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Article

Population Structure of Three Provenances of Vitis tiliifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.) in the Central Zone of the State of Veracruz, México

by
Humberto Mata-Alejandro
1,
Erick Arturo Betanzo-Torres
2,
Gabycarmen Navarrete-Rodriguez
1 and
Maria Del Refugio Castañeda-Chavez
1,*
1
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Carretera Veracruz, Boca del Río, CP 94290, Mexico
2
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Misantla, Km. 1.8 Carretera a Loma del Cojolite, Misantla, Veracruz, CP 93821, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2022, 12(5), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050659
Submission received: 10 March 2022 / Revised: 27 April 2022 / Accepted: 27 April 2022 / Published: 2 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Protection, Diseases, Pests and Weeds)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The objective of this work is to show the population structure of V. tiliifolia under natural conditions. The study was conducted in three municipalities in the state of Veracruz, México; through transects of 20 × 100 m (2000 m2), the population structure, density and spatial distribution of natural populations were determined. The edaphic and climatic factors were also determined through soil analysis and database consultation. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. The population structure for the three selected sites showed a type II curve, that is, mostly adults with few seedlings and juveniles. The spatial distribution presented an aggregate type pattern for the seedling and juvenile state categories, as well as a random type pattern for adults. The CPA allows us to visualize that there is a strong correlation between the chemical variables and the availability of some micronutrients; male individuals are the variable that explain the population structure. This shows that the low density of individuals in their early stages, together with the longevity of adult individuals and factors such as low rainfall, forest fires, reproductive biology and exploitation of the species put the persistence of populations at risk in this region.

1. Introduction

Grapevine is one of the most economically important fruit trees in the world [1]; it is cultivated in different regions and latitudes of the earth. Currently, the recognized distribution of the subgenus Vitis includes Latin America, Asia and Europe. For its part, the genus Muscadinia is limited to the southwestern United States of America, northeastern México, Belize, Guatemala and the Caribbean [2].
In México, commercial grapevine is grown in seven states of the republic; 90 percent of its area is centered in the states of Sonora, Zacatecas and Baja California [3] However, according to herbarium material and collected individuals, there are around 20 species of wild vines in México. According to the Institute of Geography of the UNAM (National Autonomous University of México), there is deforestation of 75 thousand to 1.98 million hectares annually, a situation that is wiping out the diverse habitats where these important species subsist [4].
Wild grapes have been useful in the varietal improvement of cultivated grapes, as they possess resistance to biotic and abiotic factors and in improving the quality of their berries [5,6,7,8]. Wild grapes are used to make food and beverages [9]. Recent studies have found that leaves, fruits and seeds of wild grapevines possess compounds such as: trans-resveratrol, catechins, rutin, quercetin, among others of pharmacological interest [10,11,12,13,14,15] which are capable of acting as chemoprotectants, cardioprotectants and together as agents that control degenerative diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s [16,17], all in in vitro studies.
Institutions such as the University Veracruzana and the Institute of Ecology of Xalapa report in their collections the presence of six species in the state of Veracruz: V. tiliifolia, V. bourgaeana Planch, V. cinerea (Engelm) Villarnet, V. viformis Rose, V. berlandieri Planch and V. popenoe JL Fennelli. The latter is widely distributed in 34 municipalities, mainly in the central part of the state. The natural populations of V. tiliifolia are important for their nutritional and therapeutic use and for making fences and ornaments. Little is known about the characteristics of its habitat, reproductive biology and the current status of its populations in this region, mainly in mountainous areas; in some cases, it is unknown or just considered a weed. Figure 1 shows a morphological description of this species of climbing habit, which forms lianas of more than 30 m in length (Figure 1).
The present work aims to determine the spatial distribution, demography of their populations and edaphoclimatic conditions, in the last 10 years, in three municipalities selected for their different edaphoclimatic conditions and geographic space in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, whose purpose is to publicize the status of the populations of V. tiliifolia in this region of the state of Veracruz, México.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Material

Density, Structure and Spatial Distribution by Sex
To determine the number of individuals, nine sites were compared and sampled during the flowering months of the species, from February to June 2021. Data collection was done by transects, inflorescences of staminate flowers (male), flowers with reflexed stamens and fully developed gynoecium (female) were counted. With these data, the sex ratio of the population was calculated. To determine the growth stage, individuals were classified according to their phenological stage [18], which considers four periods:
  • Growth and formation period (seedling), herbaceous shoots of no more than 60 cm [19].
  • Plant development period (juvenile), individuals with buds and shoots between two and four meters.
  • Productive period (reproductive adults) individuals with inflorescences.
  • Plants without sexual expression (non-reproductive adults).

2.2. Study Area

Samples were collected in three different localities of each selected municipality, in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, México, where natural populations of V. tiliifolia are known to exist [20], as can be seen in Table 1 and Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5.

2.3. Site distribution in the State of Veracruz 90

To map the geographic distribution of V. tiliifolia, internet databases were consulted, as well as four herbaria from different institutions in the state of Veracruz, as shown in Table 2).

2.4. Edaphoclimatic Conditions and Habitat

The name and number of natural tutors were recorded to investigate their scientific names in the study area [21,22]. Soil samples were also taken for analysis to determine the edaphic characteristics of each site. Sampling was carried out using the three-stack technique in accordance with the standard [23]. The number of samples taken was based on the area where the highest number of individuals were found for each study site. These samples were sent for processing at the Services Fertilizers and Agrochemical Products (FYPA) soil analysis laboratory in Fortín, Veracruz, México. The determinations included: hydrogen potential (pH), bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), texture, organic matter content (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg).
The determinations were carried out under the aforementioned standard, and at the same time, the profiles were classified according to the FAO World Reference Base of Soil Resources [24]. On the other hand, meteorological data recorded in the last 10 years were collected to determine the climatic variables in the two study areas; the first corresponded to the municipalities of Ixtaczoquitlán and Atlahuilco, while the second corresponded to the municipality of Huatusco. These data were obtained from the Orizaba Climatological Station of the National Weather Commission (CONAGUA).

Georeferencing and Statistical Analysis

Individuals were counted in each of the natural populations. A GARMIN GPS eTrex 10 model 010-00970-00 (USA) was used to reference the points of each individual in order to calculate distances in meters. A Euclidean distance matrix was used to determine the significant spatial relationship between sexes using analysis of variance and t-tests to compare mean distances between male and female individuals.
For the collection of field data from the populations, transects of 20 × 100 m were made, the length of each transect was recorded according to the size of the population and the physiographic conditions. The separation between each transect also varied from one another due to the aforementioned conditions and each individual was counted, referenced and marked. The density of individuals in each population was assessed as the mean number per transect and verified with an X2 test [25]. All data were analyzed in the R studio 4.1.1 program. (2021) and the graphs were prepared in the program OrigenPro 8E (1997–2007).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Distribution of V. tiliifolia

In México, twenty species of wild vines are reported, of which V. tiliifolia occurs in 18 states of the republic [26]. For the state of Veracruz, the Vitaceae family is reported according to herbariums in 60 municipalities, finding the genus Vitis in 41 municipalities. Among the species identified are V. tiliifolia, V. bourgaeana Planch, V. cinerea (Engelm) Villarnet, V. viformis Rose, V. berlandieri Planch and V. popenoe JL Fennelli, of which V. tiliifolia is the most reported species in 34 municipalities in the state. Some of these municipalities coincide with the studies of [20].

3.2. Edaphoclimatic Conditions and Habitat

For the study area, the climate variants were of the temperate weather with summer rains (C (m) (w)), semi-humid with summer rainfall (C (w2) (w)), semi-humid with summer rainfall, tropical rainy, semi-warm with winter rains (A) C (fm); tropical rainy with 5 to 18% of annual winter rainfall (A) C (m); tropical rainy, warm all year round with dry season AW2 (W); tropical with intermediate sub-humid summer rainfall (AW1 (W)). The temperature parameters indicate that the temperature has increased by approximately 1 °C in the last 17 years, (2021), in the municipalities of Ixtaczoquitlán and Atlahuilco. As for precipitation, the present study shows an average trend greater than 200 mm per year, while relative humidity shows an average of 79% over a period of 18 years. On the other hand, for the municipality of Huatusco, an average temperature of 22.78 °C per year and 165.4 mm of precipitation were observed, showing stability in these climatic variables (Table 3). These results coincide with those reported by [18], indicating that this type of climate is typical of mountain moist mesophyll forest, tropical deciduous forest and sometimes, tropical deciduous forest [27].
The natural populations of V. tiliifolia collected in the present study are generally located between 800 and 2380 m.a.s.l., but according to the wild vine network, this species is found from 0 to 2500 m.a.s.l. in the central zone of the state of Veracruz; this biome belongs to the humid mountain forest that is generally found between 1000 and 3000 m.a.s.l. [28].
The distribution of climbing plants such as V. tiliifolia depends directly on the existence of tutor trees rather than on the physical environment. Even changes in tropical climate in the next century are expected and will directly affect lianas such as V. tiliifolia in the structure of the tropical forest [29]. There is no specific cause for the preference of lianas for certain tree species; it is influenced by diameter, tree size, number of neighboring trees and general forest condition [29,30]. In the case of V. tiliifolia, the main natural tutors found during the surveys were Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turz. (Jonote), Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe ex Schltdl, Croton draco Schltdl (Sangregado), Fraxinus uhdei Wenz(ash) and several oaks giving a total of 35 tutors (Figure 6), typical of Pinus-Quercus, mountain mesophyll forest and holm oak forests, data that correspond with that reported by [31].
It is worth mentioning that lianas have negative, positive and neutral effects on tree structure, depending on the species [32,33,34,35]. One study suggests that Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L) Planch, which belongs to the Vitaceae family did not reduce the growth of Liquidambar styraciflua L. [36], suggesting that although climbing plants compete successfully against trees, Vitaceae is not so detrimental to them.

3.3. Sex and Age Structure of the Natural Populations Studied

According to the age categories in the three natural populations where field work was conducted, a total of 289 reproductive adults (RA), 51 non-reproductive adults (NRA), 34 seedlings and 60 juveniles were recorded. The population of Ixtaczoquitlán had the highest number of reproductive adults (RA), followed by the municipality of Huatusco, which conserved the highest number of non-reproductive adults, seedlings and juveniles and finally, the municipality of Atlahuilco, which had the lowest number of individuals in all categories (Figure 7). According to what was observed in the field work, there are components such as land use change, bush fires and species biology that have caused a low population growth rate of both seedlings and juveniles.
In the three sampling areas of the natural populations of Ixtaczoquitlán, 122 reproductive adults (RA) were recorded. Tuxpanguillo presented 47 individuals, followed by Campo Chico and Campo Grande with 38 and 37, respectively. As for non-reproductive adults (NRA), Tuxpanguillo and Campo Grande have 5 individuals, followed by Campo Chico with 4 individuals. The highest percentage of seedlings is located in Campo Grande followed by Campo Chico and Tuxpanguillo. Finally, Tuxpanguillo and Campo Chico have the highest number of juveniles with 9 individuals, followed by Campo Grande with 8 (Figure 8).
With respect to reproductive adult populations, Huatusco had 113 individuals, Las Cañadas had 45, followed by Cerro de Elotepec with 40 and finally, Cerro Acatepec with 28 individuals. As for non-reproductive adults, Cerro de Elotepec had the highest number with 10 individuals, followed by Cerro de Acatepec and Las Cañadas with 8 and 7 individuals, respectively. Regarding the number of seedlings, Cerro de Acatepec had 9 individuals, followed by La Cañada with 5 and Cerro de Elotepec with 2 individuals. Finally, Las Cañada had the highest number of juvenile individuals with 13 individuals, followed by Cerro de Elotepec and Cerro de Acatepec with 7 and 6 individuals (Figure 9).
In Atlahuilco, the highest number of reproductive adults was found in Cuahutlamanca with 25 individuals, followed by Tlalmorado and Zacamilola with 15 and 14, respectively. The highest number of non-reproductive specimens corresponded to Cuahutlamanca with 4 individuals, followed by Zacamilola with 3. Regarding the number of juvenile individuals, Cuahutlamanca had 7, followed by Zacamilola and Tlalmorado with 3 and 2, respectively. Finally, regarding seedlings, Zacamilola had 3 and Tlalmorado 2 as shown in Figure 10.
As can be observed, the results obtained in the three populations of Ixtaczoquitlán, Huatusco and Atlahuilco, showed a tendency to maintain a greater number of adult individuals with respect to the other categories, being the natural populations of Ixtaczoquitlán and Huatusco superior to the population of Atlahuilco (Figure 7). This can be explained by the fact that in México, there is an abundance of climbing plants (lianas) found in tropical forests and mesophyll forest [37,38], which is the habitat of V. tiliifolia, having a lower abundance in coniferous forest areas with a high rate of frost events as in the case of Atlahuilco. On the other hand, conservation specialists have used the categorization of the size of individuals as an indicator of the viability status of populations [39,40,41,42]. Based on the above, a high percentage of juvenile individuals indicates a sustainable population status [43], i.e., an inverted “J” shaped population structure, with successful natural regeneration [44,45,46,47,48,49]. According to the results obtained in the Ixtaczoquitlán, Huatusco and Atlahuilco populations and their subpopulations (Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9), the inverted “J” curve is different, a population structure with a high percentage of adult individuals and few seedlings and juveniles. This indicates that this type of species depends on light clearings; on the contrary, a structure with an abundance of juveniles and a scarcity of adults is characteristic of shade-tolerant species [50,51]. However, according to a study by [52] Ballinas-Gomez, the availability of light is not a limitation for the development of V. tiliifolia. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that there is a high mortality rate in lianas with diameters less than two centimeters and that lianas that reach two centimeters or more can reach the tree canopy and therefore, their abundance decreases. The studies [53,54,55,56] mention that long-lived species have an inverted pyramid structure (type B), where there are few juveniles and many adults, which may be due to reproductive failures with danger of extinction. However, no species of Vitacea have been registered in the Official Mexican Standard [57] as a threatened species; however, in some other countries, legislation has been passed for its protection [58].

3.4. Population Density

The calculated density for the three populations under study was 1.9 individuals per 200 m2 for Ixtaczoquitlán and Huatusco, while for Atlahuilco, it was 1.1 individuals per 200 m2 respectively. The Kruskall–Wallis test confirmed that there is a different statistical density (p ≤ 0.002). The differences were found in the low birth and juvenile rates with respect to reproductive adult rates. These results were higher than those reported by [54], for the populations of Ixtaczoquitlán and Huatusco and higher for the populations of Atlahuilco and lower than those reported by [59] for the vitacea Cissus gossipy in the tropical forest of Los Tuxtlas in Veracruz, México, with a density of 582.81 individuals per hectare, which is 10 times higher than that reported here. However, it would be necessary to consider the current condition of these natural populations, in addition to the fact that lianas are one of the main characteristics that distinguish tropical forests from temperate forests [60]. On the other hand, the abundance of lianas (halophiles) depends on the natural events that may disturb the habitat. In environments with high light levels due to a natural event such as fire, drought or anthropogenic effect, seedlings and juvenile establishment increases, but as the forest matures and ages, shade levels increase, contributing to a decrease in liana density [54,61].

3.5. Spatial Distribution

The spatial distribution pattern for the different age categories indicates that seedlings, juveniles and non-reproductive adults presented a clustered type aggregation value, while reproductive adults presented a random pattern almost in their entirety, only with the exception of Campo Grande (I2) and Tlalmorado (A2) sites in the municipalities of Ixtaczoquitlán and Atlahuilco, respectively. These results are shown in detail in Table 4.
Something to keep in mind regarding the distribution pattern in the different categories is that, in cases of aggregation, it is the number of individuals that makes the difference [62,63]. Such is the case between reproductive adults and adults without sex determination. According to Table 4, Huatsuco, Ixtaczoquitlán and Atlahuilco present a pattern of aggregate distribution in seedlings and juveniles. While in reproductive and non-reproductive adults, they present a random pattern in two of the three populations with the exception of Campo Grande (I2) in Huatusco, Tlalmorado (A2) and Zacamilola (A3) in Atlahuilco.
These results are similar to those reported by [64]; this is due to the type of reproduction of climbing species such as V. tiliifolia. Since it has the ability to reproduce clonally by forming branches, the distribution pattern may be strongly influenced by these reproductive characteristics. It is difficult to determine in the field whether seedlings and juveniles are sexually or asexually derived. Even the offspring are often more than 500 m from the mother plant or, in some cases, may be the product of trees that fall to the ground with small parts of the plant and may regenerate into a new individual, although genetically the same. It must also be considered that due to its dioecious condition, it will depend to a great extent on the environmental conditions, both for its production and dispersion of seeds and the success for the repopulation of new individuals [38].
The grouping of some stages may be due to various factors such as seed dispersal, predation or topographic and edaphoclimatic characteristics of the sites [65]. There are few studies on Vitis tiliifolia and the few that exist are focused on the cultivation of V. vinifera. However, according to study [66], the slope distribution and sun exposure of Spanish vineyards show that the species can be grown on slopes, occupying 22.6% of the vineyard in La Rioja, Spain.

3.6. Components of Population Structure and Soil Characteristics

In the main components graph (Figure 11a,b) it can be seen that the value of the total variance explained by the main components (PC1 and PC2) is 51.2%, corresponding to 30.3 for PC1 and 20.9 for PC2, we can also observe that there is a strong positive correlation between the elements iron and magnesium (Fe and Mg) with the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and is, at the same time, negatively correlated with potassium (K); this group of variables mentioned above maintain independent relationships with boron (B) with the populations of non-reproductive adults (NRA) because they are perpendicular to axis 1. Other correlations that we can observe are copper (Cu) in relation to the variables between reproductive individuals and a negative correlation with phosphorus (P) and an independent correlation with sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) and (pH); there is also a strong correlation in the elements of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) with the pH variable and a negative relationship with Na.
Component number one (CP1) presents the largest number of variables, with a greater linear combination of elements, being characterized by particularly high scores in soil chemical properties CIC and pH as well as some microelements such as Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu and Ca; as well as the variables K and Na (with opposite sign in the correlation of this component).
In this component, we can see how the chemical variables of the soil are closely related to the slight acidity that the soil presents combined with a median CIC and the high contents of M.O, which influences the availability in the edaphic medium with respect to the variables Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu and Ca. The way in which these variables are related to component one is similar to those reported by [67,68], asserting that the concentrations of metal cations in the soil solution are increased by increasing acidity in the soil.
Component two (CP2) refers to the chemical nature of the soil and is represented only by three variables with a linear combination, whose scores are high with respect to the rest of the variables in which we can observe N, Na and Cu and, antagonistically, we find variables with a negative sign such as B, Zn, Ca and pH, which corroborates what was expressed at the beginning. It has been proven that nutrients such as N and Ca are highly demanded by the leaves of the vine [69,70] and according to what was observed in component two, these elements are in antagonistic correlation, which we believe could be influencing their shape and size as is the case of the leaves of the locality of Atlahuilco, whose size is smaller with respect to the other two localities. Regarding Na, several studies have shown that the presence of this element is harmful to the foliar tissues of the vine, affecting stomatal conductance and leaf growth [71,72,73,74] and, according to some studies, certain rootstock patterns are tolerable to salinity [75], so it is possible that V. tiliifolia has the potential to be tested with salinity-tolerant rootstock.
Component three (CP3) is determined by three variables and, similar to component two, we could consider it as a mineral chemical promoter of phenolic compounds, whose variables, in order of importance are CaCo3, P and Na, the latter being even more represented than in the component two. It has been documented that calcium influences grapevine physiology, since it acts on the metabolism of proteins that activate several genetic expressions, including stomatal closure and abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis [76]. This last compound can increase the production and content of polyphenols in grapes when treated with CaCo3, since the latter activates the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of ABA and jasmonic acid [77]. This is closely related to what was reported by [78], since they found that there is a high potential for phenolic content in localities in the high mountains such as Huatusco in Veracruz, México and that in this work, according to the contents reported here, it can be corroborated.
Component four (CP4) can be determined as the “Organic” component because the variable with the highest score is precisely the M.O. in this same sense, we have the Cu variables and with a more moderate score, K and pH appear. Regarding the M.O. and Cu, the solubility of the latter can decrease due to the complexity with compounds of the M.O. that is found in an edaphic medium; this can be accompanied by pH values > 6.5 [79].
On the other hand, CP1 shows us that male individuals is the variable that best explains the behavior of the set of population variables in which female and juvenile individuals are included with a lower score; this is related to some nutrients that in this same component are closely related to different development stages of these individuals. In the case of CP2, non-reproductive adults (NRA) are the variable that best explains the highest score, followed by juvenile, male and female individuals.
In the dendrogram (Figure 12), we can see the set of groupings between localities with affinity for certain population characteristics or soil elements; within the groupings, we can see two groups that are subdivided at the same time: a first group is made up of the localities of Elotepec and Campo Chico and Campo Grande forms a subgroup of the aforementioned localities; the other subgroup is made up of the Las Cañadas and Tuxpanguillo localities, the variables that share affinity between these localities are the soil variables of CIC, Fe and Mg; on the other hand, they are closely related to the population variables of individuals such as juvenile, female and male seedlings.
The other group is made up of two other subgroups: the first subgroup is shared by the localities Acatepec and Cuahutlamanca and in the last subgroup are the localities of Tlalmorado and Zacamilola; the variables with which they maintain affinity with are Na, MO, K, P and B.
According to the soil analyses carried out at the study area sites, it is observed that these soils have mostly high organic matter, macro and micronutrient contents with moderately acidic pH, typical of mountain rainforests influenced by volcanic soils (Table 5). Species richness in humid forests depends on soil type and topography, both of which influence the availability of water and nutrients derived from cations such as Ca, Mg and K and the percentage of sand in the soil [80,81,82,83,84].
There are studies that reveal that lianas such as V. tiliifolia colonize forests with nutrient-rich soils, although this is not entirely clear [85,86,87]. However, there are studies that show that nutrients are not a limiting factor for the development of lianas; it has been shown that light can be a limiting factor, even more important than N for the development of these species. In general, plant responses to light have been shown to increase water and nutrient uptake in tropical forests [88,89,90,91]
It has been proven that microelements such as B and Zn influence the size and shape of the leaves and the quality of the pollen [92]. From what we have observed in the field, we have been able to verify that the higher the altitude above sea level (Atlahuilco), the leaves are morphologically smaller and thicker, compared to the leaves observed in lower altitude environments such as Ixtaczoquitlán (Figure 13). According to the analyses shown here, in the case of Zn, the highest contents were found in the locality of Ixtaczoquitlán, which is located at a lower altitude and in which we can find leaves with a larger size and a greater number of productive individuals, while Huatusco presented the highest number of non-reproductive adults and the lowest concentration of Zn.

4. Conclusions

The three sampling sites presented a similar pattern in their population structure, with a high rate of adult individuals and a low rate of seedlings and juveniles typical of long-lived species, one of the causes that may explain the failures in reproduction.
The highest population density was found in the localities of Ixtaczoquitlán and Huatusco, while Atlahuilco presented the lowest density, which indicates that according to the results obtained, the populations decrease from altitudinal levels above 2000 m above sea level.
The spatial distribution for the seedling and juvenile categories showed an aggregate distribution pattern, while the adult pattern was random.
The CPA allows us to visualize that there is a strong correlation of the soil chemical variables (pH and CEC) with the M.O. that directly influences the availability of some micronutrients in the soil environment; with respect to the population structure, male individuals is the variable that best explains the behavior of the set of variable population. Finally, by affinity, two groups of localities are formed: the first one made up of localities of the Huatusco and Ixtaczoquitlán municipalities and a second group made up of the municipalities of Huatusco and Atlahuilco.
According to the edaphic analysis in the study area, V. tiliifolia thrives in different soil types whose physicochemical contents may vary; however, they share some characteristics such as organic matter, nitrogen and acidity contents typical of humid mountain forest soils, influenced by soils of volcanic origin.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.M.-A. and E.A.B.-T.; methodology, H.M.-A., M.D.R.C.-C. and E.A.B.-T.; software, H.M.-A.; validation, M.D.R.C.-C. and H.M.-A.; formal analysis, H.M.-A. and E.A.B.-T.; investigation, H.M.-A., E.A.B.-T. and G.N.-R.; resources, H.M.-A. and M.D.R.C.-C.; writing—original draft preparation, H.M.-A. and G.N.-R.; writing—review and editing, G.N.-R.; visualization, H.M.-A. and G.N.-R.; supervision, M.D.R.C.-C. and G.N.-R.; project administration, M.D.R.C.-C. and E.A.B.-T.; funding acquisition, H.M.-A., M.D.R.C.-C. and E.A.B.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Funding has been provided by Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río (TecnM/ITBOCA) and CONACYT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología) with support granted to execute this work through Postdoctoral Stays in México in Modality 1, CALL 2021.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río (TecnM/ITBOCA) for facilitating the development of this project.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult. A, branch with leaf and inflorescence; B, flower bud; C, hermaphrodite flower devoid of three stamens; D, male flower devoid of two stamens; E. seeds in lateral and ventral view. Reproduced with some modifications from Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 55: 83. 1968. Copyright plantillustration.org. (public domain).
Figure 1. Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult. A, branch with leaf and inflorescence; B, flower bud; C, hermaphrodite flower devoid of three stamens; D, male flower devoid of two stamens; E. seeds in lateral and ventral view. Reproduced with some modifications from Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 55: 83. 1968. Copyright plantillustration.org. (public domain).
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Figure 2. Location of the three study municipalities in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, México. Sampling sites: (A) Ixtaczoquitlan; (B) Huatusco y; (C) Atlahuilco.
Figure 2. Location of the three study municipalities in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, México. Sampling sites: (A) Ixtaczoquitlan; (B) Huatusco y; (C) Atlahuilco.
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Figure 3. V. tiliifolia collected in localities of Atlahuilco, Veracruz, México.
Figure 3. V. tiliifolia collected in localities of Atlahuilco, Veracruz, México.
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Figure 4. V. tiliifolia collected in localities of Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, México.
Figure 4. V. tiliifolia collected in localities of Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz, México.
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Figure 5. V. tiliifolia collected in localities of Huatusco, Veracruz, México.
Figure 5. V. tiliifolia collected in localities of Huatusco, Veracruz, México.
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Figure 6. Number of species of the main natural tutors of V. tiliifolia.
Figure 6. Number of species of the main natural tutors of V. tiliifolia.
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Figure 7. Sex and age population structure of three natural populations of V. tiliifolia in the central zone of the state of Veracruz. NRA: Non-Reproductive Adults. NA: Reproductive Adults.
Figure 7. Sex and age population structure of three natural populations of V. tiliifolia in the central zone of the state of Veracruz. NRA: Non-Reproductive Adults. NA: Reproductive Adults.
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Figure 8. Age and sex population structure of three subpopulations of Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz.
Figure 8. Age and sex population structure of three subpopulations of Ixtaczoquitlán, Veracruz.
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Figure 9. Age and sex population structure in three subpopulations of Huatusco.
Figure 9. Age and sex population structure in three subpopulations of Huatusco.
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Figure 10. Age and sex population structure in three subpopulations of Atlahuilco.
Figure 10. Age and sex population structure in three subpopulations of Atlahuilco.
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Figure 11. (a) Graph of population structure components and soil characteristics. O.M, Organic Material; Mn, Manganese; Na, Sodium; N, Nitrogen; CaCo3, Calcium carbonate; Cu, Copper; CIC, Cation exchange capacity; Mg, Magnesium; Fe, Iron; Ca, Calcium; Zn, Zinc; pH, Potential hydrogen; B, Boron; P, Phosphorus; K, potassium. Tlalmorado, Zacamilola and Cuahutlamanca (Atlahuilco); Campo chico, Campo grande, and Tuxpanguillo (Ixtaczoquitlán); Las Cañadas, Elotepec and Acatepec (Huatusco). (b) Correlation matrix/coefficients of structure components and soil characteristics.
Figure 11. (a) Graph of population structure components and soil characteristics. O.M, Organic Material; Mn, Manganese; Na, Sodium; N, Nitrogen; CaCo3, Calcium carbonate; Cu, Copper; CIC, Cation exchange capacity; Mg, Magnesium; Fe, Iron; Ca, Calcium; Zn, Zinc; pH, Potential hydrogen; B, Boron; P, Phosphorus; K, potassium. Tlalmorado, Zacamilola and Cuahutlamanca (Atlahuilco); Campo chico, Campo grande, and Tuxpanguillo (Ixtaczoquitlán); Las Cañadas, Elotepec and Acatepec (Huatusco). (b) Correlation matrix/coefficients of structure components and soil characteristics.
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Agriculture 12 00659 g012 550
Figure 12. Dendrogram and grouping of the study localities.
Figure 12. Dendrogram and grouping of the study localities.
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Agriculture 12 00659 g013 550
Figure 13. Leaves of V. tiliifolia (A) locality of Atlahuilco (B) locality of Ixtaczoquitlán.
Figure 13. Leaves of V. tiliifolia (A) locality of Atlahuilco (B) locality of Ixtaczoquitlán.
Agriculture 12 00659 g013
Table
Table 1. Municipality and localities of the study area.
Table 1. Municipality and localities of the study area.
MunicipalityCoordinatesAltitude (m.a.s.l.)Localities
Huatusco19°04′ and 19°13′ N
96°41′ and 97° 04′ W		400–2000Cerro Elotepec
Cerro Acatepec
Las Cañadas
Ixtaczoquitlán18°45′ and 18°57′ N
96°58′ and 97°06′ W		700–1700Tuxpanguillo
Campo Chico
Campo Grande
Atlahuilco18°38′ and 18°44′ N
97°03′and 97°11′ W		1760–2700Cuahutlamanca
Tlalmorado
Zacamilola
Table
Table 2. Sources of information for mapping the distribution of Vitis tiliifolia in the state of Veracruz, México.
Table 2. Sources of information for mapping the distribution of Vitis tiliifolia in the state of Veracruz, México.
HerbariumXal-INECOL, Xalapa
Rzedowski Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, UV Peñuela, Cordoba.
CORU Herbarium of the Faculty and Agricultural Sciences of the University Veracruzana, campus Xalapa, Veracruz
DatabasesTropics (Missouri Botanical Garden)
Botanical Society of México
Virtual Herbarium CONABIO. National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity
Table
Table 3. Climatological data for the three study sites (CONAGUA, 2018).
Table 3. Climatological data for the three study sites (CONAGUA, 2018).
IxtaczoquitlánHuatuscoAtlahuilco
Year°TPPRH°TPPRH°TPPRH
200018.3209.48123.10170.23 18.3209.481
200118.56190.58222.86161 18.56190.582
200218.72142.98223.58160.34 18.72142.982
200319.03237.228322.76154.49 19.03237.2283
200418.66166.557922.76154.49 18.66166.5579
200519.03169.507823.02165 19.03169.5078
200619.02188.617422.32166.42 19.02188.6174
200718.97186.068122.26127.2 18.97186.0681
200818.97194.127922.50156.59 18.97194.1279
200919.21171.917522.70162.63 19.21171.9175
201018.73211.588022.33172 18.73211.5880
201119.40188.457722.79149.38 19.40188.4577
201219.07231.038022.56185.5 19.07231.0380
201319.33210.338022.35197.6 19.33210.3380
201419.07204.378022.70200.42 19.07204.3780
201519.42197.228122.73166.24 19.42197.2281
201619.71225.927923.33171.25 19.71225.9279
201719.67187.237923.42158.21 19.67187.2379
°T Temperature, PP: Pluvial Precipitation, Relative Humidity (RH).
Table
Table 4. Aggregation index R in a Poisson-type point distribution for the sampling sites of three populations.
Table 4. Aggregation index R in a Poisson-type point distribution for the sampling sites of three populations.
CategoryHuatusco IndexIxtaczoquitlán IndexAtlahuilco IndexDistribution Pattern
SeedlingsH10.26I10.67A1NpAggregation
H20.40I20.38A20.24Aggregation
H30.45I30.30A30.37Aggregation
JuvenileH10.39I10.60A10.43Aggregation
H20.44I20.35A20.17Aggregation
H30.33I30.37A30.25Aggregation
Reproductive adultsH10.97I11.23A11.19Random
H21.19I20.76*A20.5*Random
H30.93I31.07A30.79*Random
Np (Not present), H1 (Las cañadas), H2 (Elotepec), H3 (Acatepec), I1 (Campo Chico), I2 (Campo Grande), I3 (Tuxpanguillo), A1 (Cuahutlamanca), A2 (Tlalmorado), A3 (Zacamilola).
Table
Table 5. Soil analysis of the three natural study populations. Soil analysis of the three natural study populations.
Table 5. Soil analysis of the three natural study populations. Soil analysis of the three natural study populations.
MunicipalitySitepHOM (%)CEC Cmol.Kg−1CaCO3 (%)N (%)P mg/kg−1K mg/kg−1Ca mg/kg−1
HAcatepec5.98.515.350.130.2561.34159.91936.8
HElotepec6714.280.770.2446.341271327
HLas Cañadas5.38.117.810.380.353.12164.92875
ICampo Chico5.85190.280.1743.02116.92549.23
ICampo Grande6.16.116.70.580.1952.45123.811980
ITuxpanguillo6.217.524.640.750.2413.19106.083582.6
ACuahutlamanca5.7917.020.590.255.21981500
ATlalmorado6.37.215.80.410.1696.7159.043581
AZacamilola5.26.713.260.810.274.9133.762369
MunicipalitySiteMg mg/kg−1Na mg/kg−1Fe mg/kg−1Cu mg/kg−1Zn mg/kg−1Mn mg/kg−1B mg/kg−1
HAcatepec174.3432.4328.060.391.6628.120.99
HElotepec254.782.454.31.642.5415.20.73
HLas Cañadas101.2342.568.121.044.29.580.49
ICampo Chico289.623.1283.60.494.26.50.57
ICampo Grande341.728.9101.30.976.318.30.65
ITuxpanguillo498.8613.11113.861.585.5341.740.64
ACuahutlamanca102.546.03671.012.817.30.92
ATlalmorado145.822.6620.536.712.841.34
AZacamilola99.474.221.60.221.9539.30.32
H (Huatusco), I (Ixtaczoquitlán), A (Atlahuilco).
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Mata-Alejandro, H.; Betanzo-Torres, E.A.; Navarrete-Rodriguez, G.; Castañeda-Chavez, M.D.R. Population Structure of Three Provenances of Vitis tiliifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.) in the Central Zone of the State of Veracruz, México. Agriculture 2022, 12, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050659

AMA Style

Mata-Alejandro H, Betanzo-Torres EA, Navarrete-Rodriguez G, Castañeda-Chavez MDR. Population Structure of Three Provenances of Vitis tiliifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.) in the Central Zone of the State of Veracruz, México. Agriculture. 2022; 12(5):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050659

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mata-Alejandro, Humberto, Erick Arturo Betanzo-Torres, Gabycarmen Navarrete-Rodriguez, and Maria Del Refugio Castañeda-Chavez. 2022. "Population Structure of Three Provenances of Vitis tiliifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.) in the Central Zone of the State of Veracruz, México" Agriculture 12, no. 5: 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050659

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