273; see also temple assembly Assur 9 n. 73, 109, 179, 223, 255 Assyria, Assyrian(s) 1, 3, 5-6, 7 n. 27, 12, 14, 20, 44, 47, 49, 61, 63-64, 66, 75, 88, 99, 103, 109, 115, 123, 135, 159, 176, 179, 181, 196, 221, 248, 259, and passim Assyrian empire 5 Assyrianism(s) 10, 12, 67, 114, 211 Assur-ketti-leir 61 Assur-nir&i V 5 attendant(s) 8, 66, 176; see also courtier(s); retinue ax(es) 102-3 Bib-dfiri 21,154 Babylon 1, 6, 18-20, 22, 48, 50, 68, 71, 77, 91, 101, 108-9, 139, 162, 170, 178, 204, 249, 273, and passim Babianu 62-63, 78, 142, 210; see also Bit-Babiini balance(s) 19, 103, 121 Balissu 7,54, 80, 91,112, 121,215 Balikh 259; see also Dfir-Bilibaya barley 100, 196 basins 197 Baslu 54 Basra 131 Bau 263,265 Bdizu 54 Bderi,Tell 61 ablative accusative 10 and n. 84, 149 Abi Kamal 115 Abii Salabikh, Tell 167 account(s), accounting 89, 109, 128, 146-47 Adad 197,273 Adad-niTrri I 213 Adiya 54 adoption 179 Adummatu, Adumfl 66 advance(s) 17, 89, 152, 154; see also withdrawal(s) agent(s) 6, 18-22, 24, 102, 108-9, 112, 117, 132, 144, 146, 148, 162, 164-65, 173, 188, 195, and passim; see also servant(s) agreement(s) 15, 18, 43, 49, 62-63, 82, 100, 273; see also oath(s), loyalty; treaties, treaty agricultural, agriculture 8, 100, 201; see also cultivation, cultivating, cultivator(s); digging; farm, farmer(s); flattening; planting Ablamfl 25, 221; see also Bit-Ablame Akhenaton 57, 94, 121 Akitu House 53, 223 Aleppo 131 allegiance 82, 141, 186, 203 alliance(s) 6, 15-16, 18, 38-39, 44, 50-51, 65, 71, 73, 93-95; see also friendly terms, relations; treaties, treaty allies, ally 15, 39, 42, 44, 46, 73, 77, 83, 85, 103, 178, 190; see also confederate(s) Amara 39, 44, 69, 95, 102-3, 109, 121 Amenophis 11 57 Ammon, Ammonite 54, 75 Amorite 55, 67 'Anah 89, 115, 148 'Anat 95 AN.GAL 267 Antiochus I Soter 204 Anu 159,273 apprentices 23, 38, 178, 227 Aqarquf 1 n. 4 Arab(s) 53-54,61, 115 Arabia, Arabian 65-66, 92, 199, 211, 253; see also South Arabia Arabic 12, 61, 66, 73, 83, 89, 95, 100, 104-5, 115, 128, 159, 168, 172, 199, 209, 225, 251, 253, and passim; see also Deddn, Deddnite; Lilhyn, Lihyfnic; Old North Arabian; 445 oi.uchicago.edu 446 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR beams 187 beer 24, 194 Beirut 94 B6l 61, 151, 266; see also Marduk Bal-abb&eriba 204 BElet-sarbi 265 Balet-Sippar 225 Bal-ibni 247 B8l-ipus 110, 121,139 BEl-sarbi 265 BEltu a Uruk 213 Bisittin 196 Bit-Abdadaini 196 Bit-Ablam& 214; see also AblamO Bit-Amfikaini 1, 6-7, 16, 22, 48-49, 51, 64-65, 68, 70-71, 73, 101,123, 165, 174, 176, and passim Bit-Aram 25, 214 Bit-Babirini 63; see also Babiinu Bit-Dakkiiri 3, 6, 16, 18, 68, 73, 95, 104, 164; and passim Bit-Ualups 5, 49, 63; see also 1alapi, Ualapu Bit-gambin 196 Bit-Imbiya 159 Bit-Sangibiti 6, 24, 108, 195-96 Bit-Sin-seme 256 Bit-Sa'alli 70 Bit-Silani 6, 70-71; see also Silinu Bit-Yakin 3, 6, 15, 17, 39, 45, 72-74, 77 blood ties 44 boat(s) 16, 19, 70, 108 boatman 23, 184 Boghazk6y 69,102, 248 Borsippa 60-61, 103 bounty 15 bouza 194 brewers, brewing 24, 194 bricks 25,213 brotherhood 15, 39, 41, 43-44, 103, 131, 190 builders 23, 187 bull(s) 24, 196-97; see also cattle; ox(en) Byblos 94, 121 Cairo 123 Cairo Geniza 9 n. 66 camel(s) 15, 18-21, 24-25, 45, 93, 96, 110, 115, 128, 145, 149, 198, 213, and passim canal(s) 7, 42, 51, 75, 100, 197, 204, 206 canal frontage 190, 206 captive(s) 5, 17-18, 42, 72, 74, 91, 164, 171; see also clan(s) 17, 49, 51, 70, 199; see also families, family; kin, kingroup(s) clients 190; see also dependent(s) clods 23, 192, 201 coils 7 n. 27, 18, 42, 102 coinage 7 n. 27 collective responsibility 49, 53 compound nouns 249 confederate(s) 41-42; see also allies, ally consignment(s) 6-8, 19, 108-10, 112, 114, 116-18, 121, and passim; see also goods; merchandise copper 25, 224-25 corv6e 273 couriers 67 court(s) 20, 22, 136-37, 139, 150, 216, 224 courtier(s) 68, 273; see also attendant(s); retinue craftsmen 89 16-17, 23, 25, 74, 185-86, 221; see also criminal(s) kidnapper(s); marauder(s); raider(s); robber(s); thieves cult(s), cultic 44, 255-56; see also shrine(s); temple(s) cultivating, cultivation, cultivator(s) 7, 9, 24, 68, 189, 191, 193, 196-97, 199, 206, and passim; see also agricultural, agriculture; diggers, digging; farm, farmer(s); flattening; planting cultivating tribes 206 Dfbibi family 19, 108-9 date(s), date palm(s) 19, 75, 104, 110, 211, 225 Ded~n, Dedinite 92, 105, 171,253 delivery, deliveries 16-17, 20-24, 54-55, 131, 171 dependent(s) 15, 38, 46, 188, 203-4; see also clients deportees 179 deposit(s) 19, 104, 106, 112, 121 Der 3, 5-6, 8, 10, 18-20, 22, 47, 98-99, 117, 123, 136, 159, 167, 267 desert 53, 61, 131, 159, 206; see also Syrian Desert de-verbal nouns see nouns, de-verbal dictation 227, 274; see also scribal exercise(s) diggers, digging 23-24, 192, 194 Dibrinu 54 Diwiniyah 206 Diyala 6,48, 117, 123 dockets 174 donkey(s) 17-18, 20, 72, 102, 133; see also horse(s); mule(s) drug(s) 156, 203 due process 82 Dulaym 89 Diimah see Adummatu, Aduml prisoner(s) caravan(s) 7 n. 26, 18-19, 22-23, 104, 109, 115, 123, 131, 148, 154, 162, 164-65, 167, 180, and passim; see also Dilmat al-Jandal see Adummatu, Adumf Dunanu 21, 142, 144 Diir-Bilibaya 259; see also Balikh Duir-Yakin 151 Du'ifzu (month name) 192 Ea 148, 151,266, 273 Ea-Sa-reJi 148 Eanna 109 earache 21,156 Edomite 253 Egibi family 179 venture(s) cash 20, 57, 109, 132, 137, 154; see also payment(s) cattle 16, 17, 52; see also bull(s); ox(en) ceremony 25, 224-25; see also cult(s), cultic; festival(s); offering(s); sacrifice; temple(s) Chaldea, Chaldean(s) 1, 3, 6, 8, 15, 17-18, 20, 23, 38-39, 4850, 65-66, 68, 70-71, 73, 78, 80, 100-1, 111, 126, 187, and passim; see also Bit-Amuikini; Bit-Dakkiiri; Bit- sa'alli; Bit-Silini; Bit-Yakin chariot(s), chariotry 18, 98, 204, 250 Egypt 121,194 Ekur 38-39, 98, 263-64 El Shabina tribe 206 oi.uchicago.edu INDICES 447 Elam, Elamite(s) 6, 8, 19-21, 49, 103, 108, 117, 123, 135-37, 151, 154, 159, 181, 213-14, 267, and passim Ellipi 196 emancipation 176 emmer 225; see also wheat enemy, enemies 18, 52, 92, 155, 162, 273 Enlil 61, 256, 266, 273 Enmesarra 53 equids 20 Eresu 7, 22, 54, 57, 64, 153, 165, 184 Erra 273 Esagil 75, 109, 265, 273 Esarhaddon 83, 135 escort 20 estate(s) 6-7, 23, 203-4; see also farm, farmer(s) Enunna 82 Ethiopic, Ethiopian 11 n. 90, 61, 100, 145 Eteru 7, 21, 52-53, 86, 154, 185 Euphrates 6, 23, 73, 164, 188; see also middle Euphrates expenses 9 n. 66 Ezida 103 families, family 6, 38, 89, 109, 206; see also clan(s); kin, kingroup(s); merchant families farm, farmer(s) 24, 61, 100, 191-93, 196, 198-99, 201, 205, 207; see also cultivating, cultivation, cultivator(s); diggers, digging; estate(s); flattening; planting Fertile Crescent 5 n. 17, 115 festival(s) 16-17, 51, 85, 89, 156, 225; see also ceremony; cult(s), cultic; offering(s); temple(s) field(s) 7, 23-24, 51, 196, 199, 204, 206, 216, 273; see also land; plot(s); soil figs 154 final vowels see vowels, final flattening 24, 198-99 flax 102, 104 flock(s) 17, 20, 25, 70, 77, 124, 196-97, 213-15, 273; see also goats; herds; sheep floods 206; see also inundation(s) food allowances 203; see also rations forced labor 273 freedwoman 22, 175-76 friendly terms, relations 15, 18, 39, 41, 72, 102; see also alliance(s); treaties, treaty friendship 39, 51 fumigants, fumigation 21, 156, 196 Fiirstenspiegel 9-10, 73, 268-74 graphemic principles 12 graves 9 n. 73 grazing 7, 24, 63, 196-97; see also pasturage, pasture(s) Greek 59, 63, 225, 248, 253 greeting formula(e) 12, 39, 61, 159, 171, 182 guard-post(s) 18, 46, 82, 100 Gula 263 Gulf 98 Gulfisu 98,136 Guti 196 Hamadin 196 harvest, harvested 51, 196, 203 Hebrew 11 n. 90, 44, 54, 75, 100, 128, 145, 166, 174, 199, 225, 251 herb(s) 203 herds 63, 75, 256; see also flock(s); goats; sheep herdsmen 123; see also temple herdsmen Hittite(s) 141 holding(s) 205-6; see also field(s); land; plot(s); soil horse(s) 5, 20, 24, 123, 135, 196, 250; see also donkey(s); mule(s) hospitality 44 household personnel 23; see also servant(s) al-Haditha 89 Hamlh 103 Hishid federation 65 Hillah 206 Himyarite 44 UabP 168 Ualapi, Ialapu 5, 49, 62-63; see also Bit-Ualupe Uamdan(u) 7, 16, 64-65 Uanaean(s) 61 UAR-gud 256 Uarbar 196 Uatti 162 Uindinu 5-6,19, 21,109, 112, 114-15, 148, 159 Uindaru 62-63 Uumban-balta III 41 Ibal-pi-El II 82 Ibn al-Kalbi, Hishim see Kalbi, Hisham Ibn alIgitub short version 251, 255 Ibilu 54 311 168, 171-72 1Ilah 171-72 Il-yada < 47-48 Imdilum 9 n. 66 Oabriya, Tell al- 115 Gabal family 19, 108-9, 263 Gambfilu 63 Gamu (tribe) 16, 23, 54-55, 178 Gannanate 117, 123 garment(s) 21, 148; see also textile(s) gate, town 20, 131-32 Gharrif, Shatt al- 48 gift(s) 20, 42, 44, 102-3, 132 goats 123, 168; see also flock(s); herds; sheep gold 42, 109 goods 19, 21, 109, 123; see also consignment(s); merchandise implements 103; see also utensils incense 102-3 India 131 inspector 256 inundations 197; see also canal(s); floods; irrigation; water investing, investment(s), investor(s) 6, 7 n. 26, 18, 101, 109, 118-19 Iqbi-Bel 151 Iqila 8, 16, 43, 60, 68, 126, 128, 156, 176 Iran 6 iron 5, 19,24, 102-3, 114-15, 182, 196, 201, 204, 211 irrigation 197; see also canal(s); inundations; water goodwill 44, 62, 103 grant(s), land see land grant(s) grant(s), patronage see patronage grant(s) Isin II see Second Dynasty of Isin IStar 159, 256, 265 Jacob 176 oi.uchicago.edu 448 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR al-Jawf 66 Jebel Hamrin 117, 123 joists 187 Kabtiya 8, 125, 128, 161,175 Kalbi, Hishim Ibn al- 39, 55, 59, 63, 66, 115, 167-68, 209, 225 Kalbu 5-6,19, 63, 114 Kaparsinummu 16, 68-69, 184 Kassite period 1, 67, 204, 250 Kermanshih 196 Khabiir 5, 16, 49, 61 Khorrambaid 196 kidnapper(s) 15, 23, 41, 173, 183-84; see also criminal(s); marauder(s); raider(s); robber(s); thieves kin, kin-group(s) 6, 44, 49; see also clan(s); families, family Kind 8,110,168, 187, 218 kinship 82, 86, 172, 211 kinsmen 52 Kiprinu 22,173-74 Kiribtu 8, 23, 117, 170, 187-88 Kish 249 Kizzuwatna 141 Kudurru 6-8, 10, 38, 44, 70-72, 82-83, 91, 98, 157, 161, 170, 175, and passim kudurru inscription(s) 102, 204, 256 Kutha 204 laborers 23, 39, 45, 192; see also workers Labiru 5-6, 8,19, 117, 122-23, 159 land 23, 190, 192, 201, 205-6; see also field(s); holding(s); plot(s); soil land grant(s) 24, 190, 203-4, 256 land tenure system 190 Larak 18, 73, 100-1 Lebanon 61 levees 197 libraries 9 n. 73, 103 Lihy~n, Lihyinic 63, 79, 92, 105, 166, 171, 199, 225, 253 Lower Zab see Zab, Lower 1 i-lists 249 Liristin 196 Mahi Dasht 196 Malayer 196 Marad 22, 164 marauder(s) 91, 184; see also criminal(s); kidnapper(s); raider(s); robber(s); thieves Marduk 53, 61, 64, 142, 159, 179, 266, 273, and passim in greeting and oath formulae; see also Bel mule(s) 5, 20, 123, 135-36, 139-40; see also donkey(s); horse(s) Mullesu 265 Mus~zib 70-71 Nabatean 123, 225, 253 Nabonassar 3 n. 12, 5-6, 63, 115, 172; see also Nabf-nasir Nabf 61, 151, 159, 213, 259, 273, and passim in greeting and oath formulae Nabfl-res 19, 68, 108, 114, 133, 136, 150 Nabf-le'i 8,19, 106, 110, 157, 213 NabQ-nisir 3 n. 12, 5-6, 8, 15, 38, 70-71, 128, 161, 221; see also Nabonassar Nabfl a Uar8 249 Nabf-siuma-iskun 172 Nadbata 7,54 Nadni 8, 24, 178, 189, 203, 210-11 Nahivand 196 Namri 196 Naniy 22, 175-76, 263 Naqari 44,62-63 Naqiraya see Naqari Nir-Sumandar 63 Nebuchadnezzar I 66, 256 Nebuchadnezzar 11 204, 249 N&rab 199 Nergal 265 Nimrud Letters 68 Nineveh 14,63 Marduk Ordeal 53, 223; see also river ordeal Marduk-Baipik-zeri 266 Mari 14, 61, 67, 82, 115, 142, 145, 172, 248 market(s) 123 market network 6 market place 19, 106 market stall 18, 102 market towns 115 Marqasi 179 marsh(es) 18, 23, 98, 103, 178, 206 Mecca, Meccans 109 Ninurta 61, 176 Ninurta-kudurri-usur 115 Nisannu (month name) 19, 38, 108-9, 139 nomads 61; see also semi-nomads nouns, de-verbal 46 Nubians 194 Nusku 61 Nuzi 69, 150, 178, 201 oases, oasis 66 oath(s) 11, 18, 41, 44, 61, 82-83, 142, 171,205 oath(s), loyalty 83; see also agreement(s); treaties, treaty medication, medicines 21, 156,196 merchandise 18, 102, 148; see also consignment(s); goods offerings 6, 16, 21, 38, 151, 225; see also ceremony; cult(s), cultic; festival(s); sacrifice; sacrificial table; temple(s) Old Babylonian period 82 merchant(s) 5-6, 18, 20, 25, 45, 85, 91, 102, 108-9, 115, 11718, 123, 131-32, 164-65, 173, 175-76, 183, 203, 219, and passim; see also slave trader(s); trader(s) merchant families 109 merchant house(s) 19, 22, 106, 119 merchants, Old Assyrian 9 n. 66 Merodach-baladan II 71, 103, 204 MES.TAK.KA 142 middle Euphrates 6, 16, 49-50, 109, 115, 159, 247 migrants 24 migration, migration rights 15-16 military 250; see also army; service military service 42 Mittani 57 Moab, Moabite 54 money 7 n. 27, 42 morphophonemic spellings 249 Mukin-zeri 1, 3, 5-7, 15-17, 24, 48-49, 68, 70-72, 78, 80, and passim oi.uchicago.edu INDICES Old North Arabian 82; see also Dedan, Dedinite; Lilhyin, Lihyinic; Safaitic; Thamfid, Thamfidic Old South Arabian 11, 44, 61, 89, 148; see also Himyarite; Sabean; South Arabia orchards 66 ordeal see river ordeal order(s) 8, 19-21, 42, 139 Ottoman 89, 206 ox(en) 9, 17, 20-21, 23-24, 49, 85, 123, 128, 133, 142, 145, 189, 191, 196, 198-99, 203, 273, and passim; see also bull(s); cattle palace 1, 24, 195 paleography 9-10, 14 Palmyra, Palmyrene 54, 59-60, 164, 225, 260 Parak-miri 17, 22, 24, 74-75, 175-76, 207-8 particularism, ethnic 73 pastoral 51,53 pasturage, pasture(s) 7, 51, 53, 61, 206; see also grazing patrol(s) 17,72-73 patronage grant(s) 7; see also land grant(s) payment(s) 15, 17, 19-20, 24, 42, 55, 132, 137, 154, 176; see also cash peddler(s) 73, 273 perfumes 196 planting 23, 192-93, 196; see also cultivating, cultivation, cultivator(s); diggers, digging; farm, farmer(s); flattening plot(s) 23, 189-90; see also field(s); holding(s); land; soil plow(s) 23-24, 68, 142, 189, 191-93, 196, 201, 203, 205-6 practical vocabulary 249 price(s) 7, 19, 57, 105-6, 123, 131, 178 priest(s) 225, 266; see also cult(s), cultic prison 273 prisoner(s) 18, 23, 93, 185; see also captive(s) Proto-Arabic 12, 82, 85, 105, 121, 167, 174, 176; see also Arabic Proto-Semitic 61 Puqfdu 7, 16, 17, 19-20, 25, 64-65, 89, 123, 131, 215 purchase(s), purchasing 9 n. 66, 20-21, 109, 148 purple wool 8, 15, 19, 38, 115, 121; see also wool Qaus 253 Qedar 211 Qibi-Bil 151 Qibi-dunqi 179 queens 54 rafters 187 raider(s) 77; see also criminal(s); kidnapper(s); marauder(s); robber(s); thieves ransom, ransoming 15, 17-19, 21-23, 39, 46, 74, 85, 93, 112, 142, 159, 162, 164, 167, 170, 173, 180, 182, 186, and passim Rapiqu 49 Riai 159 rations 15, 38, 224; see also food allowances reading 60, 178-79 rebel(s) 7,51,57 rent 9,24,210-11 repair(s) 3, 6, 18, 98-99 reserve-duty 15, 41-42 retinue 7, 9; see also attendant(s); courtier(s) Rib-UJadda 94, 121 rings 7 n. 27,41-42 449 river crossing 16, 68 river ordeal 19, 25, 53, 108-9, 223; see also Marduk Ordeal robber(s) 18, 204; see also criminal(s); kidnapper(s); marauder(s); raider(s); thieves Rubul 3, 5, 15, 23, 49-50, 178 runaway(s) 7, 15-18, 22-23, 41; see also slave(s) Ruqabu 63 Ru>ua 63, 199 Saba' 115, 148 Sabean 44, 65, 82, 166-67; see also Himyarite; Old South Arabian; South Arabia sacrifice 225; see also offerings sacrificial table 6, 57, 70-71 safe conduct 22, 131, 165 Sakikah 66 sale(s) 9 n. 66, 19, 109 salinization 100 salt 61,100 Samsi 54 SargonII 49, 115,123, 151,154,174,206, 255 scholars 273 scribal, scribe(s) 8-9, 38, 134, 178, 182, 227, 260 scribal exercise(s) 9, 179, 187, 253, 260, 274; see also dictation scrubland 196-97 seal(s), sealing 19; see also tag(s), sealed Sealand, Sealander(s) 17-18, 21, 77, 95, 103, 154 Second Dynasty of Isin 67, 266 seed 24, 193, 203, 223 semi-nomads 7; see also nomads Sennacherib 46, 101, 103, 123, 167, 174, 176, 206 servants 16, 18, 23, 57, 95, 109, 171, 187, 198; see also agent(s); household personnel service 16, 24, 70, 87, 175-76, 211; see also military service sesame 8, 20, 23, 126, 129, 131, 188, 199, 203, 225 Sfire 39,51,95,199 Shalmaneser III 75 Shammar confederation 63 Shatt al-Gharrif see Gharrif, Shatt alshearing 20, 122-24 sheep 20, 44, 49, 63, 85, 123-24, 168; see also flock(s); goats; herds shipment(s) 18, 20-21, 24, 112, 126, 161 shovels 24, 103,211 shrine(s) 44, 61, 273; see also temple(s) silt 206 silver 6, 7 and n. 27, 8, 17-23, 25, 41-42, 57, 60, 78, 85, 93, 104, 108-9, 112, 117-18, 123, 126-29, 131, 135, 140, 142, 145, 149-51, 153-54, 159, 161, 164-65, 167, 170-71, 173, 176, 180, 184-85, 201, 210, 214-16, 219, 221, 273, and passim Simbar-Sipak 266 Sippar 273 slave(s) 6-8, 15, 18-23, 41, 49, 70, 95, 100, 104-5, 112, 128, 140, 142, 162, 165, 167-68, 170-71, 173-76, 178-80, 182-83, and passim; see also runaway(s) slave raiders 164 slave trader(s) 8, 22; see also trader(s); merchant(s) slavery 21 smith(s) 17, 89 oi.uchicago.edu 450 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR soil 100, 191-92, 201, 205; see also field(s); holding(s); land; plot(s) soldiers 67 South Arabia 65; see also Arabia, Arabian(s); Old South Arabian spirantization 12, 159, 247-48 stele, stelae 16, 60, 273 stone 16,60 storehouse 108, 162, 168-69 straw 203 strongroom 16, 54-55 subordinating conjunctions 11, 206 Stibu 115, 159, 172, 247 Sultantepe 249, 255 Sun-god 105 Surappi 49 suzerain 17, 82 Syllabary B 227 syncretism 266 Syria 1, 5, 22, 49, 63, 162 Syrian Desert 59, 63, 115, 159, 225 Safaitic 46, 54, 67, 79, 82, 115, 128, 169, 225, 267 Salm(u) 66, 253 Sant<> 65 Sa-pi-B6l 22,167 Sa-Usur-Adad 247 Samas 54, 62, 273; see also Sams Samas-rea-usur 172 Sams 105 Samif-II 49 sandabakku 1, 3, 5-9, 16, 22, 39, 44, 49, 68, 71, 77, 99, 103, 108-9, 123, 162, 182, 189-90, 199, 203-4, 206, and passim Sangf-Ea family 5, 19, 114 Saplya 3, 6, 15-16, 47-48, 70 Silinu 16, 70; see also Bit Silani Sunassura 141 Suppiluliuma 141 Sutur-Nabbunte 154 Tabua 54 tag(s), sealed 173 Tane 62-63 tax 211,273-74 tax-collector 90 Tayma' 92, 115, 148, 253 Te'elbunu 54 Tell AbIl Salabikh see Salabikh, Tell Abti thieves 21, 142; see also criminal(s); kidnapper(s); marauder(s); robber(s) Tiglath-pileser III 1, 3, 5, 49-50, 63, 68, 73, 123, 142, 206 Tigris 3,48, 63,256 Til Barsip 49 trader(s) 20, 117; see also merchant(s); slave trader(s) trading capital 7 n. 26, 19, 21, 109, 112, 114, 137, 153 transvestites 256 treasury 273 treaties, treaty 3, 6, 15, 17, 39, 49, 77, 82-83, 141; see also agreement(s); alliance(s); friendly terris, relations tribute 7, 16, 49, 54, 159 Tukulti-Ninurta II 159 Tusratta 57 Ubilu 18, 24, 96, 205 Ugarit, Ugaritic 67, 100, 102 Ulilu (month name) 89 Unqu 5 uprising(s) 16 UqnQ 49 Ur 159, 196 Uruk, Urukians 6, 17-19, 25, 48, 72, 85, 96, 106, 108-9, 123, 159, 213, 219, 223 utensils 25, 103, 224-25 vassal(s) 17, 82-83, 86, 141 venture(s) 5-6, 8, 21, 101, 103, 109, 119, 121, 154, 164; see also caravan(s) vowels, final 12-14 wagon(s) 21, 57, 146, 187, 204 Wanna wa-Sadfim 164 warriors 92 water 66, 100, 197, 206; see also canal(s); inundation(s); irrigation weavers, weaving 26, 178, 255, 260 W5di Tharthir 159 West Semitic 9, 12, 43, 55, 61, 75, 89, 140, 144, 166, 168, 172, 199, 225, 253, 259, 263, and passim West Semiticism(s) 10, 67 wheat 18-20, 23-24, 100, 106, 127-28, 188, 194, 196, 198, 203, 208, 210-11, and passim; see also emmer wheat acreage 24, 203 wheat stubble 196 withdrawal(s) 41, 89, 104, 106 wood 16, 24, 57, 98-99, 146, 195-96, 203 wool 6, 8, 15, 20-21, 26, 117, 121-23, 125-26, 159, 174, 201, and passim; see also purple wool workers 89, 151, 193, 198; see also laborers Tell Bderi see Bderi, Tell Tell al-6abriya see Gabriya, Tell altemple(s) 6, 8, 16, 38, 57, 60, 70, 108-9, 176, 203, 225, 249, 256, 273; see also ceremony; cult(s), cultic; festival(s); shrine(s) temple assembly 25, 224-25; see also assemblies, assembly temple cooks 57 temple herdsmen 25, 213 tenant(s) 7, 9 textile(s) 6, 15, 38, 117, 148, 178, 203; see also garment(s) Thamild, Thamildic 39, 46, 63-64, 79, 82, 95, 128, 166, 168, Yada'-Il 6, 8, 15, 20, 43-44, 49, 82-83, 140 Yadburu 123, 154 Yapa) 54 Yasiain 211 Yati'e 54 Yemen, Yemeni 199 Zab, Lower 63 Zababa 53 Zabdi-Il 8, 45, 128 Zabibe 54 Zagros 3,6, 10,108, 117 171,209 thematic vowels 10 ziggurat(s) 18,98 oi.uchicago.edu INDICES 451 INDEX OF AKKADIAN WORDS, PHRASES, AND IDIOMS DISCUSSED abbat X sabdtu 42 barphtu 71 adO 49,51 agd 12 n. 100 aganna 12 n. 100 ablbtu 44 akanna 12 n. 100 akannaka 12 n. 100 al subdti 178 alaktu 7 n. 26 alapritti 190 ana dandni 172 harrdnaaldku 155 harrdnu 7 n. 26 tagdhu (D) 192 bdsu 145 hepiru 103 bisbu 159 buppa 255-56 ib 52, 185 idatumma 60 inalibbi uzni eribu 41-42 issakka 205 ittahdmel 69 itti ahdmes sabdtu 71 ana mubhi kaspi ela 140 ana pr X sabatu 65 ana tabi akdnu 179 annitu la idat 60 aradekalli 187 assinnu 256 aslf + eribu 51 alaridutu 64 agsa 55 ayyalu 42 bdbtu 103 ballukku 196 bebiru 12 bil hTti 176 bil narkabti 248 bl paba 12,247-48 bil ubari 52-53 bil umdni 52-53 birkabtu 248, 255 bi 52, 185 biltu 55, 159 bitu 39,106,119 bitu dannu 55 bitu sa t iti 131 badu 225 dabdbu 109 dasannu 7 n. 27, 42 dibba ana muhhi X bu"i 63 dibba tabatu 39 dina ana pdn X sakdnu 109 dulldtu sa ill44 ekdma 57 ela 119, 140, 197 epertu 213 epinnu 205 eribu + asa 51 LO eribi UKKIN Ia bit ili224-25 erilu 201 esitu 164, 181 galtla 12,60 gammis 203 (LO) gudddu 12, 73 jbamddu 103 bamattu 159 bamru 197 iama 204 tardsu 42 jarbu 205-6 kadu 82 kAdu 42 kakkullu 213 kalla 67 kapatu 12, 103-4 Li kar 7 n. 26, 119 kartappu 250 katdru 12, 147 ki 11,85 kiptann 128 kima 106 kingu 174 kinigtu 225 kifkant 57 kitta epesu 95 kizd 66 kulu>u 250, 256 kurgarri 250, 256 kurummatu 203-4 kutallatu 42 la 12, 119 la 10, 12, 67, 77 ld dina 82 la petitu 168-69 tapdn mint ki 77 Idsimu 256 lemuttdnu 39 lit mayydri dekt 201 libba 174 liginnaqabi 179 tlittum(ma sa) 60 lublru 12, 103 mahiru 106 makkdru 204 mala agannif am 218 mala la 125 mala dtma Ia baltadnu 83 mammala 199 mammant- 85 mandtu 147 manditu 12, 159 maqarratu 203 maqarratu 204 mardru 201 massutu 60 oi.uchicago.edu 452 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR maJkakatu 205 mayydru 201,206 mazpdn 248-49 sipna sapdnu 199 samddu 135 saparu(D) 68 mireitu 7 n. 26, 109 sibtitu 71 miqittu 148, 274 miqtu 148 mubannd 57 mussl 123 muSgurtu 176 muttaggisu 256 naddnu 11-12, 52, 185 nakuttu 92 napultu 39 subdru 7 n. 26, 108-9 Sa kakkulli 213 ndqidu 213 nasiku 65 natantaSu 12, 174 nibu 117 samahsammapes.itu 131 sammi uttati 196 nishu 89, 152 nisakku 266 nukurib(b)u 248 pardqu 12, 89 paidru 192, 201 pesinu 160 petl 168-69 pi kddiiu 46 pihatu 247 pigirtapasaru 192 pubru 225 pat X mahasu 51 pupiru 46 qallalutu 162 qallu 162 qaqqar(a)kaiddu 190 qaqqar(a) sabdtu 190 qaqqaru 206 qatdru 103 qdtu kasddu 46 qata 12, 172 qubbulu 12, 143 qullu, qdlu 7 n. 27,42 qutta + epiau 102 rdmu 204 radil(u) 75 raigtu 220 re'a nadl 59 r>'ft 248 rimata rdmu 204 rittu 190 sakrumas 250 samdju (Dt) 69 sanda 255 sartattu 71 silullO 73 sinniidnu 256 Sa mubfi dli 179 Ja r£ji 251 sahallitu 151 Jahdlu 151 Fakdku 201 sdkin blli 256 sdkin timi 196 sandabakku 1 n. 6, 247 Jaqt 106 Jaril 251 Jebiru 201 sepiiullumu 166 Jeijeku 197 iibiu 211 irhu 192, 194 Jmuitu 148 subarrfr 176 Sulmdnu 102-3 iulmi' 85 tabnitu 57 tamirtu 197 tamkdru 7 n. 26 tdru 42, 82 LO tiba, tbbatu 51 tikatu 174 tdbtu 39 tdbtu u add 51 tdbtatu 39 tdbu 39, 63 tdabdta eptu 94 tdabutu 39 !ta'tu 102-3 te >dmu 101 u 12, 144 ubdru 53 uda 103,225 ul 10, 77, 139 ultu rei(i) 171 umma 11,85 Imu 11 dmu ia 11 n. 88 usandO 255 uttatu 100 ydnu'amma 121 zittu 101 oi.uchicago.edu 453 INDICES INDEX OF LOGOGRAMS DISCUSSED AN.ZA.GAR US.BAR.MES 178 DJG.GA 39 dEN.JRU 266 9RIN.JI.A 194 GAL 176 dGIS.BAN 253 GIS.GfGIR 255 GIl.SE.JAR LO.TUR.MES 108-9 201 GIS.UMBIN.MES 204 GlS.NU.ZU KA 103 168-69 LO.UR.SAL 256 KA BAD 131 KIL.GI 156 KO.GUR 156 MUN.I.A 39 NfG.GA 204 NfG.SU.MES KCJ.BABBAR GIN 7 n. 27 LO.ARAD.t.GAL 187, 248 LO.DE, 274 LO.GAKKUL 213 LO.GIR.SE.KI 176 LO.GO.EN.NA 1,247 LO.IGI.GUB 248-49 LO.KA.DIB 250 LO.KUR.GAR.RA LO.NU.S 266 LO.SAG.KAL 64-65 LOU.U.BAR.RA 176 140 SfG.Ut.ME.DA.KUR.RA SUM.NA 259 SE.BAR 100 SE.GIS.I BABBAR.MES SUKU.4I.A 203 O.UI.A SE.BAR 121 131 196 UKKIN 224-25 ZI.MES 46,51 250 INDEX OF WEST SEMITIC TERMS, NAMES, AND ROOTS TERMS sdbiy Arranged according to consonants and in order of Aramaic alphabet, with j following g, andf following p qabbel 143 qti 172 rahima 95 'ardikal 248 berth di 123 birr 66 be -yom 11 n. 90 gedad 73 gelald 60 jund 73 haka 12 n. 100 zabd 128 hittd 100 hettat 100 hiqrted 100 htt 100 hammdda 159 hinta 100 hintetd 100 hai 145 fbt' 39 ywm 11 keniltd 225 kafata 12, 104 kattar 147 lylh 95 netdntd 174 saris 251 sdris 251 dy' wtbt' 51 (elata 11n. 90 'amm 172,211 phth 248 faraqa 12,89 'irn 109 100 s2>mt 148 NAMES Note: h follows h, and d follows d >b'lh 209 >bndb 54 >hndb 54 >yndb 54 > fl 168 >Ildh 171-72 > 1h'b 171 >lndb 54 'Il-jagab 75 > ' b 267 'tm 82 >tmm 82 'Atamm 83 "Atmam 83 B(w)ln 63 Bawldn 63 bnw Ntr 199 Bt' 260 Dd 166 Ddy 166 al-Dami 66 Hmdn 65 Hamddn 65 Zbd'l 128 Zwzt 67 oi.uchicago.edu 454 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR Hadrami 66 Hyn 225 IHayydn 225 HIyrn 58 Hb' 169 Yd'l 44 Ydcl 44 Lms 168 Lamis 168 Makki 66 Mr 39 Murr 39 Nbl 115 Nabbs' 115 Ndb 54 al-Nadab 55 Ndb>l 54-55 Ndbyh 54 Ndbyhw 54 Nrn 79 Sms 105 cmyn 209 Cmndb 54 Qws'dr 253 Qwsmlk 253 Qwsntn 253 Rhm'l 95 Rcn 92 Sams 105 Sgwb 75 NAMES TRANSLITERATED FROM CUNEIFORM See also pp. 429-44 AD-hl-a 172, 209 AD-na-di-ib 55 Am-mi-na-ad-bi 54 Bir-NU 66 Bu-a-a-li 63 BUL-[Ta-megwl 164 Ha-ir-a-nu 58 Ia-di-r)(!?)1-i-lu 44 li-a-AD 171 Jl-a-ra-mu 172 l1-a-zALAG 172 il-ta,(UD)-gab 75 Il-ta-ma-ll 61 li-ta-mel 85, 105 Il-tam-mel 105 Kam-mu-su-na-ad-bi 55 Mu-ru 39 Na-ba-Id 115 Na-ba-st 115 Na-ad-ba-nu 55 Na-ad-bi-ia 55 Na-ad-bi-ia-i 54 Na-tdf-ri 199 Na-td-ru 199 Qa-a-su 253 Qu-su-DfJG.GA 253 Qu-su-ia-a-ba-bi 253 Qu-u-su-ia-da-a> 253 Ra-'a-a-nu 92 Re-ti-mu 95 Sa-gab 75 Sa-gab-bu 75 Sa-mel 105 Sd-ma-a'-l 216 Ta,-gab 75 Ta,-gab-bi 75 Ta-mel 105 Tam-ma 82 Tam-mes 105 NAMES TRANSCRIBED FROM CUNEIFORM See also pp. 429-44 above; aleph and ayin ignored in alphabetization >Ab-)Ildh 209 Adu(m)ma' 66 'Ah-band 259 Amma-ladin 211 Amme-ladin 211 Amme-yabab 172 Ammu-ladi 211 Amydnu 209 Atimmd' 82-83 Atta-lild 95 Bir-Iltamel 174 Bit-Nateri 199 HabPi 168-69 Hamddn(u) 65 Hayrdnu 58 Hayydnu 225 )Il-yadac 47-48 'Ildh->ab 171-72 Illdh-nar 172 'lldh-rdm 172 Iltagab 75 Iltagab-Il 94 Ippuha-Samel 164 Lamis-I>l 168 Nadbata 54 Ndzir 199 Nardnu 79 Pa-Samel 164 Qaus-gabri 253 Qaus-malaka 253 Rapa) 225 Salm-ulizib 253 Sama4-'fl 216 Sagab-ll 75 Sama-'l 61 Samel 105 TammeF-lamaya 140 Yada<-'Il 43-44 Yalar 225 Zabdi-'Il 128 Zabinu 123 Zuzdnu 67 oi.uchicago.edu 455 INDICES NAMES IN GREEK INSCRIPTIONS Atav 225 Awavqg 225 Atavlov 225 Atpavqq 59 Bwcala 63 Koaaciapog 253 KoopaLXaog 253 Koavaravog 253 ROOTS Arranged according to order of Aramaic alphabet, with following h, and z following .t BNY BWL DYN WHB 259 63 211 185 j ZBB ZBD ZBN ZBT UYR YBB YSR NDB NWR NTR NZR NSR NTN RP > S2)M SGB SYM 39 128 123 39 58 172 225 54-55 79 199 199 199 174 225 148 75 61 INDEX OF TEXT CITATIONS AbB 9 38:14 123 ABL 23 r. 27 179 ABL 24 r. 14 69 ABL43 r.4 171 ABL 152:8 213 ABL 211:15 208 ABL 214:11 13 n. 118 ABL 261:12 55 ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL 275:6-7 65 275:15 11 n. 88 275:15-18 51 275 r. 12 51 280:5 11 n. 88 280:13-14 211 ABL 281:23 11 n. 88 ABL 292:19 71 ABL 292 r. 11 13 n. 114 ABL 295:7-9 63 ABL 295r. 8 213 ABL 301 r. 5 13 n. 114 ABL 328:15 77 ABL 334:6 106 ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL 336 r 11lln.97 350 r. 7 13 n. 114 390:6 171 400 r 7 71 414 r. 7-9 61 419:16 69 ABL 451:8-10 218 ABL 457:1 55 ABL 462:12 11 n. 88 ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL 494 r. 2 162 502-505 48 521:8 13 n. 124, 179 530:10 11 n. 88 530:13 179 539:10-11 95 540:3-4 190 561 r. 11 171 ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL 571 r. 9-10 39 608:7, 10 39 622+1279:20-r. 1 13 n. 117 645:10 69 702:5 13 n. 118 716:5 153 743 r. 5 42 752:18 106 ABL 754+:24 71 ABL 778 r. 19 71 ABL 781:1-4 159 ABL 794 r. 8 ABL 846:5-6 ABL 849 r. 1 ABL 878:11 ABL 879:3, 9 11 n. 88 128 42 13 n. 114 171 ABL 879:11-12 42 ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL 885 r. 15-16 208 896:7 171 899 151 943:4 39 965 r. 12 109 966+CT 53 211:10-14 998 r. 9 13 n. 114 179 ABL 1032 r. passim 58 ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL ABL 1034:10 179 1042 r. 10 249 1049:5 213 1052 r. 8-9 223 1074 r. 13 64 1077:6 196 1095:1-4 159 1105:3', 17' and 32'-33' 83 1108:3 171 1113 r. 1 55 1114 r. 4 174 1114r. 10 10n. 82 1131 r. 6,11 13 n. 114 1204 r. 7 13 n. 118 oi.uchicago.edu 456 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR BRM 1 17:3 63 BRM 1 17:7 194 BRM 1 17:9 115 ABL 1216 r. 3-4 181 ABL ABL ABL ABL 1230:4 179 1237:23 153 1237 r. 15 73 1240 r. 2-3 73 BRM 1 17:10 115 BRM 1 18:2 172 ABL 1241+:10 55 ABL 1255 r. 5 187 ABL ABL ABL ABL BRM 122 68 BRM 1 26:9 79 BRM 195:19-20 57 1260:5 171 1274:18 55 1285:13 171 1292:5 259 BRM2 33:3 109 Camb. 45:7-11 42 Camb. 265:1-4 225 Cavigneaux, Textes scolaires, pp. 107-11 249 Cavigneaux and Ismail, Bagh. Mitt. 21 (1990): 346 no. 2 iv 27-32 148 Cavigneaux and Ismail, Bagh. Mitt. 21 (1990): 346-47 no. 2 iv 27-38 115 Cavigneaux and Ismail, Bagh. Mitt. 21 (1990): 380 no. 17:3 247 CCT 2 6:14-15 9n.66 CH § 43:12-14 201 CH § 44:26-29 201 Cogan and Eph'al, eds., Tadmor Fs., p. 319:9 61 Contineau, RA 28 (1931): 33 no. 1:8 178 ABL 1316 r. 8 55 ABL 1366:21 73 ADD 326:5 55 ADD 341:2 55 ADD 414 r. 24 82 ADD 427:7 253 ADD 756:1 55 ADD 857 ii 48 164 ADD 914 r. 5 162 ADD 1077 viii 16 213 AMT 33,1:31-32 156 AMT35,1:8, 10 156 ARM 3 68:19 67 ARM 5 40:19 67 ARM 10 140:27 46 BAM 3 iv 25-27, 33-34 156 BBSt no. 3 i 27-28 190 BBSt no. 9 iii 18 190 CT2 47:31, 34 BBSt no. 9 iv A 12 190 BBSt no. 11 ii 6-9 102 BE 183 r. 9 194 BE 8 68 100 BE 8 110:4 167 BE 8 142:8 274 BE 8 153:1 and passim 221 BE 9 1:1, 23, 25, and right edge 253 BE9 82:5 55 BE 1058:4 75 BE 10 60:18 259 BE 14 41:1 190 BE 17 39:9-14 197 BIN 1 13:22 174 BIN 1 18:6 218 BIN 1 34:11 39 BIN 1 38:45 77 BIN 1 43:8 171 BIN 1 74:6 218 BIN 7 56:7-9 201 BIN 7 197:8-10 201 Borger, Asarh., p. 53 §27 Episode Borger, Asarh., p. 53 §27 Episode Borger, Asarh., p. 60 §27 Episode Borger, Asarh., p. 76 §48:12 61 Borger, Asarh., p. 100 §66:12-13 BR 8/7 84:6-7 109 BRM 1 2:3 123 BRM 13:12 172 BRM 1 17:2 172 CT 22 222:26 52 CT22 225:19-20 77 CT 22 243:7-17 75 CT 29 13:8 196 CT 34 37:79-81 60 CT 45 18:27' 123 CT 49 CT 49 CT 49 CT 49 BE 14 123:1 190 BE 17 24:22 204 123 CT4 32a:7 109 CT18 5(K.4193)r. ill 250 CT 22 1:8-10 103 CT22 11:11 117 CT 22 80:16-21 75 CT22 105:23-28 137 CT 22 144:5-9 155 CT22 155:16 171 118:14 122:13 123:15 128:14 147 147 147 147 CT 49182 r. 5 147 CT51 147:19 156 CT53 1:12 225 CT 53 10:5-7 61 CT 53 10:20-r. 6 115 13 A iii 76 135 14 A iv 15-16 54 21 A v 56 253 54 CT54 3 r. 2 10 n. 82 CT54 39:9 128 CT 54 48:10 55 CT 54 55:7 13 n. 114 CT 54 57:10 13 n. 114 CT54 111 r. 6 55 CT 54 118:10 11 n. 97 CT54212r.3 106 CT 54 483:7 150 CT 54 514:10 13 n. 114 CT 54 538 r. 2 11n. 88 CT 54 554 r. 12 11n. 88 CT54 580 r. 10-13 164,181 CT 56 758:6 88 oi.uchicago.edu 457 INDICES Cyr.23:5 121 Cyr. 226:4 55 Dar. 301:16 253 Lyon, Keilschrifttexte Sargon's, p. 4:21 255 Lyon, Keilschrifttexte Sargon's, p. 6:36 192 Dossin, RA 65 (1971): 47 vii 28 and 53 67 Dossin, RA 65 (1971): 53 xi 35 67 Durand, MARI 6 (1990): 629 (A.3344):6-9 61 EA 1:61 75 EA22iv41 57 EA 136:25-29 94 Fales and Postgate, SAA 7 no. 5 ii 48 164 Fales and Postgate, SAA 7 no. 24:15 162 Falkenstein, UVB 15 (1956-57): pl. 34:9' 176 Fish, Letters, 10:8-9 201 Frame, RIMB 2, p. 300 iv 27'-32' 148 Frankena, Tdkultu, p. 25 i 25 248-49 Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons 1., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Fuchs, Inschriften Sargons II., Gadd, Iraq 16 (1954): 199:19 p. 34:21 255 p. 37:36 192 p. 110:123 54 p. 125:201 65 p. 150:295 154 p. 151:298-300 123 pp. 151-52:300-1 154 p. 195:18-19 49 p. 198:27 54 p. 265:71-75 49 255 GCCI 2 367:11-12 123 George, TopographicalTexts, p. 150:28' 176 Grant, Haverford, p. 230 no. 3:8-13 201 Grayson, AfO 20 (1963): 90:24 214 Grayson, RIMA 2, p. 173:46-47 159 Gurney, Sumer 9 (1953): no. 18 (after p. 34):1-2 123 Hinke, Kudurru, p. 152 v 9-13 256 Maul, Tall Bdiri, p. 25:11-12 61 MDP 10 pl. 1i 4 192 MDP 10 92:18 42 Moldenke, Cuneiform Texts, no. 21:4-6 179 Moran, Amarna Letters, p. 4 (EA 1):61 75 Moran, Amarna Letters, p. 57 (EA 22) iv 41 57 Moran, Amarna Letters, p. 217 (EA 136):25-29 94 MRS 6 150 RS 16.188 r. 7 67 MSL 3 57:3'a 274 MSL3 52:17' 103 MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL 3 132-53 227 12 226:133 256 12 233 ii A 2 255 12 233-41 249 12 239 iii 29-30 248 MSL Supplementary Series, vol. 1, pp. 50-52 249 Miller, MVAG 41/3 (1937): 64:34, 36 103 NBC 6142:13 199 Nbk. 266:3 55 NL I-VII 68 NLII:9' 69 NL III:11' 44 NL XXXVIII:8-10 218 NL LIV:4 64 NLLVI:11'-12' 117 NL LXV 68 OIP 2 30:56 54 OIP 2 39:62 214 Lambeit, AnSt 11 (1961): 152:64 75 OIP 2 51:28 54 OIP 2 52:38-39 164 OIP 2 53:42-47 70, 101,176 OIP 2 53:46-47 174 OIP 2 67:5 46 OIP 2 83:48 46 OIP 2 85:8-9 103 OIP 2 92:22 54 OIP 2 109 vii 16-19 7 n. 27 OIP 2 123:29-30 7 n. 27 OIP 2 138:48-49 167 Oppenheim, Glass, p. 32 A:3, B:4, and C:2 102 Parker, Iraq 16 (1954): 37 (ND 2307):10-11 42 Parpola, LAS 1 no. 46 r. 12 77 Lambert, BWL, p. 84:249 73 Lambert, BWL, p. 112:14 73 Lambert, BWL, pp. 112 and 114, and pls. 31-32 268 Parpola, LAS 1 no. 253 156 Parpola, SAA no. 26:2 203 Parpola, SAA 1 no. 158:12 225 Lambert, Or 36 (1967): 122:94 53 Landsberger, Brief, p. 8:35 160 Landsberger and Gurney, AfO 18 (1957-58): 83:232 251 Landsberger and Gurney, AfO 18 (1957-58): 83:253 255 Landsberger and Gurney, AfO 18 (1957-58): 334 no. 873 162 Lie, Sargon, p. 52:2-3 123 Lie, Sargon, p. 52:3-4, 15 154 LIH 105:11 150 Livingstone, SAA 3 no. 17 r. 32 75 Livingstone, SAA 3 no. 34:7 223 Livingstone, SAA 3 no. 34:12 53 LKA 155:27 156 Parpola, SAA 1 no. 177 r. 7-9 61 Parpola, SAA 1 no. 179:5-7 61 Parpola, SAA 1 no. 179:20-r. 6 115 Parpola, SAA 1 no. 257:10-14 179 Parpola and Watanabe, SAA 2 no. 9:3', 17', and 32'-33' 83 Parpola, SAA 10 no. 111 r. 15 73 PBS 1/2 52:9 204 PBS 1/2 30:4 249 PBS 1580i24 100 Peiser, Urkunden, 96:5' 190 Pinches, BOR 2 (1887-88): 3:8-9 42 Ichisar, Archives cappadociennes,pp. 214-15 9 n. 66 Jensen, KB 6/2, p. 52:6 53 KAH 2 83:14 140 KAJ 310:48-49 57 KAR 71 r. 20-21 11 n. 93 KAR 427 r. 23-24 140 KAV 1 viii 6-22 169 Kicher, Pflanzenkunde, no. 30b ii 10' 203 Kwasman and Parpola, SAA 6 no. 37:7 253 Labat, RA 53 (1959): 16:29-18:32 156 LTBA 2 1 vi 47 250 LTBA 2 2:398 53 Pinches, BOR 4 (1889-90): 132:21 109 Pohl,AnOr 9 1:4 190 Pohl, AnOr9 1:97 190 oi.uchicago.edu 458 THE EARLY NEO-BABYLONIAN GOVERNOR'S ARCHIVE FROM NIPPUR TCL 13 222:1-6 137 TDP 68:8-11 156 Pohl,AnOr 9 1:100 71 Postgate, Palace Archive, no. 119 44, 63 2 R 44 no. 2:4-5 256 2 R 67:5 49 Thureau-Dangin, RA 16 (1919): 129:18-19 102 Thureau-Dangin, RA 19 (1922): 102-3:29, 37 121 Thureau-Dangin, Til-Barsib, p. 146:10-11 49 TuM NF 2/3 114:3 259 2 R 67:23-25 68 2 R 67 r. 61 253 3R66iii28 179 RAcc. 75:3, 10 194 RAcc. 136:282 125 RAcc. 141:361-62 125 Rost, Tiglat-pileser,pl. XV:3-5 5 n. 14 Sachs and Hunger, Astronomical Diaries, vol. 1, no. -273 r. 36'-37' 204 Sachs and Hunger, Astronomical Diaries, vol. 2, no. -245 B 'obv.' 4 225 Saggs, Iraq 17 (1955): 23-38 and pls. IV-VII after p. 50 (NL I-VII) 68 Saggs, Iraq 17 (1955): pl. V after p. 50:9' (NL II) 69 Saggs, Iraq 17 (1955): 30:11' (NL III) 44 Saggs, Iraq 18 (1956): 53:8-10 (NL XXXVIII) 218 Saggs, Iraq 21 (1959): 163:4 (NL LIV) 64 Saggs, Iraq 21 (1959): 166:11'-12' (NL LVI) 117 Saggs, Iraq 25 (1963): 71-72 and pl. XI after p. 80 (NL LXV) 68 Schileico,AfO 5 (1928-29): 13 248 Schramm, BiOr 27 (1970): 150:46-48 159 Streck, Asb., p. 24 iii 5 171 Streck, Asb., p. 28 iii 65 51 Streck, Asb., p. 130i 171 Streck, Asb., p. 134 viii 31 + variants 211 Streck, Asb., p. 140 i 34 54 Streck, Asb., p. 202 v 26 54 Streck, Asb., p. 222 K. 3405:12 54 Szlechter, TJDB, p. 77 MAH 15934:11-13 201 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 42 Ann. 9:6 63 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileser111, p. 66 Ann. 13*:3-5 5 n. 14 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 68 Ann. 14*:2 54 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 78 Ann. 23:9' 64 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 80 Ann. 23:18' 54 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 87 Ann. 3:6-7 54 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 89 Ann. 27:8 54 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 108 St. III A: 19 54 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 141 Summ. 4:19' 54 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 158 Summ. 7:5 49 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 162 Summ. 7:23-26 68 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserIII, p. 170 Summ. 7 r. 11' 253 Tadmor, Tiglath-pileserI11, p. 196 Summ. 11:16 68 TCL 3 137 65 TCL 9 57:19 82 TCL 12 1:6 267 TCL 12 16:3 259 TCL 12 50:4-5 213 TCL 1268:19 259 TCL 12 120:19 220 TCL 12 120:20-21 220 TCL 13 132:2, 6-7 213 TCL 13 133:9 213 TuM NF 2/3 189:20 75 TuMNF2/3 237:17 67 TuM NF 2/3 238:13 259 TuM NF2/3 255:7 171 UCP 10 163 no. 94:1-3 201 UET 4 140:8 206 VAB 4 84 no. 5 ii 1-10 204 VAS137v5 71 VAS1 37 v 33-35 204 VAS 3 16:4 121 VAS 3 105:3 197 VAS 3 109:4 167 VAS 3 121:2 197 VAS 4 50:5 167 VAS 4203:4 253 VAS 5 11:6 248 VAS 5 50:2 167 VAS 6 61:6-8 42 VAS 6 85:4 194 VAS 19 37 176 Virolleaud, ACh. Supp. 33:64 106 Walker and Kramer, Iraq 44 (1982): 74:27' 247 Weidner, PolitischeDokumente, p. 86:8-9 141 Weissbach, Misc., no. 4 iii 6 172 Winckler, Keilschrifttexte Sargons, p. 98:18-19 49 Winckler, Keilschrifttexte Sargons, p. 150 iv 71-p.15 2 iv 75 49 Winckler, Keilschrifttexte Sargons, p. 172:22 YOS 32:17 125 YOS 34:1-12 60 YOS 326:6 39 YOS3 41:18 83 YOS 3 46:25, 34 71 YOS 3 115:6 71 YOS 3 154:15-16 218 YOS 6 26:1 213 YOS 640:13 197 YOS 6 108:4 and passim 213 YOS7 7:61 213 YOS 7 31:8-10 137 YOS 741:4, 7 213 YOS7 55:1 213 YOS 7 66:17-18 125 YOS 7 96:3 213 YOS7 147:17 252-53 YOS 7 159:1-2 213 YOS 7 184:6 213 YOS 12 370:9-11 201 YOS 12 401:11-14 201 YOS 13 304:14 259 YOS 13 495:12-13 201 162 oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu

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The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor's Archive from Nippur

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